1025:
501:
7002:
245:
226:
1816:
283:
2084:
264:
1808:
207:
7817:
1918:
342:
302:
188:
145:
124:
2111:"are of middle height, and inclined to be stout. They have high and prominent foreheads, thick and arched eyebrows, eyes rather sunken, fairly prominent cheek-bones, face oval, mouth of average size, lips thick, teeth normal, chin round, ears small and compressed, hair black and smooth, beard scanty and rough, skin smooth, neck strong, and extremities of average proportions. The characteristics of the Dungans are kindness, industry, and hospitality.
2076:
322:
362:
166:
93:
34:
3387:
1903 the name changed to 'Nikolaevka' (after the
Russian Tsar) and it changed again in 1918, when the name 'Karakunuz' was again adopted, and did not change until 1964, when, as part of the rehabilitation of Magaza Masanchi, the village was renamed after him: 'Masanchi'. Besides these official names, Masanchi also has a Dungan name, Yinpan, which appears in the left image on the wall7.
3894:
2614:
3911:
2648:
3419:
2165:
Shaanxi female attire is still
Chinese, though the rest of the Dungans dress in western attire. Chopsticks are used by Dungans. The cuisine of the Dungan resembles northwestern Chinese cuisine. However, being Muslims they do not consume pork, one of the most popular meats in Chinese cuisine, and meat
2130:
After death, the mullah and the aged assemble to recite prayers; the corpse is wrapped in white linen and then buried, but never burned. On returning from the interment the mullah and the elders partake of bread and meat. To saints they erect monuments like little mosques, for others simple hillocks.
3386:
Right after Bi Yankhu's arrival, from 1878 until 1903, the village was called 'Karakunuz', meaning 'black beetle' in local Turkic languages. Dyer (1992) believes that this was a nickname given by local Turkic-speakers to
Dungans, due to the fact that Dungan women liked to wear black at that time. In
2207:
For religious reasons, while Hui people do not consider themselves Han and are not Han
Chinese, they consider themselves part of the wider Chinese race and refer to themselves as Zhongyuanren. The Dungan people, descendants of Hui who fled to Central Asia, called themselves Zhongyuanren in addition
1197:
The following table summarizes location of Dungan villages in
Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, alternative names used for them, and their Dungan population as reported by Ma Tong (2003). The Cyrillic Dungan spelling of place names is as in the textbook by Sushanlo, Imazov (1988); the spelling of the name
2173:
Around the late 19th century the bride price was between 240 and 400 rubles for Dungan women. Dungans have been known to take other women such as
Kirghiz and Tatars as brides willingly, or kidnap Kirghiz girls. Shaanxi Dungans are even conservative when marrying with other Dungans; they want only
615:
were removed from Dungan
Chinese Muslim prisoners and then sold or given away. Some of them escaped to Russian territory where they were repatriated back to China and the accounts of their captures were recorded in Chinese records. The Russians record an incident where they rescued these Chinese
1929:
As Ding (2005) notes, "he Dungan people derive from China's Hui people, and now live mainly in
Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Their population is about 110,000. This people have now developed a separate ethnicity outside China, yet they have close relations with the Hui people in culture, ethnic
2146:
The Dungan are well known for their hospitality and hold many ceremonies and banquets to preserve their culture. They have elaborate and colorful observances of birthdays, weddings, and funerals. In addition, schools have museums to preserve other parts of their culture, such as embroidery,
1941:
between ethnic
Kazakhs and Dungans in the Korday area in Kazakhstan on the border to Kyrgyzstan. According to official Kazakh sources, 10 people were killed and many more were wounded. In the altercation, cars and homes were burned and rifles were fired. 600 people fled across the border to
1125:
for "Dungan"), described by him as the descendants of the Gansu Hui people resettled in
Xinjiang in 17–18th centuries, vs. e.g. "Gansu Moslems" or generic "Chinese Moslems". The term (usually as "Tungans") continues to be used by many modern historians writing about the 19th century
727:) people of the region were allowed to opt to move to the Russian side of the border. Many chose to do so; according to Russian statistics, 4,682 Hui moved to the Russian Empire under the treaty. They migrated in many small groups between 1881 and 1883, settling in the village of
556:, as slaves captured by raiders; they mostly served in private wealthy households. After the Russians conquered Central Asia in the late 19th century and abolished slavery, most female Dungan slaves remained where they had originally been held captive. Russian ethnographer
560:
and his wife said that "women slaves almost all remained in place, because they either were married to workers and servants of their former owners or they were too young to begin an independent life". Dungan women slaves were of low status and not regarded highly in
463:
in Northwestern China also sometimes refer to Hui Muslims as Dungans. In both China and the former Soviet republics where they reside, however, members of this ethnic group call themselves Hui because Dungans are descendants of historical Hui groups that migrated to
3797:
2114:
They engage in husbandry, horticulture, and trade. In domestic life parental authority is very strong. After the birth of a child the mother does not get up for fifteen days, and, without any particular feast, the child receives its name in the presence of a
2553:
However, the authorities' control over Dungan mosques is less strict than over mosques used by Uighurs, a Turkic people mainly found in Xinjiang but also in Central Asian states. (The Dungans are a Chinese Muslim people also found in Central Asian
1098:, who has a chapter on "the Tungan Rebellion" in his 1910 book, introduces "the name Tungan or Dungan, by which the Muslims of these parts are designated, as distinguished from the Chinese Buddhists who were spoken of as Kithay. The reference to "
3831:
8280:
2174:
other Shaanxi Dungans marrying their daughters, while their sons are allowed to marry Gansu Dungan, Kirghiz, and Kazakh women. As recently as 1962, inter-ethnic marriage was reported to be anathema among Dungans.
2161:
practices are still widespread with matchmakers, the marriages conducted by the Dungan are similar to Chinese marriages in the 19th century, hairstyles worn by women and attire date back to the Qing dynasty.
1063:
The word (mostly in the form "Dungani" or "Tungani", sometimes "Dungens" or "Dungans") acquired some currency in English and other western languages when a number of books in the 1860-1870s discussed the
4127:Сушанло Мухамед, Имазов Мухаме. "Совет хуэйзў вынщүә". Фрунзе, "Мектеп" чубаншә, 1988. (Mukhamed Sushanlo, Mukhame Imazov. "Dungan Soviet Literature: textbook for 9th and 10th grade". Frunze, 1988).
1989:, Dungan is tonal. There are two main dialects, one with four tones and the other, considered standard, with three tones in the final position in words and four tones in the non-final position.
1110:", as he also talks e.g. about the Tungans having 17 mosques in Beijing), and "The Tungans of Chinese and Russian Turkestan", who still looked and spoke Chinese, but had often also learned the
679:(白彦虎; also spelt Bo Yanhu; often called by his followers "虎大人", 'The Great Man Hu (Tiger)', 1829(?)-1882), one of the leaders of the rebellion, were settled in the village of Karakunuz (now
607:; they were enslaved for a year before being returned by the Tajik Beg Ku-bu-te to China. All Dungans captured, both merchants and the 300 soldiers Janhangir captured in Kashgar, had their
19:
This article is about descendants of Chinese Muslims that left China in the 1800s. For Muslims in China that are sometimes still referred to by this name in Central Asian languages, see
5610:
3704:
2154:
until the practice was banned by the Soviet government, and later the Chinese government. The conservative Shaanxi Dungan cling more tightly to Chinese customs than the Gansu Dungan.
623:(also known as the "Dungan Rebellion") in the 19th century. According to Rimsky-Korsakoff (1992), three separate groups of the Hui people fled to the Russian Empire across the
4250:
3044:, Grigoriĭ Petrovich Gelʹmersen. "Beiträge zur Kenntniss des russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens". Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1839. p. 91.
3287:. Twitchett's definition (p. 215) is in line with the authors of 1870s–1880s, rather than with that of more recent Lattimore: for Twitchett, "Tungans" include the Huis of
6215:
2215:, in a letter the Kokandi commander criticizes the Kashgari Turkic Muslim Ishaq for allegedly not behaving like a Turkic-origin Muslim and wanting to be a Zhongyuanren.
9404:
8187:
9563:
2597:
2598:
Aleksandr Nikolaevich Alekseenko (Александр Николаевич Алексеенко), "Republic in the Mirror of the Population Census" («Республика в зеркале переписей населения»)
2475:
1052:
in his German-language account of Russian Empire and adjacent Asian lands has a one-page account of Chinese-speaking Muslim "Dungani" or "Tungani", who visited
9558:
1930:
characteristics and ethnic identity." Today the Dungans play a role as cultural "shuttles" and economic mediators between Central Asia and the Chinese world.
1106:
writer named Abd-ul-Aziz. Abd-ul-Aziz divides the "Tungan people" into two branches: "the Tunagans of China proper" (including, apparently all Hui people in "
1056:
in 1827 with a caravan from China; he also mentions "Tugean" as a spelling variant used by other authors. R.M. Martin in 1847 mentions "Tungani" merchants in
55:
8275:
7583:
1102:" shows that he was observing the two terms as used by Turkic speakers. Broomhall's book also contains a translation of the report on Chinese Muslims by the
2566:
7805:
3401:
611:
cut off when brought to Kokand and Central Asia as prisoners. Many of the captives became slaves. Accounts of these slaves in Central Asia increased. The
6689:
6578:
3474:
1845:
7783:
3854:
1840:
8294:
4117:
8039:
4228:
3880:
3556:
2135:
The Dungan are primarily farmers, growing rice and vegetables such as sugar beet. Many also raise dairy cattle. In addition, some are involved in
1268:
8493:
8289:
6987:
6425:
1387:
2464:
4111:
1931:
1254:: Масанчын; 馬三成), prior to 1965 Karakunuz (Каракунуз, Караконыз). Traditional Dungan name is Ingpan (Cyrillic Dungan: Йинпан; Russian: Иньпан;
1532:
695:. This group numbered 3314 on arrival. Bai Yanhu's name in other romanizations was Bo-yan-hu or Pai Yen-hu; other names included Boyan-akhun (
9067:
5738:
3581:
2491:
3090:
The roof of the world: being a narrative of a journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir
2211:
Zhongyuanren was used generally by Turkic Muslims to refer to Han and Hui Chinese people. When Central Asian invaders from Kokand invaded
8056:
6961:
6778:
2119:
the day succeeding that of its birth. Circumcision takes place on the eighth, ninth, or tenth day. When a girl is married she receives a
1044:"Dungan", in various spellings, has been attested as early as the 1830s, typically referring to the Hui people of Xinjiang. For example,
2462:Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Официальные итоги с расширенными перечнями по национальному составу населения и по регионам.
656:
Ma Yusuf (馬郁素夫), also known as Ah Ye Laoren (阿爺老人, 'the Old Man O'Granpa'), were settled in the spring of 1878 in the village of Yrdyk (
8482:
7195:
6677:
6140:
5399:
4077:
Allès, Elisabeth. 2005. "The Chinese-speaking Muslims (Dungans) of Central Asia: A Case of Multiple Identities in a Changing Context,"
3633:
1117:
Later authors continued to use the term Dungan (in various transcriptions) for, specifically, the Hui people of Xinjiang. For example,
4141:
2937:
42:
7576:
4179:
7798:
6971:
5661:
3539:
3110:, Wednesday 8 January 1879) distinguishes "the Tungan Country" (today, eastern Xinjiang) and "Eastern Turkestan" (corresponding to
3008:
James Prinsep, "Memoir on Chinese Tartary and Khoten". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, No. 48, December 1835. P. 655.
