700:
production process EROI will decrease. Extended EROI includes point of use expansions as well as including the cost of creating the infrastructure needed for transportation of the energy or fuel once refined. Societal EROI is a sum of all the EROIs of all the fuels used in a society or nation. A societal EROI has never been calculated and researchers believe it may currently be impossible to know all variables necessary to complete the calculation, but attempted estimates have been made for some nations. Calculations are done by summing all of the EROIs for domestically produced and imported fuels and comparing the result to the
1392:
3101:
4179:
3680:
1350:
653:
1336:
1378:
1364:
704:(HDI), a tool often used to understand well-being in a society. According to this calculation, the amount of energy a society has available to them increases the quality of life for the people living in that country, and countries with less energy available also have a harder time satisfying citizens' basic needs. This is to say that societal EROI and overall quality of life are very closely linked.
337:
produce oil from the kerogen. Resulting EROI is typically around 1.4-1.5. Economically, oil shale might be viable due to the effectively free natural gas on site used for heating the kerogen, but opponents have debated that the natural gas could be extracted directly and used for relatively inexpensive transportation fuel rather than heating shale for a lower EROI and higher carbon emissions.
1304:
solar breeder. Research on the concept was conducted by Centre for
Photovoltaic Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia. The reported investigation establishes certain mathematical relationships for the solar breeder which clearly indicate that a vast amount of net energy is available from such a plant for the indefinite future. The solar module processing plant at
691:
the form of energy of the input can be completely different from the output. For example, energy in the form of coal could be used in the production of ethanol. This might have an EROI of less than one, but could still be desirable due to the benefits of liquid fuels (assuming the latters are not used in the processes of extraction and transformation).
676:
reasons, that in the conclusions of Murphy and Hall's paper in 2010, an EROI of 5 by their extended methodology is considered necessary to reach the minimum threshold of sustainability, while a value of 12–13 by Hall's methodology is considered the minimum value necessary for technological progress and a society supporting high art.
668:
used to construct the steel be taken into account and amortized? Should the energy input of the roads which are used to ferry the goods be taken into account? What about the energy used to cook the steelworkers' breakfasts? These are complex questions evading simple answers. A full accounting would require considerations of
643:
in early societies. Falling EROI due to depletion of high quality fossil fuel resources also poses a difficult challenge for industrial economies, and could potentially lead to declining economic output and challenge the concept (which is very recent when considered from a historical perspective) of
589:
In regard to fossil fuels, when oil was originally discovered, it took on average one barrel of oil to find, extract, and process about 100 barrels of oil. The ratio, for discovery of fossil fuels in the United States, has declined steadily over the last century from about 1000:1 in 1919 to only 5:1
258:
The issue is still subject of numerous studies, and prompting academic argument. That's mainly because the "energy invested" critically depends on technology, methodology, and system boundary assumptions, resulting in a range from a maximum of 2000 kWh/m of module area down to a minimum of 300 kWh/m
1303:
overcomes some of these problems. A solar breeder is a photovoltaic panel manufacturing plant which can be made energy-independent by using energy derived from its own roof using its own panels. Such a plant becomes not only energy self-sufficient but a major supplier of new energy, hence the name
690:
Another issue with EROI that many studies attempt to tackle is that the energy returned can be in different forms, and these forms can have different utility. For example, electricity can be converted more efficiently than thermal energy into motion, due to electricity's lower entropy. In addition,
667:
How deep should the probing in the supply chain of the tools being used to generate energy go? For example, if steel is being used to drill for oil or construct a nuclear power plant, should the energy input of the steel be taken into account? Should the energy input into building the factory being
602:
argues that a falling EROI in the Later Roman Empire was one of the reasons for the collapse of the
Western Empire in the fifth century CE. In "The Upside of Down" he suggests that EROI analysis provides a basis for the analysis of the rise and fall of civilisations. Looking at the maximum extent
424:
In the case of photovoltaic solar panels, the IEA method tends to focus on the energy used in the factory process alone. In 2016, Hall observed that much of the published work in this field is produced by advocates or persons with a connection to business interests among the competing technologies,
412:
In a 2010 paper by Murphy and Hall, the advised extended boundary protocol, for all future research on EROI, was detailed. In order to produce, what they consider, a more realistic assessment and generate greater consistency in comparisons, than what Hall and others view as the "weak points" in a
336:
Due to the process heat input requirements for oil shale harvesting, the EROI is low. Typically natural gas is used, either directly combusted for process heat or used to power an electricity generating turbine, which then uses electrical heating elements to heat the underground layers of shale to
298:
In the scientific literature EROIs wind turbines is around 16 unbuffered and 4 buffered. Data collected in 2018 found that the EROI of operational wind turbines averaged 19.8 with high variability depending on wind conditions and wind turbine size. EROIs tend to be higher for recent wind turbines
280:
assessed the energy payback time and EROI of a variety of PV module technologies. In this study, which uses an insolation of 1700 kWh/m/yr and a system lifetime of 30 years, mean harmonized EROIs between 8.7 and 34.2 were found. Mean harmonized energy payback time varied from 1.0 to 4.1 years. In
675:
However, when comparing two energy sources a standard practice for the supply chain energy input can be adopted. For example, consider the steel, but don't consider the energy invested in factories deeper than the first level in the supply chain. It is in part for these fully encompassed systems
319:
comes from low value fractions separated out by the upgrading process, there are two ways to calculate EROI, the higher value given by considering only the external energy inputs and the lower by considering all energy inputs, including self generated. One study found that in 1970 oil sands net
712:
The following table is a compilation of sources of energy. The minimum requirement is a breakdown of the cumulative energy expenses according to material data. Frequently in literature harvest factors are reported, for which the origin of the values is not completely transparent. These are not
699:
There are three prominent expanded EROI calculations, they are point of use, extended and societal. Point of Use EROI expands the calculation to include the cost of refining and transporting the fuel during the refining process. Since this expands the bounds of the calculation to include more
607:, (60 million) and its technological base the agrarian base of Rome was about 1:12 per hectare for wheat and 1:27 for alfalfa (giving a 1:2.7 production for oxen). One can then use this to calculate the population of the Roman Empire required at its height, on the basis of about 2,500–3,000
172:. Hall applied the biological methodology, developed at an Ecosystems Marine Biological Laboratory, and then adapted that method to research human industrial civilization. The concept would have its greatest exposure in 1984, with a paper by Hall that appeared on the cover of the journal
2561:
Lambert JG, Hall CA, Balogh S, Gupta A, Arnold M. 2014. Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy. 153–67 & Arvesen A, Hertwich EG. 2014. More caution is needed when using life cycle assessment to determine energy return on investment (EROI). Energy Policy.
