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1610:(1601–1603), rediscovered in the 1860s, contains the only known sketches of living or recently killed specimens drawn on Mauritius. They have been attributed to the professional artist Joris Joostensz Laerle, who also drew other now-extinct Mauritian birds, and to a second, less refined artist. Apart from these sketches, it is unknown how many of the twenty or so 17th-century illustrations of the dodos were drawn from life or from stuffed specimens, which affects their reliability. Since dodos are otherwise only known from limited physical remains and descriptions, contemporary artworks are important to reconstruct their appearance in life. While there has been an effort since the mid-19th century to list all historical illustrations of dodos, previously unknown depictions continue to be discovered occasionally.
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great a body to be guided with complementall wings, so small and impotent, that they serve only to prove her bird. The halfe of her head is naked seeming couered with a fine vaile, her bill is crooked downwards, in midst is the thrill , from which part to the end tis a light green, mixed with pale yellow tincture; her eyes are small and like to
Diamonds, round and rowling; her clothing downy feathers, her train three small plumes, short and inproportionable, her legs suiting her body, her pounces sharpe, her appetite strong and greedy. Stones and iron are digested, which description will better be conceived in her representation.
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2731:. The last two were rediscovered and identified as dodo remains in the mid-19th century. Several stuffed dodos were also mentioned in old museum inventories, but none are known to have survived. Apart from these remains, a dried foot, which belonged to the Dutch professor Pieter Pauw, was mentioned by Carolus Clusius in 1605. Its provenance is unknown, and it is now lost, but it may have been collected during the Van Neck voyage. Supposed stuffed dodos seen in museums around the world today have in fact been made from feathers of other birds, many of the older ones by the British taxidermist
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stouter and thicker and of more erect shape, coloured before like the breast of a young cock fesan, and on the back of a dunn or dearc colour. The keeper called it a Dodo, and in the ende of a chymney in the chamber there lay a heape of large pebble stones, whereof hee gave it many in our sight, some as big as nutmegs, and the keeper told us that she eats them (conducing to digestion), and though I remember not how far the keeper was questioned therein, yet I am confident that afterwards she cast them all again.
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1954:, like their relatives the crowned pigeons. Its feeding habits must have been versatile, since captive specimens were probably given a wide range of food on the long sea journeys. Oudemans suggested that as Mauritius has marked dry and wet seasons, the dodo probably fattened itself on ripe fruits at the end of the wet season to survive the dry season, when food was scarce; contemporary reports describe the bird's "greedy" appetite. The Mauritian ornithologist
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3178:, who visited Réunion around 1619, mentioned fat, flightless birds that he referred to as "Dod-eersen" in his journal, though without mentioning their colouration. When the journal was published in 1646, it was accompanied by an engraving of a dodo from Savery's "Crocker Art Gallery sketch". A white, stocky, and flightless bird was first mentioned as part of the Réunion fauna by Chief Officer J. Tatton in 1625. Sporadic mentions were subsequently made by
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very big goose); these birds are unable to fly, and instead of wings, they merely have a few small pins, yet they can run very swiftly. We drove them together into one place in such a manner that we could catch them with our hands, and when we held one of them by its leg, and that upon this it made a great noise, the others all on a sudden came running as fast as they could to its assistance, and by which they were caught and made prisoners also.
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comparison. The dodo may instead have used its large, hooked beak in territorial disputes. Since
Mauritius receives more rainfall and has less seasonal variation than Rodrigues, which would have affected the availability of resources on the island, the dodo would have less reason to evolve aggressive territorial behaviour. The Rodrigues solitaire was therefore probably the more aggressive of the two. In 2016, the first 3D
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estimated to have been in the range of 10.6–17.5 kg (23–39 lb), and fattened birds could have weighed 21.7–27.8 kg (48–61 lb). A 2011 estimate by Angst and colleagues gave an average weight as low as 10.2 kg (22 lb). This has also been questioned, and there is still controversy over weight estimates. A 2016 study estimated the weight at 10.6 to 14.3 kg (23 to 32 lb), based on
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2852:. After the castle was occupied by Danish forces in 1702, the museum collection was assimilated into the Royal Danish collection. The skull was rediscovered by J. T. Reinhardt in 1840. Based on its history, it may be the oldest known surviving remains of a dodo brought to Europe in the 17th century. It is 13 mm (0.51 in) shorter than the Oxford skull, and may have belonged to a female. It was
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1016:) at the base of the clade. The DNA used in these studies was obtained from the Oxford specimen, and since this material is degraded, and no usable DNA has been extracted from subfossil remains, these findings still need to be independently verified. Based on behavioural and morphological evidence, Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire should be placed in the subfamily
2122:, and is by no means so savoury to eat as the Flamingos and Ducks of which we have just spoken. They only lay one egg which is white, the size of a halfpenny roll, by the side of which they place a white stone the size of a hen's egg. They lay on grass which they collect, and make their nests in the forests; if one kills the young one, a grey stone is found in the gizzard. We call them
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other to be substituted." The deliberate destruction of the specimen is now believed to be a myth; it was removed from exhibition to preserve what remained of it. This remaining soft tissue has since degraded further; the head was dissected by
Strickland and Melville, separating the skin from the skull in two-halves. The foot is in a skeletal state, with only scraps of skin and
2792:. Very few feathers remain on the head. It is probably a female, as the foot is 11% smaller and more gracile than the London foot, yet appears to be fully grown. The specimen was exhibited at the Oxford museum from at least the 1860s and until 1998, where-after it was mainly kept in storage to prevent damage. Casts of the head can today be found in many museums worldwide.
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pointed to the 1662 description as the last credible observation. A 1668 account by
English traveller John Marshall, who used the names "Dodo" and "Red Hen" interchangeably for the red rail, mentioned that the meat was "hard", which echoes the description of the meat in the 1681 account. Even the 1662 account has been questioned by the writer
409:. In the 19th century, research was conducted on a small quantity of remains of four specimens that had been brought to Europe in the early 17th century. Among these is a dried head, the only soft tissue of the dodo that remains today. Since then, a large amount of subfossil material has been collected on Mauritius, mostly from the
1494:, meaning that they changed considerably with age. The dodo shared several other traits with the Rodrigues solitaire, such as features of the skull, pelvis, and sternum, as well as their large size. It differed in other aspects, such as being more robust and shorter than the solitaire, having a larger skull and beak, a rounded
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was that the paintings showed females, and that the species was therefore sexually dimorphic. Some authors also believed the birds described were of a species similar to the
Rodrigues solitaire, as it was referred to by the same name, or even that there were white species of both dodo and solitaire on the island.
2784:, pellets which were used to hunt birds in the 17th century. This indicates that the Oxford dodo was shot either before being transported to Britain, or some time after arriving. The circumstances of its killing are unknown, and the pellets are to be examined to identify where the lead was mined from.
2025:. Contemporary depictions show a large crop, which was probably used to add space for food storage and to produce crop milk. It has been suggested that the maximum size attained by the dodo and the solitaire was limited by the amount of crop milk they could produce for their young during early growth.