7205:
5537:
4197:
3179:
in 1862, in which the Tungani (a mysterious race of Muslims dwelling in that region, supposed to be the remnant of the armies of
3855:
Asian Folklore Institute, Society for Asian Folklore, Nanzan Daigaku. Jinruigaku Kenkyūjo, Nanzan Shūkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo (1992).
2408:
9780:
7097:
6236:
5769:
5732:
4114:, with an English translation of V.Tsibuzgin and A.Shmakov's work. "Asian Folklore Studies", Vol. 51 (1992), pp. 243–279.
8032:
5728:
4061:
3739:
2853:
2658:
2624:
1938:
3729:
9770:
9765:
7569:
7541:
7251:
6791:
6291:
5691:
4221:
2567:"Демографический ежегодник Кыргызской Республики: 2009–2013.-Б: Нацстатком Кырг. Респ., 2014:-320с. ISBN 978-9967-26-837-1"
471:
In the censuses of the countries of the former Soviet Union, the Dungans (enumerated separately from Chinese) are found in
3088:
2804:
7791:
6418:
5356:
4189:
8993:
7813:
4165:
9760:
7388:
6363:
5959:
5681:
3670:
3155:. While using "Mohammedans" as the generic description of Chinese Muslim's throughout the article (including e.g., the
2892:
2472:
4184:
3763:
3607:
3231:
in an ethnic sense; that is, Dungans and kitaitsi (Chinese) were regarded as different ethnic groups or nationalities.
572:
did not distinguish between Hui Muslim and Han Chinese, enslaving Hui Muslims in violation of Islamic law. During the
7712:
6694:
6665:
6583:
6225:
4132:
4104:
4023:
3989:
3955:
3921:
3807:
3773:
3680:
3514:
3429:
3342:
3312:
3280:
3029:
2981:
2947:
2814:
2741:
2698:
1934:, the president of the Dungan center, has succeeded in transforming cultural exchanges into commercial partnerships.
1584:
Spring 1878. 1130 people, originally from Didaozhou (狄道州) in Gansu, led by Ma Yusu (馬郁素), a.k.a. Ah Yelaoren (阿爺老人).
708:
901:
In the Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and the post-Soviet states, the Dungans continue to refer to themselves as the
9775:
8025:
7771:
7256:
6966:
5366:
616:
Muslim merchants who escaped, after they were sold by Jahangir's Army in Central Asia and sent them back to China.
4013:
3979:
3945:
9790:
9755:
7996:
7592:
7178:
7151:
6771:
4214:
2573:
3398:
3144:
1992:
Some Dungan vocabulary may sound old-fashioned to Chinese people. For example, they refer to a President as an "
9283:
7274:
7037:
6411:
6027:
5392:
4237:
4096:
2290:
1855:
1135:
1121:, writing c. 1940, maintains the terminological distinction between these two related groups: "T'ungkan" (i.e.
1004:
768:
639:, led by Ma Daren (馬大人, 'the Great Man Ma'), also known as Ma Da-lao-ye (馬大老爺, 'the Great Master Ma'), reached
9620:
9353:
8746:
8674:
7190:
6348:
5745:
3468:
3168:
2282:
2230:
2224:
2150:
The Dungan still practice elements of Chinese culture, in cuisine and attire, up to 1948 they also practiced
1869:
1127:
1065:
996:
782:
3856:
3213:. A 1966 reprint by Paragon Book Reprint is available. Relatedly, the Russian word for China is also Kitai (
3114:'s state in today's western Xinjiang). He talks about "the Tungani who had erected in the various cities of
9309:
7940:
7761:
7697:
7310:
7166:
7105:
6094:
5939:
5880:
5875:
5787:
5583:
5578:
5568:
5460:
5269:
3506:
2158:
8009:
1791:
Besides the traditionally Dungan villages, many Dungan people live in the nearby cities, such as Bishkek,
9593:
7241:
7236:
6470:
6242:
6109:
2989:
1909:, saying: "You know how the Tungans hate the Russians." Vasel passed the Russian driver off as a German.
946:
2492:"About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001"
2411:. Statistics Committee of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Archived from
7992:
7912:
7821:
7766:
7687:
7451:
7403:
7173:
7141:
7001:
6764:
6594:
6393:
6286:
6265:
6203:
6198:
6104:
6099:
5906:
5622:
5558:
5527:
5506:
5496:
2845:
1498:
930:(huí), which has a similar meaning. Another theory derives it from the Chinese 东甘 (Dong Gan), 'Eastern
3059:
Robert Montgomery Martin, "China; political, commercial, and social; an official report". 1847. p.19.
1788:, and the total population of each village can be found at the provincial statistics office web site.
938:(干) used in the name of the ethnic group is different from that used in the name of the province (甘).
627:
mountains during the exceptionally severe winter of 1877/78 after the end of the Hui Minorities' War:
9495:
9348:
7682:
7246:
7231:
7183:
6915:
6220:
6210:
6193:
6172:
6167:
5988:
5843:
5588:
5563:
5532:
5480:
5475:
5444:
5429:
5385:
2461:
2131:
The widow may re-marry after 90 days, and on the third anniversary of the death a feast takes place."
2010:), a term for mandarins' offices in ancient China. Their language also contains many loanwords from
9658:
9323:
8303:
7950:
7900:
7692:
7649:
7506:
7378:
7200:
7156:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6177:
6135:
6130:
5922:
5797:
5651:
5617:
5573:
5553:
5511:
5331:
4650:
4157:
2887:. Vol. 26 of Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes. University of California Press. p. 59.
2437:
2409:"The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by individual ethnic groups at the beginning of 2019"
4053:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949
3655:
9378:
8048:
7960:
7935:
7742:
7446:
7415:
7383:
7373:
7269:
7161:
7146:
7110:
7010:
6270:
6260:
5901:
5896:
5823:
5501:
5465:
5439:
5434:
5194:
4549:
2070:
1890:
1570:
1469:
47:
2499:
1024:
9785:
9139:
8975:
7979:
7858:
7639:
7491:
7363:
7340:
7305:
7129:
6358:
6125:
5605:
5470:
5182:
4910:
4620:
4328:
4258:
3111:
3080:
2733:
2712:
khoqand raiders seizing chinese slaves in east turkistan failed to between hui muslims and han.
2690:
987:
Presumably, it was from the Turkic languages that the term was borrowed into Russian (дунгане,
620:
513:
4095:
in the Kirghiz SSR and the Kazakh SSR (Oriental monograph series)". Faculty of Asian Studies,
4051:
3455:
735:, as well as in a number of locations between the Chinese border and Sokuluk, in southeastern
707:
The next wave of immigration followed in the early 1880s. In accordance with the terms of the
9431:
9144:
9115:
9052:
7894:
7870:
7654:
7534:
7511:
7461:
7288:
7219:
7115:
6799:
6437:
6336:
4922:
4299:
2882:
484:
3200:
9578:
9189:
8380:
7945:
7888:
7876:
7852:
7707:
7644:
7496:
7466:
7420:
7320:
6941:
6536:
6022:
5361:
5336:
4634:
4138:
4015:
The Empire and the Khanate: a political history of Qing relations with Khoqand c. 1760-1860
3359:
3072:
2806:
The Empire and the Khanate: a political history of Qing relations with Khoqand c. 1760–1860
1986:
1696:
1191:
957:
5594:
4118:马通 (Ma Tong), "吉尔吉斯草原上的东干族穆斯林文化" (Dungans' Muslim culture on the grasslands of Kyrgyzstan)
1966:
The Dungan language, which the Dungan people call the "Hui language" (Хуэйзў йүян/回族語言 or
934:', the region to which many of the Dungan can trace their ancestry; however the character
533:
8:
9446:
9436:
9423:
9241:
9134:
9120:
7987:
7955:
7882:
7747:
7732:
7722:
7550:
7501:
7486:
7430:
7368:
7358:
7353:
7032:
6895:
6599:
6385:
6331:
5944:
5848:
5792:
5763:
5756:
5722:
5715:
5303:
4084:
Ding Hong. 2005. "A Comparative Study on the Cultures of the Dungan and the Hui People,"
3041:
2183:
2058:
1049:
619:
The Dungan in the former Soviet republics are Hui who fled China in the aftermath of the
573:
3649:
3060:
9729:
9653:
9598:
9490:
9417:
9333:
8817:
7918:
7634:
7471:
7335:
6682:
6296:
6056:
5838:
5818:
5813:
5686:
5232:
5202:
5118:
4696:
4628:
3874:
2726:
2683:
2031:
1971:
1131:
1095:
1069:
945:-and Tajik-speaking people to refer to Chinese-speaking Muslims for several centuries.
600:
4194:
16:
Term used in former Soviet Union territories to refer to Muslims of Hui Chinese origin
9364:
9358:
9338:
9294:
9105:
8824:
7261:
6951:
6875:
6638:
6561:
6512:
6453:
5971:
5932:
5927:
5833:
5750:
5709:
5676:
5643:
5264:
5225:
5207:
4432:
4267:
4128:
4100:
4057:
4019:
3985:
3951:
3917:
3803:
3769:
3735:
3676:
3627:
3510:
3425:
3370:
3338:
3308:
3276:
3204:
3160:
3025:
2977:
2943:
2888:
2849:
2810:
2737:
2694:
2654:
2620:
2319:
2157:
The Dungans have retained Chinese traditions which have disappeared in modern China.
1894:
1719:
1673:
612:
608:
577:
557:
3536:
3334:
Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877
2412:
2390:
9583:
9441:
9385:
9169:
9042:
8870:
8636:
8443:
7300:
6905:
6885:
6850:
6611:
6495:
6448:
6373:
6368:
6353:
6010:
5828:
5671:
5666:
5600:
5408:
5282:
5259:
5212:
5129:
5040:
4807:
4797:
4741:
4730:
4415:
4379:
4287:
3152:
3106:
2837:
2391:"Total population by nationality (assessment at the beginning of the year, people)"
2329:
2147:
traditional clothing, silver jewelry, paper cuts of animals and flowers and tools.
2050:
2023:
2019:
2011:
1993:
1756:
1709:
1663:
1616:
1606:
1574:
1519:
1459:
1374:
1358:
1255:
1235:
1183:
1167:
1159:
1151:
942:
906:
882:
805:
684:
657:
395:
387:
250:
3194:
949:
cites Turkic and Persian manuscripts related to the preaching of the 17th century
9750:
9724:
9673:
9648:
9568:
9524:
9472:
9398:
9006:
8953:
8925:
8918:
8897:
8847:
8783:
8621:
8606:
8387:
7425:
7348:
7315:
7057:
7027:
6890:
6672:
6660:
6626:
6556:
6507:
6487:
6343:
6230:
6061:
5966:
5949:
5319:
5293:
5254:
5169:
5136:
5123:
4874:
4792:
4445:
4384:
4282:
4201:
4169:
4145:
3543:
3405:
3332:
3302:
3270:
3045:
3021:
3009:
2971:
2479:
2468:
2440:[1. NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION] (in Russian). 6 October 2020.
2353:
2341:
2255:
2104:
2054:
2027:
1951:
1851:
1748:
1701:
1655:
1647:
1598:
1511:
1503:
1451:
1425:
1366:
1350:
1306:
1251:
1243:
1179:
1111:
835:
541:
521:
509:
405:
400:
383:
8649:
6631:
6071:
3702:
9638:
9628:
9328:
9288:
9254:
9223:
9216:
9154:
9080:
9057:
8911:
8876:
8626:
8506:
8394:
8182:
8156:
8151:
7325:
7022:
6956:
6936:
6743:
6730:
6643:
6604:
6573:
6076:
5656:
5341:
5324:
5150:
5095:
4954:
4949:
4892:
4832:
4777:
4595:
4589:
4579:
4490:
4469:
4318:
4313:
3981:
Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864
3304:
Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
3252:
2308:
2272:
2096:
2035:
1957:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1092:
in China, viewed these "Tungani" as just one of the groups of China's Muslims.