1261:
team's assessment on ESOI, was that if pumped storage was not available, the combination of wind energy and the commonly suggested pairing with battery technology as it presently exists, would not be sufficiently worth the investment, suggesting instead curtailment.
593:
Since the invention of agriculture, humans have increasingly used exogenous sources of energy to multiply human muscle-power. Some historians have attributed this largely to more easily exploited (i.e. higher EROI) energy sources, which is related to the concept of
581:
Although many qualities of an energy source matter (for example oil is energy-dense and transportable, while wind is variable), when the EROI of the main sources of energy for an economy fall that energy becomes more difficult to obtain and its
125:
687:). The difference is that it uses the design lifetime of the system, which is known in advance, rather than the actual lifetime. This also means that it can be adapted to multi-component systems where the components have different lifetimes.
623:
loss particularly in southern Spain, southern Italy, Sicily and especially north Africa) saw a collapse in the system beginning in the 2nd century, as EROI began to fall. It bottomed in 1084 when Rome's population, which had peaked under
1870:
493:
560:
285:
Institute for Solar Energy
Systems calculated an energy payback time of around 1 year for European PV installations (0.9 years for Catania in Southern Italy, 1.1 years for Brussels) with wafer-based silicon
1877:
565:
For example, given a process with an EROI of 5, expending 1 unit of energy yields a net energy gain of 4 units. The break-even point happens with an EROI of 1 or a net energy gain of 0. The
1286:. Unfortunately, neither the enormous scale of the current fossil fuel energy system nor the necessary growth rate of these technologies is well understood within the limits imposed by the
131:
When the EROI of a source of energy is less than or equal to one, that energy source becomes a net "energy sink", and can no longer be used as a source of energy. A related measure, called
660:
EROI is calculated by dividing the energy output by the energy input. Measuring total energy output is often easy, especially in the case for an electrical output where some appropriate
345:
The weighted average standard EROI of all oil liquids (including coal-to-liquids, gas-to-liquids, biofuels, etc.) is expected to decrease from 44.4 in 1950 to a plateau of 6.7 in 2050.
328:
Conventional sources of oil have a rather large variation depending on various geologic factors. The EROI for refined fuel from conventional oil sources varies from around 18 to 43.
1695:
2689:
2640:
2602:
D. WeiĂźbach et al. (2013): Energy intensities, EROIs (energy returned on invested), and energy payback times of electricity generating power plants. Energy, Band 52, S. 210 ff.
1148:(b) The values refer to the total energy output. The expense for storage power plants, seasonal reserves or conventional load balancing power plants is not taken into account.
84:
369:
The natural or primary energy sources are not included in the calculation of energy invested, only the human-applied sources. For example, in the case of biofuels the
2465:
1290:
produced for a growing industry. This technical limitation is known as energy cannibalism and refers to an effect where rapid growth of an entire energy producing or
413:
competing methodology. In more recent years, however, a source of continued controversy is the creation of a different methodology endorsed by certain members of the
783:
756:
443:
or sink in numerically different ways. Net energy describes the amounts, while EROI measures the ratio or efficiency of the process. They are related simply by
1676:
664:
can be used. However, researchers disagree on how to determine energy input accurately and therefore arrive at different numbers for the same source of energy.
2619:
2223:"Energy return on energy invested (eroi): A quintessential but possibly inadequate metric for sustainability in a solar-powered world? [point of view]"
1121:
1096:
1065:
1040:
1011:
982:
2303:
2706:
1172:
is the ratio of electrical energy stored over the lifetime of a storage device to the amount of embodied electrical energy required to build the device."
2354:
4056:
2254:
449:
2952:
1036:
1007:
978:
2571:
2201:"Argument Over the Value of Solar Focuses on Spain: Analysts disagree on whether the energy returned from solar is worth the energy invested"
1968:
Brandt, A. R.; Englander, J.; Bharadwaj, S. (2013). "The energy efficiency of oil sands extraction: Energy return ratios from 1970 to 2010".
504:
2132:
3625:
1812:
1769:
Energy payback time (EPBT) and energy return on energy invested (EROI) of solar photovoltaic systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis
1657:
639:
suggests that diminishing returns of the EROI is a chief cause of the collapse of complex societies, which has been suggested as caused by
2665:
716:
The bold numbers are those given in the respective literature source, the normal printed ones are derived (see
Mathematical Description).
1688:
2686:
2635:
1901:
269:
Some studies (see below) include in their analysis that photovoltaic produce electricity, while the invested energy may be lower grade
2766:
4061:
249:
2741:
1773:
277:
2906:
2382:
4129:
3683:
3100:
2457:
2006:
1622:
Atlason, R; Unnthorsson, R (2014). "Ideal EROI (energy return on investment) deepens the understanding of energy systems".
2896:
2293:"The Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROI) of Photovoltaics: Methodology and Comparisons with Fossil Fuel Life Cycles"
2273:
3716:
3522:
1294:
industry creates a need for energy that uses (or cannibalizes) the energy of existing power plants or production plants.
3630:
2945:
2416:
2331:
142:
To be considered viable as a prominent fuel or energy source a fuel or energy must have an EROI ratio of at least 3:1.
