Domestic violence - Knowledge

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relationships are more likely than their male counterparts to report perpetrating IPV. Ely et al. stated that, unlike domestic violence in general, equal rates of IPV perpetration is a unique characteristic with regard to adolescent dating violence, and that this is "perhaps because the period of adolescence, a special developmental state, is accompanied by sexual characteristics that are distinctly different from the characteristics of adult." Wekerle and Wolfe theorized that "a mutually coercive and violent dynamic may form during adolescence, a time when males and females are more equal on a physical level" and that this "physical equality allows girls to assert more power through physical violence than is possible for an adult female attacked by a fully physically mature man." Sherry Hamby stated that horseplay and joking among adolescents and young adults is common and that "a small but growing body of research indicates that females may be more likely to include this sort of joking around in responses to IPV questionnaires than males", leading to an apparent gender parity in some studies.

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threaten with weapons. Males are also more likely to use sexual aggression, although both genders are equally likely to pressure their partner into sexual activities. In addition, females are four times more likely to respond as having experienced rape and are more likely to suffer fatal injuries inflicted by their partner, or to need psychological help as a result of the abuse. Females are more likely to consider IPV a serious problem than are their male counterparts, who are more likely to disregard female-perpetrated IPV. Along with form, motivations for violence also vary by gender: females are likely to perpetrate violence in self-defense, while males are likely to perpetrate violence to exert power or control. The self-defense aspect is supported by findings that previous victimization is a stronger predictor of perpetration in females than in males. Other research indicates that boys who have been abused in childhood by a family member are more prone to IPV perpetration, while girls who have been abused in childhood by a family member are prone to lack empathy and

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part by the fact that domestic violence victims are typically abused in a variety of situations and by a variety of means. For example, victims are sometimes beaten after they have been sleeping or have been separated from the batterer, and often the abuse takes on a financial or emotional form in addition to physical abuse. Supporters of non-subordination theory use these examples to dispel the notion that battering is always the result of heat of the moment anger or intense arguments occur. Also, batterers often employ manipulative and deliberate tactics when abusing their victims, which can "range from searching for and destroying a treasured object of hers to striking her in areas of her body that do not show bruises (e.g. her scalp) or in areas where she would be embarrassed to show others her bruises." These behaviors can be even more useful to a batterer when the batterer and the victim share children, because the batterer often controls the family's financial assets, making the victim less likely to leave if it would put her children at risk.

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Sexual Violence Survey and report that 44% of lesbian women, 61% of bisexual women, and 35% of heterosexual women have experienced domestic violence in their lifetime. This same report states that 26% of gay men, 37% of bisexual men, and 29% of heterosexual men have experienced domestic violence in their lifetime. A 2013 study showed that 40.4% of self-identified lesbians and 56.9% of bisexual women have reported being victims of partner violence. In 2014, national surveys indicated that anywhere from 25 to 50% of gay and bisexual males have experienced physical violence from a partner. Some sources indicate that gay and lesbian couples experience domestic violence at the same frequency as heterosexual couples, while other state that domestic violence among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals might be higher than among heterosexual individuals, that gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals are less likely to report domestic violence that has occurred in their intimate relationships than heterosexual couples are, or that

2238: 1272:. This publication urged countries around the world to treat domestic violence as a criminal act, stated that the right to a private family life does not include the right to abuse family members, and acknowledged that, at the time of its writing, most legal systems considered domestic violence to be largely outside the scope of the law, describing the situation at that time as follows: "Physical discipline of children is allowed and, indeed, encouraged in many legal systems and a large number of countries allow moderate physical chastisement of a wife or, if they do not do so now, have done so within the last 100 years. Again, most legal systems fail to criminalize circumstances where a wife is forced to have sexual relations with her husband against her will. ... Indeed, in the case of violence against wives, there is a widespread belief that women provoke, can tolerate or even enjoy a certain level of violence from their spouses." 2114:, also points to separation assault – a phenomenon where a batterer further assaults a victim who is attempting or has attempted to leave an abusive relationship – as additional evidence that DV is used to subordinate victims to their batterers. A batterer's unwillingness to allow the victim to leave the relationship substantiates the idea that violence is being used to force the victim to continue to fulfill the batterer's wishes that she obey him. Non-subordination theorists argue that all of these actions – the variety of abusive behaviors and settings, exploiting the victim's children, and assault upon separation – suggest a larger problem than merely an inability to properly manage anger, though anger may be a byproduct of these behaviors. The purpose of these actions is to keep the victim, and sometimes the entire family, subordinate to the batterer, according to non-subordination theory. 2199: 2023: 2249:, one of the difficulties of dealing legally with the issue of domestic violence is that men in many male-dominated societies do not understand that inflicting violence against their wives is against the law. She said, referring to a case that occurred in Bulgaria, "A husband was tried for severely beating his wife and when the judge asked him if he understood what he did and if he's sorry, the husband said 'But she's my wife'. He doesn't even understand that he has no right to beat her." The UN Population Fund writes that: "In some developing countries, practices that subjugate and harm women – such as wife-beating, killings in the name of honour, female genital mutilation/cutting and dowry deaths – are condoned as being part of the natural order of things". 2459:

in the twenty-first century some countries are condoning child marriage and marital rape while others are outlawing abortion, sex outside marriage and same-sex sexual activity – even punishable by death." According to WHO, "one of the most common forms of violence against women is that performed by a husband or male partner." The WHO notes that such violence is often ignored because often "legal systems and cultural norms do not treat as a crime, but rather as a 'private' family matter, or a normal part of life." The criminalization of adultery has been cited as inciting violence against women, as these prohibitions are often meant, in law or in practice, to control women's and not men's behavior; and are used to rationalize acts of violence against women.

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reluctant to get help for various reasons. One study investigated whether women who assaulted their male partners were more likely to avoid arrest even when the male contacts police, and found that, "police are particularly unlikely to arrest women who assault their male partners." The reason being that they "assume that the man can protect himself from his female partner and that a woman's violence is not dangerous unless she assaults someone other than her partner". Another study concluded there is "some support for qualitative research suggesting that court personnel are responsive to the gendered asymmetry of intimate partner violence, and may view female intimate violence perpetrators more as victims than offenders."

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group format, one or two hours per week, over a set time period. Programme facilitators guide participants through a curriculum of adult education-style modules, which draw on a variety of therapeutic approaches, but predominantly cognitive behavioural therapy and psycho-education. A debate on the effectiveness of these programmes is ongoing. While some partners and ex-partners of offenders have experienced improvements in their situation, others have not, and there also appears to be a risk of doing harm. Along with using group work, there are other approaches that incorporate individual and conjoint conversations to help stop the violence and restore the victims' safety and respect.

4362:, and encountering supportive services that are targeted, or structured for the needs of heterosexual women, and may not meet the needs of gay men or lesbians. This service structure can make LGBTQ victims feel even more isolated and misunderstood than they may already because of their minority status. Lehman, however, stated that "due to the limited number of returned responses and non-random sampling methodology the findings of this work are not generalizable beyond the sample" of 32 initial respondents and final 10 who completed the more in-depth survey. Particularly, sexual stressors and an HIV/AIDS status have emerged as significant differences in same-sex partner violence. 4346:. A 1997 Canadian study by Mark W. Lehman suggests similarities include frequency (approximately one in every four couples); manifestations (emotional, physical, financial, etc.); co-existent situations (unemployment, substance abuse, low self-esteem); victims' reactions (fear, feelings of helplessness, hypervigilance); and reasons for staying (love, can work it out, things will change, denial). Studies conducted by Emory University in 2014 identified 24 triggers for partner violence through web-based surveys, ranging from drugs and alcohol to safe-sex discussions. A general theme of power and control seems to underlie abuse in both heterosexual and homosexual relationships. 2191: 2670: 2218:, "globally, wife-beating is seen as justified in some circumstances by a majority of the population in various countries, most commonly in situations of actual or suspected infidelity by wives or their 'disobedience' toward a husband or partner." These violent acts against a wife are often not considered a form of abuse by society (both men and women) but are considered to have been provoked by the behavior of the wife, who is seen as being at fault. In many places extreme acts such as honor killings are also approved by a high section of the society. In one survey, 33.4% of teenagers in Jordan's capital city, 4254: 2852:; they are typically denied access to desired occupations. Abusive partners may limit occupations and create an occupationally void environment which reinforces feelings of low self-worth and poor self-efficacy in their ability to satisfactorily perform everyday tasks. In addition, work is impacted by functional losses, an inability to maintain necessary employment skills, and an inability to function within the work place. Often, the victims are very isolated from other relationships as well such as having few to no friends, this is another method of control for the abuser. 2768:

power distributions..." Of those who reported violence in the study, about 50% reported forced sexual experiences, of which only half reported the use of safe sex measures. Barriers to safer sex included fear of abuse, and deception in safe-sex practices. Heintz and Melendez's research ultimately concluded that sexual assault/abuse in same-sex relationships provides a major concern for HIV/AIDS infection as it decreases instances of safe-sex. Furthermore, these incidents create additional fear and stigma surrounding safe-sex conversations and knowing one's STD status.

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helping the client to recognize dangerous behaviors and more subtle abuse in their relationship. In a study of victims of domestic violence-related attempted homicide, only about one-half of the participants recognized that their perpetrator was capable of killing them, as many domestic violence victims minimize the true seriousness of their situation. Another important component is safety planning, which allows the victim to plan for dangerous situations they may encounter, and is effective regardless of their decision on whether they remain with their perpetrator.

3931:. The review also found that 70% of female victims in one study were "very frightened" in response to IPV from their partners, but 85% of male victims reported "no fear", and that IPV mediated the satisfaction of the relationship for women but not for men. Hamberger's review in 2005 found that men tend to respond to female partner-initiated IPV with laughter and amusement. Researchers report that male violence causes great fear, "fear is the force that provides battering with its power" and "injuries help sustain the fear." A 2013 review examined studies from five 1867:

parents-in-law: with the arrival of the daughter-in-law in the family, the mother-in-law's status is elevated and she now has (often for the first time in her life) substantial power over someone else, and "this family system itself tends to produce a cycle of violence in which the formerly abused bride becomes the abusing mother-in-law to her new daughter-in-law". Amnesty International writes that, in Tajikistan, "it is almost an initiation ritual for the mother-in-law to put her daughter-in-law through the same torments she went through herself as a young wife."

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number of victims are female. The sheer number of domestic violence victims in the US suggests that it is not merely the result of intimate partners who cannot control their anger. Non-subordination theory contends that it is the batterer's desire to subordinate the victim, not his uncountainable anger, which explains the frequency of domestic violence. Non-subordination theorists argue that other forms of feminist legal theory do not offer any explanation for the phenomenon of domestic violence generally or the frequency with which it occurs.

3790: 3223: 1276: 3685: 3139: 1595: 2442:), marriages are prearranged, often as soon as a girl is born; the idea of a girl going against the wishes of her family and choosing herself her own future husband is not socially accepted – there is no need to use threats or violence to force the marriage, the future bride will submit because she simply has no other choice. As in the case of child marriage, the customs of dowry and bride price contribute to this phenomenon. A child marriage is a marriage where one or both parties are younger than 18. 3202: 1307:, these forms of violence. At para 219, it states: "There are many examples from past practice in Council of Europe member states that show that exceptions to the prosecution of such cases were made, either in law or in practice, if victim and perpetrator were, for example, married to each other or had been in a relationship. The most prominent example is rape within marriage, which for a long time had not been recognised as rape because of the relationship between victim and perpetrator." 1214:. Procedures were informal and off the record, and no legal guidance specified the standard of proof or degree of violence which would suffice for a conviction. The two typical sentences were forcing a husband to post bond, or forcing him to stake pledges from his associates to guarantee good behavior in the future. Beatings could also be formally charged as assault, although such prosecutions were rare and save for cases of severe injury or death, sentences were typically small fines. 1236:, changes in the legal system placed greater power in the hands of precedent-setting state courts rather than local justices. Many states transferred jurisdiction in divorce cases from their legislatures to their judicial system, and the legal recourse available to battered women increasingly became divorce on grounds of cruelty and suing for assault. This placed a greater burden of proof on the woman, as she needed to demonstrate to a court that her life was at risk. In 1824, the 3601: 3244: 3076: 23348: 2819:, and avoidance of triggers that are associated with the abuse. Studies have indicated that it is important to consider the effect of domestic violence and its psychophysiologic sequelae on women who are mothers of infants and young children. Several studies have shown that maternal interpersonal violence-related PTSD can, despite a traumatized mother's best efforts, interfere with their child's response to the domestic violence and other traumatic events. 3055: 2146: 3454: 3811: 3328: 23358: 2485:

expected to sacrifice almost completely their own interests in favor of the interests of the family as a whole. What is viewed as an undue expression of personal autonomy is condemned as unacceptable. In these cultures the family predominates over the individual, and where this interacts with cultures of honor, individualistic choice that may damage the family reputation in the community may result in extreme punishment, such as honor killings.

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culmination of other abusive behavior, such as threats, intimidation, and restriction of victim self-determination through isolation, manipulation and other limitations of personal freedom. Denying medical care, sleep deprivation, and forced drug or alcohol use, are also forms of physical abuse. It can also include inflicting physical injury onto other targets, such as children or pets, in order to cause emotional harm to the victim.

3517: 3433: 3349: 3097: 3643: 3496: 1648:) are threats or acts of violence against a partner's reproductive rights, health and decision-making; and includes a collection of behaviors intended to pressure or coerce a partner into becoming pregnant or ending a pregnancy. Reproductive coercion is associated with forced sex, fear of or inability to make a contraceptive decision, fear of violence after refusing sex, and abusive partner interference with access to healthcare. 1255:, during the 19th century, led to changes in both popular opinion and legislation regarding domestic violence within the UK, the US, and other countries. In 1850, Tennessee became the first state in the US to explicitly outlaw wife beating. Other states soon followed. In 1871, the tide of legal opinion began to turn against the idea of a right to wife-beating, as courts in Massachusetts and Alabama reversed the precedent set in 2950:

domestic violence against women is most common in Central Sub-Saharan Africa, Western Sub-Saharan Africa, Andean Latin America, South Asia, Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, Northern Africa and the Middle East. The lowest prevalence of domestic violence against women is found in Western Europe, East Asia and North America. In diverse countries there are often ethnic and racial differences in victimization and use of services. In the

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domestic violence in order to reinforce gender norms within the family. In divorce and criminal domestic violence cases, judges would levy harsh punishments against male perpetrators, but when the gender roles were reversed they would often give little to no punishment to female perpetrators. By the early 20th century, it was common for police to intervene in cases of domestic violence in the US, but arrests remained rare.

3622: 3947:. For instance, in 2010, the United Arab Emirates's Supreme Court ruled that a man has the right to physically discipline his wife and children as long as he does not leave physical marks. The social acceptability of domestic violence also differs by country. While in most developed countries domestic violence is considered unacceptable by most people, in many regions of the world the views are different: according to a 3904:

for attention, or as a response to their partner's violence. It also stated that while self-defense and retaliation were common motivations, distinguishing between self-defense and retaliation was difficult. Another review found than men and women commit equal levels of physical or psychological aggression, and men are more likely to commit sexual abuse, coercive control and stalking. Another Family violence research by

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physical, sexual or emotional abuse. In parts of the world where women depend on husbands' income in order to survive (due to lack of opportunities for female employment and lack of state welfare) economic abuse can have very severe consequences. Abusive relations have been associated with malnutrition among both mothers and children. In India, for example, the withholding of food is a documented form of family abuse.

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stress. Families and couples in poverty may be more likely to experience domestic violence, due to increased stress and conflicts about finances and other aspects. Some speculate that poverty may hinder a man's ability to live up to his idea of successful manhood, thus he fears losing honor and respect. A theory suggests that when he is unable to economically support his wife, and maintain control, he may turn to

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also that both men and women use IPV for coercive control. Coercive control is when one person uses a variety of IPV tactics to control and dominate the other, with little empathy; victims often resist with physical violence. It is generally perpetrated by men against women, and is the most likely of the types to cause trauma bonding and require medical services. A 2011 review by researcher Chan Ko Ling from the

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available and puts victims at more risk for domestic abuse. States that have implemented mandatory arrest laws have 60% higher homicide rates which have been shown to be consistent with the decline in reporting rates. Advocates of these policies contend that the criminal justice system is sometimes the only way to reach victims of domestic violence, and that if an offender knows he will be arrested, it will

2450:"Over 67 million women 20–24 year old in 2010 had been married as girls, half of which were in Asia, and one-fifth in Africa." The UN Population Fund says that, "In the next decade 14.2 million girls under 18 will be married every year; this translates into 39,000 girls married each day and this will rise to an average of 15.1 million girls a year, starting in 2021 until 2030, if present trends continue." 1633:, or sexual contact between a related adult and a child, is one form of familial sexual violence. In some cultures, there are ritualized forms of child sexual abuse taking place with the knowledge and consent of the family, where the child is induced to engage in sexual acts with adults, possibly in exchange for money or goods. For instance, in Malawi some parents arrange for an older man, often called a 2792:, either during or after termination of the relationship, and have a greatly increased risk of suicide. Those who are battered either emotionally or physically often are also depressed because of a feeling of worthlessness. These feelings often persist long-term and it is suggested that many receive therapy for it because of the heightened risk of suicide and other traumatic symptoms. 1299:, better known as the Istanbul Convention, is the first legally binding instrument in Europe dealing with domestic violence and violence against women. The convention seeks to put an end to the toleration, in law or in practice, of violence against women and domestic violence. In its explanatory report, it acknowledges the long tradition of European countries of ignoring, 4037:

sphere". Similarly with the DEVAW, it classifies violence against women into three categories; one of which being domestic violence – defined as violence against women which takes place "within the family, domestic unit or within any other interpersonal relationship, whether or not the perpetrator shares or has shared the same residence with the woman".

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It has been found that children who witness mother-assault are more likely to exhibit symptoms of PTSD. Consequences to these children are likely to be more severe if their assaulted mother develops PTSD and does not seek treatment due to her difficulty in assisting her child with processing his or her own experience of witnessing the domestic violence.

1415:, a woman is at higher risk to be abused or long-standing abuse may change in severity, causing negative health effects to the mother and fetus. Pregnancy can also lead to a hiatus of domestic violence when the abuser does not want to harm the unborn child. The risk of domestic violence for women who have been pregnant is greatest immediately after 2519:

English law. The researchers found that "there was certainly no awareness that there could be rape within a marriage". A study in Australia showed that among the immigrant women sampled who were abused by partners and did not report it, 16.7% did not know domestic violence was illegal, while 18.8% did not know that they could get protection.

3863:, some victims were inside their homes with their abusers. They were left without an escape during this period, which further led to underreporting. Activists in China have stated that 90% of domestic violence cases have resulted because of the lockdown. The situation is the same in several European countries struggling with the virus. 1715:. Stalking is a common form of psychological intimidation, and is most often perpetrated by former or current intimate partners. Victims tend to feel their partner has nearly total control over them, greatly affecting the power dynamic in a relationship, empowering the perpetrator, and disempowering the victim. Victims often experience 4239:; but the risks for the likelihood of IPV perpetration and victimization among adolescents vary and are not well-understood. Hamby's 2018 literature review of 33 studies, using a scale that rules out the false positives of horseplay and joking, indicates that males report perpetrating significantly more violence than females. 4404:, advocacy, and education and prevention programs. Community screening for domestic violence can be more systematic in cases of animal abuse, healthcare settings, emergency departments, behavioral health settings and court systems. Tools are being developed to facilitate domestic violence screening such as mobile apps. The 2072:

one partner is violent, which draws the effectiveness of using concepts like male privilege to treat domestic violence into question. Some modern research into predictors of injury from domestic violence suggests that the strongest predictor of injury by domestic violence is participation in reciprocal domestic violence.

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institutions can be seen in instances of discrimination, biases, and insensitivity toward sexual orientation. For example, as of 2006, seven states explicitly denied LGBT individuals the ability to apply for protective orders, proliferating ideas of LGBT subjugation, which is tied to feelings of anger and powerlessness.

2375:. In addition, the Council of Europe adopted the Istanbul Convention, which requires the states that ratify it to create and fully adjudicate laws against acts of violence previously condoned by traditional, culture, custom, in the name of honor, or to correct what is deemed unacceptable behavior. The UN created the 2287:

argue that it is the domination of men and inferior status of women in society that lead to these acts, not the religion itself. Public (such as through the media) and political discourse debating the relation between Islam, immigration, and violence against women is highly controversial in many Western countries.

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subject to societal norms and are subject to tradition so therefore are to scared to go against that tradition as they would receive backlash whereas in higher econmocially developed countries, women are more educated and therefore will not conform to those traditions which restrict their basic human rights.

16293:"Research indicates that a woman's cultural, ethnic or social background can influence patterns of accessing and utilizing social services...non-Hispanic white women were nine times more likely to use emergency services and twice as likely to use domestic violence services when compared with Hispanic women." 1846:

socialization, previous experiences in couple relationships during adolescence, and levels of strain in a person's current life. People who observe their parents abusing each other, or who were themselves abused may incorporate abuse into their behaviour within relationships that they establish as adults.

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A 1999 analysis of nineteen studies of partner abuse concluded that "research suggests that lesbians and gay men are just as likely to abuse their partners as heterosexual men." In 2011, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released the 2010 results of their National Intimate Partner and

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first defined the term in 1976 as "the killing of females by males because they are female." Femicides often occur in the context of domestic violence, such as honor killings or dowry killings. For statistical purposes, femicide is often defined as any killing of a woman. The top countries by rate of

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is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women, which has led to domination over and discrimination against women by men and to the prevention of the full advancement of women, and that violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are

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found that perpetration of minor partner violence was equal for both men and women but more severe partner violence was far likelier to be perpetrated by men. His analysis found that men were more likely to beat up, choke or strangle their partners while women were more likely to throw objects, slap,

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of domestic violence in those who experience covert forms of abuse, or have been abused by multiple partners, for long periods of time, reduces the likelihood of recognizing, and therefore reporting, domestic violence. Many organizations have made efforts to use gender-neutral terms when referring to

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Domestic violence occurs across the world, in various cultures, and affects people of all economic statuses; however, indicators of lower socioeconomic status (such as unemployment and low income) have been shown to be risk factors for higher levels of domestic violence in several studies. Worldwide,

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A 2024 study in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, which used Finnish administrative data with unique identifiers for perpetrators and victims of domestic violence, found that "women who begin relationships with (eventually) physically abusive men suffer large and significant earnings and employment

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The WHO has stated that women in abusive relations are at significantly higher risk of HIV/AIDS. WHO states that women in violent relationships have difficulty negotiating safer sex with their partners, are often forced to have sex, and find it difficult to ask for appropriate testing when they think

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The legal inability to obtain a divorce is also a factor in the proliferation of domestic violence. In some cultures where marriages are arranged between families, a woman who attempts a separation or divorce without the consent of her husband and extended family or relatives may risk being subjected

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The way the individual rights of a family member versus the rights of the family as a unit are balanced vary significantly in different societies. This may influence the degree to which a government may be willing to investigate family incidents. In some cultures, individual members of the family are

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According to a 2003 report by Human Rights Watch, "customs such as the payment of 'bride price' (payment made by a man to the family of a woman he wishes to marry), whereby a man essentially purchases his wife's sexual favors and reproductive capacity, underscore men's socially sanctioned entitlement

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Strong views among the population in certain societies that reconciliation is more appropriate than punishment in cases of domestic violence are also another cause of legal impunity; a study found that 64% of public officials in Colombia said that if it were in their hands to solve a case of intimate

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In conservative cultures, a wife dressing in attire deemed insufficiently modest can suffer serious violence at the hands of her husband or relatives, with such violent responses seen as appropriate by most of the society: in a survey, 62.8% of women in Afghanistan said that a husband is justified in

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Proponents of non-subordination theory propose several reasons why it works best to explain domestic violence. First, there are certain recurring patterns in domestic violence that indicate it is not the result of intense anger or arguments, but rather is a form of subordination. This is evidenced in

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and other forms of violence against women are not a question of "sameness and difference", but rather are best viewed as more central inequalities for women. Though non-subordination theory has been discussed at great length in evaluating various forms of sexual violence against women, it also serves

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view of domestic violence is that it is a strategy to gain or maintain power and control over the victim. This view is in alignment with Bancroft's cost-benefit theory that abuse rewards the perpetrator in ways other than, or in addition to, simply exercising power over his or her target(s). He cites

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suggest that the experience of physical punishment does have a direct causal effect on later aggressive behaviors. Such research has shown that corporal punishment of children (e.g. smacking, slapping, or spanking) predicts weaker internalisation of values such as empathy, altruism, and resistance to

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as a result of domestic violence makes up a greater proportion of female homicides than it does male homicides. More than 50% of female homicides are committed by former or current intimate partners in the US. In the UK, 37% of murdered women were killed by an intimate partner compared to 6% for men.