1057:
847:
588:
580:
518:
Isiq-köl oblasttiq Qaraqol sharindaghi Ibrahim Haji atindaghi borborduq mäsjid.
500:
288:
269:
7561:
6480:
6066:
5108:
4989:
3557:"Kazakhs Start Returning Home From Kyrgyzstan After Weekend's Ethnic Violence"
3020:
Prinsep's article is also available in "The Chinese Repository", 1843, p. 234
1922:
1784:
The position of the Kazakhstan villages within the administrative division of
1723:
1677:
1620:
9744:
9663:
9614:
9500:
9461:
9456:
9412:
9301:
9236:
9231:
9209:
9164:
9047:
8946:
8939:
8932:
8904:
8810:
8803:
8789:
8611:
8592:
8587:
8574:
8464:
8457:
8332:
8223:
8192:
7846:
7737:
7393:
7067:
7062:
7047:
6920:
6900:
6865:
6855:
6655:
6568:
6546:
6541:
5993:
5701:
5077:
5063:
5029:
5001:
4983:
4937:
4931:
4869:
4857:
4747:
4520:
4513:
4507:
4484:
4367:
4348:
4337:
4162:
3374:
3119:
2755:
a trickle of chinese also reached turkistan well into the nineteenth century.
2619:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 25.
2200:') was synonymous with being mainstream Chinese, especially referring to
2039:
1961:
1785:
1548:
1534:
1473:
1429:
1403:
1389:
1310:
1284:
1270:
1045:
911:
526:
Ysyk-Köl oblasttyk Karakol shaaryndagy Ibrakhim Ajy atyndagy borborduk mechit
4185:
Soviet Census data analyzed by mother tongue and second language, in English
2616:
The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling Under Communism
1436:
opposite and a few km downstream from Tokmok; south of Masanchi (Karakunuz)
927:
9714:
9451:
9037:
8960:
8890:
8860:
8731:
8716:
8711:
8701:
8582:
8526:
8430:
8417:
8352:
8264:
8259:
8245:
8094:
7611:
6910:
6860:
6845:
6713:
6708:
6551:
6500:
6475:
6463:
6039:
5298:
5274:
5238:
5217:
5143:
5113:
5103:
5070:
5055:
4995:
4969:
4884:
4705:
4670:
4658:
4558:
4534:
4527:
4478:
4458:
4440:
4402:
3611:
3131:
3123:
3100:
2189:
2151:
2083:
2046:
1906:
1898:
1832:
1107:
965:
857:
812:
545:
465:
448:
212:
8017:
4120:, Series "丝绸之路上的穆斯林文化" (Muslim Cultures of the Silk Road), 2003-April–27.
3208:
2541:"UNPO: East Turkestan: Strict Control of China's Uighur Muslims Continues"
2049:. In addition to Dungan Chinese, more than two-thirds of the Dungan speak
1815:
1684:, some 60 km west of Tokmok and about as much north-east of Bishkek.
9704:
9694:
9633:
9550:
9372:
9268:
9126:
8967:
8883:
8796:
8736:
8721:
8616:
8359:
8269:
8161:
8066:
7906:
7717:
7481:
7329:
7052:
7042:
6701:
6616:
6458:
6434:
5981:
5084:
5023:
5011:
5006:
4976:
4847:
4712:
4664:
4584:
4574:
4569:
4451:
4390:
4373:
4361:
4354:
4343:
4293:
4206:
3943:
3761:
3180:
2236:
2201:
2079:
Many restaurants in Bishkek advertise "Dungan cuisine" (Дунганская кухня)
1820:
1807:
1433:
1139:
436:
420:
6403:
4124:. (This article has some details additional to Rimsky-Korsakoff (1992)).
2842:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 10: Late Ch'ing 1800–1911, Part 1
1917:
941:
The term "Dungan" ("Tonggan", "Donggan") has been used by Central Asian
528:—Central Mosque in the name of Ibrahim Hajji in the city of Karakol, an
9573:
9506:
9480:
9466:
9261:
9159:
9100:
8770:
8726:
8546:
8536:
8251:
8197:
7825:
7816:
7659:
7082:
6787:
6720:
6621:
6519:
6049:
6032:
6003:
5976:
5954:
5286:
5017:
4962:
4943:
4898:
4817:
4802:
4719:
4685:
4678:
4602:
4307:
4276:
3328:
3151:, Volume 145, Issue 1876. 29 May 1880. Pp. 515–525. Reprinted from the
2522:
2233:, rebellion of various Muslim ethnic groups in Qinghai and Gansu, China
2227:, rebellion of various Muslim ethnic groups in Shaanxi and Gansu, China
2140:
2123:. In sickness they have recourse to medicine and doctors, but never to
1766:
1489:
1322:
1314:
1221:
1174:), which means 'a camp, an encampment'. In 1965, Karakunuz was renamed
1122:
961:
922:
is of obscure origin. One popular theory derives this word from Turkic
740:
736:
692:
644:
592:
476:
472:
456:
432:
347:
307:
193:
150:
129:
20:
6756:
2884:
The Missionary's Curse and Other Tales from a Chinese Catholic Village
2075:
1224:– total 48,000 (Ma Tang (2003)) or 36,900 (Kazakhstan Census of 1999)
9709:
9539:
9514:
9393:
9247:
9110:
9075:
8759:
8644:
8598:
8450:
8346:
8338:
8212:
8207:
8107:
8079:
7077:
7072:
6880:
4609:
4421:
4409:
4190:
Association of Dungans of the Kyrgyz Republic, in English and Russian
3115:
3095:
2197:
1975:
1727:
1681:
1642:
1630:
1333:
1033:
712:
711:, which required the withdrawal of the Russian troops from the Upper
676:
624:
1613:, Saohulu); may also include adjacent Aleksandrovka (Александровка)
1138:, by James A. Millward in his economic history of the region, or by
9719:
9534:
9343:
9149:
9029:
9022:
8754:
8706:
8688:
8659:
8561:
8531:
8373:
8367:
8311:
8167:
8137:
8127:
8100:
8086:
8072:
6738:
6529:
6044:
5377:
4812:
4752:
4725:
3172:
3156:
2124:
1902:
1836:
1230:
1175:
1053:
1048:
in 1835 mentioned Muslim "Túngánis" in "Chinese Tartary". In 1839,
1041:
720:
680:
650:
The second group, originally from Didaozhou (狄道州) in Gansu, led by
636:
460:
327:
3500:
2543:. Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organization. 16 August 2006
9689:
9668:
9588:
9529:
9485:
9011:
8986:
8980:
8855:
8837:
8832:
8664:
8556:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8425:
8317:
8230:
8202:
8132:
8122:
8114:
7864:
7727:
7616:
7606:
7476:
6870:
6650:
6015:
5998:
5162:
4864:
4852:
4842:
4822:
4782:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4092:
3582:"Kazakhstan clashes kill 10 people and injure at least 40 others"
3288:
3084:
2572:. Bishkek: National Committee on Statistics. 2014. Archived from
2212:
2088:
1979:
1796:
1629:
Some of those 4,628 Hui people who arrived in 1881–1883 from the
1624:
1593:
1578:
1345:
1329:
1085:
1081:
1077:
969:
950:
732:
728:
724:
672:
665:
604:
584:
562:
553:
505:
452:
367:
98:
3829:
2540:
1775:
in Xinjiang, led by Ma Daren, also known as Ma Da-lao-ye (馬大老爺)
1088:
as well). Authors aware of the general picture of the spread of
33:
9643:
9544:
9519:
9179:
9174:
9016:
9001:
8682:
8551:
8541:
8501:
8472:
8435:
8411:
8403:
8324:
8240:
8217:
8174:
7666:
7087:
6819:
6725:
5156:
5049:
4827:
4787:
4757:
4735:
4640:
4112:
Karakunuz: An Early Settlement of the Chinese Muslims in Russia
3947:
An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires
3765:
An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires
3668:
3651:
Russian Central Asia: Including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv
3164:
3127:
2298:
2116:
2015:
1974:, which is widely spoken in the south of Gansu and the west of
1877:
1792:
1772:
1318:
1145:
1012:
981:
716:
696:
688:
632:
596:
569:
549:
529:
480:
231:
171:
92:
6946:
3795:
3417:
2653:(illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis US. p. 209.
1072:. At the time, European and American authors applied the term
9315:
9275:
9203:
9195:
8865:
8778:
8764:
8696:
8654:
8567:
8143:
7965:
6824:
5176:
4904:
4879:
4837:
4564:
4396:
3799:
Soviet Dungan kolkhozes in the Kirghiz SSR and the Kazakh SSR
3176:
2167:
2136:
2120:
2100:
2042:
used for Chinese), though these are now considered obsolete.
2002:
1824:
1477:
1089:
977:
931:
867:
652:
4174:
3672:
Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora
1032:. Dungans and Kashgar Chinese". A French engraving from the
972:), where the Kashgarian preacher is told to have converted '
9699:
6829:
6814:
3421:
I︠A︡syr Shivaza: the life and works of a Soviet Dungan poet
2973:
Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China
953:
700:
3899:. International Arts and Sciences Press. 1962. p. 42.
3861:. Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology. p. 256
3731:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1
3703:
French Centre for Research on Contemporary China (2000).
3466:
1743:
640:
4139:
http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/afs/pdf/a916.pdf
2099:
noted that the Dungan people abstained from spirits and
508:, Kyrgyzstan. The upper text on the sign is a partially
3654:. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington. pp.
3399:
Population data for Zhambyl Province towns and villages
2908:
2862:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2498:. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Archived from
915:, Huízú; in Cyrillic Soviet Dungan spelling, xуэйзў).
631:
The first group, of some 1000 people, originally from
8008:
Ethnic group statistics according to the 2009 census
4158:
Map of Dungan settlement in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan
4091:
Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer. 1979. "Soviet Dungan
3913:
Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey, Volume 1
3546:("Best People", the Great International Encyclopedia)
817:
668:
in Eastern Kyrgyzstan. They numbered 1130 on arrival.
3944:
James Stuart Olson; Nicholas Charles Pappas (1994).
3762:
James Stuart Olson; Nicholas Charles Pappas (1994).
2723:
2680:
2266:
2026:. Since the 1940s, the language has been written in
926:("one who turns"), which can be compared to Chinese
2939:
E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936
3498:
3079:wall pieces (small cannons) guarding the walls of
2725:
2682:
1886:) a Dungan war "hero" who led a "mortar battery".
4163:'A Very Dungan Wedding' Article on Kyrgyz Dungans
3977:
3909:
2030:, though the language has historically also used
1158:, sometimes Караконыз or Караконуз) as "Ingpan" (
687:of Kazakhstan. It is 8 km north of the city
9742:
3369:. Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology.
3275:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–242.
1216:Current Dungan population (from Ma Tang (2003))
7591:
3727:
3225:), a label that is not applied to the Dungans (
1198:in Chinese characters is as in Ma Tong (2003).
591:and Jahangir's forces captured several hundred
512:rendering of the mosque's Kyrgyz name into the
3647:
3424:(illustrated ed.). P. Lang. p. 205.
3307:. Stanford University Press. pp. 35 etc.
2935:
2520:
2208:to the standard labels Lao Huihui and Huizi.
1150:The Dungans themselves referred to Karakunuz (
1080:and Gansu (which at the time included today's
8033:
7799:
7577:
6772:
6419:
5393:
4222:
3802:. Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU. p. 62.
