269:, this region was home to Oeste Paulista, a once hegemon of Brazilian coffee. This region and its economy only grew because of slave labor. While later on the industry largely invited immigrant populations to work in coffee. The coffee industry was already booming when slavery was abolished in 1888. This led the way for second slavery to exist, promoted by the Brazilian government and international European pressures to further expand the coffee economy. The politics and economics behind second slavery, have most certainly affected the coffee production in Brazil. Historian Dale Tomich describes "The concept of the second slavery radically reinterprets the relation of slavery and capitalism by calling attention to the emergence of extensive new zones of slave commodity production in the US South, Cuba, and Brazil as part of nineteenth-century industrialization and world-economic expansion." Using this perspective on second slavery, it explains the coffee industry in Brazil today when tracing its origins in the 19th century. The abolition of slavery didn't necessarily change labor practices but nudged a change in labor history. This wave of second slavery, as the name suggests, may have abolished legal slavery, but it did not abolish harsh labor practices, nor did it abolish racism. The social history of Brazil was still a segregated society.
280:, much like the cotton industry up in Northern America, has a long and winding history. While sugar traveled far and wide throughout the Old World, the production ultimately fell to the Europeans in contemporary world history. This commodity shaped social, and labor history, as well as geography. Like cotton, this commodity yielded high profits and therefore the presence of capitalism was undeniable. As Dale Tomisch, in much of his works point out, sugar, cotton, and coffee, have forever changed the landscape on which people build their lives, as its history has seen the evolution of these sugar-based societies. Even with free labor, the ultimate goal for the state in the 19th century was economic expansion into the world economy, therefore with free or unfree labor regimes the state is still not committed to relieving the wrongs of slavery, but the growth of the economic state. Having the context of second slavery in mind, when looking at these three major commodities; coffee, unlike sugar and cotton, became more prominent in the 19th century in Brazil. The politics and economics behind second slavery, have most certainly affected coffee production in Brazil.
284:
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States, demanded higher coffee quality and the end of selling coffee to non-members at reduced rates. US officials criticized Brazil for not being willing to accept a reduction of the country's quotas despite falling share of the world market since 1980. Jorio
Dauster, head of the state-controlled Brazilian Coffee Institute, believed Brazil could survive without help from the agreement. Not being able to reach an agreement in a timely manner, the agreement broke down in 1989. As a result, the Brazilian Coffee Institute, previously controlling the price of coffee by regulating the amount grown and sold, was abolished to limit government interference in favor of free markets. Up to this point the industry had simply neglected quality control management because government
186:
and increased industrialization. Coffee plantations in Rio de
Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais quickly grew in size in the 1820s, accounting for 20% of the world's production. By the 1830s, coffee had become Brazil's largest export and accounted for 30% of the world's production. In the 1840s, both the share of total exports and of world production reached 40%, making Brazil the largest coffee producer. The early coffee industry was dependent on slaves; in the first half of the 19th century 1.5 million slaves were imported to work on the plantations. When the foreign slave trade was outlawed in 1850, plantation owners began turning more and more to European immigrants to meet labor demands. However, the internal slave trade continued until slavery was finally
273:
before the emancipation of slaves, in several engravings and images from the early 19th century portrays dark-skinned slaves working on coffee fields. As author Erik
Mathisen argues, second slavery is connected to capitalism, much like slavery itself. And just like the U.S, by the 1880s in Brazil slavery limped on its traditional sense, but rich plantation owners disregarded the change in social status from slave to former slave, and retained its labor practices. Mathisen goes on to say: "Not only did Cuban sugar, Brazilian coffee, and American cotton become cash crops in high demand, but their production drew inspiration from new, brutal labor techniques, buoyed by new ideas about the scientific management of agriculture and labor…"
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429:, account for virtually all production. Arabica dominates both Brazil and the world as a whole with about 70% of the production; robusta accounts for the remaining 30%. In Brazil, arabica production is located in the main coffee-growing cluster of states led by Minas Gerais where arabica is produced almost exclusively. Robusta is primarily grown in the southeastern much smaller state of Espírito Santo where about 80% of the coffee is robusta. More recently, the northwestern state of Rondônia entered the market and produces large shares of robusta.
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movement was called the Coffee Front and pushed deforestation westward. Due to this transience coffee production was not deeply embedded in the history of any single locality. After independence coffee plantations were associated with slavery, underdevelopment, and a political oligarchy, and not the modern development of state and society. Historians now recognize the importance of the industry, and there is a flourishing scholarly literature.
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477:. The ground/roasted coffee market is highly competitive and had over 1,000 companies in 2001. In contrast, the instant coffee market is highly concentrated with four major firms accounting for 75% of the market. Brazil is the world's largest exporter of instant coffee, with instant coffee constituting 10–20% of total coffee exports. Both types of coffee are mainly exported to the US, the world's largest coffee consumer.
438:
frosts", kill the entire tree and have more long-term consequences. New plants have to be planted after a black frost, and it takes years before the tree begins to bear fruit, typically 3–4 years. Brazil is the only major producer vulnerable to frost, and harsh frosts may drive up the world price of coffee due to Brazil's large share of the market. Frosts of this severity affect harvests every five or six years, causing
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affected. The price of coffee doubled in 1976–1977 and did not fall again until the successful harvest in August 1977. The last severe frost took place in 1994 when two particularly harsh frosts hit in June and July in the span of two weeks. While not as severe as in 1975, the frosts reduced the following year's harvest by 50–80% some states like São Paulo and Paraná and raised worldwide prices the following years.
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1980, coffee exports were down to 12.3% and by 2006 accounted for only 2.5%. Brazil itself is the largest consumer of coffee, surpassing the United States in the mid-2010s. Per capita, Brazil is the 14th largest consumer and, along with
Ethiopia, the only major coffee producer with a sizeable domestic consumption.