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While the general literature indicates that adolescent boys and girls engage in IPV at about equal rates, females are more likely to use less dangerous forms of physical violence (e.g. pushing, pinching, slapping, scratching or kicking), while males are more likely to punch, strangle, beat, burn, or

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adopted a broader definition, defining violence against women as: "all acts perpetrated against women which cause or could cause them physical, sexual, psychological, and economic harm, including the threat to take such acts; or to undertake the imposition of arbitrary restrictions on or deprivation

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Findings often indicate that when committing domestic violence, women are more likely than men to be motivated by self-defense and/or retaliation or fear. A 2010 systematic review of the literature on women's perpetration of IPV found that the common motives for female-on-male IPV were anger, a need

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Additionally, in some cases the abuser will purposely abuse the mother or father in front of the child to cause a ripple effect, hurting two victims simultaneously. Children may intervene when they witness severe violence against a parent, which can place a child at greater risk for injury or death.

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Some studies have found some association between the COVID-19 pandemic and an upsurge in the rate of domestic violence. The coping mechanisms adopted by individuals during the state of isolation has been implicated in the increase around the globe. Some of the implications of this restriction period

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Domestic violence typically co-occurs with alcohol abuse. Alcohol use has been reported as a factor by two-thirds of domestic abuse victims. Moderate drinkers are more frequently engaged in intimate violence than are light drinkers and abstainers; however, generally it is heavy or binge drinkers who

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Critics of this model argue that it ignores research linking domestic violence to substance abuse and psychological problems. Some modern research into the patterns in domestic violence has found that women are more likely to be physically abusive towards their partner in relationships in which only

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are used as a means of control. Economic abuse may involve preventing a spouse from resource acquisition, limiting what the victim may use, or by otherwise exploiting economic resources of the victim. Economic abuse diminishes the victim's capacity to support themselves, increasing dependence on the

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found that marital rape was a prosecutable offense in at least 104 countries. Once widely condoned or ignored by law and society, marital rape is now repudiated by international conventions and increasingly criminalized. The countries which ratified the Istanbul Convention, the first legally binding

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is a form of domestic violence in which a newly married woman is killed at home by her husband or husband's family due to their dissatisfaction over the dowry provided by her family. The act is often a result of demands for more or prolonged dowry after the marriage. Dowry violence is most common in

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in Latin America, a region which has a history of treating such killings with extreme leniency, have also come to international attention. In 2002, Widney Brown, advocacy director for Human Rights Watch, argued that there are similarities between the dynamics of crimes of passion and honor killings,

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Female victims (44%) were around twice as likely to tell someone in a professional organisation than male victims (19%) and around three times more likely to the tell the police (29% compared with 10%). Female victims (19%) were also a lot more likely to tell a health professional than male victims

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Gender norms that promote the inferiority of women may lead to the abuse of women by intimate partners. The WHO writes that, "Dismantling hierarchical constructions of masculinity and femininity predicated on the control of women, and eliminating the structural factors that support inequalities are

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Reforming the legislation in order to ensure that domestic violence falls under the scope of the law is important. This may imply repealing existing laws which discriminate against women: according to the WHO, "when the law allows husbands to physically discipline wives, implementing a programme to

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Counseling may be used by offenders to minimize the risk of future domestic violence, or to stop the violence and repair the harm it has caused. Most commonly, to date, convicted or self-referring offenders undertake programmes for perpetrators of intimate partner violence. These are delivered in a

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At the same time, significant differences, unique issues, and deceptive myths are typically present. Lehman, regarding his 1997 survey, points to added discrimination and fears that gay and lesbian individuals may face. This includes potential dismissal by police and some social services, a lack of

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and the correlation between a country's level of gender inequality and rates of domestic violence. The authors found that when partner abuse is defined broadly to include emotional abuse, any kind of hitting, and who hits first, partner abuse is relatively even. They also stated if one examines who

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Same-sex relationships are similarly affected by the HIV/AIDS status in domestic violence. Research by Heintz and Melendez found that same-sex individuals may have difficulty breaching the topic of safe sex for reasons such as "decreased perception of control over sex, fear of violence, and unequal

2650:

New research illustrates that there are strong associations between exposure to domestic violence and abuse in all their forms and higher rates of many chronic conditions. The strongest evidence comes from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study which shows correlations between exposure to abuse or

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refers to occurrences of violence in domestic settings between people in intimate relationships. The term can be altered by each state's legislation and can broaden the spectrum of domestic violence, such as in Victoria, where familial relationships and witnessing any type of violence in the family

2458:

Lack of adequate legislation which criminalizes domestic violence, or alternatively legislation which prohibits consensual behaviors, may hinder the progress in regard to reducing the incidence of domestic violence. Amnesty International's Secretary General has stated that: "It is unbelievable that

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is an NGO which works on changing social values, raising consciousness, and enacting laws against harmful traditions which affect the health of women and children in Africa. Laws were also enacted in some countries; for example the 2004 Criminal Code of Ethiopia has a chapter on harmful traditional

2358:

A study reported in 2018 that in sub-saharan Africa 38% of women justified the abuse compared to Europe which had 29%, and South Asia having the highest number with 47% of women justifying the abuse. These high rates could be due to the fact that in lower economically developed countries, women are

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system which stigmatizes lower castes and "untouchables", leading to discrimination and restricted opportunities of the females and thus making them more vulnerable to abuse; strict dress codes for women that may be enforced through violence by family members; strong requirement of female virginity

2344:

Local customs and traditions are often responsible for maintaining certain forms of domestic violence. Such customs and traditions include son preference (the desire of a family to have a boy and not a girl, which is strongly prevalent in parts of Asia), which can lead to abuse and neglect of girls

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future domestic violence conduct. People who endorse non-subordination theory argue that these policies only serve to further subordinate women by forcing them to take a certain course of action, thus compounding the trauma they experienced during the abuse. However, non-subordination theory itself

1977:

Couples that share power equally experience a lower incidence of conflict, and when conflict does arise, are less likely to resort to violence. If one spouse desires control and power in the relationship, the spouse may resort to abuse. This may include coercion and threats, intimidation, emotional

1849:

Research indicates that the more children are physically punished, the more likely they will be as adults to act violently towards family members, including intimate partners. People who are spanked more as children are more likely as adults to approve of hitting a partner, and also experience more

4907:

Intimate male partners are most often the main perpetrators of violence against women, a form of violence known as intimate partner violence, 'domestic' violence or 'spousal (or wife) abuse.' Intimate partner violence and sexual violence, whether by partners, acquaintances or strangers, are common

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Parental abuse has been defined by Cottrell as "any harmful act of a teenage child intended to gain power and control over a parent. The abuse can be physical, psychological, or financial", and often takes places during the teen years (often from 12 to 17), but it can happen earlier than that. The

2831:

Once victims leave their perpetrators, they can be stunned by the reality of the extent to which the abuse has taken away their autonomy. Due to economic abuse and isolation, the victim usually has very little money of their own and few people on whom they can rely when seeking help. This has been

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poll found that 52% of respondents agreed with the assertion that the "provocative behaviour of women" was a cause of violence against women; with respondents in Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Slovenia being most likely to agree with the assertion (more than 70% in

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by forcing police officers to arrest suspected domestic violence offenders and prosecutors to prosecute those cases. There is a lot of discourse surrounding mandatory arrest. Opponents argue that it undermines a victim's autonomy, discourages the empowerment of women by discounting other resources

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that focuses on the power differential between men and women. Non-subordination theory takes the position that society, and particularly men in society, use sex differences between men and women to perpetuate this power imbalance. Unlike other topics within feminist legal theory, non-subordination

1981:

Another report has stated that domestic abusers may be blinded by rage and therefore see themselves as the victim when it comes to domestically abusing their partner. Due to mainly negative emotions and difficulties in communications between partners, the abusers believe they have been wronged and

1942:

A 1997 report suggested that domestic abusers display higher than average mate retention behaviors, which are attempts to maintain the relationship with the partner. The report had stated that men, more than women, were using "resource display, submission and debasement, and intrasexual threats to

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that are developed early in life. However, these psychological theories are disputed: Gelles suggests that psychological theories are limited, and points out that other researchers have found that only 10% (or less) fit this psychological profile. He argues that social factors are important, while

1826:

presented the model of a cycle of abuse which consists of four phases. First, there is a buildup to abuse when tension rises until a domestic violence incident ensues. During the reconciliation stage, the abuser may be kind and loving and then there is a period of calm. When the situation is calm,

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Physical abuse is that involving contact intended to cause fear, pain, injury, other physical suffering or bodily harm. In the context of coercive control, physical abuse is used to control the victim. The dynamics of physical abuse in a relationship are often complex. Physical violence can be the

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has a target to end all forms of violence including domestic violence through global advocacy and demand for effective institutions. The joint UN-EU Spotlight initiative was launched in 2016 to advance this goal worldwide with focus on developing countries and regions. The Spotlight Initiative is

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Counseling is another means of managing the effects of domestic violence. For the victim of abuse, counseling may include an assessment of the presence, extent and types of abuse. A lethality assessment is a tool that can assist in determining the best course of treatment for a client, as well as

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Sherry Hamby states that sexual violence is often left out of measures of IPV. When sexual violence is accounted for, female perpetrators make up less than 10%. She says that males' self-reports of victimization are unreliable, as they consistently underreport their own violence perpetration, and

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Due to the gravity and intensity of hearing victims' stories of abuse, professionals (social workers, police, counselors, therapists, advocates, medical professionals) are at risk themselves for secondary or vicarious trauma, which causes the responder to experience trauma symptoms similar to the

2913:

An analysis in the US showed that 106 of the 771 officer killings between 1996 and 2009 occurred during domestic violence interventions. Of these, 51% were defined as unprovoked or as ambushes, taking place before officers had made contact with suspects. Another 40% occurred after contact and the

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Forced and child marriages are associated with a high rate of domestic violence. These types of marriages are related to violence both in regard to the spousal violence perpetrated inside marriage, and in regard to the violence related to the customs and traditions of these marriage: violence and

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Views on the influence of Islam on domestic violence differ. While some authors argue that Islam is connected to violence against women, especially in the form of honor killings, others, such as Tahira Shahid Khan, a professor specializing in women's issues at the Aga Khan University in Pakistan,

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reported, "The Reuters Trust Law group named India one of the worst countries in the world for women this year, partly because there is often seen as deserved. A 2012 report by UNICEF found that 57 percent of Indian boys and 53 percent of girls between the ages of 15 and 19 think wife-beating is

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and female genital mutilation. Aside from initiation of the sexual act through physical force, sexual abuse occurs if a person is verbally pressured into consenting, unable to understand the nature or condition of the act, unable to decline participation, or unable to communicate unwillingness to

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less than heterosexual couples do. One study focusing on Hispanic men indicated that gay men are less likely to have been perpetrators or victims of domestic violence than heterosexual men but that bisexual men are more likely to have been both. By contrast, some researchers commonly assume that

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Research on men and domestic violence focuses on men as both perpetrators and victims of violence, as well as on how to involve men and boys in anti-violence work. Domestic violence against men includes physical, emotional and sexual forms of abuse, including mutual violence. Male victims may be

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The UN Population Fund states, "Despite near-universal commitments to end child marriage, one in three girls in developing countries (excluding China) will probably be married before they are 18. One out of nine girls will be married before their 15th birthday." The UN Population Fund estimates,

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Violence on women is sometimes justified by women themselves, for example in Mali 60% of women with no education, just over half of women with a primary education, and fewer than 40% of women with a secondary or higher education believe that husbands have the right to use violence for corrective

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generated in media coverage of particularly horrific domestic violence cases, it is difficult for people to conceptualize how frequently domestic violence happens in society. However, domestic violence is a regular occurrence experienced by up to one half of people in the US, and an overwhelming

2044:

Sometimes, one person seeks complete power and control over their partner and uses different ways to achieve this, including resorting to physical violence. The perpetrator attempts to control all aspects of the victim's life, such as their social, personal, professional and financial decisions.

1973:

Resource theory was suggested by William Goode in 1971. Women who are most dependent on their spouse for economic well-being (e.g. homemakers/housewives, women with disability, women who are unemployed), and are the primary caregiver to their children, fear the increased financial burden if they

1866:

In some patrilineal societies around the world, a young bride moves with the family of her husband. As a new girl in the home, she starts as having the lowest (or among the lowest) position in the family, is often subjected to violence and abuse, and is, in particular, strongly controlled by the

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made it possible for women in the UK to seek legal separation from an abusive husband. By the end of the 1870s, most courts in the US had rejected a claimed right of husbands to physically discipline their wives. In the early 20th century, paternalistic judges regularly protected perpetrators of

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The Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women defines violence against women as "any act or conduct, based on gender, which causes death or physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, whether in the public or the private

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In addition to lacking financial resources, victims of domestic violence often lack specialized skills, education, and training that are necessary to find gainful employment, and also may have several children to support. In 2003, thirty-six major US cities cited domestic violence as one of the

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In many countries a woman's access to property hinges on her relationship to a man. When she separates from her husband or when he dies, she risks losing her home, land, household goods and other property. Failure to ensure equal property rights upon separation or divorce discourages women from

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Domestic violence occurs in immigrant communities, and often there is little awareness in these communities of the laws and policies of the host country. A study among first-generation South Asians in the UK found that they had little knowledge about what constituted criminal behavior under the

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Critics of non-subordination theory complain that it offers no solutions to the problems it points out. For example, proponents of non-subordination theory criticize certain approaches that have been taken to address domestic violence in the legal system, such as mandatory arrest or prosecution

2002:

Same-sex relationships may experience similar social stressors. Additionally, violence in same-sex relationships has been linked to internalized homophobia, which contributed to low self-esteem and anger in both the perpetrator and victim. Internalized homophobia also appears to be a barrier in

1845:

Responses that focus on children suggest that experiences throughout life influence an individual's propensity to engage in family violence (either as a victim or as a perpetrator). Researchers supporting this theory suggest it is useful to think of three sources of domestic violence: childhood

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A common aspect among abusers is that they witnessed abuse in their childhood. They were participants in a chain of intergenerational cycles of domestic violence. That does not mean, conversely, that if a child witnesses or is subject to violence that they will become abusers. Understanding and

1626:

Female genital mutilation is defined by WHO as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons." This procedure has been performed on more than 125 million females alive today, and it is

1400:

in the context of domestic violence has received significant attention. It is now recognized as one of the most lethal forms of domestic violence; yet, because of the lack of external injuries, and the lack of social awareness and medical training in regard to it, strangulation has often been a

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are also important; "women should also be able to enter freely into a marriage or to leave it, to obtain financial credit, and to own and administer property." Abolishing or restricting the offering and receiving of dowry and bride price and scrutinizing the impact of these transactions on the

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There is a strong link between domestic violence and child abuse. Since domestic violence is a pattern of behavior, these incidences may increase in severity and frequency, resulting in an increased probability the children themselves will become victims. The estimated overlap between domestic

1990:

Stress may be increased when a person is living in a family situation, with increased pressures. Social stresses, due to inadequate finances or other such problems in a family may further increase tensions. Violence is not always caused by stress, but may be one way that some people respond to

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Emotional or psychological abuse is a pattern of behavior that threatens, intimidates, dehumanizes or systematically undermines self-worth. According to the Istanbul Convention, psychological violence is "the intentional conduct of seriously impairing a person's psychological integrity through

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effects of experiencing abuse from one's child can be profound. In the short term, ongoing parent abuse has been found to impact on a parent's and other family members' physical and psychological health, with specific negative emotions such as fear, shame, guilt and despair commonly reported.

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are two times more likely to use domestic violence services as compared with Hispanic women. In the United Kingdom there is also much research to suggest that income is closely associated with domestic violence, as domestic violence is consistently more common in families with low income. The

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There is a compelling case to end intimate partner violence both in its own right as well as to reduce women and girls' vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. The evidence on the linkages between violence against women and HIV/AIDS highlights that there are direct and indirect mechanisms by which the two

2479:

Some have argued, and continue to argue, that family violence is placed outside the conceptual framework of international human rights. However, under international laws and standards, there is a clear State responsibility to uphold women's rights and ensure freedom from discrimination, which

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In Nigeria, education, place of residence, wealth index, ethnic affiliation, religious affiliation, women's autonomy in household decision-making, and frequency of listening to the radio or watching television significantly influence women's opinions about domestic violence. In the opinion of

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How domestic violence is viewed varies from person to person, and from culture to culture, but in many places outside the West, the concept is very poorly understood. In some countries the concept is even widely accepted or completely suppressed. This is because in most of these countries the

1808:

Men who perpetrate violence have specific characteristics: they are narcissistic, they willfully lack empathy, and they choose to treat their needs as more important than others. Perpetrators psychologically manipulate their victim to believe their abuse and violence is caused by the victim's

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A victim may be put on an allowance, allowing close monitoring of how much money is spent, preventing spending without the perpetrator's consent, leading to the accumulation of debt or depletion of the victim's savings. Disagreements about money spent can result in retaliation with additional

1041:

in children and other family members, who may feel that such violence is acceptable or condoned. Many people do not recognize themselves as abusers or victims, because they may consider their experiences as family conflicts that had gotten out of control. Awareness, perception, definition and

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This is an issue that affects vast numbers of women throughout all nations of the world. ... Although there are cases in which men are the victims of domestic violence, nevertheless 'the available research suggests that domestic violence is overwhelmingly directed by men against women ... In

4020:

Wife beating was made illegal nationally in the US by 1920. Although the exact rates are disputed, there is a large body of cross-cultural evidence that women are subjected to domestic violence significantly more often than men. In addition, there is broad consensus that women are more often

3908:

concluded that most IPV perpetrated by women against men is not motivated by self-defense. Other research supports Straus's conclusion about female-perpetrated IPV but adds that men are more likely to retaliate for being hit. Straus's research was criticized by Loseke et al. for using narrow

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found that children who were exposed to domestic violence and other forms of abuse had a higher risk of developing mental and physical health problems. Because of the awareness of domestic violence that some children have to face, it also generally impacts how the child develops emotionally,

1077:, or to protect children. As a result of abuse, victims may experience physical disabilities, dysregulated aggression, chronic health problems, mental illness, limited finances, and a poor ability to create healthy relationships. Victims may experience severe psychological disorders, such as 3835:

Domestic violence is among the most underreported crimes worldwide for both men and women. A 2011 review article by intimate partner violence researcher Ko Ling Chan found men tended to underreport their own perpetration of domestic violence while women were more likely to underreport their

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Among adolescents, researchers have primarily focused on heterosexual Caucasian populations. The literature indicates that rates are similar for the number of girls and boys in heterosexual relationships who report experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV), or that girls in heterosexual

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found a "substantial overlap between companion animal abuse and child abuse" and that cruelty to animals "most frequently co-occurred with psychological abuse and less severe forms of physical child abuse," which "resonates with conceptualizations of domestic abuse as an ongoing pattern of

2007:

can play a key role in domestic violence in the LGBT community. As a social ideology that implies "heterosexuality is normative, morally superior, and better than ," heterosexism can hinder services and lead to an unhealthy self-image in sexual minorities. Heterosexism in legal and medical

2890:

Some emotional and behavioral problems that can result due to domestic violence include increased aggressiveness, anxiety, and changes in how a child socializes with friends, family, and authorities. Depression, emotional insecurity, and mental health disorders can follow due to traumatic

5507: 2222:, approved of honor killings. This survey was carried in the capital of Jordan, which is much more liberal than other parts of the country; the researchers said that "we would expect that in the more rural and traditional parts of Jordan, support for honor killings would be even higher". 1797:

One of the most important factors in domestic violence is a belief that abuse, whether physical or verbal, is acceptable. Other risk factors include substance abuse, lack of education, mental health problems, lack of coping skills, childhood abuse, and excessive dependence on the abuser.

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or Domestic Abuse Intervention Project is a program developed to reduce domestic violence against women, which is the first multi-disciplinary program designed to address the issue of domestic violence by coordinating the actions of a variety of agencies dealing with domestic conflict.

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The ability of victims of domestic violence to leave the relationship is crucial for preventing further abuse. In traditional communities, divorced women often feel rejected and ostracized. In order to avoid this stigma, many women prefer to remain in the marriage and endure the abuse.

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were found to reduce the likelihood of self-reporting victimization in women. By contrast, fear and avoidance of legal consequences, the tendency to blame their partner, and a narrative focus on their own needs and emotions reduced the likelihood of self-reporting perpetration in men.

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experiences. Problems with attitude and cognition in schools can start developing, along with a lack of skills such as problem-solving. Correlation has been found between the experience of abuse and neglect in childhood and perpetrating domestic violence and sexual abuse in adulthood.

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marital conflict and feelings of anger in general. A number of studies have found physical punishment to be associated with "higher levels of aggression against parents, siblings, peers and spouses", even when controlling for other factors. While these associations do not prove a

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Marital rape is non-consensual penetration perpetrated against a spouse. It is under-reported, under-prosecuted, and legal in many countries, due in part to the belief that through marriage, a woman gives irrevocable consent for her husband to have sex with her when he wishes. In

4267:

The views on child corporal punishment vary around the world. In most countries parental corporal punishment is not considered a form of domestic violence (if not excessive), but some countries, mostly in Europe and Latin America, have made any form of child corporal punishment

4482:

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "A key strategy in preventing is the promotion of respectful, nonviolent relationships through individual, community, and societal level change." Early intervention programs, such as school-based programs to prevent

2626:

Bruises, broken bones, head injuries, lacerations, and internal bleeding are some of the acute effects of a domestic violence incident that require medical attention and hospitalization. Some chronic health conditions that have been linked to victims of domestic violence are

4075:

According to one study, the percentage of women who have reported being physically abused by an intimate partner vary from 69% to 10% depending on the country. In the US, it is estimated that intimate partner violence accounts for 15% of all violent crime. Research by the

2462:

Many countries consider domestic violence legal or have not adopted measures meant to criminalize their occurrence, especially in countries of Muslim majority, and among those countries, some consider the discipline of wives as a right of the husband, for example in Iraq.