3357:
3226:
3220:
3214:
2993:
2646:
2612:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2323:
2276:
2204:and Hui Muslims in Xinjiang or Central Asia.
1861:
1202:Dungan villages in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
1021:), as well as to Western European languages.
887:
787:
773:
3879:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3641:
2992:, "The Naqshbandiya in Northwest China", in
1339:7,000, current mayor: Iskhar Yusupovich Lou
1146:Dungan villages in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
447:is a term used in territories of the former
338:
298:
8047:
4011:
3950:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 202.
3768:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 204.
2802:
2647:Shail Mayaram (2009). Shail Mayaram (ed.).
1076:to the Hui people both in Xinjiang, and in
8040:
8026:
7806:
7792:
7584:
7570:
6779:
6765:
6426:
6412:
5400:
5386:
4236:
4229:
4215:
3984:. Stanford University Press. p. 215.
3669:Touraj Atabaki; Sanjyot Mehendale (2005).
3502:Civil Society and Politics in Central Asia
3494:
3492:
3087:(in today's Western Xinjiang) in his book
2976:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 59.
2523:"Kyrgyzstan Eats: A Dungan Feast in Naryn"
2444:
2432:
2430:
1771:Spring 1878, 1000 people, originally from
479:(58,409 according to the 2009 census) and
318:
6433:
5977:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
3830:Ḥevrah ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʾelit (1983).
3272:The Cambridge History of China, Volume 11
3268:
3240:
3192:
2996:Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia
358:
3300:
3024:. A modern (2003) reprint is available,
2914:
2880:
2868:
2836:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2591:
2533:
2324:
2277:
2082:
2074:
1916:
1814:
1806:
1178:(sometimes spelt as "Masanchin"), after
1023:
499:
58:of all important aspects of the article.
6786:
6388:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
4050:Forbes, Andrew D. W. (9 October 1986).
3836:. Jerusalem Academic Press. p. 338
3796:Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer (1979).
3489:
3418:Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer (1991).
3291:and Gansu as well, not just of Xinjiang
2559:
2427:
2401:
2313:
1182:or Masanchin (Dungan: Магәзы Масанчын;
495:
475:(36,900 according to the 1999 census),
9743:
4049:
3632:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3451:
2969:
2963:
2732:. Oxford University Press US. p.
2689:. Oxford University Press US. p.
2318:
1194:and a statesman of Soviet Kazakhstan.
54:Please consider expanding the lead to
8021:
7787:
7565:
6760:
6407:
5381:
4210:
3473:. Hurst & Blackett. p. 143.
1972:Zhongyuan dialect of Mandarin Chinese
5407:
3833:Asian and African studies, Volume 16
3734:. Infobase Publishing. p. 195.
3467:Georg Vasel; Gerald Griffin (1937).
2057:or other languages belonging to the
1432:. On the northern bank of the river
116:Regions with significant populations
27:
5357:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
3351:
3327:
3196:Islam in China: a neglected problem
2166:is procured in accordance to being
1889:Reportedly, Dungans were "strongly
1250:) or Masanchin (Russian: Масанчин;
459:origin. Turkic-speaking peoples in
13:
4071:
3360:"The Anthropologist as a Mushroom"
3183:) were the chief actors" (p. 524).
2728:Islam and the abolition of slavery
2685:Islam and the abolition of slavery
2438:"1. НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ"
2395:Bureau of Statistics of Kyrgyzstan
2139:production. The Dungan tend to be
2061:of the countries where they live.
1730:, some 30 km west of Tokmok.
595:(Tungan or Hui) who were taken to
14:
9802:
4151:
3858:Asian folklore studies, Volume 51
3367:Field Notes and Research Projects
3269:Twitchett, Denis Crispin (1978).
2053:and a small proportion can speak
709:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
671:The third group, originally from
568:Turkic Muslim slave-raiders from
544:, the first Dungans to appear in
504:The gate of the Dungan mosque in
7815:
7772:Assembly of People of Kazakhstan
7000:
5362:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
4110:Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer.
3916:. Greenwood Press. p. 334.
3706:China perspectives, Issues 27–32
3675:. Psychology Press. p. 31.
3199:. China Inland Mission. p.
3143:See e.g. an anonymous article, "
3134:a confederacy of no mean power".
3101:Russia and China in Central Asia
2970:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998).
2521:David Trilling (20 April 2010).
1028:Caption: "Shooting exercises of
360:
340:
320:
300:
281:
262:
243:
224:
205:
186:
164:
143:
122:
91:
32:
4195:Samples of the Dungans' Cuisine
4005:
3971:
3937:
3903:
3887:
3848:
3823:
3789:
3755:
3721:
3696:
3662:
3600:
3574:
3549:
3530:
3477:from the original on 8 May 2021
3460:
3445:
3411:
3392:
3358:Jiménez-Tovar, Soledad (2016).
3321:
3294:
3262:
3259:. Page 183 in the 1951 edition.
3246:
3234:
3219:), and in Chinese is kitaitsy (
3186:
3137:
3065:
3053:
3035:
3014:
3002:
2929:
2920:
2874:
2830:
2796:
2717:
2674:
2640:
2606:
2601:Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniia
2259:
1905:was afraid to meet Hui general
1659:
1515:
1492:– total 50,000 (Ma Tang (2003)
1370:
1210:Location (in present-day terms)
1207:Village name (and alternatives)
1190:), a Dungan participant in the
664:or Ырдык) some 15 km from
603:bought two Chinese slaves from
46:may be too short to adequately
8188:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan
4097:Australian National University
4043:
3505:. Asia in the New Millennium.
3257:Inner Asian Frontiers of China
2514:
2484:
2383:
2303:
2294:
2286:
2249:
2000:) and call government offices
1912:
1882:
1873:
1859:
1802:
1328:Spring 1878. 3314 people from
1136:The Cambridge History of China
1017:
1008:
1000:
818:
788:
774:
56:provide an accessible overview
1:
9781:Ethnic groups in Central Asia
3337:. Stanford University Press.
2724:W. G. Clarence-Smith (2006).
2681:W. G. Clarence-Smith (2006).
2371:
1835:, some Dungans served in the
1577:; 15 km south-west from
7762:Demographics of Central Asia
5533:Democratic Republic of Congo
3561:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
3507:University Press of Kentucky
3193:Broomhall, Marshall (1910).
2881:Harrison, Henrietta (2013).
2267:
2095:Nineteenth century explorer
2045:Dungan people are generally
719:area), the Dungan (Hui) and
558:Vlaidimir Petrovich Nalivkin
7:
9771:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan
9766:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan
7593:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan
3499:Charles E. Ziegler (2014).
3470:My Russian jailers in China
3301:Millward, James A. (1998).
3167:), the author describes "n
2994:Beatrcie Manz, ed. (1995).
2218:
2177:
1945:
1476:; near Grodekovo, south of
1040:In English and German, the
10:
9807:
7767:Demographics of Kazakhstan
3978:James A. Millward (1998).
3910:Richard V. Weekes (1984).
3075:writes of "Tunganis" with
2846:Cambridge University Press
2603:. 2001, No. 12. pp. 58–62.
2181:
2103:, neither smoked nor took
2068:
2064:
1955:
1949:
703:Boyan) and Muhammad Ayyub.
490:
18:
9761:Ethnic groups in Xinjiang
9682:
9607:
9093:
9066:
8846:
8745:
8673:
8635:
8492:
8481:
8055:
8006:
7978:
7928:
7839:
7832:
7756:
7675:
7627:
7599:
7528:
7439:
7411:
7402:
7296:
7287:
7227:
7218:
7137:
7128:
7096:
7018:
7009:
6998:
6980:
6929:
6838:
6807:
6798:
6444:
6382:
6324:
6279:
6253:
6186:
6160:
6153:
6118:
6087:
5915:
5889:
5868:
5861:
5806:
5780:
5700:
5642:
5635:
5546:
5520:
5489:
5453:
5422:
5415:
5352:
5312:
5247:
5193:
5094:
5039:
4921:
4695:
4649:
4619:
4548:
4500:
4468:
4431:
4327:
4266:
4257:
4244:
4088:6, No. 2 (June): 135–140.
4081:6, No. 2 (June): 121–134.
3227:
3221:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2231:Dungan revolt (1895–1896)
2225:Dungan revolt (1862–1877)
2196:; 'A person from the
2193:
2192:, the term Zhongyuanren (
1862:
1760:
1752:
1713:
1705:
1667:
1651:
1610:
1602:
1523:
1507:
1488:
1463:
1455:
1378:
1362:
1354:
1259:
1247:
1239:
1220:
1187:
1171:
1163:
1155:
968:(in today's Gansu and/or
910:
895:
888:
881:
876:
866:
856:
846:
834:
829:
811:
804:
799:
795:
781:
767:
762:
758:
753:
661:
431:
426:
419:
414:
382:
377:
357:
337:
317:
297:
278:
259:
240:
221:
202:
183:
162:
141:
120:
115:
110:
105:
90:
83:
5332:Local ethnic nationalism
4251:recognized ethnic groups
4168:17 December 2012 at the
3728:Barbara A. West (2008).
2242:
769:Traditional Chinese
731:some 30 km west of
524:in the Cyrillic script:
85:Хуэйзў / 东干族 / Dōnggānzú
9776:Ethnic groups in Russia
8049:Ethnic groups in Russia
7028:Altay (Altai) Mountains
3648:Henry Lansdell (1885).
2936:M. Th. Houtsma (1993).
2198:Central Plains of China
2071:Chinese Islamic cuisine
1893:". During the 1930s, a
1726:. Southern bank of the
1680:. Southern bank of the
960:(or, possibly, his son
783:Simplified Chinese
746:
451:to refer to a group of
9791:Turkic peoples of Asia
9756:Ethnic groups in China
7252:Science and technology
6972:Republic of Kazakhstan
5367:Historic ethnic groups
4238:Ethnic groups in China
4200:26 August 2011 at the
4144:12 August 2011 at the
4018:. BRILL. p. 148.
3537:ДАУРОВ ХУСЕЙ ШИМАРОВИЧ
3215:
3145:Mohammedanism in China
2988:. Lipman's source is:
2942:. BRILL. p. 720.
2613:Marianne Kamp (2008).
2133:
2092:
2080:
1926:
1921:In Milyanfan village,
1839:, one of them who was
1828:
1812:
1733:(Karakunuz group (?))
1687:(Karakunuz group (?))
1037:
995:(sing.)) and Chinese (
593:Dungan Chinese Muslims
537:
514:Uyghur Arabic alphabet
483:(801 according to the
3709:. C.E.F.C. p. 68
2926:As per Ma Tong (2003)
2809:. BRILL. p. 97.
2650:The other global city
2109:
2086:
2078:
2059:titular nationalities
1970:), is similar to the
1920:
1901:agent Georg Vasel in
1818:
1810:
1623:; 30 km west of
1549:42.45833°N 78.30000°E
1404:42.86667°N 75.25417°E
1285:42.92778°N 75.30000°E
1027:
503:
427:Related ethnic groups
9608:Unrecognized peoples
9094:Other ethnic peoples
8381:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks
6942:List of Kazakh khans
6141:United Arab Emirates
6033:Straits-Born Chinese
4012:Laura Newby (2005).
3542:20 June 2017 at the
3073:Thomas Edward Gordon
2803:Laura Newby (2005).
2159:Traditional marriage
1987:varieties of Chinese
1939:a conflict broke out
1741:Dungan community of
1317:(8 km north of
1192:Communist Revolution
974:ulamā-yi Tunganiyyān
496:Migration from China
391:Secondary languages:
9683:Assimilated peoples
8276:Meadow-Eastern Mari
7053:Khan Tangiri Shyngy
7033:Aral Karakum Desert
6896:Kara-Khanid Khanate
6881:Xueyantuo Khaganate
6386:overseas department
5692:Trinidad and Tobago
4175:Dungans Forum (rus)
3404:1 July 2007 at the
3175:, and spreading to
3061:On Internet Archive
3042:Karl Ernst von Baer
2998:. London: Variorum.