2543:
Hall CA, Lambert JG, Balogh SB. 2013. EROEI of different fuels and the implications for society. Energy Policy. 141–52
392:
Nevertheless, heat of any form can be counted where it is actually used for heating. However the use of waste heat in
353:
The standard EROI for natural gas is estimated to decrease from 141.5 in 1950 to an apparent plateau of 16.8 in 2050.
3250:
2441:
917:
2924:
1283:
425:
and that government agencies had not yet provided adequate funding for rigorous analysis by more neutral observers.
2722:
1570:
3413:
3338:
3209:
1421:
229:
190:
2292:
2812:
2200:
3585:
3517:
3507:
3383:
3283:
2938:
2321:
1405:
1369:
1246:
570:
3813:
3438:
3398:
2975:
2157:"Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation"
1917:"Energy return on investment of hydroelectric power generation calculated using a standardised methodology"
1309:
1236:
169:
75:) delivered from a particular energy resource to the amount of exergy used to obtain that energy resource.
299:
compared to older technology wind turbines. Vestas reports an EROI of 31 for its V150 model wind turbine.
4159:
4076:
3665:
3660:
3378:
3353:
3343:
3319:
3314:
1722:
Energy balance of the global photovoltaic (PV) industry -- is the PV industry a net electricity producer?
414:
287:
3868:
2552:
Lambert JG, Hall CA, Balogh S, Gupta A, Arnold M. 2014. Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy.
1813:
https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/de/documents/publications/studies/Photovoltaics-Report.pdf
3580:
3298:
3268:
3045:
2696:, PDF-Datei, 109 kB) Lehrstuhl für Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum 2004.
2408:
1443:
886:
862:
2626:. Arbeitsbericht des Instituts für ökologisch verträgliche Energiewirtschaft, Universität Essen, 1998.
1916:
4208:
4134:
3842:
3635:
3124:
3085:
2912:
2511:
779:
752:
612:
120:{\displaystyle EROI={\frac {\hbox{Energy Delivered}}{\hbox{Energy Required to Deliver that Energy}}}}
4012:
4108:
4081:
3610:
3418:
3358:
3015:
940:
611:
per day per person. It comes out roughly equal to the area of food production at its height. But
2742:"Limitations of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Technologies Set by Rapid Growth and Energy Cannibalism"
3709:
3549:
3539:
3529:
1355:
701:
219:
209:
199:
2853:
2479:"Does a Change in Price of Fuel Affect GDP Growth? An Examination of the US Data from 1950–2013"
1824:
1479:
Murphy, D.J.; Hall, C.A.S. (2010). "Year in review EROI or energy return on (energy) invested".
4066:
3470:
3333:
3116:
3005:
2660:
2512:"Permanently dispelling a myth of photovoltaics via the adoption of a new net energy indicator"
1591:"The energetic implications of curtailing versus storing solar- and wind-generated electricity"
1590:
1206:
672:
and comparing total energy expenditures in the presence and absence of this economic activity.
2030:
Delannoy, Louis; Longaretti, Pierre-Yves; Murphy, David J.; Prados, Emmanuel (December 2021).
3605:
3373:
3368:
3348:
2079:
Delannoy, Louis; Longaretti, Pierre-Yves; Murphy, David J.; Prados, Emmanuel (January 2021).
165:
42:
17:
1825:"Energy intensities, EROIs, and energy payback times of electricity generating power plants"
3199:
2961:
2800:
2770:
2168:
2081:"Assessing Global Long-Term EROI of Gas: A Net-Energy Perspective on the Energy Transition"
2043:
1977:
1928:
1782:
1733:
1631:
1488:
1291:
1196:
151:
8:
4164:
3570:
3403:
3303:
3278:
3231:
3040:
3030:
2995:
1662:
1305:
1258:
1226:
418:
404:
plants is rare, and in practice it is often excluded in EROI analysis of energy sources.
307:
The EROI for hydropower plants averages to about 110 when it is run for about 100 years.
2804:
2745:
2172:
2047:
1981:
1932:
1786:
1737:
1635:
1492:
656:
Measuring energy output is a solved problem; measuring the input remains highly debated.
4182:
3983:
3808:
3796:
3702:
3444:
3055:
2368:
2348:
2061:
1512:
1426:
1397:
1324:
with the highly ambitious goal of creating hundreds of GW of capacity within 30 years.
1275:
1271:
599:
397:
282:
157:
4030:
2918:
1278:
is demanded. Many energy technologies are capable of replacing significant volumes of
4203:
4103:
3995:
3595:
3475:
3080:
2818:
2808:
2437:
2412:
2378:
2327:
2065:
1944:
1895:
1852:
1749:
1504:
1500:
1454:
1186:
669:
661:
632:
239:
2837:
2797:
Proceedings, Photovoltaic Solar Energy
Conference, Luxembourg, September 27–30, 1977
1658:"Will Fossil Fuels be Able to Maintain Economic Growth? A Q&A with Charles Hall"
316:
4035:
3946:
3786:
3544:
3485:
3189:
3184:
3161:
3070:
3010:
2603:
2526:
2490:
2234:
2176:
2092:
2056:
2051:
2031:
1985:
1936:
1790:
1741:
1639:
1602:
1550:
1516:
1496:
393:
370:
38:
3879:
2319:
2290:
4213:
4144:
4006:
3956:
3575:
3534:
3512:
3393:
3363:
3328:
3288:
3090:
2909:, Wayback Archive of OilAnalytics.org, "EROI as a Measure of Energy Availability"
2900:
2693:
2669:
2644:
2607:
2402:
2372:
1989:
1940:
1643:
1459:
1449:
1411:
435:
382:
161:
31:
2181:
2156:
2113:"Energy Return on Investment of Major Energy Carriers: Review and Harmonization"
1555:
1538:
385:. The energy returned includes only human usable energy and not wastes such as
3600:
3590:
3388:
3000:
2893:
2530:
2398:
2239:
2222:
1794:
1589:
Barnhart, Charles J.; Dale, Michael; Brandt, Adam R.; Benson, Sally M. (2013).