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Plantations are mainly located in the southeastern states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná where the environment and climate provide ideal growing conditions. Minas Gerais alone accounts for about half of the country's production. Most plantations are harvested in the dry seasons of June through
333:
Brazil has been the world's largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years, currently producing about a third of all coffee. In 2011 Brazil was the world leader in production of green coffee, followed by
Vietnam, Indonesia and Colombia. The country is unrivaled in total production of green coffee,
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There are no taxes on coffee exports from Brazil, but importing green and roasted coffee into the country is taxed by 10% and soluble coffee by 16%. Unprocessed coffee can be exported duty-free into the three largest markets: the United States, the
European Union and Japan, but processed coffee such
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The coffee plant can tolerate low temperatures, but not frost. Milder frosts, called "white frosts", kill the flowers that grow into the harvested cherries, but new flowers are regrown by the tree the next season. White frosts only affect the following year's harvest, but more severe frosts, "black
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One of the most significant ways that second slavery in Brazil has impacted its social history, is the fact that it is connected to capitalism. The former slaves of São Paulo, were still the backbone of the coffee industry, catapulting Brazil to an elevated status of an industrializing nation. Even
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had decreased the price of coffee, and to protect the coffee industry – and the interests of the local coffee elite – the government was to control the price by buying abundant harvests and selling the beans on the international market at a better opportunity. The scheme sparked a temporary rise in
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By the early 20th century, coffee accounted for 16% of Brazil's gross national product, and three-fourths of its export earnings. Both growers and exporters played a major role in politics; however, historians debate whether or not they were indeed the most powerful actors in the political system.
185:
Coffee spread from Pará and reached Rio de
Janeiro in 1770, but was only produced for domestic consumption until the early 19th century when American and European demand increased, creating the first of two coffee booms. The cycle ran from the 1830s to 1850s, contributing to the decline of slavery
59:
The crop first arrived in Brazil in the 18th century, and the country had become the dominant producer by the 1840s. Brazilian coffee prospered since the early 19th century, when immigrants came to work in the coffee plantations. Production as a share of world coffee output peaked in the 1920s but
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Coffee remains an important export, but its importance has declined in the last 50 years. Coffee exports as a percentage of total exports was over 50% between the 1850s and 1960s, peaking in 1950 with 63.9%. The percentage began to decline in the 1960s when other export-heavy sectors expanded. By
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of the international coffee market, supplying 80% of the world's coffee. Since the 1950s, the country's market share has steadily declined due to increased global production. Despite a falling share and attempts by the government to decrease the export sector's dependency on a single crop, coffee
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in the end of the 1980s. With the retained quotas from the 1983 agreement, the change increased the value of milder coffee at the expense of more traditional varieties. Brazil in particular refused to reduce its quotas believing it would lower their market share. The consumers, led by the United
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Before the 1960s, historians generally ignored the coffee industry because it seemed too embarrassing. Coffee was not a major industry in the colonial period. In any one particular locality, the coffee industry flourished for a few decades and then moved on as the soil lost its fertility. This
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The devastating black frost of 1975 struck on 18 July, hitting hardest in Paraná, Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The immediately following 1975–76 harvest was not severely affected as two-thirds of the harvest was already completed, but the 1976–77 harvest was hit harder with 73.5% of the crops
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district grew 90% of the coffee in Minas Gerais during the 1880s and 70% during the 1920s. Most of the workers were black men, with some being enslaved and some being free. Increasingly
Italian, Spanish and Japanese immigrants provided the expanding labor force. A railway system was built to
96:
due to the governor's unwillingness to export the seeds. Palheta was sent to French Guiana on a diplomatic mission to resolve a border dispute. On his way back home, he managed to smuggle the seeds into Brazil by seducing the governor's wife who secretly gave him a bouquet spiked with seeds.
215:"). The name refers to the largest states' dominant industries: coffee in São Paulo and dairy in Minas Gerais. This period also saw the Brazilian government start the practice of valorization, a protectionist practice designed to stabilize the price of coffee.
223:
transport the coffee beans to market, but it also provided essential internal transportation for both freight and passengers, as well as to develop a large skilled labor force. The growing coffee industry attracted millions of immigrants and transformed
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the price and promoted the continued expansion of coffee production. The valorization scheme was successful from the perspective of the planters and the
Brazilian state, but led to a global oversupply and increased the damages from the crash during the
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from a small town to the largest industrial center in the developing world. The city's population of 30,000 in the 1850s grew to 70,000 in 1890 and 240,000 by 1900. With one million inhabitants in the 1930s, São Paulo surpassed
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and instant coffee. In 2011, total production was 2.7 million tonnes, more than twice the amount of
Vietnam, the second largest producer. Some 3.5 million people are involved in the industry, mostly in rural areas.
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or natural coffee). The entire berries are cleaned and placed in the sun to dry for 8–10 days (or up to four weeks during unfavorable conditions). The outer layer of the dried berry is then removed in a
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Much of the Brazilian coffee landscape has to do with its labor and social history. Second slavery has its roots in the sugar, cotton and coffee industry in the Americas. The
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1892:"Coffee, Tea, Mate And Spices / Coffee, whether or not roasted or decaffeinated; coffee husks and skins; coffee substitutes containing coffee in any proportion"
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September, usually in one huge annual crop when most berries are ripe. In most countries, arabica beans are processed using the wet process (also called
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Coffee was not native to the Americas and had to be planted in the country. The first coffee bush in Brazil was planted by Francisco de Melo Palheta in
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There are about 220,000 coffee farms involved in the industry, with plantations covering about 27,000 km (10,000 sq mi) of the country.
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as roasted beans, instant coffee and decaffeinated coffee is taxed 7.5% into the EU and 10% into Japan. Exports to the United States are tariff-free.