2502:on 17 December 2011
2496:Ukraine Census 2001
2291:traditional Chinese
2184:Hui pan-nationalism
1856:traditional Chinese
1854:: мансуза ванахун;
1819:Tungan generals of
1633:Basin (Xinjiang) .
1544: /
1466:, Jiaerpakeqiubai)
1399: /
1280: /
1203:
1142:in his monograph).
1050:Karl Ernst von Baer
1005:traditional Chinese
621:Hui Minorities' War
583:led an invasion of
574:Afaqi Khoja revolts
80:
9730:Siberian Bukharans
8866:Aukhovite Chechens
8818:Siberian Bukharans
8144:Aukhovite Chechens
7257:Telecommunications
6394:Hong Kong Diaspora
5662:Dominican Republic
3614:on 20 October 2008
2478:2012-10-18 at the
2467:2021-12-09 at the
2283:simplified Chinese
2093:
2081:
2032:Chinese characters
1937:In February 2020,
1927:
1870:simplified Chinese
1829:
1813:
1605:; Dungan: Сохўлў;
1571:Jeti-Ögüz District
1554:42.45833; 78.30000
1439:(Karakunuz group)
1409:42.86667; 75.25417
1290:42.92778; 75.30000
1201:
1132:Denis C. Twitchett
1112:"Turkish" language
1096:Marshall Broomhall
1070:northwestern China
1038:
997:simplified Chinese
538:
520:The lower text is
78:
9738:
9737:
9367:
9365:Astrakhan Kazakhs
9089:
9088:
8825:Zabolotnie Tatars
8304:Northwestern Mari
8015:
8014:
7997:Roman Catholicism
7974:
7973:
7781:
7780:
7676:Minorities <1%
7628:Minorities >1%
7559:
7558:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7283:
7282:
7214:
7213:
7206:Political parties
7179:Freedom of speech
7152:Foreign relations
7124:
7123:
6996:
6995:
6952:Russian Turkestan
6876:Oghuz Yabgu State
6754:
6753:
6690:Teochew Taiwanese
6579:Teochew Taiwanese
6401:
6400:
6340:
6320:
6319:
6239:
6149:
6148:
6028:Chinese nationals
5955:Peranakan Chinese
5857:
5856:
5770:by city and state
5766:
5759:
5725:
5718:
5631:
5630:
5538:Republic of Congo
5375:
5374:
4544:
4543:
4180:Chinabroadcast.cn
4063:978-0-521-25514-1
3741:978-0-8160-7109-8
3588:. 9 February 2020
2855:978-0-521-21447-6
2838:Fairbank, John K.
2660:978-0-415-99194-0
2626:978-0-295-98819-1
2579:on 6 October 2018
2265:
2087:Dungan mosque in
1883:Mànsūzī·Wángāhóng
1811:Vanakhun's museum
1782:
1781:
1720:Ysyk-Ata District
1674:Ysyk-Ata District
991:(pl.); дунганин,
899:
898:
825:
824:
806:Standard Mandarin
461:Xinjiang Province
442:
441:
176:
155:
134:
73:
72:
9798:
9654:Crimean Italians
9623:
9553:
9509:
9475:
9442:Meskhetian Turks
9426:
9407:
9388:
9386:Sakhalin Koreans
9381:
9363:
9318:
9304:
9297:
9278:
9271:
9264:
9257:
9250:
9226:
9219:
9212:
9198:
9170:Crimean Karaites
9129:
9032:
9025:
8996:
8989:
8970:
8963:
8956:
8949:
8942:
8935:
8928:
8921:
8914:
8907:
8900:
8893:
8886:
8879:
8827:
8820:
8813:
8806:
8799:
8792:
8773:
8691:
8601:
8577:
8570:
8490:
8489:
8467:
8460:
8453:
8446:
8444:Astrakhan Tatars
8439:
8420:
8406:
8397:
8390:
8383:
8376:
8362:
8355:
8341:
8327:
8320:
8306:
8299:
8298:
8285:
8284:
8254:
8233:
8226:
8177:
8170:
8146:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8019:
8018:
7837:
7836:
7820:
7819:
7808:
7801:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7563:
7562:
7544:
7537:
7409:
7408:
7384:Wedding ceremony
7344:
7294:
7293:
7275:Waste management
7265:
7225:
7224:
7135:
7134:
7106:Cities and towns
7078:Tien (Tian) Shan
7016:
7015:
7004:
6906:Chagatai Khanate
6891:Kyrgyz Khaganate
6886:Uyghur Khaganate
6851:Rouran Khaganate
6805:
6804:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6758:
6757:
6698:
6686:
6669:
6587:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6364:Papua New Guinea
6334:
6235:
6158:
6157:
5866:
5865:
5762:
5755:
5729:British Columbia
5721:
5714:
5640:
5639:
5420:
5419:
5409:Overseas Chinese
5402:
5395:
5388:
5379:
5378:
5233:Tajiks (Pamiris)
4264:
4263:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4123:
4067:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3896:Soviet Sociology
3891:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3610:. Archived from
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3553:
3547:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3464:
3458:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3415:
3409:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3364:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3266:
3260:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3190:
3184:
3153:Edinburgh Review
3141:
3135:
3107:Brisbane Courier
3103:" (reprinted by
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3039:
3033:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2987:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2731:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2688:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2610:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2488:
2482:
2459:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2365:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2305:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2264:romanized:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2195:
1884:
1875:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1849:
1841:Vanakhun Mansuza
1762:
1754:
1715:
1707:
1697:Ivanovka village
1670:, Miliangchuan)
1669:
1661:
1653:
1617:Sokuluk District
1612:
1604:
1575:Issyk-Kul Region
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1465:
1457:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1241:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1128:Dungan Rebellion
1066:Dungan rebellion
1019:
1010:
1002:
914:
891:
890:
821:
820:
797:
796:
791:
790:
777:
776:
751:
750:
739:and in northern
691:in northwestern
685:Zhambyl Province
663:
548:originated from
388:Mandarin Chinese
370:
366:
364:
363:
350:
346:
344:
343:
330:
326:
324:
323:
310:
306:
304:
303:
287:
285:
284:
268:
266:
265:
251:Saint Petersburg
249:
247:
246:
230:
228:
227:
211:
209:
208:
192:
190:
189:
174:
170:
168:
167:
153:
149:
147:
146:
132:
128:
126:
125:
106:Total population
97:Dungan girls in
95:
81:
77:
68:
65:
59:
36:
28:
9806:
9805:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9741:
9740:
9739:
9734:
9678:
9649:Caucasus Greeks
9621:Afro-Abkhazians
9619:
9603:
9549:
9505:
9473:Kola Norwegians
9471:
9422:
9403:
9384:
9377:
9314:
9300:
9293:
9274:
9267:
9260:
9253:
9246:
9222:
9215:
9208:
9194:
9125:
9085:
9062:
9028:
9021:
8992:
8985:
8966:
8959:
8952:
8945:
8938:
8931:
8924:
8917:
8910:
8903:
8896:
8889:
8882:
8875:
8842:
8823:
8816:
8809:
8802:
8795:
8788:
8784:Siberian Tatars
8769:
8741:
8687:
8669:
8631:
8597:
8573:
8566:
8484:
8477:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8433:
8416:
8402:
8393:
8388:Baikal Cossacks
8386:
8379:
8372:
8358:
8351:
8337:
8323:
8316:
8302:
8292:
8288:
8278:
8274:
8250:
8229:
8222:
8173:
8166:
8142:
8113:
8106:
8099:
8085:
8078:
8071:
8058:
8051:
8046:
8016:
8011:
8002:
7970:
7924:
7828:
7814:
7812:
7782:
7777:
7776:
7752:
7671:
7623:
7595:
7590:
7560:
7555:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7516:
7435:
7398:
7342:
7279:
7263:
7210:
7191:Law enforcement
7120:
7092:
7058:Kyzylkum Desert
7005:
6992:
6976:
6925:
6834:
6794:
6785:
6755:
6750:
6692:
6680:
6663:
6661:Hakka Taiwanese
6581:
6557:Hoklo Taiwanese
6440:
6432:
6402:
6397:
6396:
6378:
6316:
6275:
6249:
6182:
6145:
6114:
6083:
5960:Bangka-Belitung
5950:Benteng Chinese
5911:
5885:
5853:
5802:
5776:
5696:
5627:
5542:
5516:
5485:
5449:
5411:
5406:
5376:
5371:
5348:
5320:Han nationalism
5308:
5255:African Chinese
5243:
5189:
5090:
5035:
4917:
4875:Sichuan Mongols
4691:
4645:
4615:
4540:
4496:
4464:
4427:
4323:
4253:
4240:
4235:
4202:Wayback Machine
4170:Wayback Machine
4154:
4146:Wayback Machine
4121:
4086:Asian Ethnicity
4079:Asian Ethnicity
4074:
4072:Further reading
4064:
4056:. CUP Archive.
4046:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3908:
3904:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3667:
3663:
3646:
3642:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3608:"Archived copy"
3606:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3544:Wayback Machine
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3497:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3465:
3461:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3416:
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3406:Wayback Machine
3397:
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3187:
3171:, beginning in
3142:
3138:
3099:journalist in "
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3046:On Google Books
3040:
3036:
3022:On Google Books
3019:
3015:
3010:On Google Books
3007:
3003:
2990:Joseph Fletcher
2984:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2899:
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2895:
2879:
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2867:
2863:
2856:
2848:. p. 371.
2835:
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2797:
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2765:
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2611:
2607:
2596:
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2546:
2544:
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2538:
2534:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2490:
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2480:Wayback Machine
2469:Wayback Machine
2460:
2445:
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2428:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2322:, Xiao'erjing:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2221:
2186:
2180:
2073:
2067:
2028:Cyrillic script
1964:
1954:
1952:Dungan language
1948:
1915:
1852:Cyrillic Dungan
1843:
1805:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1470:Jambyl District
1426:Korday District
1414:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1307:Korday District
1295:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1252:Cyrillic Dungan
1180:Magaza Masanchi
1148:
1036:'s state period
976:(i.e., "Dungan
947:Joseph Fletcher
841:
749:
542:Ferghana Valley
498:
493:
410:
390:
361:
359:
341:
339:
321:
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301:
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263:
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187:
185:
165:
163:
144:
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96:
86:
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69:
63:
60:
53:
41:This article's
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9804:
9794:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
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9736:
9735:
9733:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9686:
9684:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9639:Astrakhan Jews
9636:
9631:
9626:
9625:
9624:
9611:
9609:
9605:
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9602:
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9341:
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9321:
9320:
9319:
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9306:
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9298:
9286:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9251:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9228:
9227:
9224:Siberian Finns
9220:
9217:Murmansk Finns
9213:
9201:
9200:
9199:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9131:
9130:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9081:Tver Karelians
9078:
9072:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9034:
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8571:
8559:
8554:
8549:
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8539:
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8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
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8487:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8475:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8428:
8423:
8422:
8421:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8400:
8399:
8398:
8395:Kuban Cossacks
8391:
8384:
8365:
8364:
8363:
8356:
8344:
8343:
8342:
8330:
8329:
8328:
8321:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8300:
8286:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8243:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8183:Crimean Tatars
8180:
8179:
8178:
8171:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8119:
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7990:
7984:
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7972:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7932:
7930:
7929:Smaller groups
7926:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7880:
7874:
7868:
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7554:
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7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
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7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7443:
7441:
7437:
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7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7412:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7338:
7333:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7297:
7291:
7285:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7247:Stock Exchange
7244:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7167:Prime Minister
7164:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7138:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7023:Aktogay Canyon
7019:
7013:
7007:
7006:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6957:Alash Autonomy
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6937:Kazakh Khanate
6933:
6931:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
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6609:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6562:Hui'an maidens
6559:
6549:
6544:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6504:
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6490:
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6484:
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6431:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6408:
6399:
6398:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6337:from Hong Kong
6328:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6292:Czech Republic
6289:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6237:from Hong Kong
6231:United Kingdom
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6183:
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5986:
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5909:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5891:
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5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5870:
5863:
5859:
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5855:
5854:
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5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
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5816:
5810:
5808:
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5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5760:
5757:from Hong Kong
5748:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5726:
5719:
5716:from Hong Kong
5706:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
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5370:
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5364:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5342:Zhonghua minzu
5334:
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4153:
4152:External links
4150:
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3261:
3253:Owen Lattimore
3245:
3241:Broomhall 1910
3233:
3185:
3159:then recently
3149:The Living age
3136:
3064:
3052:
3034:
3013:
3001:
2982:
2962:
2948:
2928:
2919:
2917:, p. 285.
