88:
451:
70:
37:
331:
310:
in 1941, the East River Column grew from a few hundred to more than 6,000 soldiers. New recruits were motivated by anger at KMT desertions in the lead-up to the battle, and often armed themselves with abandoned KMT weapons. For the next four years the East River Column mounted the only fortified
405:
to surrender to Zeng and the East River Column. This was ignored at the behest of the United States and Chiang Kai-Shek, and
Japanese troops remained in position until relieved by non-Communist forces. The Nationalists failed to dislodge the 3,000 guerrillas of the East River Column with a
370:. In December 1943 the East River guerillas absorbed the HK-Kowloon Brigade into the larger unit. In 1943 the East River Column was engaged in a multi-sided war against the Japanese, the KMT's 187th Division, KMT-aligned bandits, and units of
281:. Both groups started with a core of educated radicals and militant members of the Seaman's Union but successfully focused their recruitment efforts on the peasantry. The two forces were merged in 1939. As part of the
305:
and resume operations against the
Japanese. He also formally designated the unit as âthe Guangdong Peopleâs Anti-Japanese Guerrillas East River Column". The guerrillas followed orders and returned westwards. When
285:
policy, the guerrillas nominally served under the KMT's 4th War Area until March 1940, when local KMT General Xiang
Hanping launched an attack on them for refusing to disband. The 108 survivors fled to
434:
to
Shandong. This was the only time when the US Navy transported Chinese Communist soldiers. On 1 August 1947 the East River Column was reorganized and designated as the Guangdong-Guangxi Column of
494:. The Guangdong Memorial Hall of the East River Column was built to preserve the history of the unit, and exhibits of related artefacts feature prominently in other local museums. In 1998,
262:
210:. They played a major role in Chinese resistance against Japanese occupation, and remain an important part of local historical traditions about the war and the subsequent
410:, New Sixth Army, Forty-fifth, Sixty-third, Sixty-fourth, and Sixty-fifth Armies. The Communists continued to successfully harass Nationalist units moving along the
998:
374:'s collaborationist regime. Despite this strong opposition, by 1944 they controlled a significant amount of territory known as the Guangdong Base Area, from
538:
Sources disagree on the exact size of the unit before the battle of Hong Kong. Chan places it at 500, while
Courtauld, et al. cite a figure of 200.
746:
266:
246:
144:
470:, the East River Column became part of the revolutionary legend in Hong Kong and Guangdong. It was featured in the 1997 adventure novel
939:
347:
418:. The resulting stalemate was resolved when the Americans, who was at the time were hoping to broker a peace in China via the
253:
defector who had been organizing in
Dongguan since January. The latter was created in November when CCP Southern Bureau Chief
293:
The decision to flee eastward and away from the front lines against Japan was strongly criticized by CCP party leadership in
1039:
17:
354:, Hong Kong. Commander Choi Kwok-Leung and Political Commissar Chan Tat-Ming led a force of about 400 men armed with 30
1104:
1099:
1070:
1028:
978:
802:
75:
430:. After lengthy negotiations, both sides agreed, and the Column was loaded onto US Navy vessels and escorted by the
1094:
312:
1089:
885:
358:
and several hundred rifles left by defeated
British forces. The guerrillas rescued around twenty to twenty-five
184:
940:"Anti-Japanese War Heroes : An Exhibition on the Hong Kong Independent Battalion of the Dongjiang Column"
176:
495:
467:
415:
211:
250:
1062:
794:
739:
411:
245:
Peopleâs Anti-Japanese
Guerrillas. The former was founded in October 1938 by around thirty men led by
486:
472:
320:
914:
402:
207:
743:
192:
91:
87:
362:
pilots who parachuted into
Kowloon when their planes were shot down by the Japanese, including
359:
915:"LCQ7: Preserving the historical information and memorial facilities of the War of Resistance"
8:
502:
431:
363:
346:
Independent
Brigade of the East River Column was established on February 3, 1942, at the
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367:
242:
42:
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1024:
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added the names of the members of the HK-Kowloon Brigade to the memorial shrine at
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239:
223:
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383:
324:
287:
36:
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919:
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Press Releases
498:
254:
791:
The great difference: Hong Kong's New Territories and its people, 1898â2004
477:
407:
371:
355:
643:
1059:
East River Column: Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After
582:
580:
578:
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572:
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298:
258:
156:
134:
315:. They killed Chinese collaborators, protected traders in Kowloon and
567:
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278:
203:
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455:
427:
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235:
46:
884:
Ho, Denise Y. (2020). O'Donnell, Mary Ann; Bach, Jonathan (eds.).
330:
491:
343:
234:
The East River Column had its origins in two separate units, the
219:
423:
422:, offered to transport the East River Column to Communist-held
394:
1041:
American Naval Involvement in the Chinese Civil War, 1945-149
1019:
Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Vickers, Simon (1997).
215:
865:
853:
222:
vessels, done as part of the peace negotiations led by the
1018:
816:
814:
684:
682:
649:
586:
297:. In a message sent on May 8 but not received until June,
767:
218:
for being the only Chinese Communist unit transported on
811:
679:
277:. The People's Guerrillas included the future war hero
1000:
A History of the Modern Chinese Revolution (1919-1956)
655:
604:
592:
709:
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843:
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557:
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238:Model Able-bodied Young Men Guerrilla Team and the
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721:
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838:
826:
616:
552:
41:Soldiers of the East River Column disembark from
1081:
273:officer) to begin guerrilla operations north of
454:Part of the East River Column Memorial Hall in
1006:. Calcutta: Manika Barua Books and Periodicals
946:. Leisure and Cultural Services Department
406:encirclement campaign, which included the
35:
990:Hong Kong's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Force
744:Rosary Mission Centre, No. 1 Wong Mo Ying
1037:
871:
859:
820:
688:
661:
650:Courtauld, Holdsworth & Vickers 1997
598:
587:Courtauld, Holdsworth & Vickers 1997
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334:The East River Column on the march near
329:
301:ordered Zeng and Wang to return to the
269:(Hong Kong Propaganda Chief and former
66:
14:
1082:
968:
785:
779:
773:
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973:. Hong Kong: I.B.Tauris Publishing.