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School, French. 1837. Coffee Plantation, from 'Bresil, Columbie Et Guyanes' by Ferdinand Denis and Cesar Famin 1837 (Engraving) (B/W Photo).
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in 1727. According to the legend, the Portuguese were looking for a cut of the coffee market, but could not obtain seeds from bordering
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330:(433,000 hectares); São Paulo (216,000 hectares); Bahia (171,000 hectares); Rondônia (95,000 hectares); and Paraná (49,000 hectares).
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Consumers' change in taste towards milder and higher quality coffee triggered a disagreement over export quotas of the
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313:, but now coffee processors began exploring higher quality segments in contrast to the traditionally lower quality.
40:. Coffee plantations, covering some 27,000 km (10,000 sq mi), are mainly located in the southeastern
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The first coffee economy in Brazil grew near São Paulo in the Santos coffee zone. North of São Paulo was the
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is a clear example of the large political influence São Paulo wielded owing to its role in the coffee trade.
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Coffee Planters, Workers and Wives: Class Conflict and Gender Relations on São Paulo Plantations, 1850–1980
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The second boom ran from the 1880s to the 1930s, corresponding to a period in Brazilian politics called
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The six Brazilian states with the largest acreage for coffee are Minas Gerais (1.22 million hectares);
41:
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26:
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Mattoon, Robert H. (1977). "Railroads, Coffee, and the Growth of Big Business in São Paulo, Brazil".
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The Abolition of Slavery in Brazil: The Liberation of Africans Through the Emancipation of Capital
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The food industry in Brazil and the United States: the effects of the FTAA on trade and investment
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Mathisen, Erik (2018). "The Second Slavery, Capitalism, and Emancipation in Civil War America".
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Value Chain Struggles: Institutions and Governance in the Plantation Districts of South India
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The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development
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1298:"Grounds For Fear Brazil's Clout Over Price of Coffee Gives Small Growers The Jitters"
367:), but virtually all coffee in Brazil is processed using the dry process (also called
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The processing industry is divided in two distinct groups, ground/roasted coffee and
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1415:"Good Fortune by the Cupful; Brazil Coffee Producers Turn to the High-End Market"
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1205:"The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry"
1059:"The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry"
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Trade and Competitiveness in Argentina, Brazil and Chile: Not as Easy as A-B-C
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Fair Trade Coffee: The Prospects and Pitfalls of Market-driven Social Justice
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93:
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Topik, Steven (1999). "Where Is the Coffee? Coffee and Brazilian Identity".
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produces about a third of the world's coffee, making the country by far the
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process before the beans are sorted, graded and packed in 60 kg bags.
45:
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Grounds for Agreement: The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain
1955:
1745:"Natural disasters, political turmoil reduce the world's supply of coffee"
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Courting Turmoil and Deferring Prosperity: Colombia Between 1960 and 1990
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Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World
1485:. United States Department of Agriculture. December 2009. Archived from
1379:"FUTURES/OPTIONS; Coffee Prices Slump Again; Corn and Soybeans Also Off"
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Azevedo, Paulo F. de; Chaddad, Fabio R.; Farina, Elizabeth M. (2004).
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Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History
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Immigrants on the Land: Coffee & Society in São Paulo, 1886–1934
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as the country's largest city and most important industrial center.
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where the environment and climate provide ideal growing conditions.
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still accounted for 60% of Brazil's total exports as late as 1960.
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1914:"Brazil May Become World's Biggest Coffee Consumer in Three Years"
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A young Brazilian farmer selecting the ripest coffee beans in 1961
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has declined since the 1950s due to increased global production.
585:" (also known as "They've Got an Awful Lot of Coffee in Brazil")
101:
Share of major Brazilian exports of total exports 1821–1850 (%)
89:
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3687:
3348:
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3113:
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Hutchinson, Lincoln (1909). "Coffee 'Valorization' in Brazil".
1778:"ANALYSIS-Coffee faces greatest Brazil frost threat since 2000"
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Alida C. Metcalf, "Coffee Workers in Brazil: A Review Essay",
514:
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33:
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The political economy of high protection in Brazil before 1987
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Belitz, H.-D.; Grosch, Werner; Schieberle, Peter (2009).
1703:"Coffee May Surge 40% on Frost After Kraft Raises Prices"
1700:
1335:"Brazil coffee chief says too much pessimism over prices"
618:" on ICO's website for a full list of frosts and droughts
1039:
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1823:
1821:
1427:
2116:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 939.
2111:
2057:
Brazil in Focus: Economic, Political and Social Issues
1649:
895:"Coffee Planters, Politics, and Development in Brazil"
762:
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Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic
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2495:Waller, J. M.; Bigger, M.; Hillocks, R. J. (2007).
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1125:/ photo by Publishers Photo Service, New York City.
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2020:Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries
1590:
832:(1989) 16#3 pp 219-224, reviewing Verena Stolcke,
667:
2478:Beverages: Technology, Chemistry and Microbiology
2381:Mulder, Nanno; Martins, Joaquim Oliveira (2004).
2038:OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Brazil 2005
1743:Roz Liston; Robert E. Sullivan (7 January 1977).
421:, can be grown for their beans, but two species,
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2475:
2399:
2283:García, Jorge García; Jayasuriya, S. K. (1997).
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1925:
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795:. Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley. p. 198.
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2306:(3rd ed.). World Trade Press. p. 22.
1721:
1682:
1359:"Brazil pours more cold water on coffee market"
1280:Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center
16:Largest national coffee production in the world
1643:
1541:"Food and Agricultural commodities production"
1356:
1045:Coffee and Transformation in São Paulo, Brazil
4111:
2991:
2587:
2380:
2150:Crocitti, John J.; Vallance, Monique (2012).
1978:
1976:
1776:Peter Murphy; Marcy Nicholson (3 June 2011).