2907:
2894:978-0520954724
2893:
2873:
2871:, p. 168.
2861:
2854:
2840:, ed. (1978).
2829:
2815:
2795:
2793:, p. 305.
2783:
2781:, p. 205.
2771:
2769:, p. 298.
2759:
2742:
2716:
2699:
2673:
2659:
2639:
2625:
2605:
2590:
2558:
2532:
2527:EURASIANET.org
2513:
2483:
2443:
2426:
2415:on 4 June 2020
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2179:
2176:
2097:Henry Lansdell
2066:
2063:
1996:" (Хуаңды/皇帝,
1950:Main article:
1947:
1944:
1914:
1911:
1804:
1801:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1763:or 敖什, Aoshe)
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1717:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1671:
1638:
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1326:
1263:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1147:
1144:
1119:Owen Lattimore
958:Muhammad Yūsuf
897:
896:
893:
892:
885:
879:
878:
874:
873:
870:
864:
863:
860:
854:
853:
850:
844:
843:
838:
832:
831:
830:Dunganese name
827:
826:
823:
822:
815:
809:
808:
802:
801:
800:Transcriptions
793:
792:
785:
779:
778:
771:
765:
764:
760:
759:
756:
755:
748:
745:
705:
704:
669:
648:
589:Kokand Khanate
581:Jahangir Khoja
576:Turkic Muslim
497:
494:
492:
489:
440:
439:
429:
428:
424:
423:
417:
416:
412:
411:
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408:
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398:
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380:
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375:
374:
371:
355:
354:
351:
335:
334:
331:
315:
314:
311:
295:
294:
291:
289:Saratov Oblast
276:
275:
272:
270:Lipetsk Oblast
257:
256:
253:
238:
237:
234:
219:
218:
215:
200:
199:
196:
181:
180:
177:
160:
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156:
139:
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135:
118:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
88:
87:
84:
74:
71:
70:
50:the key points
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9803:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9786:Turkic people
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
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9685:
9681:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9664:Pontic Greeks
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
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9645:
9642:
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9484:
9482:
9479:
9474:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9457:Mountain Jews
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9425:
9421:
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9414:
9411:
9406:
9402:
9401:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9387:
9383:
9380:
9379:North Koreans
9376:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
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9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9317:
9313:
9312:
9311:
9308:
9303:
9302:Volga Germans
9299:
9296:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9284:Georgian Jews
9282:
9277:
9273:
9270:
9266:
9263:
9259:
9256:
9252:
9249:
9245:
9244:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9225:
9221:
9218:
9214:
9211:
9210:Ingrian Finns
9207:
9206:
9205:
9202:
9197:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
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9171:
9168:
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9165:Bukharan Jews
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
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8826:
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8819:
8815:
8812:
8811:Kalmak Tatars
8808:
8805:
8804:Eushta Tatars
8801:
8798:
8794:
8791:
8790:Baraba Tatars
8787:
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8497:
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8491:
8488:
8486:
8480:
8474:
8471:
8466:
8462:
8459:
8458:Mishar Tatars
8455:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8441:
8440:
8437:
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8427:
8424:
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8331:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8305:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8290:Mountain Mari
8287:
8282:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8253:
8249:
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8116:
8112:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8098:
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8088:
8084:
8081:
8077:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8059:nationalities
8054:
8050:
8043:
8038:
8036:
8031:
8029:
8024:
8023:
8020:
8010:
8005:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
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7977:
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7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
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7908:
7905:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7833:Ethnic groups
7831:
7827:
7823:
7818:
7809:
7804:
7802:
7797:
7795:
7790:
7789:
7786:
7773:
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7765:
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7759:
7755:
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7709:
7706:
7704:
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7699:
7696:
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7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7674:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
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7626:
7618:
7615:
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7610:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7587:
7582:
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7564:
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7532:
7531:
7527:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
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7488:
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7483:
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7478:
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7473:
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7453:
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7448:
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7442:
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7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7395:
7394:Kazakh tribes
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7242:National Bank
7240:
7238:
7237:Energy policy
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7207:
7204:
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7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7068:Sharyn Canyon
7066:
7064:
7063:Lake Balkhash
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7048:Kazakh Steppe
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7003:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6921:Uzbek Khanate
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6901:Mongol Empire
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6866:Kimek Khanate
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:Early history
6837:
6831:
6828:
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6813:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6803:
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6789:
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6759:
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6707:
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6696:
6691:
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6679:
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6674:
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6659:
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6654:
6652:
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6606:
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6300:
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6017:
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5987:
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5968:
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5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5751:United States
5749:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5391:
5389:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5195:Indo-European
5192:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4858:Upper Mongols
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4550:Austroasiatic
4547:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4133:5-658-00068-8
4130:
4126:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4105:0-909879-11-7
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4027:
4025:90-04-14550-8
4021:
4017:
4016:
4008:
3993:
3991:0-8047-2933-6
3987:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3959:
3957:0-313-27497-5
3953:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3925:
3923:0-313-23392-6
3919:
3915:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3876:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3811:
3809:0-909879-11-7
3805:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3777:
3775:0-313-27497-5
3771:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3684:
3682:0-415-33260-5
3678:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3518:
3516:9780813150789
3512:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3495:
3493:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3452:Forbes (1986)
3448:
3433:
3431:3-631-43963-6
3427:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3344:0-8047-4884-5
3340:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3316:
3314:0-8047-2933-6
3310:
3306:
3305:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3282:0-521-22029-7
3278:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3243:, p. 260
3242:
3237:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:For example,
3068:
3062:
3056:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3030:1-4021-5631-6
3027:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2983:962-209-468-6
2979:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2951:
2949:90-04-09790-2
2945:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2923:
2916:
2915:Millward 1998
2911:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2869:Millward 1998
2865:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2844:. Cambridge:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2818:
2816:90-04-14550-8
2812:
2808:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2791:Millward 1998
2787:
2780:
2779:Millward 1998
2775:
2768:
2767:Millward 1998
2763:
2756:
2745:
2743:0-19-522151-6
2739:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2713:
2702:
2700:0-19-522151-6
2696:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2555:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2355:
2352:, دۇنغاندار;
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2040:Arabic script
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:Sini (script)
1959:
1953:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1925:of Kyrgyzstan
1924:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:White Russian
1892:
1891:anti-Japanese
1887:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1786:Jambyl Region
1777:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:Jambyl Region
1471:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:Jambyl Region
1427:
1421:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1365:, Shortyube;
1360:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:Jambyl Region
1308:
1302:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:James Prinsep
1043:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
964:) inside the
963:
959:
955:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
913:
908:
904:
894:
886:
884:
880:
875:
871:
869:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
849:
845:
839:
837:
833:
828:
816:
814:
810:
807:
803:
798:
794:
786:
784:
780:
772:
770:
766:
761:
757:
754:Dungan people
752:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
683:), in modern
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
659:
655:
654:
649:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:
628:
626:
622:
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
434:
430:
425:
422:
418:
413:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
372:
369:
356:
352:
349:
336:
332:
329:
316:
312:
309:
296:
292:
290:
277:
273:
271:
258:
254:
252:
239:
235:
233:
220:
216:
214:
201:
197:
195:
182:
178:
175:(2021 census)
173:
161:
157:
154:(2019 census)
152:
140:
136:
133:(2021 census)
131:
119:
114:
109:
104:
100:
94:
89:
82:
79:Dungan people
67:
57:
51:
49:
44:
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
9452:Montenegrins
9184:
9140:Azerbaijanis
8976:Azerbaijanis
8431:Volga Tatars
8418:Tozhu Tuvans
8260:Komi-Permyak
7993:Christianity
7913:Azerbaijanis
7840:Major groups
7822:Demographics
7702:
7688:Azerbaijanis
7612:Chala Kazakh
7456:
7452:Azerbaijanis
7404:Demographics
7321:Coat of arms
7311:Architecture
7174:Human rights
7142:Constitution
7098:Subdivisions
6911:Golden Horde
6861:Kangar union
6714:Fuzhou Tanka
6600:Shanghainese
6524:
6501:Subei people
6464:Macau people
6389:
5611:Johannesburg
5606:South Africa
5593:
5281:
5275:Kaifeng Jews
5231:
5224:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5048:
5028:
5016:
4994:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4942:
4930:
4903:
4891:
4740:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4684:
4677:
4663:
4633:
4621:Austronesian
4608:
4601:
4594:
4557:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4489:
4477:
4457:
4450:
4420:
4408:
4401:
4389:
4372:
4360:
4353:
4336:
4329:Lolo-Burmese
4306:
4292:
4275:
4259:Sino-Tibetan
4246:
4122:(in Chinese)
4085:
4078:
4052:
4029:. Retrieved
4014:
4007:
3995:. Retrieved
3980:
3973:
3961:. Retrieved
3946:
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3912:
3905:
3895:
3889:
3863:. Retrieved
3857:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3832:
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3798:
3791:
3779:. Retrieved
3764:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3730:
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3705:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3671:
3664:
3650:
3643:
3616:. Retrieved
3612:the original
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3585:
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3560:
3551:
3532:
3520:. Retrieved
3501:
3479:. Retrieved
3469:
3462:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3420:
3413:
3394:
3385:
3378:. Retrieved
3366:
3353:
3333:
3329:Kim, Ho-dong
3323:
3303:
3296:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3236:
3195:
3188:
3169:insurrection
3148:
3139:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3076:
3067:
3055:
3037:
3016:
3004:
2995:
2972:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2938:
2931:
2922:
2910:
2898:. Retrieved
2883:
2876:
2864:
2841:
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2805:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2754:
2747:. Retrieved
2727:
2719:
2711:
2704:. Retrieved
2684:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2649:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2615:
2608:
2600:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2574:the original
2561:
2552:
2545:. Retrieved
2535:
2526:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2500:the original
2495:
2486:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:the original
2403:
2394:
2385:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2312:
2302:
2251:
2210:
2206:
2190:Qing dynasty
2187:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2152:foot binding
2149:
2145:
2134:
2129:
2113:
2110:
2094:
2091:, Kyrgyzstan
2047:multilingual
2044:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1968:Huejzw jyian
1967:
1965:
1942:Kyrgyzstan.