1747:

or intimidation. Coercive control can occur physically, for example through physical abuse, harming or frightening the victims. The victim's human rights might be infringed through being deprived of their right to liberty and reduced ability to act freely. Abusers tend to

16310:"A growing body of research studies conducted in different countries have found that domestic violence is more common in families with low incomes (Heise, 1998; Kasturirangan, 2004; Walby and Allen, 2004; Sutherland, Sullivan and Bybee, 2001; Sokoloff and Duporit, 2005)." 1267:

In most legal systems around the world, domestic violence has been addressed only from the 1990s onward; indeed, before the late 20th century, in most countries there was very little protection, in law or in practice, against domestic violence. In 1993, the UN published

4636:

following the outbreak of strikes and riots: "Owing to unlawful combinations and domestic violence now existing at Martinsburg and other points along the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, it is impossible with any force at my command to execute the laws of the

2836:

primary causes of homelessness in their areas. It has also been reported that one out of every three women are homeless due to having left a domestic violence relationship. If a victim is able to secure rental housing, it is likely that her apartment complex will have

2593:

An increase in the prevalence of domestic violence during the restrictions has been reported in many countries including the US, China, and many European countries. In India, a 131% increase in domestic violence in areas that had strict lockdown measures was recorded.

2433:

A forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married without their freely given consent. In many parts of the world, it is often difficult to draw a line between 'forced' and 'consensual' marriage: in many cultures (especially in South Asia, the

1679:

religious court, said that the law "could lead to the imprisonment of the man where in reality he is exercising the least of his marital rights." Feminists have worked systematically since the 1960s to criminalize marital rape internationally. In 2006, a study by the

2097:

argues that non-subordination theory best addresses these particular issues because they affect almost exclusively women. MacKinnon advocates for non-subordination theory over other theories, like formal equality, substantive equality, and difference theory, because

1323:

Historically, children had few protections from violence by their parents, and in many parts of the world, this is still the case. For example, in Ancient Rome, a father could legally kill his children. Many cultures have allowed fathers to sell their children into

4033:

forced into a subordinate position compared with men". The DEVAW classifies violence against women into three categories: that occurring in the family (domestic violence), that occurring within the general community, and that perpetrated or condoned by the State.

3855:

Male victims are less likely to report domestic violence than female victims, and may face additional gender related barriers in reporting due to social stigmas regarding male victimization and an increased likelihood of being overlooked by healthcare providers.

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is tied to whether the person desiring citizenship is married to his/her sponsor. This can lead to persons being trapped in violent relations – such persons may risk deportation if they attempt to separate (they may be accused of having entered into a

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were used, but have declined in popularity due to efforts to include unmarried partners, abuse other than physical, female perpetrators, and same-sex relationships. Domestic violence is now commonly defined broadly to include "all acts of physical, sexual,

2282:

There is controversy regarding the influence of religion on domestic violence. Judaism, Christianity and Islam have traditionally supported male-dominant households and "socially sanctioned violence against women has been persistent since ancient times."

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explanation of domestic violence is that it represents male attempts to control female reproduction and ensure sexual exclusivity. Violence related to extramarital relations is seen as justified in certain parts of the world. For instance, a survey in

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against the other person, and can take place in relationships or between former spouses or partners. In its broadest sense, domestic violence also involves violence against children, parents, or the elderly. It can assume multiple forms, including

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they may be infected with HIV. A decade of cross-sectional research from Rwanda, Tanzania, South Africa, and India, has consistently found women who have experienced partner violence to be more likely to be infected with HIV. The WHO stated that:

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Lansford JE, Godwin J, Uribe Tirado LM, Zelli A, Al-Hassan SM, Bacchini D, Bombi AS, Bornstein MH, Chang L, Deater-Deckard K, Di Giunta L, Dodge KA, Malone PS, Oburu P, Pastorelli C, Skinner AT, Sorbring E, Tapanya S, Alampay LP (November 2015).

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legislative decisions regarding domestic violence is also important. UN Women has stated that the legislation should ensure that "a perpetrator of , including marital rape, cannot use the fact that he paid bride price as a defence to a charge".

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A second rationale for using non-subordination theory to explain domestic violence is that the frequency with which it occurs overpowers the idea that it is merely the result of a batterer's anger. Professor Mahoney explains that because of the

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are involved in the most chronic and serious forms of aggression. The odds, frequency, and severity of physical attacks are all positively correlated with alcohol use. In turn, violence decreases after behavioral marital alcoholism treatment.

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addition, violence used by men against female partners tends to be much more severe than that used by women against men. Mullender and Morley state that 'Domestic violence against women is the most common form of family violence worldwide.'

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Management of domestic violence may take place through medical services, law enforcement, counseling, and other forms of prevention and intervention. Participants in domestic violence may require medical treatment, such as examination by a

2844:

and community resources available to domestic violence victims has grown tremendously, these agencies often have few employees and hundreds of victims seeking assistance which causes many victims to remain without the assistance they need.

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A child may become abusive if they have suffered some form of abuse themselves, although this may not always be the case. Parent abuse may derive not only from individualized issues, but also from structural societal and cultural factors.

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violations worldwide, stating that "one in three women will experience physical or sexual abuse in her lifetime." Violence against women tends to be less prevalent in developed Western nations, and more normalized in the developing world.

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Schechter DS, Willheim E, McCaw J, Turner JB, Myers MM, Zeanah CH (December 2011). "The relationship of violent fathers, posttraumatically stressed mothers and symptomatic children in a preschool-age inner-city pediatrics clinic sample".

4285:(parents' right to spank their own children was first removed in 1966), and it was explicitly prohibited by law from July 1979. As of 2021, corporal punishment of children is banned in all settings, including by parents, in 63 countries. 2651:

neglect and higher rates in adulthood of chronic conditions, high-risk health behaviors and shortened life span. Evidence of the association between physical health and violence against women has been accumulating since the early 1990s.

2324:

Medieval Jewish authorities differed on the subject of wife beating. Most rabbis living in Islamic lands allowed it as a tool of discipline, while those from Christian France and Germany generally saw it as justifying immediate divorce.

18459: 1915:. "The estimate of personality disorders in the general population would be more in the 15–20% range ... As violence becomes more severe and chronic in the relationship, the likelihood of psychopathology in these men approaches 100%." 2103:

as a basis for understanding domestic violence and why it occurs. Non-subordination theory tackles the issue of domestic violence as a subset of the broader problem of violence against women because victims are overwhelmingly female.

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of children by their parents remains legal in a majority of countries, but in Western countries that still allow the practice there are strict limits on what is permitted. The first country to outlaw parental corporal punishment was

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system grouped officer domestic violence response deaths into the category of disturbances, along with "bar fights, gang matters, and persons brandishing weapons", which may have given rise to a misperception of the risks involved.

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through the creation of effective laws, law enforcement policies and practices and community activities to break down societal norms that condone violence, criminalize it and create effect support systems for survivors of violence.

1408:

Between 40 and 70 percent of women murdered in Canada, Australia, South Africa, Israel and the US were killed by an intimate partner. The WHO states that globally, about 38% of female homicides are committed by an intimate partner.

1081:(PTSD). Children who live in a household with violence often show psychological problems from an early age, such as avoidance, hypervigilance to threats and dysregulated aggression, which may contribute to vicarious traumatization. 2982:

In the United Kingdom, statistics show that 1 in 3 victims of domestic abuse are male this figure comes from the office of National Statistics and that 1 in 7 men and 1 in 4 women will be a victim at some point in their lifetime.

4339:(as of 2014, same-sex sexual acts are punishable by imprisonment in 70 countries and by death in another 5 countries) and these legal prohibitions prevent LGBT victims of domestic violence from reporting the abuse to authorities. 23313: 1970:, the behavior continues. If one observes violent behavior, one is more likely to imitate it. If there are no negative consequences (e.g. the victim accepts the violence, with submission), then the behavior will likely continue. 1775:

perpetrator, including reduced access to education, employment, career advancement, and asset acquisition. Forcing or pressuring a family member to sign documents, to sell things, or to change a will are forms of economic abuse.

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instrument in Europe in the field of violence against women, are bound by its provisions to ensure that non-consensual sexual acts committed against a spouse or partner are illegal. The convention came into force in August 2014.

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Abuse can take other forms than physical abuse. Other forms of abuse may be constantly occurring, while physical abuse happens occasionally. These other forms of abuse, that are not physical, also have the potential to lead to

1020:

estimates one in three of all women are subject to domestic violence at some point in their life. In some countries, domestic violence may be seen as justified or legally permitted, particularly in cases of actual or suspected

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Hamil, John. Russel, Brenda L. " Perceptions of Female Offenders: Chapter 10: The Partner Abuse State of Knowledge Project: Implications for Law Enforcement Responses to Domestic Violence." DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5871-5_10.

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states, "For several methodological reasons – nonrandom sampling procedures and self-selection factors, among others – it is not possible to assess the extent of same-sex domestic violence. Studies on abuse between

1622:

In many cultures, victims of rape are considered to have brought dishonor or disgrace to their families and face severe familial violence, including honor killings. This is especially the case if the victim becomes pregnant.

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are also effective. Children who grow up in violent homes may be led to believe that such behavior is a normal part of life, therefore it is important to challenge such attitudes when they are present among these children.

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leading to females being isolated and shunned during the time of menstruation; female genital mutilation (FGM); ideologies of marital conjugal rights to sex which justify marital rape; the importance given to family honor.

8775: 2572:). Often the women come from cultures where they will suffer disgrace from their families if they abandon their marriage and return home, and so they prefer to stay married, therefore remaining locked in a cycle of abuse. 2554:

Many domestic violence victims delay leaving the abuser because they have pets and are afraid of what will happen to the pets if they leave. Safehouses need to be more accepting of pets, and many refuse to accept pets.

22793: 1804:

Batterers morality is out of step with the law and society's standards. Research shows the key issue for perpetrators of abuse is their conscious and deliberate decision to offend in the pursuit of self-gratification.

24232: 24017: 22633: 571: 20439:

An Applied Research Project Submitted to the Department of Political Science, Texas State University-San Marcos, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Public Administration, Spring

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Coercive control involves a controlling behavior designed to make a person dependent by isolating them from support, exploiting them of independence and regulating their everyday activities. It involves the acts of

1310:

There has been increased attention given to specific forms of domestic violence, such as honor killings, dowry deaths, and forced marriages. India has, in recent decades, made efforts to curtail dowry violence: the

14538: 23947: 7091: 1033:

and rates of domestic violence, where countries with less gender equality experience higher rates of domestic violence. Domestic violence is among the most underreported crimes worldwide for both men and women.

23997: 22653: 20851: 20815: 20787: 20761: 20042: 13115:(2004), "Book V: Crimes against individuals and the family, Title I: Crimes against life, person and health, Chapter III: Crimes committed against life, person and health through harmful traditional practices", 6319: 2207:

relation between the husband and wife is not considered one of equals, but instead one in which the wife must submit herself to the husband. This is codified in the laws of some countries – for example, in

14147: 23520: 20722: 4334:

Gay and lesbian relationships have been identified as a risk factor for abuse in certain populations. LGBT people in some parts of the world have very little legal protection from domestic violence, because

23282: 11861: 2052:. They developed the Power and Control Wheel to illustrate this: it has power and control at the center, surrounded by spokes which represent techniques used. The titles of the spokes include coercion and 1910:

among domestic abusers. For instance, some research suggests that about 80% of both court-referred and self-referred men in these domestic violence studies exhibited diagnosable psychopathology, typically

1336:

in 1962. Prior to this, injuries to children – even repeated bone fractures – were not commonly recognized as the results of intentional trauma. Instead, physicians often looked for undiagnosed

23887: 15778: 13055:

University of Bristol. "Domestic violence is widely accepted in most developing countries, new study reveals." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181031141437.htm (accessed May 29, 2021)

2290:

Among Christians, men and women who attend church more frequently are less likely to commit domestic violence against their partners. The effect of church attendance is not caused by increased levels of

24381: 24237: 24096: 12976: 12454:(September 2010), "Annexes: Tables: QC4.11 Please tell me whether you consider each of the following to be a cause of domestic violence against women, or not?: The provocative behaviour of women.", in 23797: 8273: 6764: 4532: 2991:

The annual reporded serious assaults per capita against intimate partners or family members is shown below by country for last available year. Definition of sexual assault differs between countries.

546: 23987: 10488: 23952: 23470: 22904: 18762: 17280:

Hamby, Sherry. "The Gender Debate About Intimate Partner Violence: Solutions and Dead Ends." Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy 1(1):24-34 · March 2009 DOI: 10.1037/a0015066.

2927:

original victim after hearing about the victim's experiences with abuse. Research has demonstrated that professionals who experience vicarious trauma show signs of an exaggerated startle response,

7666:

Mannan A, S. Ghani, A. Clarke, P. White, S. Salmanta, P.E.M. Butler (August 2005). "Psychosocial outcomes derived from an acid burned population in Bangladesh, and comparison with Western norms".

4800: 24247: 24192: 23718: 22668: 2137:

offers no better or more appropriate solutions, which is why some scholars argue that other forms of feminist legal theory are more appropriate to address issues of domestic and sexual violence.

17295: 15989: 13966: 4115:(data from 2004 to 2009). However, in El Salvador and Colombia, which have a very high rate of femicide, only 3% of all femicides are committed by a current or former intimate partner, while in 24207: 24187: 24159: 24116: 23318: 22951: 22947: 18463: 4452: 2882:

There has been an increase in acknowledgment that a child who is exposed to domestic abuse during their upbringing will suffer developmental and psychological damage. During the mid-1990s, the

12727: 2315:

are no more likely to commit domestic violence, however, highly conservative men are significantly more likely to commit domestic violence when their partners are much more liberal than them.

24126: 23733: 23582: 23577: 12972: 12962: 4775: 18384: 14056: 13980: 24227: 24182: 24007: 14397: 12437: 1939:, found that, when asked the appropriate punishment for a woman who has committed adultery, 37% of respondents said she should be killed, while 21% said her nose or ears should be cut off. 7703: 5405: 24386: 24222: 24202: 24002: 23690: 23542: 23287: 22708: 10327: 4445:

There exist several strategies that are being used to attempt to prevent or reduce domestic violence. It is important to assess the effectiveness of a strategy that is being implemented.

24012: 23695: 23232: 23152: 22943: 22613: 14498: 12284: 20095: 14907: 14554: 11336:

Elmquistm, JoAnna and others (2014). "Motivations for Intimate Partner Violence in Men and Women Arrested for Domestic Violence and Court Referred to Batterer Intervention Programs" 5

5195:

Halket MM, Gormley K, Mello N, Rosenthal L, Mirkin MP (2013). "Stay with or Leave the Abuser? The Effects of Domestic Violence Victim's Decision on Attributions Made by Young Adults".

23982: 23892: 23842: 23802: 23117: 23012: 22823: 22713: 22643: 19528:

Gerbert B, Caspers N, Bronstone A, Moe J, Abercrombie P (1999). "A qualitative analysis of how physicians with expertise in domestic violence approach the identification of victims".

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during which tensions rise and an act of violence is committed, followed by a period of reconciliation and calm. The victims may be trapped in domestically violent situations through

13015: 12682: 8678: 8242: 6430:

Criminal Law Reports: Being Reports of Cases Determined in the Federal and State Courts of the United States, and in the Courts of England, Ireland, Canada, Etc. with Notes, Volume 2

1899:. Various theories suggest that psychopathology is a factor, and that abuse experienced as a child leads some people to be more violent as adults. Correlation has been found between 1801:

An overriding motive for committing acts of domestic and interpersonal violence in a relationship is to establish and maintain relationships based on power and control over victims.

23977: 23972: 23967: 23822: 23612: 23572: 23552: 23532: 23242: 23112: 23062: 22803: 22753: 22738: 22693: 22628: 14134: 12177: 9722: 4881:

García-Moreno C, Stöckl H (2013), "Protection of sexual and reproductive health rights: addressing violence against women", in Grodin MA, Tarantola D, Annas GJ, et al. (eds.),

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is physically harmed and how seriously, expresses more fear, and experiences subsequent psychological problems, domestic violence is significantly gendered toward women as victims.

602: 23957: 22934: 16276: 8779: 1156:

as a form of abuse. Intimate partner violence has been observed in opposite and same-sex relationships, and in the former instance by both men against women and women against men.

24358: 23962: 23852: 23723: 23202: 23082: 22758: 13179:(2010), "Introduction: justice system responses and victim protection · Preventive approaches · Responding to violence against women: the role of the police · Procedural law", in 8929: 2387:

In cultures where the police and legal authorities have a reputation of corruption and abusive practices, victims of domestic violence are often reluctant to turn to formal help.

1479:

prior to marriage, a bride may be subjected to extreme violence, including an honor killing, if she is deemed not to be a virgin on her wedding night due to the absence of blood.

7929: 2321:

teaching on divorce has led women to fear leaving abusive marriages. However, Catholic bishops specifically state that no person is obliged to remain within an abusive marriage.

23927: 23862: 23832: 23807: 23743: 23728: 23675: 23627: 23622: 23455: 23272: 23157: 22858: 22833: 22678: 22658: 22623: 22608: 17665:"Attitudes towards wife beating: percentage of women aged 15–49 who think that a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner under certain circumstances" 13741: 13731: 7258: 6658: 6648: 5499: 1355:

Not all domestic violence is equivalent. Differences in frequency, severity, purpose, and outcome are all significant. Domestic violence can take many forms, including physical

597: 23713: 5460:

The History of the Great Riots: The Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads of the United States and in the Mining Regions Together with a Full History of the Molly Maguires

1978:

abuse, economic abuse, isolation, making light of the situation and blaming the spouse, using children (threatening to take them away), and behaving as "master of the castle".

24353: 24242: 24141: 23942: 23937: 23867: 23847: 23562: 23515: 23510: 23480: 23475: 23460: 23445: 23440: 23420: 23247: 23162: 23142: 23027: 22930: 22921: 22912: 22843: 22798: 22763: 22728: 22723: 22673: 22618: 22593: 18809:

Edwards KM, Dardis CM, Gidycz CA (2011), "The role of victimization experiences in adolescent girls and young women's aggression in dating relationships", in Paludi MA (ed.),

8376: 2828:

falls immediately upon cohabiting with the abusive partner." This contributes to economic dependence on the abuser that makes it hard for the victim to exit the relationship.

2647:, and migraines. Victims who are pregnant during a domestic violence relationship experience greater risk of miscarriage, pre-term labor, and injury to or death of the fetus. 1013:, which sometimes involves non-cohabitating family members. In 2015, the United Kingdom's Home Office widened the definition of domestic violence to include coercive control. 541: 24217: 24136: 23812: 23738: 23680: 23637: 23617: 23567: 23537: 23505: 23465: 23292: 23107: 23097: 23057: 23042: 23037: 22788: 22743: 22703: 22598: 13709: 12386: 1619:

engage in the sexual act. This could be because of underage immaturity, illness, disability, or the influence of alcohol or other drugs, or due to intimidation or pressure.

19280:"Sexual orientation and demographic, cultural, and psychological factors associated with the perpetration and victimization of intimate partner violence among Hispanic men" 6063:

In the early 1800s most legal systems implicitly accepted wife-beating as a husband's right, part of his entitlement to control over the resources and services of his wife.

4331:

lesbian couples experience domestic violence at the same rate as heterosexual couples, and have been more cautious when reporting domestic violence among gay male couples.

24131: 24111: 23932: 23857: 23557: 23527: 23333: 23187: 23167: 23067: 22908: 22828: 22778: 22733: 22688: 22663: 22603: 14581: 14546: 9337: 7433: 1320:

stating that: "crimes of passion have a similar dynamic in that the women are killed by male family members and the crimes are perceived as excusable or understandable".

17697:. Measure DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys): Quality information to plan, monitor and improve population, health, and nutrition programs. April 4, 2013. Archived from 4680:

is illegal in many countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Kuwait, Maldives, Morocco, Oman, Mauritania, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Sudan, Yemen.

1655:

signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women who use birth control face threats of violence and reprisals. WHO includes forced marriage, cohabitation, and

1491:, especially in India. In 2011, the National Crime Records Bureau reported 8,618 dowry deaths in India, but unofficial figures estimate at least three times this amount. 24212: 24164: 23827: 23172: 23137: 23092: 22838: 22638: 14476: 13771: 13607: 13399: 1037:

Domestic violence often occurs when the abuser believes that they are entitled to it, or that it is acceptable, justified, or unlikely to be reported. It may produce an

20051: 17254:

Straus MA (2011). "Gender symmetry and mutuality in perpetration of clinical-level partner violence: Empirical evidence and implications for prevention and treatment".

11936: 2860: 19375: 17641: 15573:

Cage A (May 2007). "Occupational therapy with women and children survivors of domestic violence: are we fulfilling our activist heritage? A review of the literature".

9475: 4184:

Abuse of parents by their children, also known as child-to-parent violence (CPV), is one of the most under-reported and under-researched subject areas in the field of

2551:

In advanced nations like the UK, Domestic violence victims may have difficulties getting alternative housing which can force them to stay in the abusive relationship.

2171: 2041:

evidence in support of his argument that, in most cases, abusers are quite capable of exercising control over themselves, but choose not to do so for various reasons.

1183:-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation. 18275: 13623:

Hague G, Thiara RK, Turner A (November–December 2011). "Bride-price and its links to domestic violence and poverty in Uganda: a participatory action research study".

12333: 12016: 14144: 8874:

Bawah AA, Akweongo P, Simmons R, Phillips JF (March 1999). "Women's fears and men's anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana".

2590:

In major cities in Nigeria, such as Lagos, Abuja; in India, and in Hubei province in China, there was a recorded increase in the level of intimate partner violence.

1202:, dating back to the 16th century, treated domestic violence as a crime against the community rather than against the individual woman by charging wife beating as a 239: 20719: 14813: 9508: 3951:

survey, the percentage of women aged 15–49 who think that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances is, for example: 90% in

1332:

was also a common practice. Child maltreatment began to garner mainstream attention with the publication of "The Battered Child Syndrome" by pediatric psychiatrist

1148:, but it specifically refers to violence occurring within a couple's relationship (i.e. marriage, cohabitation, or non-cohabiting intimate partners). To these, the 20316:"Lessons learned in the heart need to be changed in the heart": the development and evaluation of a primary prevention intervention of men's violence against women 15105: 14282: 14232: 12723: 9595: 5657: 4025: 1172: 556: 19395: 15287: 15255: 13207: 11856: 11647: 8760: 7906: 6395: 2832:

shown to be one of the greatest obstacles facing victims of domestic violence, and the strongest factor that can discourage them from leaving their perpetrators.

1295:

In recent decades, there has been a call for the end of legal impunity for domestic violence, an impunity often based on the idea that such acts are private. The

24081: 19437: 14274: 13130: 6968: 4553: 18596:

Chu AT, Sundermann JM, DePrince AP (2013), "Intimate partner violence in adolescent romantic relationships", in Donohue WT, Benuto LT, Woodward Tolle L (eds.),

16346: 15770: 7236: 7125: 6662: 6442:

The cases in the American courts are uniform against the right of the husband to use any chastisement, moderate or otherwise, toward the wife, for any purpose.