1701:Isis Almeida; Debarati Royn (29 April 2011).
1016:
964:
962:
947:
609:Frosts And Droughts In Coffee Areas In Brazil
2168:
1931:
1911:
1874:
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1806:
1412:
643:
2497:Coffee Pests, Diseases and Their Management
2418:
2040:. OECD Publishing. 2005. pp. 168–169.
2017:
1736:
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1278:Tania Andrade Lima, "Keeping a Tight Lid",
1127:https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91739082/
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2192:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
2135:. Cambridge University Press. p. 85.
2018:Aksoy, M. Ataman; Beghin, John C. (2004).
1973:
1937:
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974:
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2480:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2461:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 148.
2442:. Springer Science & Business Media.
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1100:"An Awful Lot of Coffee -- and Much More"
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4030:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
2339:
2169:Daviron, Benoit; Ponte, Stefano (2005).
2022:. World Bank Publications. p. 300.
1812:
1655:
1558:
1352:
1350:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1137:
1022:
874:
790:
772:
709:
631:
484:
449:
383:
341:
282:
192:
73:
20:
3800:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
2400:Neilson, Jeff; Pritchard, Bill (2009).
2287:. World Bank Publications. p. 52.
2263:
2130:
2092:
2054:
1607:
1533:
1391:
980:
968:
941:
848:The Hispanic American Historical Review
845:
727:
715:
694:
688:
388:Map of Brazilian coffee growing regions
175:
4409:
4391:List of countries by coffee production
3084:List of countries by coffee production
2476:Varnam, A.; Sutherland, J. M. (1994).
2456:
2320:
2244:
2133:Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822-1930
1878:
1851:
1839:
1800:
1664:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1209:International Review of Social History
1202:
1097:
1063:International Review of Social History
1056:
953:
733:
637:
589:List of countries by coffee production
468:
445:
295:
4099:
2979:
2601:
2575:
2437:
2358:
2225:
2206:
1998:
1945:"Statistics on coffee: Brazil (2011)"
1863:
1613:
1569:
1400:
1347:
1322:
1243:
1028:
880:
793:The World Atlas of Coffee 2nd Edition
778:
751:
739:
703:
655:
545:, period of Brazil's economic history
415:Several species in the coffee genus,
406:
2960:
2366:. Infobase Publishing. p. 123.
2187:
2097:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 183.
2036:
1982:
1650:Belitz, Grosch & Schieberle 2009
1371:
892:
661:
4396:List of countries by coffee exports
2440:Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of Coffee
2228:Brazil: The Once and Future Country
1285:
13:
3979:United States Barista Championship
2525:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
2515:
1828:Azevedo, Chaddad & Farina 2004
1585:Waller, Bigger & Hillocks 2007
1434:Azevedo, Chaddad & Farina 2004
1413:Simon Romero (25 September 1999).
14:
4433:
2553:
2342:Interhemispheric Climate Linkages
1952:International Coffee Organization
1545:Food and Agriculture Organization
1519:International Coffee Organization
1473:"Coffee: World Markets and Trade"
1357:David Dishneau (7 October 1989).
994:"Brazil: The High Cost of Coffee"
260:
4300:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4250:
4078:
4077:
4064:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2559:
1999:Abreu, Marcelo de Paiva (2004).
1722:Diego Antonelli (11 July 2015).
1002:. 28 August 1964. Archived from
527:
513:
346:Coffee beans drying in the sun,
252:In the 1920s, Brazil had a near
2268:. University of Toronto Press.
1991:
1905:
1884:
1769:
1715:
1670:
1631:
1619:
1512:"World trade of soluble coffee"
1504:
1465:
1439:
1272:
1237:
1196:
1131:
1119:
1110:
1091:
1050:
986:
886:
839:
822:
809:
784:
601:
2302:Herrington, Elizabeth (2008).
2249:. Cambridge University Press.
1306:. 21 July 1989. Archived from
1203:Tomich, Dale (December 2018).
1098:Rohter, Larry (22 June 1986).
1057:Tomich, Dale (December 2018).
899:Latin American Research Review
354:
302:International Coffee Agreement
1:
3430:Single-serve coffee container
1912:Isis Almeida (6 March 2012).
625:
316:
197:Coffee being embarked in the
4417:Coffee production by country
1764:García & Jayasuriya 1997
1638:Varnam & Sutherland 1994
1626:Varnam & Sutherland 1994
1602:Crocitti & Vallance 2012
1481:Foreign Agricultural Service
1460:Neilson & Pritchard 2009
1140:Journal of the Civil War Era
767:Crocitti & Vallance 2012
677:Crocitti & Vallance 2012
7:
2423:. Basic Books. p. 16.
2247:A Concise History of Brazil
2226:Eakin, Marshall C. (1998).
506:
489:Bags of coffee in São Paulo
10:
4438:
3984:World Barista Championship
3410:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
3005:
2438:Souza, Ricardo M. (2008).
2419:Pendergrast, Mark (2010).
2321:Levine, Robert M. (2003).
893:Font, Mauricio A. (1987).
564:Economic history of Brazil
497:
457:
379:
67:
63:
4383:
4267:
4245:
4134:
4058:
3997:
3971:
3921:
3853:
3772:
3746:
3438:
3277:
3236:
3112:
3054:
3013:
2945:
2879:
2816:
2761:
2730:
2682:
2609:
2364:A Brief History of Brazil
2173:. Zed Books. p. 74.
2003:. BID-INTAL. p. 10.
1483:Office of Global Analysis
1282:(2011) 34#1-2, pp 193-215
1222:10.1017/S0020859018000536
1076:10.1017/S0020859018000536
1017:Mulder & Martins 2004
912:10.1017/S0023879100037018
559:Coffee with milk politics
480:
460:East German coffee crisis
454:Coffee prices 1973 - 2022
172:
3036:International Coffee Day
2839:Automobiles manufactured
2457:Talbot, John M. (2004).