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The front part of a skull (specimen NMP P6V-004389) in the
National Museum of Prague was found in 1850 among the remains of the Böhmisches Museum. Other elements supposedly belonging to this specimen have been listed in the literature, but it appears only the partial skull was ever present (a partial
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The dodo was found interesting enough that living specimens were sent to Europe and the East. The number of transported dodos that reached their destinations alive is uncertain, and it is unknown how they relate to contemporary depictions and the few non-fossil remains in
European museums. Based on a
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of the dodo was more robust than that of the solitaire, however. The pelvis was wider than that of the solitaire and other relatives, yet was comparable to the proportions in some smaller, flighted pigeons. Most of the leg bones were more robust than those of extant pigeons and the solitaire, but the
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for these birds in 1848, as he believed the accounts referred to a species of dodo. When 17th-century paintings of white dodos were discovered by 19th-century naturalists, it was assumed they depicted these birds. Oudemans suggested that the discrepancy between the paintings and the old descriptions
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Louis Étienne
Thirioux, an amateur naturalist at Port Louis, also found many dodo remains around 1900 from several locations. They included the first articulated specimen, which is the first subfossil dodo skeleton found outside the Mare aux Songes, and the only remains of a juvenile specimen, a now
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of the same, the like being not in ye world but here, I have sent you one by Mr. Perce, who did arrive with the ship
William at this island ye 10th of June. Of Mr. Perce you shall receive a jarr of ginger for my sister, some beades for my cousins your daughters, and a bird called a Dodo, if it live.
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Right wo and lovinge brother, we were ordered by ye said councell to go to an island called
Mauritius, lying in 20d. of south latt., where we arrived ye 28th of May; this island having many goates, hogs and cowes upon it, and very strange fowles, called by ye portingalls Dodo, which for the rareness
1941:
The mayors are superb and proud. They presented themselves with an unyielding, stern face and wide open mouth, very jaunty and audacious of gait. They did not want to budge before us; their war weapon was the mouth, with which they could bite fiercely. Their food was raw fruit; they were not dressed
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proposed that males would have weighed 21 kg (46 lb) and females 17 kg (37 lb). Also in 1993, Andrew C. Kitchener attributed a high contemporary weight estimate and the roundness of dodos depicted in Europe to these birds having been overfed in captivity; weights in the wild were
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thrived in the conditions created by the excrements of animals gathered around the swamp, which died of intoxication, dehydration, trampling, and miring. Though many small skeletal elements were found during the recent excavations of the swamp, few were found during the 19th century, probably owing
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Cheke stated in 2014 that then recently accessible Dutch manuscripts indicate that no dodos were seen by settlers in 1664–1674. In 2020, Cheke and the British researcher Jolyon C. Parish suggested that all mentions of dodos after the mid-17th century instead referred to red rails, and that the dodo
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Some early travellers found dodo meat unsavoury, and preferred to eat parrots and pigeons; others described it as tough, but good. Some hunted dodos only for their gizzards, as this was considered the most delicious part of the bird. Dodos were easy to catch, but hunters had to be careful not to be
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after Austral summer, around March. The feathers of the wings and tail were replaced first, and the moulting would have completed at the end of July, in time for the next breeding season. Different stages of moulting may also account for inconsistencies in contemporary descriptions of dodo plumage.
2211:
dodo bones, modern Mauritian birds, local ecology, and contemporary accounts, to recover information about the life history of the dodo. The study suggested that dodos bred around August, after having potentially fattened themselves, corresponding with the fat and thin cycles of many vertebrates of
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offspring, which required parental care until they matured. Some evidence, including the large size and the fact that tropical and frugivorous birds have slower growth rates, indicates that the bird may have had a protracted development period. The fact that no juvenile dodos have been found in the
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As no complete dodo specimens exist, its external appearance, such as plumage and colouration, is hard to determine. Illustrations and written accounts of encounters with the dodo between its discovery and its extinction (1598–1662) are the primary evidence for its external appearance. According to
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consisted of a single egg. It is presumed that the dodo became flightless because of the ready availability of abundant food sources and a relative absence of predators on Mauritius. Though the dodo has historically been portrayed as being fat and clumsy, it is now thought to have been well-adapted
3047:, and 7.1% belonged to dodos, which had been deposited within several centuries, 4,000 years ago. Subsequent excavations suggested that dodos and other animals became mired in the Mare aux Songes while trying to reach water during a long period of severe drought about 4,200 years ago. Furthermore,
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Many sources state that the Ashmolean Museum burned the stuffed dodo around 1755 because of severe decay, saving only the head and leg. Statute 8 of the museum states "That as any particular grows old and perishing the keeper may remove it into one of the closets or other repository; and some
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and convicts in the 17th century, which would not have been easily accessible to dodos because of the high, broken terrain. The human population on Mauritius (an area of 1,860 km or 720 sq mi) never exceeded 50 people in the 17th century, but they introduced other animals, including
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strength of its leg bones indicate that it could run quite fast. The legs were robust and strong to support the bulk of the bird, and also made it agile and manoeuvrable in the dense, pre-human landscape. Though the wings were small, well-developed muscle scars on the bones show that they were not
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traits, seasonal variation, and even the existence of different species, but these theories are not accepted today. Because details such as markings of the beak, the form of the tail feathers, and colouration vary from account to account, it is impossible to determine the exact morphology of these
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The traditional image of the dodo is of a very fat and clumsy bird, but this view may be exaggerated. The general opinion of scientists today is that many old European depictions were based on overfed captive birds or crudely stuffed specimens. It has also been suggested that the images might show
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of Arabia: her body is round and fat, few weigh less than fifty pound. It is reputed more for wonder than for food, greasie stomackes may seeke after them, but to the delicate they are offensive and of no nourishment. Her visage darts forth melancholy, as sensible of Nature's injurie in framing so
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consists of a few soft incurved feathers, which are ash coloured. These we used to call 'Walghvogel', for the reason that the longer and oftener they were cooked, the less soft and more insipid eating they became. Nevertheless their belly and breast were of a pleasant flavour and easily masticated.