1437:
1383:
636:
620:
583:
566:
440:
374:
270:
4197:
4154:
3820:
3620:
3408:
3293:
3273:
3204:
3194:
3151:
3035:
2990:
2822:
1948:
1391:
1341:
1087:
744:
616:
2112:
4096:
3966:
3803:
3761:
3741:
3640:
3615:
3480:
3449:
3263:
3065:
2374:
The Upside of Down; Catastrophe, Creativity and the
Renewal of Civilisation
1753:
1508:
1279:
1151:(c) The data for the E-82 come from the manufacturer, but are confirmed by
683:
for photovoltaic systems as an alternative to EROI (which they refer to as
604:
595:
401:
2877:
Sahara solar breeder plan directed toward global clean energy superhighway
488:{\displaystyle {\hbox{GrossEnergyYield}}\div {\hbox{EnergyExpended}}=EROI}
4139:
4091:
4086:
4071:
3857:
3830:
3791:
3776:
3751:
3465:
3433:
3226:
3214:
3134:
3060:
3050:
2980:
2672:(PDF; 1,2 MB). Internetseite von Enercon. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
2032:"Peak oil and the low-carbon energy transition: A net-energy perspective"
1216:
806:
707:
156:
The energy analysis field of study is credited with being popularized by
2683:
2624:
Beitrag zum kumulierten
Energieaufwand ausgewählter Windenergiekonverter
569:
to reach this break-even point is called energy payback period (EPP) or
4000:
3936:
3781:
3746:
3428:
3423:
3236:
3219:
3075:
2930:
2097:
2080:
1607:
1287:
969:
910:
838:
814:
555:{\displaystyle ({\hbox{NetEnergy}}\div {\hbox{EnergyExpended}})+1=EROI}
386:
263:
2495:
2478:
1745:
320:
energy returns was about 1.0 but by 2010 had increased to about 5.23.
259:
with a median value of 585 kWh/m according to a meta-study from 2013.
4124:
4040:
3941:
3766:
3725:
3144:
3139:
3025:
2985:
2320:
Ibon
Galarraga, M. González-Eguino, Anil Markandya (1 January 2011).
2291:
Marco Raugei; Pere
Fullana-i-Palmer; Vasilis Fthenakis (March 2012).
652:
640:
2875:
Koinuma, H.; Kanazawa, I.; Karaki, H.; Kitazawa, K. (Mar 26, 2009).
1349:
4024:
3989:
3914:
3904:
3847:
3258:
1571:"Why energy storage is a dead-end industry - Energy Storage Report"
608:
2903:, World Nuclear Association study on EROI with assumptions listed.
3931:
3925:
3874:
3756:
3733:
3179:
3169:
2274:"The real EROI of photovoltaic systems: professor Hall weighs in"
2255:"The Real EROI of Photovoltaic Systems: Professor Hall Weighs in"
1335:
1321:
378:
377:
is not included, and the energy used in the stellar synthesis of
3977:
3909:
3825:
3771:
3174:
1431:
1416:
1363:
625:
71:
66:
2078:
2029:
1152:
266:, not just the system itself, so assumptions have to be made.
3951:
3894:
3884:
3837:
2874:
2856:. Sustainable Cooperative for Organic Development. 2010-03-29
1317:
62:
3694:
2879:. G8+5 Academies' meeting in Rome. Science Council of Japan.
1308:
was originally planned as such a solar breeder. In 2009 the
1274:
where energy technologies can have a limited growth rate if
3919:
3889:
3129:
2708:
Environmental profile of PV mass production: globalization.
2007:"An Assessment of Energy Return on Investment of Oil Shale"
1853:"Meta-Analysis of Net Energy Return for Wind Power Systems"
1681:
1539:"EROI of different fuels and the implications for society"
317:
energy required for producing oil from oil sands (bitumen)
3899:
2133:"Energy Return on Investment - World Nuclear Association"
1677:
N.Y. Times article featuring Hall Retrieved November-3-09
1145:(a) The cost of fuel transportation is taken into account
731:
Amortization period compared to an 'ideal' power station
2205:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
1967:
1719:
1588:
1440:– 1880s observation of the efficiency effect multiplier
708:
EROI and payback periods of some types of power plants
522:
512:
464:
454:
179:
110:
105:
2799:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing. pp. 825–835.
507:
452:
87:
2194:
2192:
2150:
2148:
1331:
262:
Regarding output, it obviously depends on the local
2637:
Mehr Windkraft an Land rĂĽckt Ă–kologie ins Blickfeld
948:
Desert, parabolic troughs + phenyl compounds medium
421:, controversially generates more favorable values.
361:The EROI for nuclear plants ranges from 20 to 81.
1914:
1621:
554:
487:
428:
119:
2675:
2458:Behind the Numbers on Energy Return on Investment
2189:
2145:
1536:
4195:
841:, underground mining without coal transportation
4057:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
2854:"The BP Solarex Facility Tour in Frederick, MD"
2155:Ferroni, Ferruccio; Hopkirk, Robert J. (2016).
694:
2651:2 September 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
2154:
1915:Atlason, R. S.; Unnthorsson, R. (2014-06-01).
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
417:which for example most notably in the case of
3710:
2946:
2216:
2214:
2739:
2509:
2476:
2353:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
364:
2723:"Why energy storage is a dead-end industry"
2721:Report, Energy Storage (October 15, 2014).
2367:
1961:
1523:
78:Arithmetically the EROI can be defined as:
3717:
3703:
2953:
2939:
2681:Rodoula Tryfonidou, Hermann-Josef Wagner:
2211:
1537:Hall, CA; Lambert, JG; Balogh, SB (2013).
1481:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1478:
1265:
4062:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
2835:
2790:
2494:
2477:Richards, Michael; Hall, Charles (2014).
2313:
2238:
2180:
2096:
2055:
1606:
1554:
2960:
2699:
2519:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1774:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1766:
1086:
968:
939:
909:
805:
743:
651:
407:
278:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
2397:
2326:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 37.