5936: 1667:, is a type of marriage in which the brother of a deceased man is obliged to marry his widow, and the widow is obliged to marry her deceased husband's brother. 19884: 17296:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287265042_The_Partner_Abuse_State_of_Knowledge_Project_Implications_for_Law_Enforcement_Responses_to_Domestic_Violence

17281: 2548:

The custom of bride price also makes leaving a marriage more difficult: if a wife wants to leave, the husband may demand back the bride price from her family.

19763:"Relative importance of emotional dysregulation, hostility, and impulsiveness in predicting intimate partner violence perpetrated by men in alcohol treatment" 14245: 14012:

Bredal A (2014). "Ordinary v. Other Violence? Conceptualising Honour-Based Violence in Scandinavian Public Policies". In Gill A, Strange C, Roberts K (eds.).

13286:"Explaining trends and patterns in attitudes towards wife-beating among women in Nigeria: analysis of 2003, 2008, and 2013 Demographic and Health Survey data" 12966: 8028: 2366:

In recent years, there has been progress in the area of addressing customary practices that endanger women, with laws being enacted in several countries. The

1363:(hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, slapping, throwing objects, beating up, etc.), or threats thereof; sexual abuse; controlling or domineering; 16539:

The survey results showed that five per cent of severely abused men reported their experience to the Gardaí, compared to 29 per cent of severely abused women

14320: 13597: 13498: 8265: 7605: 6779: 6750: 6593: 18509: 18485: 16702: 15856: 4835:

McQuigg RJ (April 6, 2011), "Potential problems for the effectiveness of international human rights law as regards domestic violence", in McQuigg RJ (ed.),

2403:

where 62.4% of women supported domestic violence in 2003, 45.7% in 2008, and 37.1% in 2013. However, in some cases the acceptance increased, for example in

2237: 19093: 18366: 12644: 8143: 5679: 5237: 2581: 14379: 14295:

Conway-Turner K, Cherrin S (September 1, 1998), "Sexual harassment: can women be comfortable in the public world?", in Conway-Turner K, Cherrin S (eds.),

14102: 13224:

Staudt K, Robles Ortega R (2010), "Surviving domestic violence in the Paso del Norte border region", in Staudt K, Monárrez Fragoso JE, Fuentes CM (eds.),

8417: 3979:. Refusing to submit to a husband's wishes is a common reason given for justification of violence in developing countries: for instance 62.4% of women in 18194:

Gottzén L, Bjørnholt M, Boonzaier F (2020). "What has masculinity to do with intimate partner violence?". In Gottzén L, Bjørnholt M, Boonzaier F (eds.).

17923:

A conflict analysis of domestic violence, for example, would begin by noting that women are battered far more often and far more severely than are men...

15886: 13832: 12717: 10191:

Simons RL, Johnson C (1998), "An examination of competing explanations for the intergenerational transmission of domestic violence", in Danieli Y (ed.),

1312: 204: 17979:"Multilateral treaties: Inter-American convention on the prevention, punishment and eradication of violence against women "Convention of Belém do Pará"" 13862: 12719:

Religion, culture and the politicization of honour-related violence: a critical analysis of media and policy debates in Western Europe and North America

7869: 5694: 4981:"Screening for Intimate Partner Violence, Elder Abuse, and Abuse of Vulnerable Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Final Recommendation Statement" 3921:

Researchers have also found significantly different outcomes for men and women in response to intimate partner violence. A 2012 review from the journal

18012: 18004: 16001: 13962: 12940: 9600: 5361: 17721: 15435:

Schechter DS, Coates SW, Kaminer T, Coots T, Zeanah CH, Davies M, Schonfeld IS, Marshall RD, Liebowitz MR, Trabka KA, McCaw JE, Myers MM (June 2008).

13802: 9122:

Rafferty Y (2013), "Ending child trafficking as a human rights priority: applying the spectrum of prevention as a conceptual framework", in Sigal JA,

9087:

Rafferty Y (2013), "Ending child trafficking as a human rights priority: applying the spectrum of prevention as a conceptual framework", in Sigal JA,

4021:

subjected to severe forms of abuse and are more likely to be injured by an abusive partner, and this is exacerbated by economic or social dependence.

2840:

policies for crime; these policies can cause them to face eviction even if they are the victim (not the perpetrator) of violence. While the number of

20435:"Resources for battering intervention and prevention programs in Texas to mitigate risk factors which increase the likelihood of participant dropout" 17816: 15132: 15093: 10566: 9189: 8463: 5046: 1752:, make threats, deprive basic needs and personal access, isolate, and track the victim's daily schedule via spyware. Victims usually feel a sense of 20021: 18857: 18180: 13745: 9284: 8477: 7733: 5813: 4768: 3848:

found that only 14% of women reported their most serious incident of intimate partner violence to the police. A 2009 report on domestic violence in

2299:, which are not significantly related to the perpetration of domestic violence. In addition, even when variations in psychological problems (namely 1770:

Economic abuse (or financial abuse) is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources.

20549:

Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence

20156: 18492: 17958: 14046: 13668: 7350: 5380: 5110: 2033:

and control in abusive relationships is the way that abusers exert physical, sexual and other forms of abuse to gain control within relationships.

653: 19247:

Kaslow NJ, Thorn SL, Paranjape A (2006), "Interventions for abused African-American women and their children", in Hampton RL, Gullotta TP (eds.),

16265:"African-American women faced higher risks, and Hispanic and Asian women faced lower risks of beatings than white women in 2010 (Catalano, 2012)." 14410: 12423: 5397: 21858: 19701: 10543: 8709: 7700: 6917:

Siemieniuk RA, Krentz HB, Gish JA, Gill MJ (December 2010). "Domestic violence screening: prevalence and outcomes in a Canadian HIV population".

4045: 2919: 15312:

Heintz AJ, Melendez RM (February 2006). "Intimate partner violence and HIV/STD risk among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals".

10336: 6714:"Explanatory Report to the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (CETS No. 210)" 6688: 1974:

leave their marriage. Dependency means that they have fewer options and few resources to help them cope with or change their spouse's behavior.

19142: 12758: 12270: 11966: 11023: 10241: 8296: 5640:

Establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA

5569: 4548: 906: 19950: 17144: 5262:

Joint news release Every Woman Every Child/Girls Not Brides/PMNCH/United Nations Foundation/UNFPA/UNICEF/UN Women/WHO/World Vision/World YWCA/

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justify wife beating if the wife goes out without telling the husband; 68% if she argues with him; 47.9% if she refuses to have sex with him.

24280: 23776: 23237: 16457: 14551: 14350: 14236: 13469: 13461:

Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences: thematic report on servile marriage

13433: 13249: 13122: 12821: 12662: 10667:

Hamberger LK, Hastings JE (June 1991). "Personality correlates of men who batter and nonviolent men: some continuities and discontinuities".

9143: 9108: 8546: 7990: 2241:

Acceptance of male partner's right to hit or beat a female partner among women aged 15–49 in Arab and Muslim majority countries, UNICEF, 2013

1887:. Psychological theories focus on personality traits and mental characteristics of the offender. Personality traits include sudden bursts of 19507: 18226: 15684: 15355:

Barnett OW (2001). "Why battered women do not leave, part 2: external inhibiting factors — social support and internal inhibiting factors".

13154: 12094:"Childhood experiences of companion animal abuse and its co-occurrence with domestic abuse: Evidence from a national youth survey in Norway" 11678:"Differences in frequency of violence and reported injury between relationships with reciprocal and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence" 9434: 9411: 9055: 8664: 8627:

Fridell LA (October 1990). "Decision-making of the District Attorney: diverting or prosecuting intrafamilial child sexual abuse offenders".

8232: 8183: 7766: 7555: 1179:

Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household,

22111: 21981: 16514: 16182:

Devries KM, Mak JY, García-Moreno C, Petzold M, Child JC, Falder G, Lim S, Bacchus LJ, Engell RE, Rosenfeld L, Pallitto C (June 20, 2013).

13367: 13005: 12767: 12694: 11598: 11027: 9926: 9911: 9744: 9713: 9560: 2480:

includes the responsibility to prevent, protect and provide redress – regardless of sex, and regardless of a person's status in the family.

1042:

documentation of domestic violence differs widely from country to country. Additionally, domestic violence often happens in the context of

19477: 18879: 16656: 12469: 12174: 9363:

Follingstad DR, DeHart DD (September 2000). "Defining psychological abuse of husbands toward wives: contexts, behaviors, and typologies".

23837: 23450: 21372: 21037: 20415:"No woman no cry": An examination of the use of feminist ideology in shelters for abused women when working with Caribbean-Canadian women 19233: 19025: 18659: 18617: 18133: 17520:

Hamberger LK (April 2005). "Men's and women's use of intimate partner violence in clinical samples: toward a gender-sensitive analysis".

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Dasgupta S (November 1, 2002). "A Framework for Understanding Women's Use of Nonlethal Violence in Intimate Heterosexual Relationships".

17023: 16990: 16687: 16625: 16053:

Iliffe G, Steed LG (April 2000). "Exploring the counselor's experience of working with perpetrators and survivors of domestic violence".

14229:

Violence against women: a statistical overview, challenges and gaps in data collection and methodology and approaches for overcoming them

12880: 10162: 8945: 7381: 7040: 6484: 5147: 4902: 4294: 20206: 19264: 18748: 17918: 16947: 16036: 13095: 12985: 12570: 12318:

Afghanistan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010/2011. Central Statistics Organisation. UNICEF. January 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2014.

10212: 10026: 9310: 8734: 8524: 7943: 7839: 5910: 5614: 5181: 4860: 1956:

Social theories look at external factors in the offender's environment, such as family structure, stress, social learning, and includes

21352: 19089: 16751: 15774: 15688: 15517: 15217: 15213: 15201: 13899: 11509: 9321: 6725: 4746: 4327: 4077: 2976: 2049: 607: 551: 532: 20113: 17853: 16303: 15123: 14202: 13552: 13042: 10966: 9242: 7276: 4496:

embraced by all implementing partners as critical to economic and political progress in both the implementing and targeted societies.

1016:

Worldwide, the victims of domestic violence are overwhelmingly women, and women tend to experience more severe forms of violence. The

20954: 19927: 18115: 15437:"Distorted maternal mental representations and atypical behavior in a clinical sample of violence-exposed mothers and their toddlers" 12161: 8367: 7957: 3852:

found that "under-reporting is a concern and domestic abuse is the least likely of all violent crimes to be reported to the police".

19656:

Campbell JC (September 2005). "Commentary on Websdale: lethality assessment approaches: reflections on their use and ways forward".

19039:

Burke LK, Follingstad DR (August 1999). "Violence in lesbian and gay relationships: theory, prevalence, and correlational factors".

17990: 16913: 16429: 12038: 5485: 23902: 21403: 13697: 13193: 13180: 13176: 6579: 6566: 2873: 1809:

inadequacy (as a wife, a lover, or as a human being) rather than the perpetrators' selfish desire for power and control over them.

1375:); and economic deprivation. It can also mean endangerment, criminal coercion, kidnapping, unlawful imprisonment, trespassing, and 20069: 19699:

Campbell JC (September 2001). "Safety planning based on lethality assessment for partners of batterers in intervention programs".

14072:"Speaking about sexual abuse in British South Asian communities: offenders, victims and the challenges of shame and reintegration" 12376: 12247: 8362: 8327: 7800: 4305:

Historically, domestic violence has been seen as a heterosexual family issue and little interest has been directed at violence in

3927:

found that women suffered disproportionately as a result of intimate partner violence, especially in terms of injuries, fear, and

1842:

breaking the intergenerational abuse patterns may do more to reduce domestic violence than other remedies for managing the abuse.

24055: 23657: 23262: 21664: 18542:"Individual, family, and culture level contributions to child physical abuse and neglect: A longitudinal study in nine countries" 16364:"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, crime-violent-offences, Victims of serious assault, Intimate partner or family member" 15553: 14571: 9341: 8601: 7399: 4649:

There is acknowledgment that many victims are not actually married to the abuser, but rather cohabiting or in other arrangements.

4646:

Terms such wife abuse, wife beating, and battering are descriptive terms that have lost popularity recently for several reasons:

3836:

victimization and overestimate their own violence perpetration. Financial or familial dependence, normalization of violence, and

2611: 1606:

The WHO defines sexual abuse as any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to

523: 18912: 17886:

Women are more often the victims of domestic violence than men and are more likely to suffer injuries and health consequences...

16480: 13064:

Douki, Saida; Nacef, F.; Belhadj, A.; Bouasker, A.; Ghachem, R. (2003). "Violence against Women in Arab and Islamic Countries".

12910: 11305: 7303:"Racial and Ethnic Differences in Homicides of Adult Women and the Role of Intimate Partner Violence — United States, 2003–2014" 6320:"Invisible Bars: Adapting the Crime of False Imprisonment to Better Address Coercive Control and Domestic Violence in Tennessee" 6192: 6050: 5972: 5285: 2587:

are financial distress, induced stress, frustration, and a resulting quest for coping mechanisms, which could trigger violence.

23907: 23495: 23394: 23072: 22570: 22424: 21669: 21463: 19629: 13625: 11084:

Murphy CM, Meyer SL, O'Leary KD (1993). "Family of origin violence and MCMI-II psychopathology, among partner assaultive men".

10632:

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Bride-price and domestic violence in Timor-Leste: a comparative study of married-in and married-out cultures in four districts

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6, no. 3: 165-171. Opuz v. Turkey, Application no. 33401/02, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, June 9, 2009,

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Gender Patterns in Intimate Partner Violence: Results from 33 Campus Climate Surveys Based on the Partner Victimization Scale

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Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence, 2010/2011: Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales, 2010/2011

16286: 16258: 16030: 15919: 14436: 14304: 14172: 14029: 13233: 13201: 12564: 12211: 12077: 11908: 11572: 11290: 11266: 11226: 10929: 10898: 10867: 10785: 10511: 10206: 10175: 10020: 9696: 9634: 9278: 9166: 9137: 9102: 8939: 8579: 8518: 8401: 8121: 8080: 8024: 7965: 7833: 7650: 7590: 7538: 7375: 7085: 6886: 6859: 6830: 6587: 6548: 6389: 6260: 6230: 6091: 5852: 5790: 5762: 5541: 5274:"Traumatic bonding: The development of emotional attachments in battered women and other relationships of intermittent abuse" 5175: 5141: 4896: 4854: 855: 587: 19363: 17282:

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Among victims who are still living with their perpetrators high amounts of stress, fear, and anxiety are commonly reported.

2022: 1827:

the abused person may be hopeful that the situation will change. Then, tensions begin to build, and the cycle starts again.

23685: 23277: 23182: 22989: 21609: 21193: 21140: 20101: 19429: 18261: 12343: 12196:, Pease R, Taylor N, Webster K (2009), "Reshaping attitudes towards violence against women", in Buzawa ES, Stark E (eds.), 12008: 10991: 6170: 1957: 1599: 646: 17006:

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People in same-sex relationships face special obstacles in dealing with the issues that some researchers have labeled the

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Worldwide map of the existence of laws against domestic violence and their potential to counter the problem (status: 2017)

1675:, for instance, while discussing a proposed law that would criminalize marital rape, Sheik Ahmad Al-Kurdi, a judge in the 1651:

In some cultures, marriage imposes a social obligation for women to reproduce. In northern Ghana, for example, payment of

1198:

states that "in the early 1800s, most legal systems implicitly accepted wife-beating as a husband's right" over his wife.

21120: 19082:

National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: An overview of 2010 findings on victimization by sexual orientation

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but 9% of girls believed wife-beating is justified, and in Cambodia, 25% of boys and 42% of girls think it is justified.

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9609: 9033: 8727:"Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (CETS No. 201)" 7892: 6617: 5428:"The federalist papers: no. 43 The same subject continued (The powers conferred by the constitution further considered)" 5312:"Caregiver traumatization adversely impacts young children's mental representations on the MacArthur Story Stem Battery" 3997: 24435: 22116: 21685: 21443: 20943: 20265: 19977: 19404: 18069: 18046: 15608:

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8756: 8708:. End child prostitution, child pornography & trafficking of children for sexual purposes (ECPAT). September 2007. 6369: 5639: 4412: 2273: 1397: 1098: 899: 16248: 15685:"Preventing and mitigating the effects of childhood violence and trauma (based on an interview with Carl C. Bell, MD)" 14192:"Egypt: divorced from justice: women's unequal access to divorce in Egypt: VI. Condemning women to a life of violence" 13127: 11744: 10801:

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7117: 6997: 5943: 24273: 23769: 23197: 22818: 22808: 22059: 21634: 21629: 21275: 21090: 20732: 20443: 19892: 19575:"A qualitative analysis of how physicians with expertise in domestic violence approach the identification of victims" 17870:

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High Commissioner speaks out against domestic violence and "honour killing" on occasion of International Women's Day

4049:

of fundamental freedoms in private or public life in peacetime and during situations of armed conflicts or of war".

2914:

remainder took place during tactical situations (those involving hostages and attempts to overcome barricades). The

24106: 23642: 23122: 22080: 21639: 21569: 20213: 18764:"Self-Report Measures That Do Not Produce Gender Parity in Intimate Partner Violence A Multi-Study Investigation", 18603: 15648:

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14453: 13490: 12621: 11022:. Trondheim, Norway: Violence in intimate relationships Norway: EuroPROFEM – The European Men Profeminist Network, 10198: 9961: 9783: 6960: 4336: 2979:

reports that in the United States, 41% of women and 26% of men experience domestic violence within their lifetime.

2540:

leaving violent marriages, as women may be forced to choose between violence at home and destitution in the street.

2149:

Alcohol was held responsible for this cycle of domestic violence in Alabama, United States ("Kills His Son-in-Law"

1504: 1094: 162: 20434: 14334: 13594: 12586:"Review of Honour, Violence, Women and Islam; Women, Islam and Everyday Life: Renegotiating Polygamy in Indonesia" 7619: 6793: 6570: 3871:

There continues to be some debate regarding gender differences with relation to domestic violence. Limitations of

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or death, and includes the use of technology to harass, control, monitor, stalk or hack. Domestic murder includes

24430: 23435: 23217: 23132: 23032: 23022: 22883: 22768: 22180: 22121: 21644: 21499: 21453: 21337: 21168: 21030: 20678: 20207:"Chapter 4. Personality Disorders and Relational Disorders: A Research Agenda for Addressing Crucial Gaps in DSM" 19835: 19284: 19080: 18517: 17986: 16721: 16402: 15833: 15832:

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Discriminatory marriage and divorce laws can also play a role in the proliferation of the practice. According to

2380: 1919: 1350: 1218: 1017: 707: 639: 442: 437: 74: 20985: 18333: 13936: 12654: 8154: 7075: 5377: 3879:, that fail to capture injury, homicide, and sexual violence rates, context (e.g. motivations, fear), disparate 24303: 24076: 23877: 23547: 23328: 23207: 21624: 21564: 21494: 21479: 19958: 18042: 18030: 17935: 17901:

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17759: 17747: 16320: 14366: 14071: 13657: 13032: 13011: 12968:

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Hart SD, Dutton DG, Newlove T (December 1993). "The prevalence of personality disorder among wife assaulters".

9652: 8776:"1 in 4 callers to the National Domestic Violence Hotline report birth control sabotage and pregnancy coercion" 8629: 8424: 7048: 7036: 5877: 4516: 4300: 4065: 4009: 2211:, marriage regulations state that a wife must obey her husband and must not leave home without his permission. 1401:

hidden problem. As a result, in recent years, many US states have enacted specific laws against strangulation.

1105:, domestic violence from within a country as opposed to international violence perpetrated by a foreign power. 1078: 17: 24465: 15874: 14612:. Research and Public Policy Series. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology. Paper no. 124. 13824: 10144:

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in 2017 found that over half of all female homicides are committed by intimate partners, 98% of whom are men.

353: 24460: 24440: 24348: 24338: 24323: 24091: 23597: 23222: 23177: 23147: 23047: 22683: 22454: 22205: 21649: 21599: 21589: 21524: 21413: 21393: 21332: 21255: 20697: 19767: 18987: 16701:

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Kurz D (1992), "Battering and the criminal justice system: a feminist view", in Buzawa ES, Buzawa CG (eds.),

10618: 9568: 7710:. Avon Global Center for Women and Justice at Cornell Law School and the New York City Bar Association, 2011. 4573: 4526: 4136: 1516:

Percentage of women who reported actual or attempted sexual assault by an intimate male partner (late 1990s)

1058: 892: 702: 670: 561: 234: 17633: 12932: 12518:

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although they have not experienced a trauma personally and do not qualify for a clinical diagnosis of PTSD.

2807:. The most commonly referenced psychological effect of domestic violence is PTSD, which is characterized by 1448:. These are commonly a form of revenge against a woman for rejecting a marriage proposal or sexual advance. 1280: 24328: 24308: 24266: 23762: 23652: 23602: 23500: 23485: 23430: 23425: 23415: 23017: 22813: 22783: 22773: 22504: 22073: 21614: 21579: 21529: 21504: 21489: 21377: 21060: 20374:

Interpersonal violence in the African American community: evidence-based prevention and treatment practices

19840: 19469: 18679: 17730: 15357: 14993:"The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: A decade of responding to violence against women" 14163:

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The Convention of Belém do Pará and the Istanbul convention: a response to violence against women worldwide

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partners usually rely on small convenience samples such as lesbian or gay male members of an association."

4086:

is usually defined as the sex-based killing of women or girls by men, although the exact definitions vary.

2800: 2789: 2194:

In this 1903 advertisement for Littleton Butter, domestic violence is portrayed as embarrassing but normal.

2030: 827: 697: 627: 501: 432: 197: 20739:

Searchable database of domestic violence shelters and programs in the US and links to informative articles

20247: 19250:

Interpersonal violence in the African-American community evidence-based prevention and treatment practices

18865: 14499:"Editorial opinion: Canadian immigration changes force women to stay with sponsoring spouse for two years" 7724: 5822: 5038: 24333: 24313: 24048: 23882: 23872: 23817: 23647: 23607: 23592: 23587: 23490: 23227: 23192: 23127: 22853: 22848: 22579: 22031: 21690: 21659: 21654: 21619: 21594: 21584: 21574: 21554: 21539: 21509: 21280: 20547: 20012: 19530: 18638:

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Statement by Ms. Rashida Manjoo, Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its cause and consequences

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Monitoring the situation of women & children: Afghanistan multiple indicator cluster survey 2010–2011

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International human rights law and domestic violence: the effectiveness of international human rights law

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have been increasingly used since the 1980s to adjudicate domestic violence cases in the United States.

2277: 24470: 18786:

The psychology of teen violence and victimization, volume 1, Part III. Teen violence by family and mates

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Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children

8759:. Permanent representation of the Czech Republic to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg. July 17, 2014. 5069: 2190: 1341:

or accepted parents' accounts of accidental mishaps, such as falls or assaults by neighborhood bullies.

24455: 24420: 24318: 24121: 24101: 23632: 23387: 23252: 23212: 23102: 23077: 23052: 22718: 22698: 22563: 22469: 22045: 21897: 21809: 21559: 21544: 21534: 21519: 21514: 21367: 21023: 20904: 20577: 20488: 20044:

Supplement to the handbook for legislation on violence against women: "harmful practices" against women

19579: 19041: 18973: 18675:"Female perpetration of violence in heterosexual intimate relationships: adolescence through adulthood" 18486:"When family life hurts: Family experience of aggression in children - Parentline plus 31 October 2010" 17485:

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15834:"Women's abuse of their children in the context on domestic violence: reflection from women's accounts" 15524:. Stop Violence Against Women: a project of the Advocates for Human Rights. August 2013. Archived from 11389: 8876: 5486:"The criminal justice system's response to battering: understanding the problem, forging the solutions" 4179: 2795:

In addition to depression, victims of domestic violence also commonly experience long-term anxiety and

2446:

trafficking related to the payment of dowry and bride price, honor killings for refusing the marriage.