1153:
On their left hand was a little island which they named Heemskirk Island, and the bay it selve they called Warwick Bay... Here they taried 12. daies to refresh themselues, finding in this place great quantity of foules twice as bigge as swans, which they call Walghstocks or Wallowbirdes being very
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remains show the dodo measured around 62.6–75 centimetres (2.05–2.46 ft) in height and may have weighed 10.6–17.5 kg (23–39 lb) in the wild. The dodo's appearance in life is evidenced only by drawings, paintings, and written accounts from the 17th century. Since these portraits vary
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The Pieter Withoos painting, which was discovered first, appears to be based on an earlier painting by Pieter Holsteyn, three versions of which are known to have existed. According to Hume, Cheke, and Valledor de Lozoya, it appears that all depictions of white dodos were based on Roelant Savery's
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These animals on our coming up to them stared at us and remained quiet where they stand, not knowing whether they had wings to fly away or legs to run off, and suffering us to approach them as close as we pleased. Amongst these birds were those which in India they call Dod-aersen (being a kind of
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It has been suggested that the dodo may already have been rare or localised before the arrival of humans on Mauritius, since it would have been unlikely to become extinct so rapidly if it had occupied all the remote areas of the island. A 2005 expedition found subfossil remains of dodos and other
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in 1598. They appear in reports published in 1601, which also contain the first published illustration of the bird. Since the first sailors to visit Mauritius had been at sea for a long time, their interest in these large birds was mainly culinary. The 1602 journal by Willem Van West-Zanen of the
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help with consuming large food items. The beak also appears to have been able to withstand high force loads, which indicates a diet of hard food. Examination of the brain endocast found that though the brain was similar to that of other pigeons in most respects, the dodo had a comparatively large
1567:
Blue parrots are very numerous there, as well as other birds; among which are a kind, conspicuous for their size, larger than our swans, with huge heads only half covered with skin as if clothed with a hood. These birds lack wings, in the place of which 3 or 4 blackish feathers protrude. The tail
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claiming it was referred to as such by the Portuguese, who had visited Mauritius in 1507. Another Englishman, Emmanuel Altham, had used the word in a 1628 letter in which he also claimed its origin was Portuguese. The name "dodar" was introduced into English at the same time as dodo, but was only
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during their rule over Mauritius, which had to be removed. Many remains were found, including bones of at least 17 dodos in various stages of maturity (though no juveniles), and several bones obviously from the skeleton of one individual bird, which have been preserved in their natural position.
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suggested in 1868 that the name of the dodo was transferred to the red rail after the former had gone extinct. Cheke also pointed out that some descriptions after 1662 use the names "Dodo" and "Dodaers" when referring to the red rail, indicating that they had been transferred to it. He therefore
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of humans. This fearlessness and its inability to fly made the dodo easy prey, but predation by humans was not the main cause of extinction, contrary to popular belief. Although some scattered reports describe mass killings of dodos for ships' provisions, archaeological investigations have found
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Of these 2 sorts off fowl afforementionede, For oughtt wee yett know, Not any to bee Found out of this Iland, which lyeth aboutt 100 leagues From St. Lawrence. A question may bee demaunded how they should bee here and Not elcewhere, beeing soe Farer From other land and can Neither fly or swymme;
2117:
I have seen in Mauritius birds bigger than a Swan, without feathers on the body, which is covered with a black down; the hinder part is round, the rump adorned with curled feathers as many in number as the bird is years old. In place of wings they have feathers like these last, black and curved,
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during a hiatus in settlement of Mauritius (1658–1664). The dodo's extinction therefore was not realised at the time, since new settlers had not seen real dodos, but as they expected to see flightless birds, they referred to the red rail by that name instead. Since red rails probably had larger
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in Prague. This collection includes paintings of other Mauritian animals as well, including a red rail. The dodo, which may be a juvenile, seems to have been dried or embalmed, and had probably lived in the emperor's zoo for a while together with the other animals. That whole stuffed dodos were
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painting by Savery, making it too squat and obese. In 1869 he received more bones and corrected its stance, making it more upright. Newton moved his focus to the Réunion solitaire instead. The remaining bones not sold to Owen or Newton were auctioned off or donated to museums. In 1889, Théodor
2016:
About 1638, as I walked London streets, I saw the picture of a strange looking fowle hung out upon a clothe and myselfe with one or two more in company went in to see it. It was kept in a chamber, and was a great fowle somewhat bigger than the largest Turkey cock, and so legged and footed, but
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The dodo appears frequently in works of popular fiction, and even before its extinction, it was featured in European literature, as a symbol for exotic lands, and of gluttony, due to its apparent fatness. In 1865, the same year that George Clark started to publish reports about excavated dodo
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in South Africa in 1918. Together, these two skeletons represent the most completely known dodo remains, including bone elements previously unrecorded (such as knee-caps and wing bones). Though some contemporary writers noted the importance of Thrioux's specimens, they were not scientifically
2660:
accepts Cheke's rationale for choosing the 1662 date, taking all subsequent reports to refer to red rails. In any case, the dodo was probably extinct by 1700, about a century after its discovery in 1598. The Dutch left Mauritius in 1710, but by then the dodo and most of the large terrestrial
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and balance; extant pigeons also use their wings for such purposes. Unlike the Rodrigues solitaire, there is no evidence that the dodo used its wings in intraspecific combat. Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures, it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in
1405:
The skull of the dodo differed much from those of other pigeons, especially in being more robust, the bill having a hooked tip, and in having a short cranium compared to the jaws. The upper bill was nearly twice as long as the cranium, which was short compared to those of its closest pigeon
3335:. It is thought that he included the dodo because he identified with it and had adopted the name as a nickname for himself because of his stammer, which made him accidentally introduce himself as "Do-do-dodgson", his legal surname. Carroll and the girl who served as inspiration for Alice,
1562:
ruled the island. These records were used as guides for future voyages. Few contemporary accounts are reliable, as many seem to be based on earlier accounts, and none were written by scientists. One of the earliest accounts, from van Warwijck's 1598 journal, describes the bird as follows:
3064:
mountain, and is the only known complete skeleton of an individual dodo. Thirioux donated the specimen to the Museum Desjardins (now Natural History Museum at Mauritius Institute). Thrioux's heirs sold a second mounted composite skeleton (composed of at least two skeletons, with a mainly
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in 1659. It has been suggested that this might be the remains of the bird that Hamon L'Estrange saw in London, the bird sent by Emanuel Altham, or a donation by Thomas Herbert. Since the remains do not show signs of having been mounted, the specimen might instead have been preserved as a
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and Portuguese ships between 1507 and 1513, but was settled by neither. No records of dodos by these are known, although the Portuguese name for Mauritius, "Cerne (swan) Island", may have been a reference to dodos. The Dutch Empire acquired Mauritius in 1598, renaming it after
1477:
Many of the skeletal features that distinguish the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire, its closest relative, from other pigeons have been attributed to their flightlessness. The pelvic elements were thicker than those of flighted pigeons to support the higher weight, and the
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of the dodos. The impact of the introduced animals on the dodo population, especially the pigs and macaques, is today considered more severe than that of hunting. Rats were perhaps not much of a threat to the nests, since dodos would have been used to dealing with local
7957:
De Boer, E. J.; Velez, M. I.; Rijsdijk, K. F.; De Louw, P. G.; Vernimmen, T. J.; Visser, P. M.; Tjallingii, R.; Hooghiemstra, H. (2015). "A deadly cocktail: How a drought around 4200 cal. Yr BP caused mass mortality events at the infamous 'dodo swamp' in Mauritius".
2472:, Japan, in 1647, but it was long unknown whether it arrived. Contemporary documents first published in 2014 proved the story, and showed that it had arrived alive. It was meant as a gift, and, despite its rarity, was considered of equal value to a white deer and a
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and a tuft of curly light feathers high on its rear end. The head was grey and naked, the beak green, black and yellow, and the legs were stout and yellowish, with black claws. A study of the few remaining feathers on the Oxford specimen head showed that they were
3225:, before a connection to the solitaire reports had been made. Cheke suggested to one of the authors, Francois Moutou, that the fossils may have been of the Réunion solitaire, and this suggestion was published in 1995. The ibis was reassigned to the genus
3534:
and was expected to sell for £6,000. It is unknown whether the illustration was based on a specimen or on a previous image, and the artist is unidentified. It sold for £44,450. Parrish suggested it depicts a stuffed specimen, as the legs look dried.