1936:
1932:Husei Daurov
1928:
1907:Ma Zhongying
1888:
1881:
1833:World War II
1830:
1790:
1783:
1742:
1695:
1641:
1592:
1526:, Erdaogou)
1497:
1448:Zhalpak-tobe
1447:
1344:
1229:
1196:
1149:
1116:
1108:China proper
1094:
1073:
1062:
1039:
1029:
1016:
992:
988:
986:
973:
940:
935:
923:
919:
917:
902:
900:
877:Russian name
858:Romanization
813:Hanyu Pinyin
763:Chinese name
706:
651:
643:in Southern
618:
567:
546:Central Asia
539:
525:
517:
470:
466:Central Asia
449:Soviet Union
444:
443:
213:Penza Oblast
101:, Kazakhstan
75:Ethnic group
61:
45:
43:lead section
25:
9634:Armeno-Tats
9551:Ural Swedes
9437:Macedonians
9432:Lithuanians
9269:Mingrelians
9145:Belarusians
9127:Cherkesogai
8797:Chat Tatars
8293: [
8279: [
7232:Agriculture
7043:Caspian Sea
6962:Kazakh ASSR
6916:White Horde
6702:Waishengren
6693: [
6681: [
6664: [
6617:Gaoshan Han
6582: [
6481:Ngái people
6459:Hongkongers
6435:Han Chinese
6359:New Zealand
6226:Netherlands
6050:Phuket Baba
6011:Philippines
5982:Sino-Native
5764:from Taiwan
5723:from Taiwan
5682:Puerto Rico
5119:Fuyu Kyrgyz
4044:Works cited
4031:28 November
3997:28 November
3963:28 November
3929:28 November
3592:10 February
3566:10 February
3408:(1999–2002)
3181:Kublai Khan
3083:'s capital
3049:(in German)
2900:28 November
2822:28 November
2364:, دٷڭگەندەر
2314:Tungkan-tsu
2273:Xiao'erjing
2260:Хуэйзў (回族)
2237:Tunganistan
2202:Han Chinese
2188:During the
2036:Xiao'erjing
1985:Like other
1958:Xiao'erjing
1923:Chüy Region
1913:Present day
1899:Nazi German
1897:driver for
1844: [
1821:Tunganistan
1803:Soviet rule
1724:Chüy Region
1678:Chüy Region
1621:Chüy Region
1552: /
1456:Жалпак-тобе
1407: /
1288: /
1262:, Yingpan)
1166:, Yingpan;
1140:Kim Ho-dong
966:Ming Empire
848:Xiao'erjing
715:basin (the
485:2002 census
421:Sunni Islam
9745:Categories
9594:Vietnamese
9579:Ukrainians
9507:Ruska Roma
9481:Pakistanis
9467:Norwegians
9424:Latgalians
9334:Hungarians
9295:Mennonites
9160:Bulgarians
9043:Tabasarans
8537:Kamchadals
8483:Indigenous
8252:Izhma Komi
8198:Kabardians
7951:Pakistanis
7901:Ukrainians
7826:Kyrgyzstan
7693:Bulgarians
7660:Kashgartsy
7650:Ukrainians
7507:Ukrainians
7379:Television
7343:(Internet)
7264:(currency)
7201:Parliament
7157:Government
7083:Ural River
6967:Kazakh SSR
6930:Since 1465
6808:Prehistory
6788:Kazakhstan
6735:Yunnanese
6627:Minh Hương
6542:Fuzhounese
6513:Sichuanese
6454:Taishanese
6095:Bangladesh
6062:Minh Hương
5940:East Timor
5881:Kyrgyzstan
5876:Kazakhstan
5788:Costa Rica
5601:Seychelles
5584:Mozambique
5569:Madagascar
5461:Cape Verde
5325:chauvinism
5304:Pakistanis
5287:Chaoxianzu
4899:Sogwo Arig
4818:Muumyangan
4803:Khishigten
4651:Hmong-Mien
4603:Vietnamese
4247:Underlined
3618:1 December
3522:8 February
3454:, p.
3380:9 February
2955:28 October
2749:31 October
2706:31 October
2583:6 December
2506:17 January
2372:References
2309:Wade–Giles
2304:Dōnggān zú
2182:See also:
2141:endogamous
2069:See also:
2006:(ямын/衙門,
1982:in China.
1956:See also:
1767:Osh Region
1558: (
1536:42°27′30″N
1490:Kyrgyzstan
1413: (
1394:75°15′15″E
1391:42°52′00″N
1323:Kyrgyzstan
1315:Kazakhstan
1294: (
1275:75°18′00″E
1272:42°55′40″N
1222:Kazakhstan
1213:Foundation
1130:(e.g., by
1123:Wade-Giles
962:Afaq Khoja
951:Kashgarian
903:Hui people
741:Kyrgyzstan
737:Kazakhstan
693:Kyrgyzstan
645:Kyrgyzstan
510:Uyghurized
477:Kyrgyzstan
473:Kazakhstan
455:people of
437:Han people
348:Uzbekistan
308:Tajikistan
293:760 (2010)
274:41 (2010)
255:500 (2018)
198:207 (2010)
194:Altai Krai
151:Kazakhstan
130:Kyrgyzstan
64:March 2014
21:Hui people
9725:Pumpokols
9540:Spaniards
9515:Romanians
9447:Moldovans
9394:Krymchaks
9329:Hamshenis
9248:Adjarians
9242:Georgians
9190:Estonians
9135:Assyrians
9121:Armenians
9111:Americans
9076:Besermyan
8994:Kubachins
8919:Chamalals
8898:Bagvalals
8760:Kumandins
8689:Hamnigans
8645:Izhorians
8637:Northwest
8607:Nganasans
8599:Khandeyar
8494:Far North
8465:Nağaybäks
8451:Kryashens
8347:Ossetians
8339:Khandeyar
8213:Karelians
8208:Karachays
8108:Telengits
8080:Natukhajs
7961:Romanians
7936:Armenians
7743:Romanians
7683:Armenians
7447:Armenians
7416:Education
7374:Squatting
7270:Transport
7162:President
7147:Elections
7111:Districts
7073:Syr Darya
7011:Geography
6656:Taiwanese
6639:Peranakan
6612:Chuanqing
6569:Putianese
6547:Hainanese
6496:Jianghuai
6492:Mandarin
6449:Cantonese
6438:subgroups
6332:Australia
6110:Sri Lanka
6023:Singapore
5945:Indonesia
5916:Southeast
5849:Venezuela
5814:Argentina
5793:Nicaragua
5733:Vancouver
5644:Caribbean
5579:Mauritius
5203:Armenians
5124:Ili Turks
4720:Dongxiang
4416:Qixingmin
4300:subgroups
4288:Chuanqing
4249:: the 56
4093:kolkhozes
3875:cite book
3840:1 January
3815:1 January
3781:1 January
3747:1 January
3713:1 January
3688:1 January
3375:2193-987X
3173:Singan-fu
3161:rebelling
3112:Yaqub Beg
3081:Yaqub Beg
2419:8 January
2362:Düñgender
2358:Дүңгендер
2350:Duñgandar
2346:Дуңгандар
2325:دْوقًا ظُ
2125:exorcisms
1998:huan'g-di
1976:Guanzhong
1728:Chu River
1682:Chu River
1660:Милёнчуан
1643:Milyanfan
1539:78°18′0″E
1381:, Xinqu)
1334:Bai Yanhu
1332:, led by
1156:Каракунуз
1034:Yaqub Beg
1030:taifurchi
1018:Dōnggānzú
918:The name
819:Dōnggānzú
677:Bai Yanhu
675:, led by
625:Tian Shan
587:from the
378:Languages
236:43 (2010)
217:53 (2010)
48:summarize
9720:Meschera
9674:Sireniki
9615:Africans
9564:Turkmens
9535:Slovenes
9491:Persians
9418:Latvians
9349:Japanese
9344:Italians
9150:Bosniaks
9058:Tsakhurs
9030:Karagash
9023:Ak Nogai
8954:Khwarshi
8926:Godoberi
8912:Botlikhs
8877:Akhvakhs
8848:Dagestan
8838:Tofalars
8755:Kamasins
8707:Negidals
8675:Far East
8660:Vepsians
8622:Yukaghir
8562:Alyutors
8532:Itelmens
8507:Chukchis
8374:Cossacks
8368:Russians
8312:Mordvins
8168:Besleney
8162:Cherkess
8138:Chechens
8128:Bashkirs
8115:Tubalars
8101:Chelkans
8095:Altaians
8087:Shapsugs
8073:Bzhedugs
7980:Religion
7859:Russians
7640:Russians
7600:Majority
7551:Category
7492:Russians
7426:Language
7364:Religion
7316:Clothing
7301:Alphabet
7196:Military
7130:Politics
6981:By topic
6856:Göktürks
6792:articles
6739:Chin Haw
6678:Hoklokeh
6530:Panthays
6508:Shandong
6488:Hunanese
6390:See also
6287:Bulgaria
6266:Portugal
6254:Southern
6161:Northern
6105:Pakistan
6045:Chin Haw
6040:Thailand
5972:Malaysia
5928:Cambodia
5907:Mongolia
5839:Suriname
5687:Suriname
5636:Americas
5623:Zimbabwe
5559:Botswana
5547:Southern
5528:Cameroon
5507:Tanzania
5497:Ethiopia
5294:Macanese
5265:Japanese
5226:Russians
5208:Iranians
5104:Altaians
5041:Tungusic
4813:Khuuchid
4808:Khorchin
4798:Kharchin
4753:Abaganar
4726:Hamnigan
4697:Mongolic
4629:Filipino
4446:Gyalrong
4198:Archived
4166:Archived
4142:Archived
3628:cite web
3586:euronews
3540:Archived
3475:Archived
3402:Archived
3331:(2004).
3157:Panthays
2554:states.)
2547:12 March
2476:Archived
2465:Archived
2219:See also
2178:Identity
1946:Language
1903:Xinjiang
1837:Red Army
1706:Ивановка
1652:Милянфан
1296:Masanchi
1231:Masanchi
1176:Masanchi
1054:Orenburg
1042:ethnonym
993:dunganin
980:") into
852:حُوِ ذَو
842:Дунганзў
721:Taranchi
681:Masanchi
637:Xinjiang
534:Ysyk-Köl
415:Religion
328:Mongolia
9690:Agrzhan
9669:Qaratay
9659:Korlaks
9599:Yazidis
9589:Uyghurs
9530:Slovaks
9486:Pamiris
9405:Kurmanj
9373:Koreans
9359:Kazakhs
9339:Indians
9289:Germans
9255:Ingiloy
9185:Dungans
9155:Britons
9106:Afghans
9012:Lezgins
8987:Kaitags
8981:Dargins
8947:Karatas
8940:Hunzibs
8933:Hinukhs
8905:Bezhtas
8856:Abazins
8833:Teleuts
8747:Siberia
8665:Votians
8612:Selkups
8557:Koryaks
8522:Dolgans
8517:Chuvans
8512:Chulyms
8485:peoples
8426:Udmurts
8318:Mokshas
8231:Abugach
8224:Koibals
8203:Kalmyks
8157:Chuvash
8152:Chukchi
8133:Buryats
8123:Balkars
8057:Titular
7941:Chinese
7919:Germans
7907:Koreans
7895:Kazakhs
7871:Uyghurs
7865:Dungans
7855:(14.3%)
7849:(71.0%)
7728:Madjars
7718:Koreans
7698:Chinese
7655:Uyghurs
7635:Germans
7617:Oralman
7607:Kazakhs
7535:Outline
7512:Uyghurs
7482:Koreans
7477:Kazakhs
7462:Germans
7440:Peoples
7349:Kazakhs
7341:Kaznet
7326:Cuisine
7289:Culture
7220:Economy
7116:Regions
7088:Zhetysu
7038:Borders
6871:Karluks
6800:History
6731:Waxiang
6651:Sangley
6644:Benteng
6605:Wenzhou
6574:Teochew
6325:Oceania
6297:Romania
6280:Eastern
6221:Ireland
6216:Hungary
6211:Germany
6194:Belgium
6187:Western
6173:Finland
6168:Denmark
6077:San Diu
6057:Vietnam
6016:Sangley
5999:Panthay
5989:Myanmar
5933:Hokkien
5869:Central
5844:Uruguay
5781:Central
5739:Toronto
5677:Jamaica
5595:Réunion
5589:Namibia
5564:Lesotho
5521:Central
5481:Senegal
5476:Nigeria
5445:Morocco
5430:Algeria
5313:Related
5283:Koreans
5260:Indians
5213:Nepalis
5183:Western
5163:Uyghurs
5064:Manchus
4955:Tai Nua
4950:Tai Lue
4923:Kra–Dai
4911:Eastern
4893:Monguor
4865:Onnigud
4853:Torghut
4843:Khoshut
4833:Dzungar
4823:Naimans
4793:Khalkha
4783:Jalaids
4773:Chahars
4768:Buryats
4763:Baarins
4742:Mongols
4731:Kangjia
4635:Gaoshan
4491:Tibetan
4470:Tibetic
4433:Qiangic
4380:Laomian
4319:Waxiang
4314:Longjia
4268:Sinitic
3865:28 June
3481:28 June
3437:11 June
3289:Shaanxi
3228:дунгане
3222:китайцы
3177:Kan-suh
3128:Urumtsi
3085:Kashgar
2666:30 July
2632:30 July
2397:. 2021.