2312: 1639:

Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse

845: 167: 15803:

An ounce of prevention: the life stories and perceptions of men who sexually offended against children

14427:

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was the first international treaty to address child sexual abuse occurring within the home or family.

1194: 24343: 24086: 23087: 22748: 22474: 22414: 21946: 21865: 21844: 21604: 21549: 21484: 21423: 21347: 21260: 21070: 20091: 20008: 15242: 12483:

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Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence

1237: 1149: 1062: 986: 944: 486: 379: 157: 24475: 20014:

Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: taking action and generating evidence

19962: 19122: 17600: 14885: 13737:

Statement by the United Nations Working Group on discrimination against women in law and in practice

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Chapter III – Crimes committed against life, person and health through harmful traditional practices

24445: 24295: 23004: 22982: 22489: 22235: 22052: 22038: 21925: 21183: 21003: 20914: 19473: 17413: 16305:

Translating pain into action: a study of gender-based violence and minority ethnic women in Ireland

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Violence against women and HIV/AIDS: critical intersections: intimate partner violence and HIV/AIDS

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Conference paper for the White Ribbon International Conference, Sydney, Australia, 13–15 May 2013.

13425: 12649: 9004: 8538: 7005: 6993: 6784: 3976: 2904: 2632: 860: 481: 126: 20735:

international directory of domestic violence agencies with abuse information in over 100 languages

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Physical violence in American families: risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families

9127: 9092: 9062: 7567: 4068:

held for the first time that gender-based domestic violence is a form of discrimination under the

1918:

Dutton has suggested a psychological profile of men who abuse their wives, arguing that they have

1756:

and fear that seriously affects their personal life, financially, physically and psychologically.

1108:

Traditionally, domestic violence (DV) was mostly associated with physical violence. Terms such as

22147: 22142: 22013: 21967: 21890: 19516: 19495: 18645: 17729:. Dushanbe, Tajikistan: State Committee on Statistics of the Republic of Takistan. Archived from 15911:

Children who witness mother-assault: an expander post-traumatic stress disorder conceptualization

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Violence against women in families and relationships, Volume IV: the media and cultural attitudes

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Kalmuss D, Seltzer JA (December 1988). "Socialization and stress explanations for spouse abuse".

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Schechter DS, Zygmunt A, Coates SW, Davies M, Trabka KA, McCaw J, Kolodji A, Robinson JL (2007).

4521: 4419: 4400:

Prevention and intervention includes ways to prevent domestic violence by offering safe shelter,

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Cycle of abuse, power & control issues in domestic abuse situations (double click to enlarge)

1927: 1440:

is thrown at the victims, usually their faces, resulting in extensive damage including long-term

1221:

declared that a married woman should be "free from bodily correction or stripes by her husband."

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Family violence in migrant women in Australia: strategies for migrant men to reduce the violence

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Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by male and female university students in 32 nations

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likely to make a significant contribution to preventing intimate partner and sexual violence".

4358:

status in keeping partners together (due to health care insurance/access, or guilt), threat of

4029: 3923: 3876: 2849: 2808: 1967: 1963: 1876: 1611: 1260: 880: 622: 82: 20205:, Cuthbert B, Krystal JH, Malison R, Offord DR, Reiss D, Shea MT, Widger T, Wisner KL (2002). 19816: 19213: 19005: 18781: 18639: 18597: 18141: 17445: 17407: 17328:

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on the part of the woman. Research has established that there exists a direct and significant

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Family interventions in domestic violence a handbook of gender-inclusive theory and treatment

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partner violence, the action they would take would be to encourage the parties to reconcile.

2133: 2081: 1851: 1475:. In some parts of the world, where there is a strong social expectation for a woman to be a 974: 949: 496: 348: 316: 20778: 19543: 16088:

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was enacted in 2005, following years of advocacy and activism by the women's organizations.

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Proclamation No. 414/2004: The criminal code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

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Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children

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Examining predictors of level of attendance in a group treatment program for men who abuse

19915: 18100: 17817:"No-drop prosecution of domestic violence: just good policy, or equal protection mandate?" 16516:

Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report on the National Study of Domestic Abuse

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Heroes of their own lives: the politics and history of family violence (Boston, 1880–1960)

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Prohibiting Violent Punishment of Girls and Boys: A key element in ending family violence

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ECPAT International: Confronting the commercial sexual exploitation of children in Africa

8144:"Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children: Oman, Muscat" 7934: 7897: 6370:"Crime against marriage? Wife-beating, the law and divorce in nineteenth-century Hamburg" 4842: 4625: 4558: 4401: 4277: 4091: 3417: 2841: 2300: 2094: 1860: 1694: 1252: 1233: 1203: 1126: 331: 299: 269: 259: 172: 20692: 20077: 19821:

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found violence against women and girls to be one of the most prevalent

3980: 3060: 2674: 2615: 2412: 2308: 2145: 1932: 1923:

personality traits, mental illness, or psychopathy are lesser factors.

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were more likely to be victims of domestic violence assault than were