3619:; Van Der Plicht, H.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Vonhof, H. B.; et al. (2011). "Mid-Holocene (4200 kyr BP) mass mortalities in Mauritius (Mascarenes): Insular vertebrates resilient to climatic extremes but vulnerable to human impact".
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of 1688–1715. These authors also pointed out that because the last sighting before 1662 was in 1638, the dodo was probably already quite rare by the 1660s, and thus a disputed report from 1674 by an escaped slave could not be dismissed out of hand.
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Even though the rareness of the dodo was reported already in the 17th century, its extinction was not recognised until the 19th century. This was partly because, for religious reasons, extinction was not believed possible until later proved so by
2373:. Two live specimens were seen by Peter Mundy in Surat, India, between 1628 and 1634, one of which may have been the individual painted by Mansur around 1625. In 1628, Emmanuel Altham visited Mauritius and sent a letter to his brother in England:
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painting until the 1840s, and it too was dissected by Strickland and Melville. It was not posed in a standing posture, which suggests that it was severed from a fresh specimen, not a mounted one. By 1896 it was mentioned as being without its
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of the Mascarene Islands, the tree, while rare, has germinated since the demise of the dodo and numbers several hundred, not 13 as claimed by Temple, hence, discrediting Temple's view as to the dodo and the tree's sole survival relationship.
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considerably, and since only some of the illustrations are known to have been drawn from live specimens, the dodos' exact appearance in life remains unresolved, and little is known about its behaviour. It has been depicted with brownish-grey
3202:, or on copies of it. The painting has generally been dated to 1611, though a post-1614, or even post-1626, date has also been proposed. The painting shows a whitish specimen and was apparently based on a stuffed specimen then in Prague; a
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right limb in the museum appears to be from a Rodrigues solitaire). It may be what remains of one of the stuffed dodos known to have been at the menagerie of Emperor Rudolph II, possibly the specimen painted by Hoefnagel or Savery there.
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museums. The swamp yielded the remains of over 300 dodos, but very few skull and wing bones, possibly because the upper bodies were washed away or scavenged while the lower body was trapped. The situation is similar to many finds of
1668:
regarded it as one of the most accurate depictions of the living dodo; the surrounding birds are clearly identifiable and depicted with appropriate colouring. It is believed to be from the 17th century and has been attributed to the
3339:, had enjoyed visiting the Oxford museum to see the dodo remains there. The book's popularity made the dodo a well-known icon of extinction. Popular depictions of the dodo often became more exaggerated and cartoonish following its
2184:, whose great aunt had received it from a captain who claimed to have found it in a swamp on Mauritius. In 2010, the curator of the museum proposed using genetic studies to determine its authenticity. It may instead be an aberrant
3210:, to whom Savery was contracted at the time (1607–1611). Savery's several later images all show greyish birds, possibly because he had by then seen another specimen. Cheke and Hume believe the painted specimen was white, owing to
1469:, shoulder blades, and wing bones were reduced in size compared to those of flighted pigeon, and were more gracile compared to those of the Rodrigues solitaire, but none of the individual skeletal components had disappeared. The
1810:, on the west coast of Mauritius. Subfossil bones have also been found inside caves in highland areas, indicating that it once occurred on mountains. Work at the Mare aux Songes swamp has shown that its habitat was dominated by
2560:
would have further jeopardised a species already in danger of becoming extinct. Yet the fact that the dodo survived hundreds of years of volcanic activity and climatic changes shows the bird was resilient within its ecosystem.
3475:
The name dodo has been used by scientists naming genetic elements, honouring the dodo's flightless nature. A fruitfly gene within a region of a chromosome required for flying ability was named "dodo". In addition, a defective
2644:, as the reaction to distress cries matches what was described for the red rail. Until this explanation was proposed, a description of "dodos" from 1681 was thought to be the last account, and that date still has proponents.
3317:" means to become extinct or obsolete, to fall out of common usage or practice, or to become a thing of the past. "Dodo" is also a slang term for a stupid, dull-witted person, as it was said to be stupid and easily caught.
2176:, and Cauche's writings have other inconsistencies. A mention of a "young ostrich" taken on board a ship in 1617 is the only other reference to a possible juvenile dodo. An egg claimed to be that of a dodo is stored in the
2930:, finally found an abundance of subfossil dodo bones in the swamp of Mare aux Songes in Southern Mauritius, after a 30-year search inspired by Strickland and Melville's monograph. In 1866, Clark explained his procedure to
2669:, and partly because many scientists doubted that the dodo had ever existed. It seemed altogether too strange a creature, and many believed it a myth. The bird was first used as an example of human-induced extinction in
3082:
of the dodo. In 2006, explorers discovered a complete skeleton of a dodo in a lava cave in Mauritius. This was only the second associated skeleton of an individual specimen ever found, and the only one in recent times.
1758:
Little is known of the behaviour of the dodo, as most contemporary descriptions are very brief. Based on weight estimates, it has been suggested the male could reach the age of 21, and the female 17. Studies of the
1082:
and flightlessness. Despite its divergent skull morphology and adaptations for larger size, many features of its skeleton remained similar to those of smaller, flying pigeons. Another large, flightless pigeon, the
1797:
swamp, where most dodo remains have been excavated, is close to the sea in south-eastern Mauritius. Such a limited distribution across the island could well have contributed to its extinction. A 1601 map from the
2940:
to wade through the centre of the swamp, feeling for bones with their feet. At first they found few bones, until they cut away herbage that covered the deepest part of the swamp, where they found many fossils.
3308:
The dodo's significance as one of the best-known extinct animals and its singular appearance led to its use in literature and popular culture as a symbol of an outdated concept or object, as in the expression
2461:
present in Europe indicates they had been brought alive and died there; it is unlikely that taxidermists were on board the visiting ships, and spirits were not yet used to preserve biological specimens. Most
1375:
Subfossil remains and remnants of the birds that were brought to Europe in the 17th century show that dodos were very large birds, measuring around 62.6–75 cm (24.6–29.5 in) in height. The bird was
631:
being names for the dodo genus used by different authors of the time). An atypical 17th-century description of a dodo and bones found on Rodrigues, now known to have belonged to the Rodrigues solitaire, led
2167:
Cauche's account is problematic, since it also mentions that the bird he was describing had three toes and no tongue, unlike dodos. This led some to believe that Cauche was describing a new species of dodo
1792:
The preferred habitat of the dodo is unknown, but old descriptions suggest that it inhabited the woods on the drier coastal areas of south and west Mauritius. This view is supported by the fact that the
2040:
hypothesised that it depended on the dodo for its propagation, and that its seeds would germinate only after passing through the bird's digestive tract. He claimed that the tambalacoque was now nearly
9063:
541:), they concluded that the two were closely related. Strickland stated that although not identical, these birds shared many distinguishing features of the leg bones, otherwise known only in pigeons.