2377:Sources
2338:Dungane
2334:Дунгане
2330:Russian
2278:حُوِ ظُ
2213:Kashgar
2089:Karakol
2065:Culture
2051:Russian
2020:Persian
2012:Russian
1994:Emperor
1980:Shaanxi
1874:曼蘇茲·王阿洪
1831:During
1797:Karakol
1757:Chinese
1710:Chinese
1690:10,000
1664:Chinese
1636:12,000
1625:Bishkek
1607:Chinese
1603:Сокулук
1594:Sokuluk
1579:Karakol
1520:Chinese
1460:Chinese
1415:Sortobe
1375:Chinese
1371:Щёртюбе
1363:Шортюбе
1359:Russian
1355:Sortobe
1346:Sortobe
1336:(白彦虎).
1330:Shaanxi
1256:Chinese
1248:Масаншы
1240:Масанчи
1236:Russian
1184:Chinese
1168:Russian
1160:Chinese
1152:Russian
1104:Ottoman
1086:Qinghai
1082:Ningxia
1078:Shaanxi
1074:Tungani
1058:Yarkand
989:dungane
970:Qinghai
956:master
907:Chinese
889:Дунгане
883:Russian
733:Bishkek
729:Sokuluk
673:Shaanxi
666:Karakol
658:Russian
605:Shaanxi
585:Kashgar
570:Khoqand
563:Bukhara
554:Kashgar
540:In the
506:Karakol
491:History
396:Russian
368:Ukraine
111:175,782
99:Sortobe
9751:Dungan
9710:Muroma
9644:Buzava
9584:Uzbeks
9559:Tajiks
9545:Swedes
9520:Rusyns
9413:Kyrgyz
9310:Greeks
9237:Gagauz
9232:French
9180:Czechs
9175:Cubans
9101:Abkhaz
9048:Talysh
9038:Rutuls
9017:Nogais
9002:Kumyks
8961:Tindis
8891:Archis
8861:Aghuls
8779:Soyots
8717:Orochs
8712:Nivkhs
8683:Evenks
8627:Yupiks
8593:Nenets
8588:Naukan
8575:Karaga
8552:Khanty
8542:Kereks
8502:Aleuts
8473:Yakuts
8436:Tatars
8412:Tuvans
8404:Pomors
8353:Digors
8333:Nenets
8325:Erzyas
8241:Khanty
8218:Khakas
8193:Ingush
8175:Ademey
8067:Adyghe
7946:Greeks
7921:(0.2%)
7915:(0.3%)
7909:(0.3%)
7903:(0.4%)
7897:(0.6%)
7891:(0.6%)
7889:Tatars
7885:(0.7%)
7879:(0.9%)
7877:Tajiks
7873:(0.9%)
7867:(1.1%)
7861:(7.8%)
7853:Uzbeks
7847:Kyrgyz
7708:Greeks
7703:Dungan
7667:Uzbeks
7645:Tatars
7497:Tatars
7467:Greeks
7457:Dungan
7421:Health
7306:Anthem
7262:Tenge
6988:Postal
6820:Kangju
6790:
6744:Kokang
6726:Tunbao
6525:Dungan
6349:Hawaii
6312:Turkey
6307:Serbia
6302:Russia
6243:London
6199:France
6178:Sweden
6154:Europe
6136:Turkey
6131:Israel
5994:Kokang
5923:Brunei
5829:Guyana
5819:Brazil
5798:Panama
5746:Mexico
5710:Canada
5667:Guyana
5652:Belize
5618:Zambia
5574:Malawi
5554:Angola
5512:Uganda
5416:Africa
5299:Nivkhs
5248:Others
5239:Wakhis
5170:Uzbeks
5157:Tuvans
5137:Kyrgyz
5130:Kazakh
5096:Turkic
5078:Oroqen
5050:Evenks
5030:Zhuang
5002:Qabiao
4984:Maonan
4938:Buyang
4932:Bouyei
4828:Oirats
4788:Jaruud
4778:Gorlos
4758:Aohans
4736:Khatso
4641:Utsuls
4596:Ta'ang
4521:Jingpo
4514:Derung
4501:Others
4485:Sherpa
4385:Laopin
4368:Kucong
4338:Achang
4283:Caijia
4131:
4103:
4060:
4022:
3988:
3954:
3920:
3806:
3772:
3738:
3679:
3513:
3428:
3373:
3341:
3311:
3279:
3209:347514
3207:
3165:Yunnan
3147:", in
3130:, and
3124:Guchen
3120:Barkul
3028:
2980:
2946:
2891:
2852:
2813:
2740:
2697:
2657:
2623:
2354:Kazakh
2342:Kyrgyz
2311::
2301::
2299:pinyin
2293::
2285::
2256:Dungan
2117:mullah
2055:Kyrgyz
2024:Turkic
2016:Arabic
2008:ya-min
1880::
1878:pinyin
1872::
1866:子)·王阿洪
1858::
1793:Tokmok
1773:Turpan
1759::
1749:Kyrgyz
1736:1,500
1712::
1702:Kyrgyz
1666::
1656:Dungan
1648:Kyrgyz
1609::
1599:Kyrgyz
1587:2,800
1522::
1512:Dungan
1504:Kyrgyz
1484:3,000
1464:加爾帕克秋白
1462::
1452:Kazakh
1442:9,000
1377::
1367:Dungan
1351:Kazakh
1319:Tokmok
1258::
1244:Kazakh
1186::
1172:Иньпан
1162::
1100:Khitay
1015::
1013:pinyin
1007::
999::
982:Sufism
943:Turkic
920:Dungan
909::
862:Huejzw
840:Хуэйзў
836:Dungan
725:Uyghur
697:Akhund
689:Tokmak
633:Turpan
613:queues
609:queues
601:Tajiks
597:Kokand
550:Kuldja
530:oblast
522:Kyrgyz
481:Russia
453:Muslim
445:Dungan
406:Kyrgyz
401:Kazakh
384:Dungan
365:
345:
325:
305:
286:
267:
248:
232:Moscow
229:
210:
191:
172:Russia
169:
158:74,409
148:
137:76,573
127:
9715:Merya
9705:Kotts
9695:Asans
9629:Ainus
9569:Turks
9525:Serbs
9496:Poles
9462:Mugat
9399:Kurds
9316:Urums
9276:Svans
9204:Finns
9196:Setos
9116:Arabs
9068:Other
8884:Andis
8871:Avars
8765:Shors
8737:Ulchs
8732:Udege
8722:Oroks
8702:Nanai
8697:Evens
8655:Setos
8617:Yughs
8583:Mansi
8568:Apuka
8527:Enets
8360:Irons
8297:]
8283:]
8265:Mansi
7988:Islam
7966:Lyuli
7956:Poles
7883:Turks
7748:Turks
7733:Poles
7723:Kurds
7542:Index
7502:Turks
7487:Poles
7431:Women
7389:Y-DNA
7369:Sport
7359:Music
7354:Media
6825:Wusun
6709:Tanka
6697:]
6685:]
6673:Hoklo
6668:]
6586:]
6552:Hoklo
6476:Hakka
6374:Tonga
6369:Samoa
6354:Palau
6271:Spain
6261:Italy
6204:Paris
6100:India
6088:South
6004:Pashu
5902:Korea
5897:Japan
5824:Chile
5807:South
5702:North
5672:Haiti
5502:Kenya
5466:Ghana
5440:Libya
5435:Egypt
5423:North
5337:Minzu
5218:Daman
5177:Yugur
5151:Tatar
5144:Salar
5114:Dolan
5085:Sibes
5071:Nanai
5056:Solon
4996:Mulao
4970:Gelao
4905:Yugur
4880:Sunud
4870:Ordos
4838:Khoid
4748:Abaga
4706:Bonan
4671:Hmong
4659:Gejia
4590:Pakan
4570:Kunge
4565:Bolyu
4559:Blang
4535:Tujia
4528:Lhoba
4479:Monpa
4459:Qiang
4441:Baima
4403:Nakhi
4397:Mosuo
3363:(PDF)
3216:China
3132:Manas
3116:Hamil
3096:Times
3077:taifu
2577:(PDF)
2570:(PDF)
2268:Huizu
2243:Notes
2168:halal
2137:opium
2121:dower
2105:snuff
2101:opium
2003:yamen
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1825:Hotan
1823:, in
1714:伊萬諾夫卡
1560:Yrdyk
1516:Эрдэх
1508:Ырдык
1499:Yrdyk
1478:Taraz
1090:Islam
978:ulema
932:Gansu
924:döñän
868:Hanzi
717:Kulja
662:Ирдык
653:ahong
578:Khoja
353:1,900
333:5,300
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8547:Kets
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7472:Jews
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7330:wine
7184:LGBT
6846:Tele
6830:Huns
6815:Saka
6632:Nùng
6344:Fiji
6126:Iran
6119:West
6072:Nùng
6067:Ngái
5967:Laos
5890:East
5862:Asia
5834:Peru
5657:Cuba
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5454:West
5270:Jews
5109:Äynu
5024:Yang
5012:Shan
4990:Nùng
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4508:Deng
4452:Pumi
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4349:Bisu
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4129:ISBN
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4020:ISBN
3999:2010
3986:ISBN
3965:2010
3952:ISBN
3931:2010
3918:ISBN
3881:link
3867:2010
3842:2011
3817:2011
3804:ISBN
3783:2011
3770:ISBN
3749:2011
3736:ISBN
3715:2011
3690:2011
3677:ISBN
3658:–10.
3634:link
3620:2009
3594:2020
3568:2020
3524:2020
3511:ISBN
3483:2010
3439:2011
3426:ISBN
3382:2020
3371:ISSN
3339:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3277:ISBN
3205:OCLC
3105:The
3093:. A
3026:ISBN
2978:ISBN
2957:2010
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2902:2010
2889:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2824:2010
2811:ISBN
2751:2010
2738:ISBN
2708:2010
2695:ISBN
2668:2010
2655:ISBN
2634:2010
2621:ISBN
2585:2014
2549:2020
2508:2012
2421:2019
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1960:and
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