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Applied Research Projects, 20353:Hamel J, Nicholls TL (2007). 20173: 19841:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 19768:Psychology of Women Quarterly 19055:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00054-3 19010:, Thousand Oaks, California: 18680:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 16104:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08221-1 16021:. Thousand Oaks, California: 16015:Buzawa ES, Buzawa CG (2003). 15358:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 15010:10.1016/S0020-7292(97)02863-4 14014:'Honour' Killing and Violence 13248:Marmot M (January 21, 2015). 11994: 11902: 11877: 11852: 11823: 11799: 11784: 11772: 11435:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08357-5 10856:Intimate violence in families 10542:. Paper no. EUR 60/001/2009. 10170:. Balboa Press, pp. 138–139. 9878:Journal of Community Practice 9569:Inver Hills Community College 8539:"Ethics guide: honour crimes" 8153:. Spring 2006. Archived from 7732:. 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Archived from 20260:. Bogle-L'Ouverture Press. 19531:Annals of Internal Medicine 18856:Staff writer (March 2015). 18843:10.13140/RG.2.2.34326.86086 16608:Riviello R (July 1, 2009). 16247:Karmen A (April 13, 2015). 15371:10.1177/1524838001002001001 15167:Archives of Family Medicine 14331:National Geographic Society 12749:Tracy SR (September 2007). 12590:Journal of Law and Religion 12160:(Report). MDE 31/014/2009. 10132:. SAGE Publications, p. 89. 10119:. 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Archived from 7074:Stark E (April 16, 2007). 6919:AIDS Patient Care and STDs 5658:"L_2012315EN.01005701.XML" 5197:Journal of Family Violence 4413:domestic violence hotlines 4369: 4298: 4292: 4246: 4223: 4180:Parental abuse by children 4177: 4173: 4134: 3990: 2942: 2902: 2878:Child abuse § Effects 2871: 2658: 2597: 2579: 2422: 2313:theologically conservative 2271: 2264:each of these countries). 2015: 1951: 1928:evolutionary psychological 1854:relationship, a number of 1834: 1831:Intergenerational violence 1816: 1763: 1692: 1508: 1498: 1386: 1348: 1187: 846:Discrimination against men 168:Sexual violence statistics 24436:Violence against children 24367: 24294: 24173: 24150: 24069: 23998:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 23916: 23790: 23704: 23666: 23408: 23342: 23301: 23261: 23003: 22998:Domestic violence in Asia 22892: 22867: 22586: 22546: 22415:Abusive power and control 22397: 22196: 22188: 22135: 22094: 22023: 21991: 21882: 21845:The Conspiracy of Silence 21829: 21822: 21762: 21706: 21699: 21678: 21472: 21436: 21424:Stress in early childhood 21386: 21348:Intimate partner violence 21320: 21313: 21261:Major depressive disorder 21202: 21149: 21111: 21104: 21071:Abusive power and control 21053: 20929: 20747: 20693:Resources in your library 18862:endcorporalpunishment.org 18558:10.1017/S095457941500084X 18406:10.1080/07418820701485395 18355:10.1080/07418820701485601 17620:10.1891/1946-6560.4.1.e14 17601:"Partner abuse worldwide" 17268:10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.010 17012:, Springer, p. 632, 16972:, Boston, Massachusetts: 16824:Hamby S (April 1, 2017). 16645:. 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Geneva, Switzerland: 14022:10.1057/9781137289568_7 12907:www.foryourmarriage.org 12810:10.1111/0021-8294.00055 11600:Power and control wheel 10920:, Steinmetz SK (1980). 10093:. Pearson, 5th edition. 9890:10.1023/A:1024064214054 9845:10.1023/A:1024064214054 9666:10.1176/ajp.137.11.1336 9505:National Health Service 8543:BBC Religion and ethics 7041:"About family violence" 6382:10.4324/9780203016992-9 6045:Encyclopædia Britannica 5699:ramoscriminallawyer.com 5581:. 19/96. Archived from 5089:10.1891/1946-6560.4.1.6 4998:10.1001/jama.2018.14741 4522:Battered woman syndrome 3915:University of Hong Kong 2563:In some countries, the 1995:, substance abuse, and 1743:, punish, humiliation, 1195:Encyclopædia Britannica 793:Sexual assault and rape 339:Secondary victimisation 163:Child sexual initiation 150:Sexual assault and rape 24431:Violence against women 23948:British Virgin Islands 23451:Bosnia and Herzegovina 22143:Battered woman defense 22081:Violence Against Women 21464:Prevention initiatives 21373:Same-sex relationships 21131:Birth control sabotage 21076:Conflict tactics scale 20802:Maltreatment syndromes 20376:. New York: Springer. 20357:. New York: Springer. 20256:Daniels, Luke (2010), 19951:"Conceptual framework" 19823:. New York: Routledge. 19658:Violence Against Women 19168:Violence & Victims 18784:. 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Hayes 4559:Narcissistic parent 4402:crisis intervention 4354:, the impact of an 4278:corporal punishment 4263:corporal punishment 4092:Diana E. H. Russell 4070:European Convention 2301:depressive symptoms 2227:The Washington Post 2095:Catharine MacKinnon 1883:and are studied by 1861:antisocial behavior 1695:Psychological abuse 1517: 1234:American Revolution 1204:breach of the peace 993:that may result in 173:Forced prostitution 23838:Dominican Republic 22485:Playing the victim 22377:Surveillance abuse 22327:Professional abuse 22248:Cruelty to animals 22107:ManKind Initiative 21954:One Minute to Nine 21947:Once Were Warriors 21714:Jacquelyn Campbell 21286:Setting up to fail 21276:Narcissistic abuse 20930:External resources 20570:Pollard C (2004). 20450:on August 16, 2011 20412:Hanson TM (2005). 20294:Dutton DG (2006). 20272:Browne CA (2013). 19982:theduluthmodel.org 19889:mobihealthnews.com 19394:Lehman MW (1997). 18272:21st Century Media 18144:on August 27, 2016 18108:Population Reports 18039:hudoc.echr.coe.int 16993:2015-10-22 at the 16842:10.1037/vio0000117 16727:on January 4, 2009 16479:Britton A (2011). 15800:Sadeler C (1994). 14812:. 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April 22, 2020. 13859:Human Rights Watch 13610:2015-12-14 at the 13600:2015-12-11 at the 13595:Executive summary. 13487:Human Rights Watch 13333:Hindin MJ (2003). 13133:2016-02-05 at the 13083:Human Rights Watch 12988:2014-02-10 at the 12937:My Jewish Learning 12665:2015-11-29 at the 12362:2014-01-11 at the 12346:on January 2, 2015 12314:2016-02-05 at the 12223:2017-01-10 at the 12180:2016-03-26 at the 11644:Tribune Publishing 11585:2015-11-01 at the 11145:10.1007/bf01531961 10886:The battered child 10681:10.1007/BF00978715 10646:10.1007/BF00978276 10165:2015-11-25 at the 9975:10.1093/aje/kwn049 9468:"Coercive control" 9324:2015-07-20 at the 9313:2013-09-06 at the 8608:on August 21, 2015 8361:Lakhani A (2005). 8041:on October 1, 2013 8027:(April 14, 1999). 7797:Human Rights Watch 7706:2012-12-24 at the 7247:on April 23, 2015. 6875:Shipway L (2004). 5646:. October 25, 2012 5510:2015-11-23 at the 5402:The New York Times 5383:2012-10-24 at the 5364:2012-01-13 at the 4467: 4443: 4270: 4162: 4010:UN Population Fund 4006: 3885:operationalization 3867:Gender differences 3229:Dominican Republic 2933:intrusive thoughts 2931:, nightmares, and 2870: 2755: 2665:Women and HIV/AIDS 2624: 2565:immigration policy 2342: 2243: 2204: 2196: 2168:cruelty to animals 2155: 2028: 1788: 1705:public humiliation 1604: 1515: 1461:Human Rights Watch 1431: 1293: 1259:. In 1878, the UK 1200:English common law 727:Male expendability 413:Narcissistic abuse 24466:Children's rights 24456:Family disruption 24421:Domestic violence 24408: 24407: 24402: 24401: 24374:other territories 24256: 24255: 24248:Wallis and Futuna 24193:Clipperton Island 24151:Associated states 24031: 24030: 23920:other territories 23752: 23751: 23370: 23369: 23307:other territories 22965: 22964: 22896:other territories 22669:Equatorial Guinea 22533: 22532: 22510:Traumatic bonding 22156: 22155: 22090: 22089: 21818: 21817: 21432: 21431: 21309: 21308: 21096:Traumatic bonding 21086:Cycle of violence 21047:Domestic violence 21013: 21012: 20982:Wheeless textbook 20977:Domestic violence 20944:Domestic violence 20684:Domestic violence 20679:Library resources 20663:978-1-4039-4113-8 20652:Wilcox P (2006). 20644:978-0-8261-4592-5 20625:978-1-61205-148-2 20606:978-1-280-73823-4 20587:978-0-612-92277-8 20562:978-92-4-156462-5 20546:Moreno C (2013). 20538:978-1-85109-779-1 20527:McCue ML (2008). 20474:978-0-415-96968-0 20433:Helton P (2011). 20425:978-0-494-04873-3 20404:978-1-887554-84-8 20383:978-0-387-29598-5 20364:978-0-8261-0245-4 20345:978-1-000-21799-5 20326:978-0-612-16582-3 20313:Fisher P (1996). 20305:978-1-282-74107-2 20283:978-1-927583-21-0 20233:on March 12, 2016 20223:978-0-89042-292-2 20185:978-1-4548-1765-9 20057:on June 10, 2015. 19988:on July 28, 2011. 19747:978-0-87084-711-0 19362:Serra NE (2013). 19260:978-0-387-29598-5 19229:978-0-495-59929-6 19021:978-1-4129-6047-2 18983:978-0-612-53261-8 18926:978-3-11-014996-8 18820:978-0-313-39376-1 18795:978-0-313-39376-1 18744:978-0-471-21444-1 18655:978-0-19-972072-9 18613:978-1-4614-6633-8 18498:on June 19, 2012. 18393:Justice Quarterly 18342:Justice Quarterly 18211:978-1-000-21799-5 18169:(February 2012). 18167:Small Arms Survey 18007:(July 11, 2003). 17954:978-0-89714-951-8 17914:978-1-285-54589-9 17881:978-1-58562-347-1 17802:978-1-55798-895-9 17785:Felson R (2002). 17582:978-0-684-81447-6 17461:978-1-4522-7443-0 17452:SAGE Publications 17444:Emery RE (2013). 17423:978-1-4557-4987-4 17395:on June 21, 2018. 17369:978-0-19-538404-8 17178:(11): 1364–1389. 17156:978-0-7619-2106-6 17019:978-1-4419-1467-5 16983:978-1-940464-37-4 16943:978-1-137-38848-3 16717:978-0-662-37975-1 16683:978-1-4354-6993-8 16652:978-1-61069-001-0 16621:978-0-7637-4462-5 16288:978-1-4614-1257-1 16260:978-1-305-46549-7 16032:978-0-7619-2448-7 15948:(18): 3699–3719. 15921:978-0-612-01816-7 15245:(November 2004). 14948:10.1111/inm.12735 14910:on April 23, 2022 14719:. July 30, 2020. 14438:978-1-4129-7685-5 14407:Save the Children 14306:978-1-56023-935-2 14264:(February 2012). 14190:(December 2004). 14174:978-1-137-43917-8 14135:Conference paper. 14031:978-1-137-28955-1 13933:hbv-awareness.com 13831:. March 8, 2014. 13696:(March 6, 2014). 13489:(June 14, 2013). 13235:978-0-230-11291-9 13203:978-92-1-130291-2 13147:Council of Europe 13085:(December 2003). 12965:(November 2012). 12566:978-1-4129-5639-0 12491:(11): 1332–1343. 12434:Fidel Cano Correa 12411:on April 4, 2015. 12281:Nash Holdings LLC 12213:978-0-275-99854-7 12079:978-1-4051-6551-8 11963:cyber.harvard.edu 11613:on March 14, 2015 11574:978-0-425-19165-1 11534:). Archived from 11292:978-0-205-41822-0 11268:978-0-86569-001-1 11228:978-0-88738-263-5 11008:, 72(2), 346–361. 10945:Goetz AT (2010). 10931:978-0-385-14259-5 10900:978-0-226-32629-0 10869:978-0-7619-0123-5 10787:978-0-465-03388-1 10513:978-0-7425-3530-5 10414:(12): 1373–1377. 10373:(4 Pt 1): 723–8. 10208:978-0-306-45738-8 10176:978-1-4525-1311-9 10022:978-1-4528-4323-0 9969:(10): 1188–1196. 9698:978-1-4684-4754-5 9660:(11): 1336–1347. 9636:978-0-8070-6789-5 9280:978-92-1-112703-4 9168:978-0-19-966852-6 9139:978-1-4408-0335-2 9104:978-1-4408-0335-2 8941:978-92-4-154628-7 8520:978-3-531-94003-8 8403:978-0-14-311451-2 8390:Seager J (2009). 8208:. Dubaifaqs.com. 8182:. April 8, 2011. 7835:978-1-137-01266-1 7799:. April 6, 2001. 7652:978-81-261-1419-1 7592:978-0-7007-1741-5 7540:978-0-19-966852-6 7408:on April 14, 2014 7377:978-0-313-35489-2 7114:Council of Europe 7087:978-0-19-534833-0 6888:978-0-415-28220-8 6861:978-0-300-17311-6 6832:978-0-8156-0510-2 6722:Council of Europe 6710:Council of Europe 6651:(March 8, 2010). 6626:on April 23, 2015 6589:978-92-1-130158-8 6550:978-0-19-514890-9 6475:. Rochester, NY. 6391:978-1-85728-745-5 6368:Abrams L (1999). 6277:Crime and Justice 6262:978-0-8135-2729-1 6232:978-0-252-07079-2 6093:978-0-7618-0884-8 6086:, pp. 5–10, 5854:978-1-56023-074-8 5828:on March 7, 2016. 5792:978-92-4-068180-4 5764:978-0-205-41822-0 5611:Council of Europe 5543:978-0-415-28220-8 5252:on April 14, 2014 5236:(March 7, 2013). 5177:978-0-12-374031-1 5143:978-1-133-59746-9 5045:. March 9, 2021. 4991:(16): 1678–1687. 4898:978-1-136-68863-8 4856:978-1-136-74208-8 4612:Explanatory notes 4458: 3828: 3827: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2576:COVID-19 pandemic 2495:domestic violence 2247:Antonia Parvanova 2179:Social influences 2091:sexual harassment 2012:Power and control 1881:brain dysfunction 1837:Cycle of violence 1665:levirate marriage 1592: 1591: 1482:Bride burning or 1465:arranged marriage 1317:Crimes of passion 1146:domestic violence 1131:economic violence 1091:domestic violence 1067:traumatic bonding 1063:power and control 1031:gender inequality 940:Domestic violence 920:Domestic violence 917: 916: 693:Domestic violence 664: 663: 519:Toxic masculinity 451:Droit du seigneur 428:Domestic violence 183:Human trafficking 68: 67: 38:Domestic violence 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 24483: 24394: 24382:Falkland Islands 24296:Sovereign states 24283: 24276: 24269: 24260: 24259: 24238:Pitcairn Islands 24208:French Polynesia 24188:Christmas Island 24117:Papua New Guinea 24097:Marshall Islands 24070:Sovereign states 24058: 24051: 24044: 24035: 24034: 23988:Saint Barthélemy 23918:Dependencies and 23791:Sovereign states 23779: 23772: 23765: 23756: 23755: 23705:Dependencies and 23409:Sovereign states 23397: 23390: 23383: 23374: 23373: 23360: 23350: 23349: 23319:Christmas Island 23005:Sovereign states 22992: 22985: 22978: 22969: 22968: 22957: 22956:(United Kingdom) 22952:Tristan da Cunha 22948:Ascension Island 22940: 22927: 22918: 22894:Dependencies and 22587:Sovereign states 22573: 22566: 22559: 22550: 22549: 22537: 22536: 22372:Structural abuse 22347:Police brutality 22253:Disability abuse 22183: 22176: 22169: 22160: 22159: 22046:Family Relations 22014:The War on Women 21891:American Tragedy 21827: 21826: 21704: 21703: 21318: 21317: 21291:Silent treatment 21241:False accusation 21109: 21108: 21040: 21033: 21026: 21017: 21016: 20745: 20744: 20667: 20648: 20629: 20610: 20591: 20566: 20554: 20542: 20523: 20513: 20489:Family Relations 20478: 20459: 20457: 20455: 20429: 20408: 20387: 20368: 20349: 20330: 20309: 20287: 20253: 20242: 20240: 20238: 20232: 20226:. Archived from 20211: 20189: 20161: 20160: 20153: 20144: 20143: 20141: 20139: 20124: 20118: 20117: 20112:. Archived from 20092:Dept. for Health 20088: 20082: 20081: 20065: 20059: 20058: 20056: 20049: 20035: 20029: 20028: 20026: 20019: 20005: 19990: 19989: 19973: 19967: 19966: 19965:on May 12, 2013. 19961:. Archived from 19946: 19940: 19939: 19937: 19935: 19920:itunes.apple.com 19911: 19905: 19904: 19902: 19900: 19880: 19874: 19873: 19831: 19825: 19824: 19812: 19803: 19802: 19792: 19758: 19752: 19751: 19733: 19727: 19726: 19696: 19690: 19689: 19664:(9): 1206–1213. 19653: 19647: 19646: 19624: 19615: 19614: 19604: 19570: 19564: 19563: 19525: 19519: 19511: 19491: 19485: 19484: 19482: 19467: 19456: 19450: 19449: 19447: 19445: 19430:"Same-sex abuse" 19426: 19420: 19419: 19417: 19415: 19409: 19402: 19391: 19380: 19379: 19359: 19353: 19352: 19350: 19348: 19326: 19320: 19319: 19309: 19275: 19269: 19268: 19244: 19238: 19237: 19220:Cengage Learning 19209: 19203: 19202: 19192: 19158: 19147: 19146: 19118: 19109: 19108: 19106: 19104: 19098: 19087: 19076: 19067: 19066: 19036: 19030: 19029: 19001: 18992: 18991: 18963: 18957: 18956: 18954: 18952: 18937: 18931: 18930: 18908: 18902: 18901: 18899: 18897: 18891: 18884: 18876: 18870: 18869: 18868:on May 24, 2015. 18853: 18847: 18846: 18830: 18824: 18823: 18806: 18800: 18799: 18777: 18771: 18759: 18753: 18752: 18724: 18715: 18714: 18704: 18670: 18664: 18663: 18635: 18622: 18621: 18593: 18580: 18579: 18569: 18536: 18530: 18529: 18527: 18525: 18516:. Archived from 18506: 18500: 18499: 18497: 18491:. Archived from 18490: 18482: 18476: 18475: 18473: 18471: 18462:. Archived from 18456: 18450: 18449: 18447: 18445: 18431: 18425: 18424: 18422: 18389: 18380: 18374: 18373: 18371: 18338: 18329: 18323: 18322: 18294: 18288: 18287: 18285: 18283: 18257: 18251: 18250: 18248: 18246: 18222: 18216: 18215: 18191: 18185: 18184: 18163: 18154: 18153: 18151: 18149: 18129: 18123: 18122: 18120: 18105: 18096: 18090: 18089: 18087: 18085: 18070:"Opuz v. Turkey" 18065: 18059: 18058: 18056: 18054: 18035:"Opuz v. Turkey" 18027: 18021: 18020: 18001: 17995: 17994: 17975: 17966: 17965: 17963: 17946: 17932: 17926: 17925: 17898: 17889: 17888: 17867: 17858: 17857: 17839: 17833: 17832: 17830: 17828: 17813: 17807: 17806: 17782: 17776: 17775: 17773: 17771: 17744: 17738: 17737: 17735: 17728: 17717: 17711: 17710: 17708: 17706: 17691: 17685: 17684: 17682: 17680: 17660: 17654: 17653: 17651: 17649: 17630: 17624: 17623: 17605: 17596: 17590: 17589: 17570: 17560: 17554: 17553: 17517: 17511: 17510: 17499:10.1037/a0026296 17482: 17473: 17472: 17470: 17468: 17441: 17435: 17434: 17432: 17430: 17403: 17397: 17396: 17391:. Archived from 17380: 17374: 17373: 17361: 17352: 17346: 17345: 17342:10.1037/a0015066 17325: 17316: 17305: 17299: 17291: 17285: 17278: 17272: 17271: 17251: 17245: 17244: 17234: 17202: 17196: 17195: 17167: 17161: 17160: 17140: 17129: 17128: 17118: 17086: 17080: 17079: 17069: 17037: 17028: 17027: 17003: 16997: 16986: 16958: 16952: 16951: 16927: 16921: 16920: 16918: 16895: 16869: 16860: 16854: 16853: 16821: 16815: 16814: 16812: 16788: 16782: 16781: 16773: 16767: 16766: 16756: 16747: 16736: 16735: 16734: 16732: 16726: 16720:, archived from 16709: 16698: 16692: 16691: 16667: 16661: 16660: 16636: 16630: 16629: 16605: 16599: 16598: 16588: 16548: 16542: 16541: 16536: 16534: 16528: 16521: 16510: 16504: 16503: 16497: 16495: 16485: 16476: 16470: 16469: 16467: 16465: 16443: 16437: 16436: 16434: 16427: 16399: 16390: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16370: 16360: 16351: 16350: 16343: 16337: 16336: 16334: 16332: 16317: 16311: 16309: 16300: 16294: 16292: 16272: 16266: 16264: 16244: 16238: 16237: 16211: 16179: 16173: 16172: 16162: 16130: 16124: 16123: 16085: 16079: 16078: 16050: 16041: 16040: 16012: 16006: 16005: 15994:The Police Chief 15985: 15974: 15973: 15936: 15930: 15929: 15905: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15894: 15870: 15864: 15863: 15861: 15838: 15829: 15820: 15819: 15797: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15786: 15766: 15760: 15759: 15711: 15705: 15704: 15702: 15700: 15680: 15674: 15673: 15645: 15634: 15633: 15605: 15599: 15598: 15570: 15561: 15560: 15558: 15547: 15539: 15530: 15529: 15514: 15505: 15504: 15484: 15475: 15474: 15464: 15432: 15426: 15425: 15389: 15383: 15382: 15352: 15346: 15345: 15309: 15300: 15299: 15297: 15295: 15286:. October 2014. 15272: 15263: 15262: 15260: 15253: 15239: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15225: 15206:"Data: AIDSinfo" 15198: 15192: 15191: 15158: 15152: 15151: 15149: 15143:. Archived from 15130: 15119: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15091: 15080: 15074: 15073: 15063: 15037: 15031: 15030: 15012: 14988: 14979: 14978: 14968: 14950: 14926: 14920: 14919: 14917: 14915: 14896: 14890: 14889: 14883: 14878: 14876: 14868: 14866: 14864: 14832: 14826: 14825: 14823: 14821: 14802: 14796: 14795: 14785: 14745: 14739: 14738: 14728: 14709: 14703: 14702: 14692: 14674: 14650: 14644: 14643: 14627: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14611: 14600: 14594: 14593: 14591: 14589: 14567: 14561: 14550: 14535: 14529: 14528: 14526: 14524: 14509:Star Media Group 14494: 14488: 14471: 14465: 14448: 14442: 14441: 14424: 14418: 14417: 14415: 14409:. Archived from 14404: 14393: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14378:. January 2014. 14373: 14363: 14357: 14346: 14344: 14342: 14333:. Archived from 14316: 14310: 14309: 14292: 14286: 14281: 14279: 14272: 14258: 14252: 14240: 14224: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14213: 14207: 14196: 14184: 14178: 14177: 14160: 14154: 14132: 14124: 14118: 14117: 14115: 14113: 14107: 14076: 14067: 14061: 14060: 14042: 14036: 14035: 14009: 14003: 14002: 14000: 13998: 13992: 13985: 13977: 13971: 13970: 13959: 13953: 13952: 13950: 13948: 13924: 13915: 13914: 13912: 13910: 13904: 13893: 13881: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13870: 13851: 13845: 13844: 13842: 13840: 13821: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13810: 13790: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13779: 13756: 13750: 13749: 13728: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13717: 13690: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13679: 13673: 13666: 13654: 13643: 13642: 13620: 13614: 13593: 13577: 13571: 13570: 13568: 13566: 13548: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13517: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13483: 13474: 13473: 13452: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13421: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13410: 13404: 13397: 13389: 13383: 13382: 13380: 13378: 13372: 13357: 13339: 13330: 13324: 13323: 13305: 13281: 13272: 13271: 13269: 13267: 13245: 13239: 13238: 13221: 13215: 13214: 13212: 13191: 13173: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13162: 13143: 13137: 13126: 13109: 13103: 13102: 13100: 13093: 13079: 13073: 13070:http://www.unhcr 13062: 13056: 13053: 13047: 13046: 13029: 13023: 13019: 13002:Heinisch-Hosek G 12998: 12992: 12980: 12959: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12948: 12929: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12918: 12899: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12829: 12789: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12778: 12772: 12755: 12746: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12735: 12713: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12693:. Archived from 12675: 12669: 12658: 12653:. Archived from 12640: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12629: 12581: 12575: 12574: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12515: 12509: 12508: 12480: 12474: 12473: 12448: 12442: 12441: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12397: 12391: 12390: 12372: 12366: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12342:. Archived from 12332:(January 2013). 12326: 12320: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12266: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12233: 12227: 12216: 12190: 12184: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12148: 12142: 12141: 12123: 12089: 12083: 12082: 12057: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12046: 12027: 12021: 12020: 12004: 11998: 11992: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11900: 11881: 11875: 11869: 11850: 11833: 11821: 11815: 11797: 11788: 11782: 11776: 11770: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11755: 11749: 11738: 11730:(May 23, 2006). 11724: 11718: 11717: 11707: 11669: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11629: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11612: 11605: 11595: 11589: 11578: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11528:"Violence wheel" 11523: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11483: 11474: 11463: 11462: 11416: 11407: 11406: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11347: 11341: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11317: 11310: 11302: 11296: 11295: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11248: 11242: 11231: 11220: 11198: 11192: 11191: 11163: 11157: 11156: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11015: 11009: 11002: 10996: 10995: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10844: 10835: 10834: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10779: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10629: 10623: 10622: 10611:Kalra M (1996). 10608: 10602: 10601: 10591: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10537: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10448: 10442: 10441: 10431: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10382: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10341: 10334: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10253: 10247: 10245: 10239: 10231: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10188: 10179: 10155: 10149: 10142: 10133: 10126: 10120: 10113: 10107: 10100: 10094: 10087: 10078: 10075: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10037: 10031: 10030: 10006: 9997: 9996: 9986: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9935: 9929:. Archived from 9920: 9916:"Economic abuse" 9908: 9902: 9901: 9873: 9864: 9856: 9828: 9817: 9816: 9778: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9716: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9623:Jones A (2000). 9620: 9614: 9613: 9601:The Network News 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9571:. Archived from 9556: 9547: 9546: 9537:(7): 979–a–980. 9526: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9464: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9439:Psychology Today 9430: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9400: 9391: 9390: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9334: 9328: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9272: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9225:(5): 1482–1505. 9208: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9068:on July 18, 2013 9067: 9060: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9007: 8983: 8977: 8976: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8944:, archived from 8918: 8912: 8911: 8901: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8854: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8707: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8675:Star Media Group 8661: 8655: 8654: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8484:. Archived from 8474: 8468: 8467: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8429: 8422: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8342:on June 22, 2016 8338:. Archived from 8323: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8307:on June 15, 2013 8303:. Archived from 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8148: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8091:on July 28, 2013 8085:everyculture.com 8077: 8071: 8070: 8064: 8060: 8058: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8037:. Archived from 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8001:. Archived from 7995:travel.state.gov 7987: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7942:. Archived from 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7765:. Archived from 7747: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7731: 7717: 7711: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7616:Associated Press 7602: 7596: 7595: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7509: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7450: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7398:(October 2013). 7392: 7386: 7385: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7348: 7340: 7330: 7298: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7279:on July 30, 2019 7273:Associated Press 7255: 7249: 7248: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7216: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7149: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7051:. Archived from 7033: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7008:. Archived from 6990: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6914: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6815:Szasz T (1998). 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6792:. Archived from 6775: 6769: 6768: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6706: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6686: 6676: 6667: 6666: 6645: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6610: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6577: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6467:Katz ED (2015). 6464: 6455: 6444: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6111: 6098: 6097: 6075: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6016:. A/RES/48/104. 