2344:. Elsevier. p. 45.
2131:Bethell, Leslie (1989).
1932:Daviron & Ponte 2005
791:Hoffmann, James (2018).
594:
432:
322:Biggest coffee producers
38:world's largest producer
3830:Historical coffeehouses
2897:Federative units by HDI
2892:Federative units by GDP
2340:Markgraf, Vera (2001).
2264:Fridell, Gavin (2007).
2154:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2093:Baronov, David (2000).
2055:Almeida, Jorge (2008).
1689:Aksoy & Beghin 2004
614:14 January 2013 at the
573:, Brazilian plantations
27:Santo Antônio do Amparo
25:A coffee plantation in
4370:United States (Hawaii)
4040:Coffee vending machine
3264:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
2937:Central Bank of Brazil
2325:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2245:Fausto, Boris (1999).
2230:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1447:"Government of Brazil"
490:
455:
412:
351:
288:
202:
85:
78:Japanese workers on a
70:Brazilian coffee cycle
30:
4422:Agriculture in Brazil
3845:Viennese coffee house
3376:Karlsbad coffee maker
2323:The History of Brazil
2207:Dicks, Brian (2005).
2188:Dean, Warren (2002).
1364:Associated Press News
1340:Associated Press News
1246:Luso-Brazilian Review
1152:10.1353/cwe.2018.0074
554:Agriculture in Brazil
488:
453:
387:
345:
286:
196:
77:
68:Further information:
24:
4005:Coffee and doughnuts
3608:Indian filter coffee
3041:Single-origin coffee
2568:at Wikimedia Commons
2499:. CABI. p. 22.
1724:"O dia antes do fim"
815:Thomas H. Holloway,
220:Zona da Mata Mineira
4045:Used coffee grounds
2834:Automotive industry
2664:Stabilization plans
2059:. Nova Publishers.
1006:on 29 October 2008.
469:Processing industry
446:Black frost of 1975
296:1990s deregulations
190:in Brazil in 1888.
102:
4159:Dominican Republic
4050:Sustainable coffee
3747:Organization lists
3708:Rüdesheimer Kaffee
3488:Café com cheirinho
3077:Sustainable coffee
3072:Shade-grown coffee
2871:Telecommunications
2211:. Evans Brothers.
1521:. 28 February 2013
1420:The New York Times
1384:The New York Times
1104:The New York Times
1043:Mauricio A. Font,
956:, pp. 160–161
491:
456:
413:
352:
289:
236:The February 1906
203:
100:
86:
31:
4404:
4403:
4268:Other cultivators
4127:Coffee production
4093:
4092:
4071:Coffee portal
3989:World Brewers Cup
3613:Ipoh white coffee
3094:Coffee wastewater
3062:Coffee production
3046:Third-wave coffee
2973:
2972:
2927:Brazilian disease
2842:
2829:Creative industry
2784:
2748:Cingapura project
2669:2007–10 recession
2649:Brazilian Miracle
2603:Economy of Brazil
2564:Media related to
2506:978-1-84593-209-1
2487:978-0-8342-1310-4
2468:978-0-7425-2629-7
2449:978-1-4020-8720-2
2430:978-0-465-02404-9
2411:978-1-4443-0873-0
2392:978-92-64-10871-4
2373:978-0-8160-7788-5
2351:978-0-08-052566-2
2332:978-1-4039-6255-3
2313:978-1-60780-013-2
2294:978-0-8213-2656-5
2275:978-0-8020-9238-0
2256:978-0-521-56526-4
2237:978-0-312-21445-6
2218:978-0-237-52804-1
2199:978-0-521-52692-0
2180:978-1-84277-457-1
2161:978-0-313-34672-9
2142:978-0-521-36837-7
2123:978-3-540-69933-0
2104:978-0-313-31242-7
2085:978-950-738-173-7
2066:978-1-60456-165-4
2047:978-92-64-01255-4
2029:978-0-8213-8349-0
2010:978-950-738-181-2
1387:. 7 October 1989.
1179:Project MUSE
802:978-1-78472-429-0
410:
238:Taubaté Agreement
201:, São Paulo, 1880
183:
182:
179:
4429:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4214:Papua New Guinea
4137:producers (2014)
4120:
4113:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4084:Category: Coffee
4081:
4080:
4069:
4068:
4020:Coffee leaf rust
3893:Dandelion coffee
3759:Coffee companies
3598:Gassosa al caffè
3366:Espresso machine
3000:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2836:
2778:
2771:Renewable energy
2722:Animal husbandry
2596:
2589:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2566:Coffee in Brazil
2563:
2548:
2510:
2491:
2472:
2453:
2434:
2415:
2396:
2377:
2360:Meade, Teresa A.
2355:
2336:
2317:
2298:
2279:
2260:
2241:
2222:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2146:
2127:
2108:
2089:
2070:
2051:
2033:
2014:
1986:
1985:, pp. 168–9
1980:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1961:on 16 March 2013
1960:
1954:. Archived from
1949:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1790:on 5 March 2016.
1786:. Archived from
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1436:, pp. 31–32
1431:
1425:
1424:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1343:. 21 April 1987.
1331:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1294:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1007:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
932:
914:
890:
884:
878:
872:
871:
843:
837:
826:
820:
813:
807:
806:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
755:
754:, pp. 33–34
749:
743:
737:
731:
730:, pp. 85–86
725:
719:
713:
707:
701:
692:
686:
680:
674:
665:
659:
653:
650:Pendergrast 2010
647:
641:
635:
619:
605:
537:
532:
531:
530:
523:
518:
517:
442:on the market.