2220:
2198:
139:), is used to analyse storage systems.
14:
4196:
2720:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2431:
1900:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1120:Poly-silicon, roof installation, 1800
1095:Poly-silicon, roof installation, 1000
1064:200 MW park (5 MW installation), 4400
112:Energy Required to Deliver that Energy
27:Ratio of usable energy from a resource
3698:
2934:
2001:
1999:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1472:
1168:) is used when EROI is below 1. "ESOI
576:
4130:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
2915:, Energy return on investment (EROI)
2767:"The Azimuth Project: Solar Breeder"
2612:
2271:
1726:Environmental Science and Technology
647:
302:
2629:
2577:
2510:Richards, B.S.; Watt, M.E. (2006).
2436:. Petersfield, UK: Harriman House.
1257:One of the notable outcomes of the
323:
180:Application to various technologies
24:
3631:Renewable energy commercialization
2927:, Essay on H2-PV Breeder Synergies
2309:from the original on 8 March 2016.
1996:
1701:from the original on July 25, 2014
1577:
1446:– 1980s updating of Jevons paradox
55:energy returned on energy invested
25:
4225:
2887:
2404:The Collapse of Complex Societies
2199:Fairley, Peter (30 August 2012).
1694:. Fraunhofer ISE. July 28, 2014.
628:at 1.5 million, was only 15,000.
356:
4178:
4177:
3679:
3678:
3099:
1501:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05282.x
1390:
1376:
1362:
1348:
1334:
631:Evidence also fits the cycle of
441:same quality of an energy source
293:
133:energy stored on energy invested
2868:
2846:
2829:
2784:
2759:
2733:
2714:
2654:
2565:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2503:
2470:
2450:
2425:
2391:
2361:
2284:
2265:
2247:
2125:
2105:
2072:
2023:
1908:
1863:
1845:
1817:
1801:
1767:Bhandari; et al. (2015). "
1760:
1720:Dale, M.; et al. (2013). "
429:Relationship to net energy gain
191:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
184:
2323:Handbook of Sustainable Energy
2300:Brookhaven National Laboratory
2057:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117843
1713:
1670:
1650:
1615:
1563:
528:
508:
348:
340:
13:
1:
3724:
3626:Renewable Energy Certificates
3586:Cost of electricity by source
3508:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
3384:High-voltage shore connection
1465:
1406:Cost of electricity by source
1370:Business and economics portal
1247:Compressed air energy storage
679:Richards and Watt propose an
381:elements is not included for
3641:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
3439:Transmission system operator
3399:Mains electricity by country
2976:Automatic generation control
2608:10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.029
2272:Hall, Charles (2016-05-26).
2221:Pickard, William F. (2014).
1990:10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.080
1941:10.1016/j.renene.2013.12.029
1807:Fraunhofer Institut (2022),
1644:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.096
1310:Sahara Solar Breeder Project
1270:A related recent concern is
1237:Pumped hydroelectric storage
695:Additional EROI calculations
635:and Cambodian collapse too.
331:
310:
170:State University of New York
7:
4160:Issues relating to biofuels
4150:Energy return on investment
3666:List of electricity sectors
3661:Electric energy consumption
3379:High-voltage direct current
3354:Electric power transmission
3344:Electric power distribution
3021:Energy return on investment
2182:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.03.034
1556:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.049
1327:
644:perpetual economic growth.
47:energy return on investment
10:
4230:
3581:Carbon offsets and credits
3299:Three-phase electric power
2836:Lindmayer, Joseph (1977).
2791:Lindmayer, Joseph (1978).
2705:Mariska de Wild-Scholten:
2531:10.1016/j.rser.2004.09.015
2409:Cambridge University Press
2240:10.1109/JPROC.2014.2332092
2011:Western Resource Advocates
1795:10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.057
1444:Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate
1408:– levelized cost of energy
1043:(German coast), shore) (c)
188:
149:
145:
29:
4173:
4135:Energy content of biofuel
4117:
4049:
3965:
3856:
3732:
3674:
3649:
3636:Renewable Energy Payments
3559:
3496:
3458:
3312:
3249:
3160:
3125:Fossil fuel power station
3115:
3108:
3097:
2968:
2343:– via Google Books.
1832:Festkoerper-kernphysik.de
1316:as a cooperation between
1284:green house gas emissions
780:Pressurized water reactor
753:Pressurized water reactor
730:
727:
724:
721:
419:photovoltaic solar panels
365:Non-manmade energy inputs
53:), also sometimes called
4109:Thermal depolymerization
4082:Industrial biotechnology
3419:Single-wire earth return
3359:Electrical busbar system
3016:Energy demand management
2711:(PDF; 1,8 MB) 2011.
2662:Enercon Windblatt 4/2011
1314:Science Council of Japan
1159:
713:included in this table.
65:of the amount of usable
30:Not to be confused with
4077:Fischer–Tropsch process
4067:Biomass heating systems
3550:Residual-current device
3540:Power system protection
3530:Generator interlock kit
2744:. Klima. Archived from
2227:Proceedings of the IEEE
1356:Renewable energy portal
1266:EROI under rapid growth
702:Human Development Index
202:by technology in 2013.
3334:Distributed generation
3006:Electric power quality
1689:"Photovoltaics Report"
1207:Vanadium redox battery
1014:(German coast), shore)
657:
556:
489:
121:
3606:Fossil fuel phase-out
3374:Electricity retailing
3369:Electrical substation
3349:Electric power system
2921:, Net energy analysis
2740:Pearce, J.M. (2008).
2727:Energy Storage Report
784:Centrifuge enrichment
757:Centrifuge enrichment
655:
557:
490:
408:Competing methodology
166:biophysical economics
122:
43:ecological energetics
2962:Electricity delivery
2620:Hermann-Josef Wagner
2432:Morgan, Tim (2013).