2200:
Mare aux Songes swamp may indicate that they produced little offspring, that they matured rapidly, that the breeding grounds were far away from the swamp, or that the risk of miring was seasonal.
1067:
raphines had ancestors that were able to fly, were semi-terrestrial, and inhabited islands. This in turn supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of those birds reached the Mascarene islands by
6250:
3249:. Birds of this genus are also white and black with slender beaks, fitting the old descriptions of the Réunion solitaire. No fossil remains of dodo-like birds have ever been found on the island.
2986:
Sauzier was commissioned to explore the "historical souvenirs" of Mauritius and find more dodo remains in the Mare aux Songes. He was successful, and also found remains of other extinct species.
1695:
also claimed to have seen two dodos sometime between 1628 and 1633. In 2014, another Indian illustration of a dodo was reported, but it was found to be derivative of an 1836 German illustration.
1406:
relatives. The openings of the bony nostrils were elongated along the length of the beak, and they contained no bony septum. The cranium (excluding the beak) was wider than it was long, and the
6775:
Gosling, W.D.; de Kruif, J.; Norder, S.J.; de Boer, E.J.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Rijsdijk, K.F.; McMichael, C.N. (2017). "Mauritius on fire: Tracking historical human impacts on biodiversity loss".
556:, with its long, slender, naked basal part. Other pigeons also have bare skin around their eyes, almost reaching their beak, as in dodos. The forehead was high in relation to the beak, and the
4055:
Janoo, A. (April–June 2005). "Discovery of Isolated Dodo Bones from Mauritius Cave Shelters Highlights Human Predation, with a Comment on the Status of the Family Raphidae Wetmore, 1930".
1618:
was the most prolific and influential illustrator of the dodo, having made at least twelve depictions, often showing it in the lower corners. A famous painting of his from 1626, now called
1410:
formed a dome-shape, with the highest point above the hind part of the eye sockets. The skull sloped downwards at the back. The eye sockets occupied much of the hind part of the skull. The
7445:
2625:'s 1617 drawing of a dodo, a one-horned sheep, and a red rail; after the dodo became extinct, visitors may have confused it with the red rail (1907 restoration of that bird at right by
1457:. The neck had well-developed areas for muscle and ligament attachment, probably to support the heavy skull and beak. On each side, it had six ribs, four of which articulated with the
1154:
good meat. But finding an abundance of pigeons & popinnayes , they disdained any more to eat those great foules calling them Wallowbirds, that is to say lothsome or fulsome birdes.
3066:
3026:
In 2005, after a hundred years of neglect, a part of the Mare aux Songes swamp was excavated by an international team of researchers (International Dodo Research Project). To prevent
2564:
Some controversy surrounds the date of its extinction. The last widely accepted record of a dodo sighting is the 1662 report by shipwrecked mariner Volkert Evertsz of the Dutch ship
1178:
referred to the bird as "Dronte" (meaning "swollen") in 1602, a name that is still used in some languages. This crew also called them "griff-eendt" and "kermisgans", in reference to
413:
swamp. The extinction of the dodo less than a century after its discovery called attention to the previously unrecognised problem of human involvement in the disappearance of entire
1059:
origin and are less than 10 million years old. Therefore, the ancestors of both birds probably remained capable of flight for a considerable time after the separation of their
2109:
predators or other kinds of natural enemy on Mauritius, the dodo probably nested on the ground. The account by François Cauche from 1651 is the only description of the egg and the
560:
was located low on the middle of the beak and surrounded by skin, a combination of features shared only with pigeons. The legs of the dodo were generally more similar to those of
405:, while its habitat was being destroyed. The last widely accepted sighting of a dodo was in 1662. Its extinction was not immediately noticed, and some considered the bird to be a
2048:
during digestion. Others have contested his hypothesis and suggested that the decline of the tree was exaggerated or seeds were also distributed by other extinct animals such as
1929:
A 1631 Dutch letter (long thought lost, but rediscovered in 2017) is the only account of the dodo's diet, and also mentions that it used its beak for defence. The document uses
9011:
Ah Fong, A. M. V.; Judelson, H. S. (2004). "The hAT -like DNA transposon DodoPi resides in a cluster of retro- and DNA transposons in the stramenopile Phytophthora infestans".
7066:
Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).
6644:
1698:
All post-1638 depictions appear to be based on earlier images, around the time reports mentioning dodos became rarer. Differences in the depictions led ornithologists such as
8483:
2449:
Whether the dodo survived the journey is unknown, and the letter was destroyed by fire in the 19th century. The earliest known picture of a dodo specimen in Europe is from a
2653:
clutches than dodos and their eggs could be incubated faster, and their nests were perhaps concealed, they probably bred more efficiently, and were less vulnerable to pigs.
1158:
Another account from that voyage, perhaps the first to mention the dodo, states that the Portuguese referred to them as penguins. The meaning may not have been derived from
1827:
of the island is badly damaged and hard to reconstruct. Before humans arrived, Mauritius was entirely covered in forests, but very little remains of them today, because of
6327:
3098:, and others have almost complete skeletons, assembled from the dissociated subfossil remains of several individuals. In 2011, a wooden box containing dodo bones from the
2212:
Mauritius. The chicks grew rapidly, reaching robust, almost adult, sizes, and sexual maturity before Austral summer or the cyclone season. Adult dodos which had just bred
1820:
trees and endemic palms. The near-coastal placement and wetness of the Mare aux Songes led to a high diversity of plant species, whereas the surrounding areas were drier.
728:
of a Rodrigues solitaire confirmed their close relationship and their placement within the Columbidae. The genetic evidence was interpreted as showing the Southeast Asian
5560:
5455:
2915:
found the first subfossil bones in 1860, which were sent to Richard Owen at the British Museum, who did not publish the findings. In 1863, Owen requested the Mauritian
1803:
7784:
Proceedings of the International Symposium "Insular Vertebrate Evolution: The Palaeontological Approach". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears
3214:. Valledor de Lozoya has instead suggested that the light plumage was a juvenile trait, a result of bleaching of old taxidermy specimens, or simply artistic license.
2949:, reports discovering the Mare aux Songes bones at the same time as Clark and there is some dispute over who found them first. Higginson sent boxes of these bones to
2311:
whither by Mixture off kindes producing straunge and Monstrous formes, or the Nature of the Climate, ayer and earth in alltring the First shapes in long tyme, or how.
2118:
without webs. They have no tongues, the beak is large, curving a little downwards; their legs are long, scaly, with only three toes on each foot. It has a cry like a
1461:
through sternal ribs. The sternum was large, but small in relation to the body compared to those of much smaller pigeons that are able to fly. The sternum was highly
1389:
of composite skeletons. It has also been suggested that the weight depended on the season, and that individuals were fat during cool seasons, but less so during hot.
8752:
2767:
The only known soft tissue remains, the Oxford head (specimen OUM 11605) and foot, belonged to the last known stuffed dodo, which was first mentioned as part of the
7661:
3856:
The Dodo and Its Kindred; or the History, Affinities, and Osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and Other Extinct Birds of the Islands Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon
2044:
because of the disappearance of the dodo. Temple overlooked reports from the 1940s that found that tambalacoque seeds germinated, albeit very rarely, without being
679:
has since led to the dissolution of the family Raphidae, and the dodo and solitaire are now placed in their own subfamily, Raphinae, within the family Columbidae.