6004:General Assembly 6000: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5948: 5941: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5846: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5820: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5784: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5705:on June 13, 2014 5690: 5684: 5683: 5677: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5636: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5574: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5527: 5521: 5503: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5394: 5388: 5375: 5369: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5339: 5307: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5248:. Archived from 5230: 5221: 5220: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5127: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5108: 5074: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5000: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4805: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4698: 4681: 4670: 4664: 4644: 4638: 4634:Henry M. Mathews 4622: 4595:Spasime movement 4539:Crime statistics 4463:Welsh Government 4459: 4379:family physician 4260: 4055: 3906:Murray A. Straus 3850:Northern Ireland 3814: 3813: 3812: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3016: 3015: 3014: 2994: 2993: 2842:women's shelters 2813:startle response 2744: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2680: 2523:Ability to leave 2504:Nordic countries 2498:is defined as a 2339:Bangalore, India 2153:, June 29, 1890) 1824:Lenore E. Walker 1721:eating disorders 1661:wife inheritance 1518: 1514: 1246:State v. Bradley 909: 902: 895: 749:Groom kidnapping 666: 665: 656: 649: 642: 477:Forced pregnancy 70: 69: 55: 35: 34: 21: 24491: 24490: 24486: 24485: 24484: 24482: 24481: 24480: 24446:Causes of death 24411: 24410: 24409: 24404: 24403: 24398: 24392: 24375: 24373: 24363: 24290: 24287: 24257: 24252: 24175: 24169: 24152: 24146: 24127:Solomon Islands 24065: 24062: 24032: 24027: 23921: 23919: 23912: 23786: 23783: 23753: 23748: 23706: 23700: 23686:Northern Cyprus 23668: 23662: 23583:North Macedonia 23404: 23401: 23371: 23366: 23338: 23306: 23297: 23278:Northern Cyprus 23264: 23257: 22999: 22996: 22966: 22961: 22960: 22955: 22938: 22925: 22916: 22897: 22895: 22888: 22872: 22870: 22863: 22582: 22577: 22542: 22534: 22529: 22505:Rationalization 22440:Destabilisation 22393: 22357:Religious abuse 22192: 22187: 22157: 22152: 22131: 22086: 22019: 22000:Life with Billy 21987: 21919:The Burning Bed 21878: 21814: 21758: 21734:David Finkelhor 21695: 21674: 21468: 21459:Women's shelter 21428: 21382: 21305: 21198: 21145: 21100: 21049: 21044: 21014: 21009: 21008: 20925: 20924: 20910: 20847: 20843:X92-Y09 Assault 20811: 20783: 20756: 20733:Hot Peach Pages 20727:Wayback Machine 20704: 20703: 20702: 20687: 20686: 20682: 20675: 20670: 20664: 20645: 20626: 20607: 20588: 20563: 20552: 20539: 20475: 20453: 20451: 20426: 20405: 20384: 20365: 20346: 20327: 20306: 20284: 20236: 20234: 20230: 20224: 20209: 20196: 20194:Further reading 20186: 20170: 20165: 20164: 20155: 20154: 20147: 20137: 20135: 20125: 20121: 20089: 20085: 20066: 20062: 20054: 20047: 20036: 20032: 20024: 20017: 20006: 19993: 19974: 19970: 19947: 19943: 19933: 19931: 19912: 19908: 19898: 19896: 19881: 19877: 19832: 19828: 19813: 19806: 19759: 19755: 19748: 19734: 19730: 19697: 19693: 19654: 19650: 19625: 19618: 19571: 19567: 19526: 19522: 19492: 19488: 19480: 19465: 19457: 19453: 19443: 19441: 19428: 19427: 19423: 19413: 19411: 19407: 19400: 19392: 19383: 19360: 19356: 19346: 19344: 19327: 19323: 19276: 19272: 19261: 19245: 19241: 19230: 19222:, p. 255, 19210: 19206: 19159: 19150: 19119: 19112: 19102: 19100: 19096: 19085: 19077: 19070: 19037: 19033: 19022: 19014:, p. 312, 19002: 18995: 18984: 18964: 18960: 18950: 18948: 18939: 18938: 18934: 18927: 18909: 18905: 18895: 18893: 18889: 18882: 18878: 18877: 18873: 18854: 18850: 18831: 18827: 18821: 18807: 18803: 18796: 18778: 18774: 18760: 18756: 18745: 18725: 18718: 18671: 18667: 18656: 18636: 18625: 18614: 18606:, p. 193, 18594: 18583: 18537: 18533: 18523: 18521: 18508: 18507: 18503: 18495: 18488: 18484: 18483: 18479: 18469: 18467: 18458: 18457: 18453: 18443: 18441: 18433: 18432: 18428: 18420: 18387: 18381: 18377: 18369: 18336: 18330: 18326: 18295: 18291: 18281: 18279: 18267:The Delco Times 18258: 18254: 18244: 18242: 18223: 18219: 18212: 18192: 18188: 18164: 18157: 18147: 18145: 18130: 18126: 18118: 18103: 18097: 18093: 18083: 18081: 18066: 18062: 18052: 18050: 18028: 18024: 18002: 17998: 17977: 17976: 17969: 17961: 17955: 17944: 17933: 17929: 17915: 17899: 17892: 17882: 17868: 17861: 17840: 17836: 17826: 17824: 17815: 17814: 17810: 17803: 17783: 17779: 17769: 17767: 17745: 17741: 17733: 17726: 17718: 17714: 17704: 17702: 17693: 17692: 17688: 17678: 17676: 17675:on July 4, 2014 17661: 17657: 17647: 17645: 17632: 17631: 17627: 17603: 17597: 17593: 17583: 17561: 17557: 17518: 17514: 17483: 17476: 17466: 17464: 17462: 17454:. p. 397. 17442: 17438: 17428: 17426: 17424: 17416:. p. 875. 17404: 17400: 17381: 17377: 17370: 17354: 17353: 17349: 17326: 17319: 17306: 17302: 17292: 17288: 17279: 17275: 17252: 17248: 17203: 17199: 17168: 17164: 17157: 17141: 17132: 17087: 17083: 17038: 17031: 17020: 17004: 17000: 16995:Wayback Machine 16984: 16959: 16955: 16944: 16928: 16924: 16916: 16867: 16861: 16857: 16822: 16818: 16789: 16785: 16774: 16770: 16754: 16748: 16739: 16730: 16728: 16724: 16718: 16707: 16699: 16695: 16684: 16668: 16664: 16653: 16637: 16633: 16622: 16606: 16602: 16549: 16545: 16532: 16530: 16526: 16519: 16511: 16507: 16493: 16491: 16483: 16477: 16473: 16463: 16461: 16444: 16440: 16432: 16397: 16391: 16378: 16368: 16366: 16362: 16361: 16354: 16345: 16344: 16340: 16330: 16328: 16327:. July 23, 2023 16319: 16318: 16314: 16302: 16301: 16297: 16289: 16273: 16269: 16261: 16245: 16241: 16180: 16176: 16131: 16127: 16086: 16082: 16051: 16044: 16033: 16013: 16009: 15986: 15977: 15937: 15933: 15922: 15906: 15902: 15892: 15890: 15879:safehorizon.org 15871: 15867: 15859: 15836: 15830: 15823: 15798: 15794: 15784: 15782: 15767: 15763: 15732:10.2307/1602779 15712: 15708: 15698: 15696: 15681: 15677: 15646: 15637: 15606: 15602: 15571: 15564: 15556: 15545: 15541: 15540: 15533: 15516: 15515: 15508: 15485: 15478: 15433: 15429: 15390: 15386: 15353: 15349: 15310: 15303: 15293: 15291: 15274: 15273: 15266: 15258: 15251: 15240: 15233: 15223: 15221: 15199: 15195: 15159: 15155: 15147: 15128: 15120: 15116: 15108: 15089: 15081: 15077: 15038: 15034: 14989: 14982: 14927: 14923: 14913: 14911: 14898: 14897: 14893: 14881: 14879: 14870: 14869: 14862: 14860: 14833: 14829: 14819: 14817: 14804: 14803: 14799: 14746: 14742: 14711: 14710: 14706: 14651: 14647: 14630:Raza N (2011). 14628: 14624: 14616: 14609: 14601: 14597: 14587: 14585: 14568: 14564: 14559:Wayback Machine 14537: 14536: 14532: 14522: 14520: 14495: 14491: 14481:Wayback Machine 14472: 14468: 14458:Wayback Machine 14449: 14445: 14439: 14425: 14421: 14413: 14402: 14394: 14390: 14382: 14371: 14365: 14364: 14360: 14355:Wayback Machine 14340: 14338: 14317: 14313: 14307: 14293: 14289: 14277: 14270: 14259: 14255: 14250:Wayback Machine 14225: 14221: 14211: 14209: 14205: 14194: 14185: 14181: 14175: 14161: 14157: 14152:Wayback Machine 14142:Wayback Machine 14125: 14121: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14074: 14068: 14064: 14043: 14039: 14032: 14010: 14006: 13996: 13994: 13990: 13983: 13979: 13978: 13974: 13961: 13960: 13956: 13946: 13944: 13925: 13918: 13908: 13906: 13902: 13891: 13882: 13878: 13868: 13866: 13853: 13852: 13848: 13838: 13836: 13823: 13822: 13818: 13808: 13806: 13791: 13787: 13777: 13775: 13757: 13753: 13729: 13725: 13715: 13713: 13691: 13687: 13677: 13675: 13671: 13664: 13655: 13646: 13621: 13617: 13612:Wayback Machine 13602:Wayback Machine 13578: 13574: 13564: 13562: 13549: 13545: 13535: 13533: 13518: 13514: 13504: 13502: 13484: 13477: 13468:. A-HRC-21-41. 13453: 13449: 13439: 13437: 13422: 13418: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13395: 13391: 13390: 13386: 13376: 13374: 13370: 13337: 13331: 13327: 13282: 13275: 13265: 13263: 13246: 13242: 13236: 13222: 13218: 13210: 13204: 13189: 13174: 13170: 13160: 13158: 13144: 13140: 13135:Wayback Machine 13110: 13106: 13098: 13091: 13080: 13076: 13063: 13059: 13054: 13050: 13030: 13026: 12999: 12995: 12990:Wayback Machine 12960: 12956: 12946: 12944: 12931: 12930: 12926: 12916: 12914: 12901: 12900: 12896: 12886: 12884: 12841: 12837: 12827: 12825: 12790: 12786: 12776: 12774: 12770: 12753: 12747: 12743: 12733: 12731: 12714: 12710: 12700: 12698: 12676: 12672: 12667:Wayback Machine 12641: 12637: 12627: 12625: 12584:Dunn S (2012). 12582: 12578: 12567: 12551: 12547: 12516: 12512: 12481: 12477: 12449: 12445: 12420: 12416: 12398: 12394: 12373: 12369: 12364:Wayback Machine 12349: 12347: 12327: 12323: 12316:Wayback Machine 12304: 12300: 12290: 12288: 12267: 12263: 12253: 12251: 12234: 12230: 12225:Wayback Machine 12214: 12191: 12187: 12182:Wayback Machine 12175:Direct PDF link 12167: 12165: 12149: 12145: 12090: 12086: 12080: 12058: 12054: 12044: 12042: 12029: 12028: 12024: 12005: 12001: 11995:Bartlett et al. 11993: 11982: 11972: 11970: 11957: 11956: 11952: 11942: 11940: 11925:10.2307/1289533 11903:Bartlett et al. 11901: 11884: 11878:Bartlett et al. 11876: 11872: 11866:Wayback Machine 11853:Bartlett et al. 11851: 11836: 11824:Bartlett et al. 11822: 11818: 11800:Bartlett et al. 11798: 11791: 11785:Bartlett et al. 11783: 11779: 11773:Bartlett et al. 11771: 11764: 11753: 11751: 11747: 11736: 11725: 11721: 11670: 11663: 11653: 11651: 11639:Chicago Tribune 11630: 11626: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11592: 11587:Wayback Machine 11575: 11555: 11551: 11541: 11539: 11524: 11520: 11512: 11481: 11475: 11466: 11417: 11410: 11385: 11381: 11366:10.2307/2579191 11348: 11344: 11335: 11331: 11321: 11319: 11318:on June 1, 2010 11315: 11308: 11304: 11303: 11299: 11293: 11279: 11275: 11269: 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9495: 9491: 9481: 9479: 9466: 9465: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9431: 9427: 9417: 9415: 9402: 9401: 9394: 9361: 9357: 9347: 9345: 9336: 9335: 9331: 9326:Wayback Machine 9315:Wayback Machine 9299: 9295: 9287: 9281: 9270: 9263: 9262: 9258: 9248: 9246: 9231:10.2307/3481263 9209: 9205: 9195: 9193: 9180: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9155: 9151: 9140: 9120: 9116: 9105: 9085: 9081: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9058: 9054: 9053: 9049: 9039: 9037: 9014:10.2307/3583398 8984: 8980: 8961:Sexual violence 8957: 8953: 8942: 8919: 8915: 8872: 8868: 8821: 8817: 8807: 8805: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8772: 8768: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8712: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8684: 8682: 8663: 8662: 8658: 8625: 8621: 8611: 8609: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8585: 8583: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8521: 8505: 8501: 8491: 8489: 8476: 8475: 8471: 8447: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8420: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8359: 8355: 8345: 8343: 8324: 8320: 8310: 8308: 8293: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8262: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8238:The Independent 8229: 8225: 8215: 8213: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8189: 8187: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8157: 8146: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8127: 8125: 8108: 8104: 8094: 8092: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8062: 8061: 8052: 8051: 8044: 8042: 8022: 8018: 8008: 8006: 7989: 7988: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7926: 7922: 7912: 7910: 7889: 7885: 7875: 7873: 7851: 7847: 7836: 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7748: 7744: 7736: 7729: 7718: 7714: 7708:Wayback Machine 7699: 7695: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7579: 7575: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7527: 7523: 7476: 7472: 7425: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7393: 7389: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7342: 7341: 7313:(28): 741–746. 7299: 7292: 7282: 7280: 7269:Gannett Company 7257: 7256: 7252: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7199:(11): e54–e61. 7180: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7151: 7150: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7111: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7088: 7072: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7034: 7025: 7015: 7013: 6991: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6925:(12): 763–770. 6915: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6848: 6844: 6833: 6813: 6809: 6799: 6797: 6776: 6772: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6731: 6729: 6707: 6700: 6691: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6670: 6646: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6611: 6604: 6596: 6590: 6575: 6564: 6557: 6551: 6531: 6527: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6465: 6458: 6453:Wayback Machine 6426:St John Green N 6418:St John Green N 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6392: 6366: 6362: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6316: 6312: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6215: 6211: 6198: 6196: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6167:Hanover College 6155: 6151: 6112: 6101: 6094: 6076: 6069: 6056: 6054: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6001: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5818: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5751: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5691: 5687: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5647: 5638: 5637: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5553: 5551: 5544: 5528: 5524: 5512:Wayback Machine 5482: 5475: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5387:Battered Women. 5385:Wayback Machine 5376: 5372: 5366:Wayback Machine 5357: 5353: 5308: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5270: 5266: 5255: 5253: 5231: 5224: 5193: 5189: 5178: 5162: 5155: 5144: 5128: 5121: 5113: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5037: 5036: 5032: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4918: 4914: 4899: 4879: 4872: 4857: 4833: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4671: 4667: 4645: 4641: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4590:Signal for Help 4585:Rape statistics 4502: 4485:dating violence 4448: 4428: 4374: 4368: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4266: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4228: 4222: 4182: 4176: 4171: 4139: 4133: 4053: 4042:Maputo Protocol 3995: 3989: 3987:Women and girls 3894:family violence 3869: 3833: 3810: 3808: 3789: 3787: 3768: 3766: 3747: 3745: 3726: 3724: 3705: 3703: 3684: 3682: 3663: 3661: 3642: 3640: 3621: 3619: 3600: 3598: 3579: 3577: 3558: 3556: 3537: 3535: 3516: 3514: 3495: 3493: 3474: 3472: 3453: 3451: 3432: 3430: 3411: 3409: 3390: 3388: 3369: 3367: 3348: 3346: 3327: 3325: 3306: 3304: 3285: 3283: 3264: 3262: 3243: 3241: 3222: 3220: 3201: 3199: 3180: 3178: 3159: 3157: 3138: 3136: 3117: 3115: 3096: 3094: 3075: 3073: 3054: 3052: 3033: 3031: 3012: 3010: 3001: 2989: 2947: 2941: 2911: 2901: 2880: 2872:Main articles: 2866:Solomon Islands 2858: 2825: 2774: 2753: 2747: 2740: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2684: 2667: 2657: 2605: 2600: 2584: 2578: 2561: 2525: 2516: 2491: 2469: 2456: 2431: 2425:Forced marriage 2421: 2393: 2331: 2305:low self-esteem 2280: 2272:Main articles: 2270: 2188: 2181: 2164: 2143: 2141:Substance abuse 2129:law enforcement 2100:sexual violence 2078: 2020: 2014: 1988: 1958:rational choice 1954: 1949: 1947:Social theories 1908:psychopathology 1893:impulse control 1873: 1839: 1833: 1821: 1815: 1793: 1768: 1762: 1697: 1691: 1513: 1507: 1499:Main articles: 1497: 1391: 1385: 1353: 1347: 1330:Child sacrifice 1190: 1158:Family violence 1087: 1048:child marriages 913: 823:Sexual violence 660: 613:Sex and the law 593:Women's shelter 514:Sexual bullying 472:Forced marriage 462:Forced abortion 385:Gishiri cutting 354:Widow cleansing 344:Sexual violence 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 24489: 24479: 24478: 24473: 24471:Women's rights 24468: 24463: 24458: 24453: 24448: 24443: 24438: 24433: 24428: 24423: 24406: 24405: 24400: 24399: 24397: 24396: 24389: 24384: 24378: 24376: 24368: 24365: 24364: 24362: 24361: 24356: 24351: 24346: 24341: 24336: 24331: 24326: 24321: 24316: 24311: 24306: 24300: 24298: 24292: 24291: 24286: 24285: 24278: 24271: 24263: 24254: 24253: 24251: 24250: 24245: 24240: 24235: 24230: 24228:Norfolk Island 24225: 24220: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24195: 24190: 24185: 24183:American Samoa 24179: 24177: 24171: 24170: 24168: 24167: 24162: 24156: 24154: 24153:of New Zealand 24148: 24147: 24145: 24144: 24139: 24134: 24129: 24124: 24119: 24114: 24109: 24104: 24099: 24094: 24089: 24084: 24079: 24073: 24071: 24067: 24066: 24061: 24060: 24053: 24046: 24038: 24029: 24028: 24026: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24010: 24008:Sint Eustatius 24005: 24000: 23995: 23990: 23985: 23980: 23975: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23955: 23953:Cayman Islands 23950: 23945: 23940: 23935: 23930: 23924: 23922: 23917: 23914: 23913: 23911: 23910: 23905: 23900: 23895: 23890: 23885: 23880: 23875: 23870: 23865: 23860: 23855: 23850: 23845: 23840: 23835: 23830: 23825: 23820: 23815: 23810: 23805: 23800: 23794: 23792: 23788: 23787: 23782: 23781: 23774: 23767: 23759: 23750: 23749: 23747: 23746: 23741: 23736: 23731: 23726: 23721: 23716: 23710: 23708: 23707:other entities 23702: 23701: 23699: 23698: 23693: 23688: 23683: 23678: 23672: 23670: 23664: 23663: 23661: 23660: 23658:United Kingdom 23655: 23650: 23645: 23640: 23635: 23630: 23625: 23620: 23615: 23610: 23605: 23600: 23595: 23590: 23585: 23580: 23575: 23570: 23565: 23560: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23540: 23535: 23530: 23525: 23523: 23518: 23513: 23508: 23503: 23498: 23493: 23488: 23483: 23478: 23473: 23471:Czech Republic 23468: 23463: 23458: 23453: 23448: 23443: 23438: 23433: 23428: 23423: 23418: 23412: 23410: 23406: 23405: 23400: 23399: 23392: 23385: 23377: 23368: 23367: 23365: 23364: 23354: 23343: 23340: 23339: 23337: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23316: 23310: 23308: 23299: 23298: 23296: 23295: 23290: 23285: 23280: 23275: 23269: 23267: 23259: 23258: 23256: 23255: 23250: 23245: 23240: 23235: 23230: 23225: 23220: 23215: 23210: 23205: 23200: 23195: 23190: 23185: 23180: 23175: 23170: 23165: 23160: 23155: 23150: 23145: 23140: 23135: 23130: 23125: 23120: 23115: 23110: 23105: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23080: 23075: 23070: 23065: 23060: 23055: 23050: 23045: 23040: 23035: 23030: 23025: 23020: 23015: 23009: 23007: 23001: 23000: 22995: 22994: 22987: 22980: 22972: 22963: 22962: 22959: 22958: 22941: 22928: 22919: 22905:Canary Islands 22901: 22900: 22898: 22893: 22890: 22889: 22887: 22886: 22881: 22875: 22873: 22868: 22865: 22864: 22862: 22861: 22856: 22851: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22816: 22811: 22806: 22801: 22796: 22791: 22786: 22781: 22776: 22771: 22766: 22761: 22756: 22751: 22746: 22741: 22736: 22731: 22726: 22721: 22716: 22711: 22706: 22701: 22696: 22691: 22686: 22681: 22676: 22671: 22666: 22661: 22656: 22651: 22646: 22641: 22636: 22631: 22626: 22621: 22616: 22611: 22606: 22601: 22596: 22590: 22588: 22584: 22583: 22576: 22575: 22568: 22561: 22553: 22547: 22544: 22543: 22531: 22530: 22528: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22515:Victim blaming 22512: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22445:Discrimination 22442: 22437: 22432: 22430:Dehumanization 22427: 22422: 22420:Child grooming 22417: 22412: 22410:Abuse of power 22407: 22401: 22399: 22398:Related topics 22395: 22394: 22392: 22391: 22384: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22337:Physical abuse 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22294: 22289: 22284: 22283: 22282: 22277: 22267: 22265:Domestic abuse 22262: 22261: 22260: 22258:military draft 22250: 22245: 22244: 22243: 22238: 22233: 22228: 22218: 22213: 22208: 22202: 22200: 22194: 22193: 22186: 22185: 22178: 22171: 22163: 22154: 22153: 22151: 22150: 22145: 22139: 22137: 22133: 22132: 22130: 22129: 22124: 22119: 22114: 22109: 22104: 22098: 22096: 22092: 22091: 22088: 22087: 22085: 22084: 22077: 22070: 22063: 22056: 22049: 22042: 22039:Family Process 22035: 22027: 22025: 22021: 22020: 22018: 22017: 22010: 22007:Mommie Dearest 22003: 21995: 21993: 21989: 21988: 21986: 21985: 21978: 21971: 21964: 21957: 21950: 21943: 21936: 21929: 21922: 21915: 21908: 21901: 21898:Black and Blue 21894: 21886: 21884: 21880: 21879: 21877: 21876: 21873:Sin by Silence 21869: 21862: 21855: 21848: 21841: 21833: 21831: 21824: 21820: 21819: 21816: 21815: 21813: 21812: 21810:Deborah Tucker 21807: 21802: 21797: 21792: 21787: 21785:Elizabeth Celi 21782: 21777: 21772: 21770:Ruahine Albert 21766: 21764: 21760: 21759: 21757: 21756: 21751: 21749:Linda Saltzman 21746: 21741: 21736: 21731: 21726: 21721: 21716: 21710: 21708: 21701: 21697: 21696: 21694: 21693: 21688: 21682: 21680: 21676: 21675: 21673: 21672: 21667: 21665:United Kingdom 21662: 21657: 21652: 21647: 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21617: 21612: 21607: 21602: 21597: 21592: 21587: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21547: 21542: 21537: 21532: 21527: 21522: 21517: 21512: 21507: 21502: 21497: 21492: 21487: 21482: 21476: 21474: 21470: 21469: 21467: 21466: 21461: 21456: 21451: 21446: 21440: 21438: 21434: 21433: 21430: 21429: 21427: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21401: 21396: 21390: 21388: 21384: 21383: 21381: 21380: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21324: 21322: 21315: 21311: 21310: 21307: 21306: 21304: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21288: 21283: 21278: 21273: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21224: 21222:Economic abuse 21219: 21214: 21208: 21206: 21200: 21199: 21197: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21155: 21153: 21147: 21146: 21144: 21143: 21138: 21133: 21128: 21123: 21117: 21115: 21106: 21102: 21101: 21099: 21098: 21093: 21088: 21083: 21081:Cycle of abuse 21078: 21073: 21068: 21063: 21057: 21055: 21051: 21050: 21043: 21042: 21035: 21028: 21020: 21011: 21010: 21007: 21006: 20997: 20988: 20979: 20968: 20966:article/805546 20957: 20946: 20934: 20933: 20931: 20927: 20926: 20923: 20922: 20911: 20909: 20908: 20902: 20901: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20867: 20860: 20848: 20846: 20845: 20840: 20839: 20838: 20833: 20824: 20812: 20810: 20809: 20803: 20796: 20784: 20782: 20781: 20776: 20770: 20757: 20752: 20751: 20749: 20748:Classification 20742: 20741: 20736: 20730: 20717: 20711: 20701: 20700: 20695: 20689: 20688: 20677: 20676: 20674: 20673:External links 20671: 20669: 20668: 20662: 20649: 20643: 20630: 20624: 20611: 20605: 20592: 20586: 20576:(MSW thesis). 20567: 20561: 20543: 20537: 20524: 20496:(1): 202–211. 20479: 20473: 20460: 20430: 20424: 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London, UK: 20083: 20060: 20030: 19991: 19976:Staff writer. 19968: 19949:Staff writer. 19941: 19906: 19875: 19848:(3): 239–255. 19826: 19804: 19753: 19746: 19728: 19691: 19648: 19616: 19565: 19538:(8): 578–584. 19520: 19506:(4): 244–249. 19486: 19451: 19421: 19381: 19374:(3): 583–607. 19354: 19321: 19292:(2): 103–109. 19270: 19259: 19239: 19228: 19204: 19175:(3): 422–435. 19148: 19110: 19068: 19049:(5): 487–512. 19031: 19020: 18993: 18982: 18958: 18932: 18925: 18903: 18871: 18848: 18825: 18819: 18801: 18794: 18772: 18754: 18743: 18737:, p. 36, 18716: 18687:(4): 227–249. 18665: 18654: 18623: 18612: 18581: 18531: 18501: 18477: 18451: 18426: 18400:(3): 460–495. 18375: 18324: 18305:(3): 290–296. 18289: 18252: 18231:mayoclinic.org 18217: 18210: 18186: 18155: 18138:gedulinlaw.com 18124: 18091: 18074:interights.org 18060: 18022: 17996: 17967: 17953: 17927: 17913: 17890: 17880: 17859: 17834: 17821:thefreelibrary 17808: 17801: 17777: 17739: 17712: 17686: 17655: 17625: 17591: 17581: 17555: 17528:(2): 131–151. 17512: 17474: 17460: 17436: 17422: 17398: 17375: 17368: 17347: 17317: 17300: 17286: 17273: 17262:(4): 279–288. 17246: 17217:(4): 178–189. 17197: 17162: 17155: 17130: 17101:(4): 178–189. 17081: 17052:(3): 301–314. 17029: 17018: 16998: 16982: 16953: 16942: 16922: 16878:(2): 263–286. 16855: 16836:(2): 167–180. 16816: 16803:(3): 465–479. 16783: 16768: 16737: 16716: 16693: 16682: 16662: 16651: 16631: 16620: 16600: 16543: 16505: 16471: 16438: 16410:(2): 167–175. 16376: 16352: 16338: 16312: 16295: 16287: 16267: 16259: 16239: 16174: 16145:(2): 231–280. 16125: 16080: 16061:(4): 393–412. 16042: 16031: 16007: 15975: 15931: 15920: 15900: 15873:Staff writer. 15865: 15821: 15792: 15761: 15706: 15675: 15635: 15600: 15581:(5): 192–198. 15562: 15531: 15506: 15476: 15447:(2): 123–147. 15427: 15384: 15347: 15320:(2): 193–208. 15301: 15264: 15231: 15193: 15153: 15114: 15075: 15054:(2): 133–135. 15032: 14980: 14941:(4): 549–552. 14921: 14891: 14882:|journal= 14827: 14797: 14740: 14704: 14645: 14622: 14595: 14562: 14530: 14489: 14466: 14443: 14437: 14419: 14388: 14358: 14311: 14305: 14287: 14253: 14219: 14179: 14173: 14155: 14119: 14062: 14037: 14030: 14004: 13972: 13954: 13927:Staff writer. 13916: 13876: 13846: 13816: 13785: 13751: 13723: 13685: 13644: 13633:(6): 550–561. 13615: 13572: 13543: 13520:Staff writer. 13512: 13475: 13447: 13424:Staff writer. 13416: 13384: 13348:(7): 501–508. 13325: 13273: 13240: 13234: 13216: 13202: 13168: 13138: 13104: 13074: 13057: 13048: 13024: 13004:(March 2009). 12993: 12954: 12924: 12894: 12835: 12804:(2): 269–286. 12784: 12741: 12708: 12670: 12635: 12596:(2): 545–553. 12576: 12565: 12545: 12510: 12475: 12443: 12414: 12403:(April 2015). 12392: 12367: 12321: 12298: 12261: 12228: 12212: 12185: 12143: 12084: 12078: 12052: 12022: 11999: 11980: 11950: 11882: 11870: 11834: 11816: 11789: 11777: 11762: 11719: 11690:(5): 941–947. 11661: 11624: 11590: 11573: 11549: 11526:Staff writer. 11518: 11464: 11408: 11379: 11360:(2): 473–491. 11342: 11329: 11297: 11291: 11273: 11267: 11243: 11227: 11193: 11180:10.2307/349435 11174:(4): 624–636. 11158: 11139:(2): 157–175. 11119: 11092:(2): 165–176. 11076: 11049:(2): 101–124. 11033: 11010: 10997: 10972: 10937: 10930: 10905: 10899: 10875: 10868: 10836: 10809:(4): 326–337. 10793: 10786: 10764: 10737:(2): 167–182. 10721: 10710:(4): 329–341. 10694: 10675:(2): 131–147. 10659: 10640:(4): 323–341. 10624: 10603: 10552: 10518: 10512: 10494: 10443: 10394: 10353: 10318: 10305:10.2307/352234 10299:(1): 113–120. 10283: 10270:10.2307/351858 10248: 10218: 10207: 10180: 10150: 10148:, 20 (2015)62. 10134: 10121: 10108: 10095: 10079: 10070: 10032: 10021: 9998: 9947: 9903: 9865: 9839:(4): 207–217. 9818: 9791:(5): 563–588. 9766: 9736: 9703: 9697: 9679: 9642: 9635: 9615: 9586: 9548: 9521: 9489: 9456: 9425: 9392: 9373:(9): 891–920. 9355: 9329: 9293: 9279: 9256: 9203: 9173: 9167: 9149: 9138: 9114: 9103: 9079: 9047: 9005:10.1.1.544.246 8978: 8951: 8940: 8913: 8866: 8837:(6): 457–459. 8815: 8785: 8766: 8748: 8718: 8692: 8656: 8637:(3): 249–267. 8619: 8593: 8560: 8530: 8519: 8499: 8469: 8441: 8409: 8402: 8382: 8375:(2): 249–298. 8353: 8318: 8287: 8256: 8223: 8197: 8163: 8135: 8102: 8072: 8063:|website= 8035:United Nations 8016: 7979: 7964:. AIDSPortal. 7962:aidsportal.org 7949: 7920: 7883: 7845: 7834: 7814: 7780: 7742: 7712: 7693: 7674:(2): 235–241. 7658: 7651: 7633: 7597: 7591: 7573: 7546: 7539: 7521: 7492:(7090): 1295. 7470: 7441:(3): 272–275. 7419: 7387: 7376: 7356: 7290: 7250: 7228: 7174: 7139: 7105: 7086: 7066: 7023: 6982: 6952: 6906: 6887: 6867: 6860: 6842: 6831: 6807: 6770: 6739: 6698: 6668: 6637: 6602: 6588: 6555: 6549: 6525: 6498: 6456: 6409: 6390: 6360: 6341: 6310: 6289:10.1086/449151 6267: 6261: 6237: 6231: 6209: 6176: 6149: 6099: 6092: 6067: 6031: 5990: 5960: 5949:on May 1, 2015 5924: 5885:(4): 948–963. 5860: 5853: 5831: 5798: 5791: 5769: 5763: 5742: 5716: 5685: 5628: 5591: 5560: 5542: 5522: 5498:(2): 267–329. 5473: 5449: 5419: 5389: 5370: 5351: 5322:(3): 187–205. 5299: 5264: 5222: 5187: 5176: 5153: 5142: 5119: 5060: 5030: 4971: 4932:(9): 850–857. 4912: 4897: 4870: 4855: 4824: 4792: 4760: 4713:(5): 584–602. 