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727:
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610:
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944:Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defense
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214:. They are also notable outside of
24:
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25:
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313:Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong
86:
68:
1038:Houchins, Lee Stretton (1971).
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742:. Historic Building Appraisal.
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257:ordered 60 men under Commander
191:) was a unit of anti-Japanese
188:
180:
13:
1:
1044:(Thesis). American University
992:. Hong Kong: Universal Press.
971:A Modern History of Hong Kong
545:
468:Chinese Communist Revolution
7:
1023:. Oxford University Press.
508:
397:ordered Commander-in-Chief
251:National Revolutionary Army
249:. Wang was a Communist and
10:
1121:
1063:Hong Kong University Press
886:"The Border as Palimpsest"
795:Hong Kong University Press
740:Antiquities Advisory Board
265:) and Political Commissar
261:(Secretary-General of the
229:
1105:Hong Kong in World War II
473:Music on the Bamboo Radio
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308:the war reached Hong Kong
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1100:Second Sino-Japanese War
1057:Chan, Sui-jeung (2009).
525:
480:, and the award-winning
416:Chaochow-Swatow Railways
403:China Expeditionary Army
321:police station at Tai Po
263:Hong Kong Seamenâs Union
208:Second Sino-Japanese War
1095:Guerrilla organizations
311:resistance against the
92:Chinese Communist Party
1090:Groups of World War II
466:After the war and the
463:
339:
997:Ho, Kan-chih (1977).
988:Chen, Daming (2000).
969:Tsang, Steve (2007).
453:
440:East China Field Army
348:Rosary Mission Centre
333:
776:, pp. 122, 129.
212:Communist Revolution
1021:The Hong Kong Story
613:, pp. 157â158.
503:Hong Kong City Hall
393:on 15 August 1945,
283:Second United Front
185:traditional Chinese
101:Army Light Infantry
18:Dongjiang Guerrilla
874:, p. 198-202.
862:, p. 196-197.
749:2020-10-12 at the
487:Our Time Will Come
464:
368:Sir Douglas Clague
342:The Hong Kong and
340:
177:simplified Chinese
43:United States Navy
718:, pp. 27â28.
652:, pp. 54â58.
520:Eighth Route Army
391:Japan surrendered
303:Pearl River Delta
271:Northeastern Army
198:that operated in
169:East River Column
162:
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30:East River Column
16:(Redirected from
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420:Marshall Mission
364:Sir Lindsay Ride
224:Marshall Mission
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173:Dongjiang Column
109:Guerilla warfare
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386:in the west.
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893:Made in China
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804:9789622097940
800:
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764:, p. 85.
763:
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689:Houchins 1971
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662:Houchins 1971
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1046:. Retrieved
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1008:. Retrieved
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963:Bibliography
948:. Retrieved
943:
934:
922:. Retrieved
918:
909:
897:. Retrieved
892:
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787:Hayes, James
781:
769:
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490:directed by
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478:Martin Booth
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408:New 1st Army
388:
372:Wang Jingwei
356:machine guns
341:
292:
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172:
168:
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121:3,000 (1945)
118:
267:Zhou Boming
247:Wang Zuorao
206:during the
145:Wang Zuorao
117:600 (1939)
45:vessels in
1084:Categories
1048:8 November
1010:8 November
950:9 November
924:9 November
899:9 November
774:Tsang 2007
546:References
432:USS George
299:Zhou Enlai
259:Zeng Sheng
196:guerrillas
157:Liu Tianfu
153:commanders
135:Zeng Sheng
126:Commanders
83:Allegiance
762:Chan 2009
728:Chan 2009
716:Chan 2009
704:Chan 2009
674:Chan 2009
638:Chan 2009
626:Chan 2009
611:Chan 2009
562:Chan 2009
460:Guangdong
336:Hong Kong
317:Guangzhou
279:Yuan Geng
204:Hong Kong
200:Guangdong
193:Communist
131:Commander
789:(2006).
747:Archived
509:See also
482:New Wave
456:Dongguan
428:Shandong
352:Sai Kung
275:Shenzhen
236:Dongguan
47:Shandong
848:Ho 1977
833:Ho 1977
492:Ann Hui
436:Chen Yi
401:of the
380:Sanshui
376:Huiyang
344:Kowloon
338:, 1945.
288:Shishan
240:Huiyang
230:History
220:US Navy
151:Notable
63:Country
55:Founded
49:, 1945.
1069:
1027:
977:
801:
446:Legacy
424:Yantai
395:Zhu De
384:Xinhui
360:Allied
295:Yan'an
243:Baoâan
187::
179::
73:
1004:(PDF)
889:(PDF)
526:Notes
484:film
389:When
216:China
76:China
1067:ISBN
1050:2022
1025:ISBN
1012:2022
975:ISBN
952:2022
926:2022
901:2022
895:: 96
799:ISBN
414:and
382:and
366:and
202:and
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181:äžæ±çș”é
167:The
114:Size
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98:Type
476:by
438:'s
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171:or
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175:(
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