1809:Photovoltaics Report
1312:was proposed by the
1197:Zinc bromide battery
739:Amortization period
685:Energy Return Factor
505:
450:
315:Because much of the
152:Ecological economics
85:
4165:Sustainable biofuel
3571:Availability factor
3523:Sulfur hexafluoride
3404:Overhead power line
3304:Virtual power plant
3279:Induction generator
3232:Sustainable biofuel
3041:Home energy storage
3031:Grid energy storage
2996:Droop speed control
2805:1978pvse.conf..825L
2462:Scientific American
2369:Homer-Dixon, Thomas
2173:2016EnPol..94..336F
2048:2021ApEn..30417843D
1982:2013Ene....55..693B
1933:2014REne...66..364A
1787:2015RSERv..47..133B
1738:2013EnST...47.3482D
1663:Scientific American
1636:2014Ene....67..241A
1595:Energy Environ. Sci
1493:2010NYASA1185..102M
1306:Frederick, Maryland
1259:Stanford University
1227:Lithium ion battery
1122:Full load hours VLh
1097:Full load hours VLh
1066:Full load hours VLh
1041:Full load hours VLh
1012:Full load hours VLh
983:Full load hours VLh
918:River hydroelectric
728:Amortization period
571:energy payback time
3445:Transmission tower
3056:Nameplate capacity
2899:2013-02-15 at the
2692:2007-02-08 at the
2668:2012-01-12 at the
2643:2011-10-09 at the
2278:Cassandra's Legacy
2098:10.3390/en14165112
1608:10.1039/c3ee41973h
1573:. 15 October 2014.
1427:Energy cannibalism
1398:Environment portal
1276:climate neutrality
1272:energy cannibalism
1178:Storage Technology
681:Energy Yield Ratio
658:
600:Thomas Homer-Dixon
577:Economic influence
552:
526:
516:
485:
468:
458:
398:water desalination
158:Charles A. S. Hall
117:
114:
109:
4191:
4190:
4104:Sabatier reaction
3692:
3691:
3596:Environmental tax
3476:Cascading failure
3245:
3244:
3081:Utility frequency
2894:World-Nuclear.org
2839:The Solar Breeder
2793:The solar breeder
2496:10.3390/en7106558
2489:(10): 6558–6570.
2464:, April 1, 2013.
2434:Life After Growth
2384:978-1-59726-630-7
1746:10.1021/es3038824
1455:Social metabolism
1292:energy efficiency
1255:
1254:
1187:Lead acid battery
1142:
1141:
670:opportunity costs
662:electricity meter
648:Criticism of EROI
613:ecological damage
525:
515:
467:
457:
436:Net energy (gain)
303:Hydropower plants
276:A 2015 review in
168:professor at the
115:
113:
108:
16:(Redirected from
4221:
4209:Energy economics
4181:
4180:
4025:Pongamia pinnata
3719:
3712:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3591:Energy subsidies
3545:Protective relay
3486:Rolling blackout
3113:
3112:
3103:
3071:Power-flow study
3011:Electrical fault
2955:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2769:. Archived from
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2718:
2712:
2703:
2697:
2679:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2649:vdi Nachrichten.
2633:
2627:
2616:
2610:
2600:
2575:
2572:German Knowledge
2569:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2474:
2468:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2377:. Island Press.
2365:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2233:(8): 1118–1122.
2218:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1921:Renewable Energy
1912:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1876:. Archived from
1875:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1857:Researchgate.net
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1732:(7): 3482–3489.
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1476:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1302:
1301:
1282:and concomitant
1175:
1174:
719:
718:
561:
559:
558:
553:
527:
523:
517:
513:
494:
492:
491:
486:
469:
465:
459:
456:GrossEnergyYield
455:
394:district heating
371:solar insolation
324:Conventional oil
247:
237:
227:
217:
207:
126:
124:
123:
118:
116:
111:
107:Energy Delivered
106:
104:
39:energy economics
21:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4169:
4145:Energy forestry
4113:
4045:
4007:Jatropha curcas
3968:
3961:
3869:Camelina sativa
3859:
3852:
3728:
3723:
3693:
3688:
3670:
3654:
3652:
3645:
3576:Capacity factor
3564:
3562:
3555:
3535:Numerical relay
3513:Circuit breaker
3501:
3499:
3492:
3454:
3394:Load management
3364:Electrical grid
3329:Demand response
3322:
3317:
3308:
3289:Microgeneration
3241:
3156:
3104:
3095:
3091:Vehicle-to-grid
2964:
2959:
2907:Web.archive.org
2901:Wayback Machine
2890:
2885:
2884:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2834:
2830:
2815:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2738:
2734:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2700:
2694:Wayback Machine
2680:
2676:
2670:Wayback Machine
2659:
2655:
2645:Wayback Machine
2634:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2601:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2475:
2471:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2399:Tainter, Joseph
2396:
2392:
2385:
2366:
2362:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2270:
2266:
2261:. May 27, 2016.
2253:
2252:
2248:
2219:
2212:
2197:
2190:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2077:
2073:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1913:
1909:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1871:"Archived copy"
1869:
1868:
1864:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1765:
1761:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1620:
1616:
1601:(10): 2804–10.
1587:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1535:
1524:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1460:Thermoeconomics
1450:Net energy gain
1434:– useful energy
1412:Embodied energy
1396:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1299:
1298:
1268:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1099:(South Germany)
710:
697:
650:
579:
521:
511:
506:
503:
502:
463:
453:
451:
448:
447:
431:
410:
383:nuclear fission
367:
359:
351:
343:
334:
326:
313:
305:
296:
256:
255:
254:
253:
245:
243:
235:
233:
225:
223:
215:
213:
205:
193:
187:
182:
162:Systems ecology
154:
148:
103:
86:
83:
82:
35:
32:Net energy gain
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4227:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4021:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3996:Chinese tallow
3993:
3986:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3843:Water hyacinth
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3651:Statistics and
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Feed-in tariff
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Interconnector
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:Dynamic demand
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:Combined cycle
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Load-following
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3001:Electric power
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2889:
2888:External links
2886:
2883:
2882:
2867:
2845:
2828:
2813:
2783:
2758:
2732:
2713:
2698:
2674:
2653:
2628:
2611:
2576:
2564:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2502:
2469:
2449:
2442:
2424:
2418:978-0521386739
2417:
2390:
2383:
2360:
2333:978-0857936387
2332:
2312:
2283:
2264:
2246:
2210:
2188:
2144:
2124:
2104:
2071:
2036:Applied Energy
2022:
1995:
1960:
1907:
1862:
1844:
1816:
1800:
1759:
1712:
1680:
1669:
1649:
1614:
1576:
1562:
1522:
1487:(1): 102–118.