5055:
2583:
The dodos on this islet may not necessarily have been the last members of the species. The last claimed sighting of a dodo was reported in the hunting records of
2362:
combination of contemporary accounts, paintings, and specimens, Julian Hume has inferred that at least eleven transported dodos reached their destinations alive.
1711:
features, whether they signal age or sex, or if they even reflect reality. Hume argued that the nostrils of the living dodo would have been slits, as seen in the
1414:
inside the eye were formed by eleven ossicles (small bones), similar to the amount in other pigeons. The mandible was slightly curved, and each half had a single
8954:"The Drosophila melanogaster dodo (dod) gene, conserved in humans, is functionally interchangeable with the ESS1 cell division gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
7526:
9055:
4633:
3761:
2977:
anatomy of the dodo, and Owen bought a shipment of dodo bones originally meant for Newton, which led to rivalry between the two. Owen described the bones in
1664:, in 1955 shows a dodo along with native Indian birds. It depicts a slimmer, brownish bird, and its discoverer Aleksander Iwanow and British palaeontologist
8189:
6898:
6571:
6816:
8635:
7932:
6258:
2365:
Hamon L'Estrange's description of a dodo that he saw in London in 1638 is the only account that specifically mentions a live specimen in Europe. In 1626
2270:
mentions that 24–25 dodos were hunted for food, which were so large that two could scarcely be consumed at mealtime, their remains being preserved by
1946:
In addition to fallen fruits, the dodo probably subsisted on nuts, seeds, bulbs, and roots. It has also been suggested that the dodo might have eaten
10544:
9379:
9094:
6868:
3438:, which inhabits the same woods as the dodo once did, was named after the bird to raise awareness of the urgent need for protection of the Mauritius
663:
of their own, the Raphidae (formerly Dididae), because their exact relationships with other pigeons were unresolved. Each was also placed in its own
8514:
3468:
2443:
Savery paintings featuring dodos in various corners (one with a lobster's body, lower right), painted in Europe approximately between 1625 and 1629
10386:
9309:
8552:
7510:
3586:
8370:
8333:
7862:
10524:
9452:
7436:
6133:
2656:
It is unlikely the issue will ever be resolved, unless late reports mentioning the name alongside a physical description are rediscovered. The
1246:
used until the 18th century. As far as is known, the Portuguese never mentioned the bird. Nevertheless, some sources still state that the word
7816:
7044:
3428:
gives an annual 'Rubber Dodo Award', to "those who have done the most to destroy wild places, species and biological diversity". In 2011, the
1727:
specimens were used as models. Most depictions show that the wings were held in an extended position, unlike flighted pigeons, but similar to
10425:
10085:
8379:
8366:"Position systématique du Solitaire de la Réunion: nouvelle interprétation basée sur les restes fossiles et les récits des anciens voyageurs"
3968:
Milne-Edwards, A. (1869). "Researches into the zoological affinities of the bird recently described by Herr von Frauenfeld under the name of
600:. The dodo differed from other pigeons mainly in the small size of the wings and the large size of the beak in proportion to the rest of the
7373:
Nowak-Kemp, M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The Oxford Dodo. Part 1: the museum history of the Tradescant Dodo: ownership, displays and audience".
2369:
drew a dodo that he claimed to have seen in Amsterdam, but he did not mention if it was alive, and his depiction is reminiscent of Savery's
1502:. The dodo's neck and legs were proportionally shorter, and it did not possess an equivalent to the knob present on the solitaire's wrists.
9938:
9786:
9598:
9546:
9472:
2973:
Clark's reports about the finds rekindled interest in the bird. Sir Richard Owen and Alfred Newton both wanted to be first to describe the
9195:
4141:
2828:
The dried London foot, first mentioned in 1665, and transferred to the British Museum in the 18th century, was displayed next to Savery's
10065:
10017:
9703:
9648:
8460:
5810:
Rijsdijk, K. F.; Hume, J. P.; Louw, P. G. B. D.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Janoo, A.; De Boer, E. J.; Steel, L.; De Vos, J.; et al. (2016).
3723:"How Owen 'stole' the Dodo: Academic rivalry and disputed rights to a newly-discovered subfossil deposit in nineteenth century Mauritius"
3281:
2720:
62:
7551:
Nowak-Kemp, M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The Oxford Dodo. Part 2: from curiosity to icon and its role in displays, education and research".
5950:
Winters, R.; Hume, J. P.; Leenstra, M. (2017). "A famine in Surat in 1631 and Dodos on Mauritius: a long lost manuscript rediscovered".
4192:"Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences support a Cretaceous origin of Columbiformes and a dispersal-driven radiation in the Paleogene"
9608:
9462:
8342:
6547:"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities"
3322:
3285:
3086:
Worldwide, 26 museums have significant holdings of dodo material, almost all found in the Mare aux Songes. The Natural History Museum,
2724:
7890:"Mid-Holocene vertebrate bone Concentration-Lagerstätte on oceanic island Mauritius provides a window into the ecosystem of the dodo (
1111:
1601 engraving showing Dutch activities on the shore of Mauritius and the first published depiction of a dodo on the left (2, called "
572:
hinted at a relationship with pigeons, in which this feature is more developed than in other birds. Pigeons generally have very small
9919:
9843:
8368:[Systemic position of the Reunion Solitaire: new interpretation based on the fossil remains and early travellers' accounts].
6628:
3162:
The supposed "white dodo" (or "solitaire") of Réunion is now considered an erroneous conjecture based on contemporary reports of the
1835:
is still seriously threatened. The dodo lived alongside other recently extinct Mauritian birds such as the flightless red rail, the
10360:
6725:
4383:
McNab, B. K. (1999). "On the Comparative Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Total and Mass-Specific Rates of Metabolism".
4168:
3945:
1099:. It was only slightly smaller than the dodo and the solitaire, and it too is thought to have been related to the crowned pigeons.
8933:
Müller, H. G. (1991). "Stenetriidae from coral reefs at Reunion Island, southern Indian Ocean. Description of three new species".
5385:
10399:
8235:
5287:
3591:
2591:
of these records by the biologists David L. Roberts and Andrew R. Solow gave a new estimated extinction date of 1693, with a 95%
8849:
8774:
Kuntner, M.; Agnarsson, I. (May 2011). "Biogeography and diversification of hermit spiders on Indian Ocean islands (Nephilidae:
6278:
2416:
1229:, which means either "fat-arse" or "knot-arse", referring to the knot of feathers on the hind end. The first record of the word
401:
The first recorded mention of the dodo was by Dutch sailors in 1598. In the following years, the bird was hunted by sailors and
10534:
10494:
5575:
5189:
Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; Abourachid, A. (April 2011). "In defence of the slim dodo: A reply to Louchart and Mourer-Chauviré".
4090:
Shapiro, B.; Sibthorpe, D.; Rambaut, A.; Austin, J.; Wragg, G. M.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Lee, P. L. M.; Cooper, A. (2002).