404:
402:
400:
396:
394:
247:Great Depression
213:coffee with milk
173:
103:
99:
84:(farm), c. 1930.
4437:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4379:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4243:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4094:
4089:
4063:
4054:
3993:
3967:
3922:Serving vessels
3917:
3849:
3768:
3742:
3648:Latte macchiato
3518:Caffè macchiato
3434:
3273:
3232:
3117:
3108:
3089:Coffee roasting
3050:
3009:
3004:
2974:
2969:
2941:
2875:
2812:
2757:
2726:
2678:
2605:
2600:
2556:
2551:
2537:10.2307/1884777
2518:
2516:Further reading
2513:
2507:
2488:
2469:
2450:
2431:
2412:
2393:
2374:
2352:
2333:
2314:
2304:Passport Brazil
2295:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2219:
2200:
2181:
2162:
2143:
2124:
2105:
2086:
2067:
2048:
2030:
2011:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:The Bryan Times
1741:
1737:
1720:
1716:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1677:Herrington 2008
1675:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1492:on 5 March 2010
1489:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1355:
1348:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1310:on 30 June 2013
1303:Chicago Tribune
1296:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1242:
1238:
1201:
1197:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1096:
1092:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
992:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
891:
887:
879:
875:
860:10.2307/2513775
844:
840:
830:Peasant Studies
827:
823:
814:
810:
803:
789:
785:
777:
773:
765:
758:
750:
746:
738:
734:
726:
722:
714:
710:
702:
695:
687:
683:
675:
668:
660:
656:
648:
644:
636:
632:
628:
623:
622:
616:Wayback Machine
606:
602:
597:
583:The Coffee Song
533:
528:
526:
519:
512:
509:
500:
483:
471:
462:
448:
435:
411:
403:
398:
397:
392:
391:
389:
382:
357:
324:
319:
311:scale economies
298:
263:
72:
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
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4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4074:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4015:Coffee service
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3815:Coffee cupping
3812:
3810:Coffee culture
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3785:Bikini barista
3782:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3733:Wiener Melange
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:Turkish coffee
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Liqueur coffee
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:Kurdish coffee
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Dalgona coffee
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:Coffee cabinet
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3508:Caffè corretto
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Café con leche
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:Turkish coffee
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3388:Instant coffee
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3123:
3121:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3099:Decaffeination
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Organic coffee
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
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2912:Infrastructure
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2795:
2790:
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2773:
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2743:Auxílio Brasil
2740:
2734:
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2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
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2554:External links
2552:
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2549:
2531:(3): 528–535.
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2114:Food Chemistry
2109:
2103:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2052:
2046:
2034:
2028:
2015:
2009:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1972:
1936:
1924:
1919:Bloomberg L.P.
1904:
1883:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1768:
1756:
1735:
1729:Gazeta do Povo
1714:
1693:
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1606:
1589:
1574:
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1452:
1449:. 25 May 2023.
1438:
1426:
1405:
1390:
1370:
1346:
1321:
1284:
1271:
1236:
1215:(3): 477–501.
1195:
1146:(4): 677–699.
1130:
1118:
1109:
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1069:(3): 477–501.
1049:
1033:
1021:
1009:
985:
973:
958:
946:
934:
885:
873:
854:(2): 273–295.
838:
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475:instant coffee
470:
467:
447:
444:
434:
431:
390:
381:
378:
356:
353:
350:, Minas Gerais
348:Alto Jequitibá
336:arabica coffee
328:Espírito Santo
323:
320:
318:
315:
297:
294:
278:sugar industry
267:Paraíba Valley
262:
261:Historiography
259:
249:in the 1930s.
242:Overproduction
230:Rio de Janeiro
208:café com leite
199:Port of Santos
181:
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29:, Minas Gerais
15:
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4258:Coffee portal
4253:
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4232:
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4227:
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4035:Canned coffee
4033:
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3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Cereal coffee
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Barley coffee
3861:
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3820:Coffee palace
3818:
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3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
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3790:Caffè sospeso
3788:
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3781:
3778:
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3728:White Russian
3726:
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3604:
3601:
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3591:
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3579:
3578:Frappé coffee
3576:
3574:
3571:
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3549:
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3489:
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3479:
3478:Cà phê sữa đá
3476:
3474:
3473:Black Russian
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:Beaten coffee
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3440:Coffee drinks
3437:
3431:
3428:
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3423:
3421:
3418:
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3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
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3384:
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3377:
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3360:
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3333:
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3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Brewed coffee
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Arabic coffee
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
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3262:
3260:
3257:
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3139:Blue Mountain
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3105:
3104:Home roasting
3102:
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2817:Other sectors
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2738:Bolsa Família
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2644:Plano Trienal
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2157:
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2148:
2144:
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2134:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:. BID-INTAL.