1470:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1438:Jevons paradox
1435:
1429:
1424:
1422:Energy balance
1419:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1387:
1384:Ecology portal
1373:
1359:
1345:
1329:
1326:
1267:
1264:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1169:
1165:
1164:ESOEI (or ESOI
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:(South Europe)
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
991:
986:
985:(German coast)
974:
973:
966:
965:
962:
959:
954:
949:
945:
944:
937:
936:
933:
930:
925:
920:
914:
913:
907:
906:
903:
900:
895:
890:
883:
882:
879:
876:
871:
866:
859:
858:
855:
852:
847:
842:
835:
834:
831:
828:
823:
818:
811:
810:
803:
802:
799:
796:
791:
786:
776:
775:
772:
769:
764:
759:
749:
748:
741:
740:
737:
733:
732:
729:
726:
723:
709:
706:
696:
693:
649:
646:
637:Joseph Tainter
621:soil fertility
590:in the 2010s.
586:may increase.
584:relative price
578:
575:
563:
562:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
524:EnergyExpended
520:
510:
496:
495:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
466:EnergyExpended
462:
430:
427:
409:
406:
375:photosynthesis
366:
363:
358:
357:Nuclear plants
355:
350:
347:
342:
339:
333:
330:
325:
322:
312:
309:
304:
301:
295:
292:
271:primary energy
244:
234:
224:
214:
204:
196:
195:
194:
186:
183:
181:
178:
147:
144:
129:
128:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4226:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4184:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Food vs. fuel
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3797:vegetable oil
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3685:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Pigouvian tax
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3558:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Earth-leakage
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:Failure modes
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Power station
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Rankine cycle
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Cooling tower
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3117:Non-renewable
3114:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Grid strength
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Demand factor
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2878:
2871:
2855:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2773:on 2013-05-28
2772:
2768:
2762:
2748:on 2009-08-17
2747:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:Mason Inman.
2453:
2445:
2443:9780857193391
2439:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:Energy Policy
2158:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1883:on 2020-10-21
1879:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1666:. April 2013.
1665:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:Energy Policy
1540:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1342:Energy portal
1337:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:solar breeder
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:Photovoltaics
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
984:
980:
976:
975:
971:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
947:
946:
942:
941:Solar thermal
938:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
912:
908:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
888:
885:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:, Natural gas
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
808:
807:Fossil energy
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:Nuclear power
742:
738:
735:
734:
720:
717:
714:
705:
703:
692:
688:
686:
682:
677:
673:
671:
665:
663:
654:
645:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
622:
618:
617:deforestation
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
596:energy slaves
591:
587:
585:
574:
572:
568:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
518:
501:
500:
499:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
460:
446:
445:
444:
442:
438:
437:
426:
422:
420:
416:
405:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
362:
354:
346:
338:
329:
321:
318:
308:
300:
294:Wind turbines
291:
289:
284:
279:
274:
272:
267:
265:
260:
251:
241:
231:
221:
211:
203:
201:
192:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
153:
143:
140:
138:
134:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
81:
80:
79:
76:
74:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4149:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4005:
3988:
3984:Big bluestem
3976:
3969:energy crops
3924:
3867:
3616:Net metering
3563:and policies
3481:Power outage
3450:Utility pole
3414:Pumped hydro
3320:distribution
3315:Transmission
3264:Cogeneration
3066:Power factor
3020:
2876:
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2848:
2838:
2831:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2771:the original
2761:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:the original
2735:
2726:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2682:
2677:
2661:
2656:
2648:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2614:
2567:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2522:
2518:
2505:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2461:
2452:
2433:
2427:
2403:
2393:
2373:
2363:
2337:. Retrieved
2322:
2315:
2299:
2286:
2280:. Ugo Bardi.
2277:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2230:
2226:
2204:
2164:
2160:
2136:. Retrieved
2127:
2116:. Retrieved
2107:
2091:(16): 5112.
2088:
2084:
2074:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1924:
1920:
1910:
1885:. Retrieved
1878:the original
1865:
1856:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:
1819:
1808:
1803:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1683:
1672:
1661:
1652:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1598:
1594:
1565:
1546:
1542:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1313:
1296:
1280:fossil fuels
1269:
1256:
1163:
1136:
1107:
1102:
1080:
1059:1.6 Months
1051:
1046:
1028:
1023:
993:
988:
956:
951:
927:
922:
897:
892:
873:
868:
849:
844:
825:
820:
793:
788:
766:
761:
715:
711:
698:
689:
684:
680:
678:
674:
666:
659:
630:
605:Roman Empire
592:
588:
580:
564:
497:
439:measure the
434:
432:
423:
411:
402:cogeneration
391:
368:
360:
352:
344:
335:
327:
314:
306:
297:
275:
268:
261:
257:
197:
185:Photovoltaic
173:
155:
141:
136:
132:
130:
77:
70:
58:
54:
50:
46:
36:
4140:Energy crop
4087:Pellet fuel
4072:Biorefinery
4036:Switchgrass
3880:Coconut oil
3858:Energy from
3792:Cooking oil
3777:Biogasoline
3752:Babassu oil
3611:Load factor
3466:Black start
3434:Transformer
3135:Natural gas
3086:Variability
3061:Peak demand
3051:Merit order
2981:Backfeeding
2919:EOearth.org
2913:EOearth.org
2860:28 February
2687:Kurzfassung
2525:: 162–172.