3091:
1868:
1032:) was analysed, and it was found to be a close relative of the Nicobar pigeon, and thus also the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire.
8880:
Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive
5439:
10519:
9161:
8421:
8052:
8012:
7091:
6638:
5449:
4981:
4884:
4843:
4727:
4366:
3206:
described as having a "dirty off-white colouring" was mentioned in an inventory of specimens in the Prague collection of the
10404:
8719:
8018:
4677:
3896:
1911:
1024:
pigeons and others, in agreement with the genetic evidence. In 2014, DNA of the only known specimen of the recently extinct
10549:
10504:
5362:"The German painter Carl Borromäus Andreas Ruthart (ca. 1630–1703) and some still unregistered images of the extinct dodo,
5138:
Louchart, A.; Mourer-Chauviré, C. C. C. (April 2011). "The dodo was not so slim: Leg dimensions and scaling to body mass".
2255:
2069:
The Brazilian ornithologist Carlos Yamashita suggested in 1997 that the broad-billed parrot may have depended on dodos and
1802:
journal shows a small island off the coast of Mauritius where dodos were caught. Julian Hume has suggested this island was
8745:
464:(above), and right half of the Oxford specimen's head (below); examination of these led to the dodo being classified as a
9302:
7638:
6859:
4122:
3417:
3331:
3290:
1063:. The Nicobar and spotted green pigeon were placed at the base of a lineage leading to the Raphinae, which indicates the
419:
5045:
2539:, which plundered dodo nests and competed for the limited food resources. At the same time, humans destroyed the forest
8454:
7598:
Jiří, M. (2012). "Extinct and nearly extinct birds in the collections of the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic".
4913:
Brom, T. G.; Prins, T. G. (June 1989). "Microscopic investigation of feather remains from the head of the Oxford dodo,
3087:
3070:
studied, and were largely forgotten until 2011, when sought out by a group of researchers. The mounted skeletons were
2278:, and possibly Mascarene grey parakeets, was captioned with a Dutch poem, here in Hugh Strickland's 1848 translation:
10529:
7888:; Bunnik, F.; Florens, F. B. V.; Baider, C.; Shapiro, B.; van der Plicht, H.; Janoo, A.; et al. (January 2009).
7498:
3544:
499:
6437:
Schaper, M. T.; Goupille, M. (2003). "Fostering enterprise development in the Indian Ocean: The case of Mauritius".
4790:
1380:; males were larger and had proportionally longer beaks. Weight estimates have varied from study to study. In 1993,
10509:
10430:
2840:
The Copenhagen skull (specimen ZMUC 90-806) is known to have been part of the collection of Bernardus Paludanus in
9287:
8584:"The changing face of the dodo (Aves: Columbidae: Raphus cucullatus ): iconography of the Walghvogel of Mauritius"
6155:
Witmer, M. C.; Cheke, A. S. (May 1991). "The Dodo and the Tambalacoque Tree: An Obligate Mutualism Reconsidered".
4572:
3722:
3271:
8181:
6891:
6277:
Meijer, H. J. M.; Gill, A.; de Louw, P. G. B.; van den Hoek Ostende, L. W.; Hume, J. P.; Rijsdijk, K. F. (2012).
3425:
3405:
banknotes, and features as the background of the Mauritian immigration form. A smiling dodo is the symbol of the
2530:
scant evidence of human predation. Bones of at least two dodos were found in caves at Baie du Cap that sheltered
461:
6546:
6046:
Temple, S. A. (August 1977). "Plant-Animal Mutualism: Coevolution with Dodo Leads to Near Extinction of Plant".
6031:
6014:
9295:
6806:
2903:
1872:
1627:
10169:
9515:
8643:
7889:
2922:
to spread word that he should be informed if any dodo bones were found. In 1865, George Clark, the government
2761:
Coloured engraving of the now lost London foot from 1793 (left), and 1848 lithograph of same in multiple views
1988:(movable in relation to each other), which must have affected its feeding behaviour. In extant birds, such as
4030:
3207:
10254:
6630:
Mauritius Illustrated: Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial Facts, Figures, & Resources
3343:
fame, which was in line with the inaccurate belief that it was clumsy, tragic, and destined for extinction.
3186:
2191:
Because of the possible single-egg clutch and the bird's large size, it has been proposed that the dodo was
2135:
7843:"IX. On additional bones of the Dodo and other extinct birds of Mauritius obtained by Mr. Theodore Sauzier"
5812:"A review of the dodo and its ecosystem: insights from a vertebrate concentration Lagerstätte in Mauritius"
3490:
as it contained mutations that eliminated the element's ability to jump to new locations in a chromosome.
2954:
1942:
very well, but were rich and fat, therefore we brought many of them on board, to the contentment of us all.
9086:
7686:
Clark, George (April 1866). "Account of the late Discovery of Dodos' Remains in the Island of Mauritius".
7260:
6854:
6101:, with an account of the stony endocarp and germination of the seed, and description of the new species".
3409:, a popular brewer on Réunion, whose emblem displays the white species once thought to have lived there.
10514:
10303:
10298:
10227:
7408:
7285:
Turvey, S. T.; Cheke, A. S. (2008). "Dead as a dodo: The fortuitous rise to fame of an extinction icon".
5647:
Richon, E.; Winters, R. (2014). "The intercultural dodo: a drawing from the School of Bundi, Rājasthān".
5083:
Angst, D.; Buffetaut, E.; Abourachid, A. (March 2011). "The end of the fat dodo? A new mass estimate for
3175:
2571:
1639:
1623:
1580:
First here only and in Dygarrois is generated the Dodo, which for shape and rareness may antagonize the
381:, yellow feet, a tuft of tail feathers, a grey, naked head, and a black, yellow, and green beak. It used
7782:(2005). "Contrasting taphofacies in ocean island settings: the fossil record of Mascarene vertebrates".
3314:
2780:. In 2018, it was reported that scans of the Oxford dodo's head showed that its skin and bone contained
2225:
1723:, and Mansur images. According to this claim, the gaping nostrils often seen in paintings indicate that
9207:
6354:
5481:
Parish, J. C.; Cheke, A. S. (2018). "A newly-discovered early depiction of the Dodo (Aves: Columbidae:
3786:
2512:
2274:. An illustration made for the 1648 published version of this journal, showing the killing of dodos, a
2181:
1962:
fruits, and he attempted to correlate the fat-cycle of the dodo with the fruiting regime of the palms.
1884:
1880:
1699:
1630:, London. The image shows a particularly fat bird and is the source for many other dodo illustrations.
1009:
491:
8560:
7842:
5291:
4457:
Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The Morphology of the Thirioux dodos".
3691:
2882:
2719:
The only extant remains of dodos taken to Europe in the 17th century are a dried head and foot in the
10267:
8104:
Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Hume, J. P.; Rijsdijk, K. F. (2016). "Anatomy of the Dodo (
3394:
3357:
3107:
2819:
2626:
1127:
Wybrand van Warwijck, who visited Mauritius during the Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia in 1598.