4692: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4655:mental illness 4650: 4639: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4605:Wellness check 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4427: 4424: 4387:emergency room 4370:Main article: 4367: 4364: 4293:Main article: 4290: 4287: 4257: 4247:Main article: 4244: 4241: 4224:Main article: 4221: 4218: 4178:Main article: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4135:Main article: 4132: 4129: 3988: 3985: 3875:, such as the 3868: 3865: 3832: 3831:Underreporting 3829: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3208:Czech Republic 3196: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3007: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2988: 2985: 2968:Hispanic women 2940: 2937: 2929:hypervigilance 2900: 2897: 2857: 2854: 2838:zero tolerance 2824: 2821: 2805:panic disorder 2773: 2770: 2750: 2749: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2678: 2656: 2653: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2580:Main article: 2577: 2574: 2560: 2557: 2533:Rashida Manjoo 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2493:In Australia, 2490: 2487: 2468: 2465: 2455: 2452: 2429:Child marriage 2420: 2417: 2392: 2389: 2330: 2327: 2293:social support 2269: 2266: 2257:Victim blaming 2187: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2163: 2160: 2142: 2139: 2120:sensationalism 2077: 2074: 2016:Main article: 2013: 2010: 1987: 1984: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1872: 1869: 1835:Main article: 1832: 1829: 1819:Cycle of abuse 1817:Main article: 1814: 1811: 1792: 1789: 1772:Marital assets 1766:Economic abuse 1764:Main article: 1761: 1758: 1741:verbal assault 1690: 1687: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1496: 1493: 1469:sexual assault 1453:honor killings 1444:and permanent 1389:Physical abuse 1384: 1381: 1346: 1343: 1334:C. Henry Kempe 1285:Cent Proverbes 1232:Following the 1189: 1186: 1142:domestic abuse 1122:battered woman 1118:wife battering 1086: 1083: 1055:cycle of abuse 915: 914: 912: 911: 904: 897: 889: 886: 885: 884: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 851:Reverse sexism 848: 840: 839: 838:Related topics 835: 834: 833: 832: 831: 830: 820: 819: 818: 813: 808: 795: 794: 790: 789: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 759: 758: 754: 753: 752: 751: 746: 741: 740: 739: 729: 724: 723: 722: 712: 711: 710: 705: 700: 687: 686: 682: 681: 675: 674: 662: 661: 659: 658: 651: 644: 636: 633: 632: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 582: 581: 580:Related topics 577: 576: 575: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 536: 535: 529: 528: 527: 526: 521: 516: 511: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 447: 446: 445: 440: 435: 425: 420: 415: 407: 406: 402: 401: 400: 399: 394: 393: 392: 387: 377: 375:Breast ironing 372: 364: 363: 359: 358: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 312:Sexual assault 309: 308: 307: 302: 300:Unacknowledged 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 207: 202: 201: 200: 195: 193:Sexual slavery 190: 185: 180: 170: 165: 160: 152: 151: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 134: 129: 127:Pregnant women 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 91: 90: 86: 85: 79: 78: 66: 65: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 18:Domestic Abuse 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24488: 24477: 24474: 24472: 24469: 24467: 24464: 24462: 24459: 24457: 24454: 24452: 24449: 24447: 24444: 24442: 24439: 24437: 24434: 24432: 24429: 24427: 24424: 24422: 24419: 24418: 24416: 24395: 24390: 24388: 24387:French Guiana 24385: 24383: 24380: 24379: 24377: 24371: 24366: 24360: 24357: 24355: 24352: 24350: 24347: 24345: 24342: 24340: 24337: 24335: 24332: 24330: 24327: 24325: 24322: 24320: 24317: 24315: 24312: 24310: 24307: 24305: 24302: 24301: 24299: 24297: 24293: 24284: 24279: 24277: 24272: 24270: 24265: 24264: 24261: 24249: 24246: 24244: 24241: 24239: 24236: 24234: 24231: 24229: 24226: 24224: 24223:New Caledonia 24221: 24219: 24216: 24214: 24211: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24203:Easter Island 24201: 24199: 24196: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24184: 24181: 24180: 24178: 24172: 24166: 24163: 24161: 24158: 24157: 24155: 24149: 24143: 24140: 24138: 24135: 24133: 24130: 24128: 24125: 24123: 24120: 24118: 24115: 24113: 24110: 24108: 24105: 24103: 24100: 24098: 24095: 24093: 24090: 24088: 24085: 24083: 24080: 24078: 24075: 24074: 24072: 24068: 24059: 24054: 24052: 24047: 24045: 24040: 24039: 24036: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24009: 24006: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23989: 23986: 23984: 23981: 23979: 23976: 23974: 23971: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23961: 23959: 23956: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23941: 23939: 23936: 23934: 23931: 23929: 23926: 23925: 23923: 23915: 23909: 23908:United States 23906: 23904: 23901: 23899: 23896: 23894: 23891: 23889: 23886: 23884: 23881: 23879: 23876: 23874: 23871: 23869: 23866: 23864: 23861: 23859: 23856: 23854: 23851: 23849: 23846: 23844: 23841: 23839: 23836: 23834: 23831: 23829: 23826: 23824: 23821: 23819: 23816: 23814: 23811: 23809: 23806: 23804: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23795: 23793: 23789: 23780: 23775: 23773: 23768: 23766: 23761: 23760: 23757: 23745: 23742: 23740: 23737: 23735: 23732: 23730: 23727: 23725: 23722: 23720: 23719:Faroe Islands 23717: 23715: 23712: 23711: 23709: 23703: 23697: 23694: 23692: 23691:South Ossetia 23689: 23687: 23684: 23682: 23679: 23677: 23674: 23673: 23671: 23665: 23659: 23656: 23654: 23651: 23649: 23646: 23644: 23641: 23639: 23636: 23634: 23631: 23629: 23626: 23624: 23621: 23619: 23616: 23614: 23611: 23609: 23606: 23604: 23601: 23599: 23596: 23594: 23591: 23589: 23586: 23584: 23581: 23579: 23576: 23574: 23571: 23569: 23566: 23564: 23561: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23543:Liechtenstein 23541: 23539: 23536: 23534: 23531: 23529: 23526: 23524: 23522: 23519: 23517: 23514: 23512: 23509: 23507: 23504: 23502: 23499: 23497: 23494: 23492: 23489: 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22682: 22680: 22677: 22675: 22672: 22670: 22667: 22665: 22662: 22660: 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22625: 22622: 22620: 22617: 22615: 22612: 22610: 22607: 22605: 22602: 22600: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22591: 22589: 22585: 22581: 22574: 22569: 22567: 22562: 22560: 22555: 22554: 22551: 22545: 22538: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22520:Victimisation 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22406: 22403: 22402: 22400: 22396: 22390: 22389: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 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21237: 21234: 21232: 21228: 21227:Embarrassment 21225: 21223: 21220: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21210: 21209: 21207: 21205: 21204:Psychological 21201: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21179:Honor killing 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21164:Bride burning 21162: 21160: 21157: 21156: 21154: 21152: 21148: 21142: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21127: 21124: 21122: 21119: 21118: 21116: 21114: 21110: 21107: 21103: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21084: 21082: 21079: 21077: 21074: 21072: 21069: 21067: 21064: 21062: 21059: 21058: 21056: 21052: 21048: 21041: 21036: 21034: 21029: 21027: 21022: 21021: 21018: 21005: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20983: 20980: 20978: 20974: 20973: 20969: 20967: 20963: 20962: 20958: 20956: 20952: 20951: 20947: 20945: 20941: 20940: 20936: 20935: 20932: 20928: 20921: 20917: 20916: 20912: 20906: 20903: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20862: 20861: 20858: 20857: 20853: 20849: 20844: 20841: 20837: 20836:T76 suspected 20834: 20832: 20831:T74 confirmed 20829: 20828: 20826: 20825: 20822: 20821: 20817: 20813: 20807: 20804: 20801: 20798: 20797: 20794: 20793: 20789: 20785: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20771: 20768: 20767: 20763: 20759: 20758: 20755: 20750: 20746: 20740: 20737: 20734: 20731: 20728: 20724: 20721: 20718: 20715: 20712: 20709: 20706: 20705: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20690: 20685: 20680: 20665: 20659: 20655: 20650: 20646: 20640: 20636: 20631: 20627: 20621: 20617: 20612: 20608: 20602: 20598: 20593: 20589: 20583: 20579: 20575: 20574: 20568: 20564: 20558: 20551: 20550: 20544: 20540: 20534: 20530: 20525: 20521: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20503: 20499: 20495: 20491: 20490: 20485: 20480: 20476: 20470: 20466: 20461: 20449: 20445: 20441: 20436: 20431: 20427: 20421: 20417: 20416: 20410: 20406: 20400: 20396: 20395: 20389: 20385: 20379: 20375: 20370: 20366: 20360: 20356: 20351: 20347: 20341: 20337: 20332: 20328: 20322: 20318: 20317: 20311: 20307: 20301: 20297: 20292: 20290: 20285: 20279: 20275: 20270: 20267: 20263: 20259: 20255: 20251: 20250: 20244: 20229: 20225: 20219: 20215: 20208: 20204: 20199: 20198: 20187: 20181: 20177: 20172: 20171: 20168:Cited sources 20158: 20152: 20150: 20138:September 25, 20134: 20130: 20123: 20115: 20111: 20107: 20103: 20099: 20098: 20093: 20087: 20079: 20075: 20071: 20064: 20053: 20046: 20045: 20040: 20034: 20023: 20016: 20015: 20010: 20004: 20002: 20000: 19998: 19996: 19987: 19983: 19979: 19972: 19964: 19960: 19956: 19952: 19945: 19929: 19925: 19921: 19917: 19910: 19894: 19890: 19886: 19879: 19871: 19867: 19863: 19859: 19855: 19851: 19847: 19843: 19842: 19837: 19830: 19822: 19818: 19811: 19809: 19800: 19796: 19791: 19786: 19782: 19778: 19774: 19770: 19769: 19764: 19757: 19749: 19743: 19739: 19732: 19724: 19720: 19716: 19712: 19708: 19704: 19703: 19695: 19687: 19683: 19679: 19675: 19671: 19667: 19663: 19659: 19652: 19644: 19640: 19636: 19632: 19631: 19623: 19621: 19612: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19594: 19590: 19586: 19582: 19581: 19576: 19569: 19561: 19557: 19553: 19549: 19545: 19541: 19537: 19533: 19532: 19524: 19518: 19514: 19509: 19505: 19501: 19497: 19490: 19479: 19475: 19471: 19464: 19463: 19455: 19439: 19435: 19434:womenslaw.org 19431: 19425: 19406: 19399: 19398: 19390: 19388: 19386: 19377: 19373: 19369: 19365: 19358: 19342: 19338: 19337: 19332: 19325: 19317: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19299: 19295: 19291: 19287: 19286: 19281: 19274: 19266: 19262: 19256: 19252: 19251: 19243: 19235: 19231: 19225: 19221: 19217: 19216: 19208: 19200: 19196: 19191: 19186: 19182: 19178: 19174: 19170: 19169: 19164: 19157: 19155: 19153: 19144: 19140: 19136: 19132: 19128: 19127:FP Essentials 19124: 19117: 19115: 19095: 19091: 19084: 19083: 19075: 19073: 19064: 19060: 19056: 19052: 19048: 19044: 19043: 19035: 19027: 19023: 19017: 19013: 19009: 19008: 19000: 18998: 18989: 18985: 18979: 18975: 18972:(MA thesis). 18971: 18970: 18962: 18946: 18942: 18936: 18928: 18922: 18918: 18914: 18907: 18888: 18881: 18875: 18867: 18863: 18859: 18852: 18844: 18840: 18836: 18829: 18822: 18816: 18812: 18805: 18797: 18791: 18787: 18783: 18776: 18769: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18750: 18746: 18740: 18736: 18732: 18731: 18723: 18721: 18712: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18694: 18690: 18686: 18682: 18681: 18676: 18669: 18661: 18657: 18651: 18647: 18643: 18642: 18634: 18632: 18630: 18628: 18619: 18615: 18609: 18605: 18601: 18600: 18592: 18590: 18588: 18586: 18577: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18559: 18555: 18551: 18547: 18543: 18535: 18519: 18515: 18511: 18505: 18494: 18487: 18481: 18465: 18461: 18455: 18440: 18436: 18430: 18419: 18415: 18411: 18407: 18403: 18399: 18395: 18394: 18386: 18379: 18368: 18364: 18360: 18356: 18352: 18348: 18344: 18343: 18335: 18328: 18320: 18316: 18312: 18308: 18304: 18300: 18293: 18277: 18273: 18269: 18268: 18263: 18256: 18240: 18236: 18232: 18228: 18221: 18213: 18207: 18203: 18199: 18198: 18190: 18182: 18178: 18177: 18172: 18168: 18162: 18160: 18143: 18139: 18135: 18128: 18117: 18113: 18109: 18102: 18095: 18079: 18075: 18071: 18064: 18048: 18044: 18040: 18036: 18032: 18026: 18018: 18014: 18010: 18006: 18000: 17992: 17988: 17984: 17980: 17974: 17972: 17960: 17956: 17950: 17943: 17942: 17937: 17931: 17924: 17920: 17916: 17910: 17906: 17905: 17897: 17895: 17887: 17883: 17877: 17873: 17866: 17864: 17855: 17851: 17847: 17846: 17838: 17822: 17818: 17812: 17804: 17798: 17794: 17790: 17789: 17781: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17753: 17749: 17743: 17732: 17725: 17724: 17716: 17700: 17696: 17690: 17674: 17670: 17669:childinfo.org 17666: 17659: 17643: 17639: 17635: 17629: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17608:Partner Abuse 17602: 17595: 17588: 17584: 17578: 17574: 17569: 17568: 17559: 17551: 17547: 17543: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17516: 17508: 17504: 17500: 17496: 17492: 17488: 17481: 17479: 17463: 17457: 17453: 17449: 17448: 17440: 17425: 17419: 17415: 17411: 17410: 17402: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17379: 17371: 17365: 17360: 17359: 17351: 17343: 17339: 17335: 17331: 17324: 17322: 17314: 17313:9780761921066 17310: 17304: 17297: 17290: 17283: 17277: 17269: 17265: 17261: 17257: 17250: 17242: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17224: 17220: 17216: 17212: 17208: 17201: 17193: 17189: 17185: 17181: 17177: 17173: 17166: 17158: 17152: 17148: 17147: 17139: 17137: 17135: 17126: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17108: 17104: 17100: 17096: 17092: 17085: 17077: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17059: 17055: 17051: 17047: 17043: 17036: 17034: 17025: 17021: 17015: 17011: 17010: 17002: 16996: 16992: 16989: 16985: 16979: 16975: 16971: 16967: 16963: 16957: 16949: 16945: 16939: 16935: 16934: 16926: 16915: 16911: 16907: 16903: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16885: 16881: 16877: 16873: 16866: 16859: 16851: 16847: 16843: 16839: 16835: 16831: 16827: 16820: 16811: 16806: 16802: 16798: 16794: 16787: 16779: 16772: 16764: 16760: 16753: 16746: 16744: 16742: 16723: 16719: 16713: 16706: 16705: 16697: 16689: 16685: 16679: 16675: 16674: 16666: 16658: 16654: 16648: 16644: 16643: 16635: 16627: 16623: 16617: 16613: 16612: 16604: 16596: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16578: 16574: 16570: 16566: 16562: 16558: 16554: 16547: 16540: 16533:September 17, 16525: 16518: 16517: 16509: 16502: 16494:September 17, 16489: 16482: 16475: 16459: 16455: 16454: 16449: 16442: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16417: 16413: 16409: 16405: 16404: 16396: 16389: 16387: 16385: 16383: 16381: 16365: 16359: 16357: 16348: 16342: 16326: 16322: 16316: 16307: 16306: 16299: 16290: 16284: 16280: 16279: 16271: 16262: 16256: 16252: 16251: 16243: 16235: 16231: 16227: 16223: 16219: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16193: 16189: 16185: 16178: 16170: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16140: 16139:Partner Abuse 16136: 16129: 16121: 16117: 16113: 16109: 16105: 16101: 16097: 16093: 16092: 16084: 16076: 16072: 16068: 16064: 16060: 16056: 16049: 16047: 16038: 16034: 16028: 16024: 16020: 16019: 16011: 16003: 15999: 15995: 15991: 15984: 15982: 15980: 15971: 15967: 15963: 15959: 15955: 15951: 15947: 15943: 15935: 15927: 15923: 15917: 15913: 15912: 15904: 15888: 15884: 15880: 15876: 15869: 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15126: 15118: 15107: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15088: 15087: 15079: 15071: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15053: 15049: 15048: 15043: 15036: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14987: 14985: 14976: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14925: 14909: 14905: 14901: 14895: 14887: 14874: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14846: 14842: 14838: 14831: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14801: 14793: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14775: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14744: 14736: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14708: 14700: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14649: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14632:Visa for hell 14626: 14615: 14608: 14607: 14599: 14583: 14579: 14578: 14573: 14566: 14560: 14556: 14553: 14548: 14544: 14540: 14534: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14506: 14505: 14500: 14493: 14487: 14486: 14482: 14478: 14475: 14470: 14464: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14452: 14447: 14440: 14434: 14430: 14423: 14412: 14408: 14401: 14400: 14392: 14381: 14377: 14370: 14369: 14362: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14336: 14332: 14328: 14327: 14322: 14315: 14308: 14302: 14298: 14291: 14284: 14276: 14269: 14268: 14263: 14257: 14251: 14247: 14244: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14223: 14204: 14200: 14193: 14189: 14183: 14176: 14170: 14166: 14159: 14153: 14149: 14146: 14143: 14139: 14136: 14130: 14123: 14104: 14100: 14096: 14092: 14088: 14084: 14080: 14073: 14066: 14058: 14054: 14053: 14048: 14041: 14033: 14027: 14023: 14019: 14015: 14008: 13989: 13982: 13976: 13968: 13964: 13958: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13923: 13921: 13901: 13897: 13890: 13887:(July 2001). 13886: 13880: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13850: 13834: 13830: 13826: 13820: 13804: 13800: 13796: 13789: 13773: 13769: 13768:endvawnow.org 13765: 13761: 13755: 13747: 13743: 13739: 13738: 13733: 13727: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13699: 13695: 13689: 13670: 13663: 13659: 13653: 13651: 13649: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13627: 13619: 13613: 13609: 13606: 13603: 13599: 13596: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13576: 13560: 13556: 13555: 13547: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13516: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13482: 13480: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13462: 13457: 13451: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13420: 13401: 13394: 13388: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13347: 13343: 13336: 13329: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13280: 13278: 13261: 13257: 13256: 13251: 13244: 13237: 13231: 13227: 13220: 13209: 13205: 13199: 13195: 13188: 13187: 13182: 13178: 13172: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13142: 13136: 13132: 13129: 13124: 13120: 13119: 13114: 13108: 13097: 13090: 13089: 13084: 13078: 13071: 13067: 13061: 13052: 13044: 13040: 13039: 13034: 13028: 13022: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13008: 13003: 12997: 12991: 12987: 12984: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12969: 12964: 12958: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12928: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12898: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12855:(1): 87–113. 12854: 12850: 12846: 12839: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12788: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12760: 12752: 12745: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12720: 12712: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12674: 12668: 12664: 12661: 12656: 12652: 12651: 12646: 12639: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12580: 12572: 12568: 12562: 12558: 12557: 12549: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12514: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12486: 12479: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12462: 12457: 12453: 12447: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12430: 12429:El Espectador 12425: 12418: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12396: 12388: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12371: 12365: 12361: 12358: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12325: 12319: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12308: 12302: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12265: 12249: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12232: 12226: 12222: 12219: 12215: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12200: 12195: 12189: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12163: 12159: 12158: 12153: 12147: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12100: 12095: 12088: 12081: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12063: 12056: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12026: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12003: 11996: 11991: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11904: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11879: 11874: 11867: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11839: 11831: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11796: 11794: 11786: 11781: 11774: 11769: 11767: 11746: 11742: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11723: 11715: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11684: 11679: 11675: 11668: 11666: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11640: 11635: 11628: 11609: 11602: 11601: 11594: 11588: 11584: 11581: 11576: 11570: 11566: 11565:Berkley Books 11562: 11561: 11553: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11522: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11480: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11423: 11415: 11413: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11391: 11383: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11354: 11353:Social Forces 11346: 11339: 11338:Partner Abuse 11333: 11314: 11307: 11301: 11294: 11288: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11247: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11224: 11219: 11218: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11197: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11162: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11123: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11080: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11037: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11014: 11007: 11001: 10993: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10976: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10941: 10933: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10909: 10902: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10887: 10879: 10871: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10843: 10841: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10797: 10789: 10783: 10778: 10777: 10768: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10725: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10628: 10620: 10616: 10615: 10607: 10599: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10563: 10556: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10533: 10528: 10522: 10515: 10509: 10505: 10498: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10338: 10331: 10330: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10287: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10252: 10243: 10237: 10229: 10222: 10214: 10210: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10195: 10187: 10185: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10141: 10139: 10131: 10125: 10118: 10112: 10105: 10099: 10092: 10086: 10084: 10074: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10036: 10028: 10024: 10018: 10014: 10013: 10005: 10003: 9994: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9951: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9872: 9870: 9863: 9859: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9785: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9724: 9720: 9719:The Telegraph 9715: 9707: 9700: 9694: 9690: 9683: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9646: 9638: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9590: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9553: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9493: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9463: 9461: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9429: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9399: 9397: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9359: 9343: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9317:Also see the 9316: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9304: 9297: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9269: 9268: 9260: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9207: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9177: 9170: 9164: 9160: 9153: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9083: 9064: 9057: 9051: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8998:(3): 116–36. 8997: 8993: 8989: 8982: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8955: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8909: 8905: 8900: 8899:2027.42/73927 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8831: 8830:Contraception 8826: 8819: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8789: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8711: 8704: 8703: 8696: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8623: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8511: 8503: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8451: 8445: 8426: 8419: 8413: 8405: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8386: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8357: 8341: 8337: 8336:Freedom House 8333: 8329: 8322: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8291: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8227: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8156: 8152: 8145: 8139: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8106: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8068: 8056: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8020: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7986: 7984: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7958:"Afghanistan" 7953: 7945: 7941: 7940:Nash Holdings 7937: 7936: 7931: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7903:Nash Holdings 7900: 7899: 7894: 7887: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7818: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7735: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7654: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7594: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7542: 7536: 7532: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7423: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7360: 7352: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7297: 7295: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7045:justice.gc.ca 7042: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6970: 6966: 6965:womenslaw.org 6962: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6911: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6871: 6863: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6811: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6690: 6683: 6682: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6461: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6072: 6064: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5978: 5974: 5973:"Elder abuse" 5970: 5964: 5945: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5835: 5824: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5794: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5773: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5747: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5693:Ramos GH Jr. 5689: 5681: 5675: 5659: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5571: 5564: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5453: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5304: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5158: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5126: 5124: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5077:Partner Abuse 5071: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4831: 4829: 4809: 4802: 4796: 4777: 4770: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4693: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4630:West Virginia 4627: 4621: 4617: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4544:Depp v. Heard 4542: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4472:Marriage laws 4464: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4385:provider, or 4384: 4380: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4352:gay community 4347: 4345: 4344:double closet 4340: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4264: 4255: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4237:self-efficacy 4232: 4227: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4095:femicide are 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062:Opuz v Turkey 4059: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3941:Western world 3937: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3889:Normalization 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952:United States 2946: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2906: 2899:On responders 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772:Psychological 2769: 2764: 2759: 2720: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2570:sham marriage 2566: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2438:and parts of 2437: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2340: 2335: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2262: 2261:Eurobarometer 2258: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2245:According to 2239: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2214:According to 2212: 2210: 2200: 2192: 2186:Cultural view 2183: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2024: 2019: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1986:Social stress 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1828: 1825: 1820: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1733:alcohol abuse 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1600:map of Africa 1596: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1484:dowry killing 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1398:Strangulation 1395: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1339:bone diseases 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1281:JJ Grandville 1277: 1273: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1242:rule of thumb 1240:, citing the 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1223:New Hampshire 1220: 1215: 1213: 1210:from a local 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1184: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127:psychological 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1007:honor killing 1004: 1003:bride burning 1000: 996: 995:disfigurement 992: 991:acid throwing 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 947: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 910: 905: 903: 898: 896: 891: 890: 888: 887: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 842: 841: 837: 836: 829: 826: 825: 824: 821: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 802: 799: 798: 797: 796: 792: 791: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760: 756: 755: 750: 747: 745: 742: 738: 735: 734: 733: 730: 728: 725: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 694: 691: 690: 689: 688: 684: 683: 680: 677: 676: 672: 668: 667: 657: 652: 650: 645: 643: 638: 637: 635: 634: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 584: 583: 579: 578: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 562:Belém do Pará 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 538: 537: 534: 531: 530: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 509: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 467:Force-feeding 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452: 448: 444: 443:and pregnancy 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 409: 408: 404: 403: 398: 395: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 366: 365: 362:Disfigurement 361: 360: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 313: 310: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 211: 208: 206: 203: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 188:Fetish slaves 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 155: 154: 153: 149: 148: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 107:Honor killing 105: 103: 100: 98: 97:Bride burning 95: 94: 93: 92: 88: 87: 84: 81: 80: 76: 72: 71: 63: 62:purple ribbon 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 24476:Men's rights 24370:Dependencies 24174:Dependencies 24160:Cook Islands 24013:Sint Maarten 23993:Saint Martin 23696:Transnistria 23303:Dependencies 23233:Turkmenistan 23198:Saudi Arabia 22944:Saint Helena 22915: 22819:South Africa 22809:Sierra Leone 22614:Burkina Faso 22475:Minimisation 22470:Manipulation 22450:Exaggeration 22386: 22382:Verbal abuse 22362:Sexual abuse 22342:Social abuse 22312:Intimidation 22264: 22079: 22072: 22065: 22058: 22051: 22044: 22037: 22030: 22012: 22005: 21998: 21980: 21973: 21966: 21959: 21952: 21945: 21938: 21931: 21924: 21917: 21910: 21903: 21896: 21889: 21871: 21864: 21857: 21850: 21843: 21838:A Better Man 21836: 21744:Denise Hines 21635:South Africa 21630:Saudi Arabia 21449:Duluth model 21328:Bride-buying 21301:Verbal abuse 21251:Intimidation 21126:Marital rape 21091:Epidemiology 21046: 21000:Orthobullets 20999: 20990: 20981: 20970: 20959: 20948: 20937: 20913: 20850: 20814: 20786: 20774:Maltreatment 20760: 20683: 20653: 20634: 20615: 20596: 20572: 20548: 20528: 20493: 20487: 20464: 20452:. 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