2077:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1881:, p. 324
1880:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1854:, p. 141
1853:
1848:
1842:, p. 150
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1813:Markgraf 2001
1809:
1803:, p. 121
1802:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1708:Bloomberg L.P
1704:
1697:
1691:, p. 300
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1652:, p. 939
1651:
1646:
1640:, p. 214
1639:
1634:
1628:, p. 212
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1572:, p. 225
1571:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1462:, p. 102
1461:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1330:
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1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
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1289:
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1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1031:, p. 216
1030:
1025:
1019:, p. 180
1018:
1013:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
989:
983:, p. 119
982:
977:
971:, p. 121
970:
965:
963:
955:
950:
944:, p. 118
943:
938:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
883:, p. 218
882:
877:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
835:
831:
825:
818:
812:
804:
798:
794:
787:
781:, p. 123
780:
775:
769:, p. 238
768:
763:
761:
753:
748:
741:
736:
729:
724:
717:
712:
706:, p. 214
705:
700:
698:
691:, p. 183
690:
685:
679:, p. 237
678:
673:
671:
663:
658:
651:
646:
640:, p. 103
639:
634:
630:
617:
613:
610:
604:
600:
590:
587:
584:
580:
578:
575:
572:
571:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
536:
535:Brazil portal
525:
522:
521:Coffee portal
516:
511:
504:
495:
487:
478:
476:
466:
461:
452:
443:
441:
430:
428:
424:
420:
419:
409:, p. 226
408:
401: Robusta
395: Arabica
386:
377:
375:
370:
366:
365:washed coffee
360:
349:
344:
340:
337:
331:
329:
314:
312:
308:
303:
293:
285:
281:
279:
274:
270:
268:
258:
255:
250:
248:
243:
239:
233:
231:
226:
221:
216:
214:
210:
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200:
195:
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177:
171:
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158:
155:
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150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
110:
107:
105:
104:
98:
95:
94:French Guiana
91:
83:
82:
76:
71:
61:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
19:
4143:
4076:
4062:
3972:Competitions
3958:Tasse à café
3795:Coffee break
3764:Coffeehouses
3754:Bakery cafés
3723:White coffee
3713:Tenom coffee
3618:Irish coffee
3498:Café de olla
3483:Café au lait
3425:Vacuum maker
3393:Coffee syrup
3383:French press
3249:Caffeic acid
3218:
3211:
3197:
3192:Charrieriana
3190:
3126:
2776:Ethanol fuel
2711:
2659:Plano Collor
2654:Samba effect
2639:Rubber cycle
2624:Coffee cycle
2528:
2524:
2496:
2477:
2458:
2439:
2420:
2401:
2382:
2363:
2341:
2322:
2303:
2284:
2265:
2246:
2227:
2208:
2189:
2170:
2151:
2132:
2113:
2094:
2075:
2056:
2037:
2019:
2000:
1992:Bibliography
1963:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1939:
1934:, p. 74
1927:
1917:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1886:
1866:, p. 10
1859:
1847:
1835:
1830:, p. 31
1815:, p. 45
1808:
1796:
1788:the original
1781:
1771:
1766:, p. 52
1759:
1748:
1738:
1727:
1717:
1706:
1696:
1684:
1679:, p. 22
1672:
1667:, p. 68
1645:
1633:
1621:
1616:, p. 13
1609:
1604:, p. 22
1587:, p. 22
1548:. Retrieved
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1487:the original
1479:
1467:
1455:
1441:
1429:
1418:
1408:
1403:, p. 32
1382:
1373:
1362:
1338:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:the original
1301:
1279:
1274:
1252:(2): 87–92.
1249:
1245:
1239:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1093:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1044:
1024:
1012:
1004:the original
997:
988:
981:Fridell 2007
976:
969:Fridell 2007
949:
942:Fridell 2007
937:
905:(3): 69–90.
902:
898:
888:
876:
851:
847:
841:
833:
829:
824:
816:
811:
792:
786:
774:
747:
742:, p. 33
735:
728:Bethell 1989
723:
718:, p. 85
716:Bethell 1989
711:
689:Baronov 2000
684:
664:, p. 23
657:
652:, p. 16
645:
633:
603:
568:
543:Coffee cycle
501:
492:
472:
463:
436:
416:
414:
361:
358:
332:
325:
299:
290:
275:
271:
264:
251:
234:
217:
206:
204:
184:
178:, p. 86
176:Bethell 1989
87:
79:
58:
46:Minas Gerais
32:
18:
4360:Puerto Rico
4355:Philippines
4199:Ivory Coast
4169:El Salvador
4025:Coffee wars
3855:Substitutes
3825:Coffeehouse
3638:Kopi tubruk
3603:Iced coffee
3583:Frappuccino
3553:Café Cubano
3543:Coffee milk
3523:Caffè mocha
3513:Caffè crema
3371:French drip
3339:Drip coffee
3322:Coffeemaker
3279:Preparation
3259:Coffee bean
3164:Maracaturra
2917:Brazil Cost
2793:Solar power
2788:Electricity
2684:Agriculture
2674:2014 crisis
1879:Fausto 1999
1852:Talbot 2004
1840:Talbot 2004
1801:Talbot 2004
1665:Talbot 2004
954:Fausto 1999
638:Fausto 1999
577:Casa-grande
549:Coffee King
355:Cultivation
307:regulations
4411:Categories
4340:Martinique
4310:Guadeloupe
4305:East Timor
4154:Costa Rica
4010:Coffee bag
3929:Coffee cup
3868:Barley tea
3693:Raf coffee
3673:Marocchino
3663:Long black
3633:Kopi luwak
3573:Flat white
3563:Egg coffee
3528:Cappuccino
3503:Café Touba
3415:Percolator
3317:Chorreador
3237:Components
3169:Maragogipe
3055:Production
3026:Fair trade
2907:Corruption
2846:Healthcare
2808:Eletrobras
2717:Irrigation
2619:Gold cycle
1864:Abreu 2004
1614:Souza 2008
1570:Souza 2008
1401:Dicks 2005
1190:2124702232
1176:A560414908
1029:Eakin 1998
881:Eakin 1998
779:Meade 2010
752:Eakin 1998
740:Eakin 1998
704:Eakin 1998
626:References
458:See also:
440:volatility
407:Souza 2008
317:Production
156:1841–1850
139:1831–1840
122:1821–1830
4375:Venezuela
4365:Sri Lanka
4209:Nicaragua
4194:Indonesia
4179:Guatemala
4129:by region
3946:Demitasse
3873:Barleycup
3840:Latte art
3835:Kopi tiam
3805:CoffeeCon
3773:Lifestyle
3738:Yuenyeung
3703:Ristretto
3533:Carajillo
3453:Americano
3359:ristretto
3327:Cold brew
3287:AeroPress
3144:Bonifieur
3119:varieties
3021:Economics
2902:Companies
2866:Transport
2803:Petrobras
2753:Fome Zero
2404:. Wiley.