2167:: 336–344.
1976:: 693–702.
1927:: 364–370.
1811:, page 37,
1781:: 133–141.
1217:NaS battery
970:Wind energy
817:, Open-cast
349:Natural gas
341:Oil liquids
4198:Categories
4050:Technology
4031:Salicornia
4014:Miscanthus
3937:Sugar beet
3809:cellulosic
3782:Bioliquids
3762:Biobutanol
3653:production
3498:Protective
3429:Super grid
3424:Smart grid
3251:Generation
3185:Geothermal
3076:Repowering
2814:9027708894
2777:2011-04-06
2752:2011-04-06
2259:Resilience
2138:2024-02-27
2118:2024-08-19
2042:: 117843.
2016:2020-04-21
1954:2024-02-27
1887:2020-10-20
1705:August 31,
1630:: 241–45.
1549:: 141–52.
1466:References
1288:net energy
1155:Rheinland.
1130:3.3 Years
1074:1.2 Years
1068:(offshore)
1052:4.7 Months
1029:3.7 Months
1020:0.9 Years
1001:5 Months
964:4 Months
935:8 Months
911:Hydropower
887:Gas (CCGT)
863:Gas (CCGT)
839:Black coal
815:Brown coal
387:waste heat
283:Fraunhofer
281:2021, the
264:insolation
189:See also:
150:See also:
61:), is the
4125:Agflation
4018:giganteus
3947:Sunflower
3942:Sugarcane
3860:foodstock
3767:Biodiesel
3726:Bioenergy
3561:Economics
3284:Micro CHP
3162:Renewable
3145:Petroleum
3140:Oil shale
3026:Grid code
2986:Base load
2823:222058767
2618:E. Pick,
2349:cite book
2066:240530798
1949:0960-1481
1137:1.1 Years
1115:2 Years
994:1.2 Years
957:1.1 Years
889:, Bio gas
857:19 Days
833:23 Days
801:17 Days
774:17 Days
641:peak wood
519:÷
514:NetEnergy
461:÷
433:EROI and
332:Oil Shale
311:Oil sands
200:PV market
4204:Peak oil
4183:Category
4118:Concepts
4001:Duckweed
3990:Camelina
3967:Non-food
3915:Rapeseed
3905:Palm oil
3848:Wood gas
3821:Methanol
3814:mixtures
3734:Biofuels
3684:Category
3471:Brownout
3259:AC power
2969:Concepts
2925:H2-pv.us
2897:Archived
2690:Archived
2666:Archived
2641:Archived
2483:Energies
2401:(1990).
2371:(2007).
2304:Archived
2085:Energies
1896:cite web
1837:July 26,
1754:23441588
1696:Archived
1509:20146764
1328:See also
1081:5 Months
1039:), 3200
1035:2,3 MW (
1010:), 2700
1006:1,5 MW (
981:), 2000
977:1,5 MW (
905:3 Days
881:3 Days
850:2 Months
826:2 Months
794:2 Months
767:2 Months
609:calories
573:(EPBT).
373:driving
210:multi-Si
3932:Soybean
3926:Sorghum
3875:Cassava
3804:Ethanol
3787:Biomass
3757:Bagasse
3742:Alcohol
3500:devices
3210:Thermal
3205:Osmotic
3200:Current
3180:Biomass
3170:Biofuel
3152:Nuclear
3109:Sources
2842:. NASA.
2801:Bibcode
2466:Archive
2169:Bibcode
2044:Bibcode
1978:Bibcode
1929:Bibcode
1783:Bibcode
1771:. In".
1734:Bibcode
1724:. In".
1632:Bibcode
1517:6433639
1489:Bibcode
1322:Algeria
1108:6 Years
898:12 Days
755:, 100%
603:of the
379:fissile
290:cells.
222:(36.0%)
220:mono-Si
212:(54.9%)
198:Global
174:Science
146:History
4214:Emergy
3978:Arundo
3910:Potato
3826:Stover
3772:Biogas
3195:Marine
3175:Biogas
2821:
2811:
2647:. In:
2440:
2415:
2381:
2330:
2064:
1970:Energy
1947:
1752:
1624:Energy
1515:
1507:
1432:Exergy
1417:Emergy
1181:ESOEI
928:1 Year
874:9 Days
782:, 83%
626:Trajan
252:(2.0%)
248:
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242:(2.0%)
238:
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232:(5.1%)
228:
226:
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216:
208:
206:
72:exergy
67:energy
4097:stove
3952:Wheat
3895:Maize
3885:Grape
3838:Straw
3747:Algae
3552:(GFI)
3441:(TSO)
3227:Solar
3215:Tidal
3190:Hydro
2515:(PDF)
2339:9 May
2307:(PDF)
2296:(PDF)
2062:S2CID
1881:(PDF)
1874:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1692:(PDF)
1513:S2CID
1318:Japan
1160:ESOEI
633:Mayan
137:ESOEI
69:(the
63:ratio
59:ERoEI
18:EROEI
4092:mill
4041:Wood
3920:Rice
3890:Hemp
3831:corn
3318:and
3237:Wind
3220:Wave
3130:Coal
2862:2013
2819:OCLC
2809:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2355:link
2341:2017
2328:ISBN
1945:ISSN
1902:link
1839:2022
1750:PMID
1707:2014
1505:PMID
1485:1185
1320:and
1297:The
1251:792
1241:704
1090:(b)
1056:150
1037:E-82
1008:E-66
979:E-66
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771:315
747:(a)
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725:EROI
722:Type
567:time
396:and
288:PERC
250:CIGS
240:a-Si
230:CdTe
164:and
160:, a
51:EROI
41:and
3957:Yam
3900:Oat
2604:doi
2562:1–6
2527:doi
2491:doi
2235:doi
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2177:doi
2093:doi
2052:doi
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