1983:OECD 2005
1897:16 August
1168:158653692
929:156421194
662:Dean 2002
225:São Paulo
188:abolished
50:São Paulo
4350:Paraguay
4290:Cameroon
4229:Thailand
4224:Tanzania
4184:Honduras
4174:Ethiopia
4149:Colombia
3903:Maya nut
3678:Mazagran
3568:Espresso
3448:Affogato
3405:Moka pot
3400:Knockbox
3344:Espresso
3254:Caffeine
3244:Cafestol
3213:Racemosa
3199:Liberica
2955:Category
2824:Industry
2385:. OECD.
2362:(2010).
1965:23 April
1550:28 April
1525:29 April
1496:26 March
1314:25 April
1266:22010304
1231:59403091
1186:ProQuest
1160:26520991
1085:59403091
612:Archived
507:See also
405:Source:
369:unwashed
309:favored
254:monopoly
174:Source:
4325:Jamaica
4280:Bolivia
4239:Vietnam
4164:Ecuador
4135:Top 20
3888:Chicory
3780:Barista
3698:Red eye
3683:Moretta
3548:Cortado
3468:Bicerin
3269:Kahweol
3220:Robusta
3174:Molokai
3149:Bourbon
3134:Benguet
3128:Arabica
3114:Species
3031:History
2965:Commons
2861:Tourism
2856:Exports
2781:History
2731:Welfare
2634:Fazenda
2611:History
2545:1884777
1783:Reuters
1258:3513657
921:2503402
868:2513775
570:Fazenda
498:Tariffs
427:robusta
423:arabica
380:Species
374:hulling
117:Others
114:Coffee
111:Cotton
81:fazenda
64:History
4345:Panama
4275:Angola
4234:Uganda
4204:Mexico
4144:Brazil
4082:
3934:sleeve
3908:Postum
3688:Oliang
3593:Garoto
3349:doppio
3307:Chemex
3297:Jebena
3205:Barako
3184:Sagada
3154:Geisha
3014:Topics
3007:Coffee
2932:Camelô
2851:Mining
2763:Energy
2712:Coffee
2702:Orange
2697:Banana
2629:Empire
2543:
2503:
2484:
2465:
2446:
2427:
2408:
2389:
2370:
2348:
2329:
2310:
2291:
2272:
2253:
2234:
2215:
2209:Brazil
2196:
2177:
2158:
2139:
2120:
2101:
2082:
2063:
2044:
2026:
2007:
1264:
1256:
1229:
1188:
1183:710504
1181:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1083:
1047:(2012)
927:
919:
866:
836:(1988)
819:(1980)
799:
481:Export
418:Coffea
399:
393:
108:Sugar
54:Paraná
42:states
34:Brazil
4384:Lists
4330:Kenya
4320:Haiti
4285:China
4189:India
3998:Misc.
3951:spoon
3941:Cezve
3913:Qishr
3668:Lungo
3653:Latte
3623:Karsk
3588:Galão
3354:lungo
3332:nitro
3312:Cezve
2880:Misc.
2541:JSTOR
1959:(PDF)
1948:(PDF)
1515:(PDF)
1490:(PDF)
1476:(PDF)
1254:JSTOR
1227:S2CID
1164:S2CID
1156:JSTOR
1081:S2CID
925:S2CID
917:JSTOR
864:JSTOR
607:See "
595:Notes
433:Frost
168:24.4
165:41.4
159:26.7
151:21.4
148:43.8
145:10.8
142:24.0
134:30.9
131:18.4
128:20.6
125:30.1
4335:Laos
4315:Guam
4295:Cuba
4219:Peru
3963:Zarf
3898:Inka
3878:Caro
3628:Kopi
3463:Bica
3226:Sulu
3179:S795
3159:Kona
3116:and
2887:Real
2798:Vale
2707:Beer
2692:Wine
2501:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2463:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2024:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1967:2013
1899:2017
1552:2013
1527:2013
1498:2010
1316:2013
1262:PMID
1172:Gale
999:Time
797:ISBN
425:and
218:The
162:7.5
90:Pará
52:and
2533:doi
1217:doi
1148:doi
1071:doi
907:doi
856:doi
44:of
4413::
2922:B3
2539:.
2529:23
2527:.
1975:^
1950:.
1916:.
1871:^
1820:^
1780:.
1747:.
1726:.
1705:.
1657:^
1592:^
1577:^
1560:^
1543:.
1517:.
1478:.
1417:.
1393:^
1381:.
1361:.
1349:^
1337:.
1324:^
1300:.
1287:^
1260:.
1250:36
1248:.
1225:.
1213:63
1211:.
1207:.
1170:.
1162:.
1154:.
1142:.
1102:.
1079:.
1067:63
1065:.
1061:.
1036:^
996:.
961:^
923:.
915:.
903:22
901:.
897:.
862:.
852:57
850:.
759:^
696:^
669:^
211:("
48:,
4119:e
4112:t
4105:v
2999:e
2992:t
2985:v
2841:)
2837:(
2783:)
2779:(
2595:e
2588:t
2581:v
2547:.
2535::
2509:.
2490:.
2471:.
2452:.
2433:.
2414:.
2395:.
2376:.
2354:.
2335:.
2316:.
2297:.
2278:.
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2240:.
2221:.
2202:.
2183:.
2164:.
2145:.
2126:.
2107:.
2088:.
2069:.
2050:.
2032:.
2013:.
1969:.
1901:.
1753:.
1732:.
1711:.
1554:.
1529:.
1500:.
1423:.
1367:.
1318:.
1268:.
1233:.
1219::
1192:.
1150::
1144:8
1106:.
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931:.
909::
870:.
858::
805:.
581:"
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