768:
shows the dodo's closest relationships within the Columbidae, based on Shapiro and colleagues, 2002:
507:
6129:
4604:
10554:
8239:
7802:
7032:
2387:
2254:
henceforward. The earliest known accounts of the dodo were provided by Dutch travellers during the
2251:
2029:
2001:. This gave the dodo a good sense of smell, which may have aided in locating fruit and small prey.
1778:
1311:
786:
530:
393:
is believed to have been the woods in the drier coastal areas of Mauritius. One account states its
201:
106:
8365:
3790:
3369:
1781:
was similar to that of modern pigeons, indicating that dodos were probably equal in intelligence.
640:, in 1852. Based on solitaire remains, it is now a synonym of that species. Crude drawings of the
3232:
2728:
2584:
1840:
1479:
1278:
3516:
Previously unpublished 17th-century illustration of a dodo sold in 2009 (left) and 19th century
2498:
1784:
10456:
10391:
10285:
10189:
9189:
7229:"The Dodo and the Red Hen, a saga of extinction, misunderstanding, and name transfer: a review"
6015:"A possible connection between crop milk and the maximum size attainable by flightless pigeons"
5737:
Gold, M. E. Leone; Bourdon, E.; Norell, M. A. (2016). "The first endocast of the extinct dodo (
4599:
4138:
3482:
2837:, and only the bones are believed to remain today, though its present whereabouts are unknown.
2622:
1602:
ship's journal sketches from 1601 of live and recently killed dodos, attributed to Joris Laerle
1335:
1084:
10417:
8444:
7722:
7075:
2525:
Like many animals that evolved in isolation from significant predators, the dodo was entirely
2061:, or the broad-billed parrot. According to Wendy Strahm and Anthony Cheke, two experts in the
1788:
1601 map of a bay on Mauritius; the small D on the far right side marks where dodos were found
1107:
1035:
The 2002 study indicated that the ancestors of the dodo and the solitaire diverged around the
10451:
3850:
3530:
In 2009, a previously unpublished 17th-century Dutch illustration of a dodo went for sale at
3421:
3406:
3243:
3075:
2970:
marshes. Most dodo remains from the Mare aux Songes have a medium to dark brown colouration.
2919:
2768:
2045:
1889:
1876:
1864:
1844:
1486:, meaning that they were underdeveloped and retained juvenile features. The skull, trunk and
1462:
503:
366:, but it is now believed that this assumption was merely confusion based on the also-extinct
225:
20:
10443:
8321:"Découverte d'une forme récemment éteinte d'ibis endémique insulaire de l'île de la Réunion
8320:
8069:
Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "Provenance and history of the Thirioux dodos".
7067:
2515:, 1914 (right). Hunting by humans is not believed to have been the main cause of the bird's
2434:
423:, and it has since become a fixture in popular culture, often as a symbol of extinction and
10347:
10290:
10236:
8965:
8787:
7967:
7908:
7294:
7192:
Cheke, Anthony S. (2014). "Speculation, statistics, facts and the Dodo's extinction date".
6987:
6932:
6489:
6373:
6295:
6164:
6055:
5613:
5525:
5232:
Brassey, C. A.; O'Mahoney, T. G.; Kitchener, A. C.; Manning, P. L.; Sellers, W. I. (2016).
5198:
5147:
5096:
4591:
4505:
4311:
4246:
4064:
3737:
3628:
3477:
2912:
2588:
2425:
2366:
2351:
2298:
The appearance of the dodo and the red rail led Peter Mundy to speculate, 230 years before
1025:
668:
633:
10241:
6748:
612:
8:
9281:
9186:: Seven-minute video showing the Oxford specimen being taken out of storage and discussed
8149:
6286:
3925:
3581:
3125:
2911:
Until 1860, the only known dodo remains were the four incomplete 17th-century specimens.
2592:
2536:
2073:
tortoises to eat palm fruits and excrete their seeds, which became food for the parrots.
2036:. There were supposedly only 13 specimens left, all estimated to be about 300 years old.
2009:
1923:
1848:
1836:
1720:
1581:
1426:
1251:
1202:
1060:
878:
850:
749:
534:
336:
70:
8969:
8791:
7971:
7912:
7298:
7110:
Cheke, A. S. (2006). "Establishing extinction dates – the curious case of the Dodo
6991:
6936:
6715:
6493:
6377:
6299:
6168:
6059:
5617:
5529:
5202:
5151:
5100:
4595:
4509:
4315:
4250:
4158:
4068:
3919:
3741:
3668:
3632:
3310:
2032:, also known as the dodo tree, was thought to be dying out on Mauritius, to which it is
9391:
9036:
8915:
8605:
8262:
8125:
8086:
7983:
7924:
7885:
7858:
7779:
7746:
7699:
7634:
7568:
7494:
7390:
7310:
7209:
7174:
7013:
6956:
6696:
6515:
6473:
6454:
6402:
6319:
6180:
6114:
6079:
5917:
5876:
5694:
5664:
5629:
5541:
5498:
5361:
5323:
5264:
5233:
5214:
5171:
5120:
5027:
4969:
4930:
4673:
A Selection of Curious, Rare and Early Voyages and Histories of Interesting Discoveries
4625:
4568:
4521:
4492:
Worthy, T. H. (2001). "A giant flightless pigeon gen. et sp. nov. and a new species of
4474:
4416:
4400:
4334:
4299:
4262:
4234:
4022:
3985:
3892:
3812:
Baker, R. A.; Bayliss, R. A. (2002). "Alexander Gordon Melville (1819–1901): The Dodo,
3753:
3718:
3644:
3616:
3413:
3171:
3152:
3095:
2958:
2457:
2332:
2177:
2099:
1895:
1856:
1716:
1558:
and journals of the Dutch East India Company vessels that docked in Mauritius when the
1545:
1415:
1381:
1377:
1331:
1234:
1198:
561:
272:
101:
8582:
van der Geer, A. A. E.; Claessens, L. P. A. M.; Rijsdijk, K. F.; Lyras, G. A. (2021).
3498:
3110:
during preparations for a move. They had been stored with crocodile bones until then.
1078:
competing for resources on these islands allowed the solitaire and the dodo to attain
10539:
10438:
10321:
9269:
9180:: Two-minute video about Julian Hume's modern interpretation of Roelant Savery's Dodo
9157:
9028:
8993:
8988:
8953:
8907:
8822:
8803:
8609:
8506:
8450:
8129:
8048:
8008:
7987:
7750:
7703:
7518:
7131:
7087:
7068:
7005:
6948:
6634:
6507:
6458:
6407:
6389:
6311:
6071:
5445:
5377:
5269:
5163:
5112:
4977:
4880:
4839:
4723:
4617:
4408:
4362:
4339:
4258:
4213:
4114:
3937:
3854:
3448:
2247:
1893:
lived on Mauritius and Réunion, but vanished from both islands. Some plants, such as
1823:
Many endemic species of Mauritius became extinct after the arrival of humans, so the
1769:
1703:
1270:
approximation of the bird's call, a two-note pigeon-like sound resembling "doo-doo".
1183:
1044:
721:
9040:
8919:
8090:
7928:
7920:
7572:
7394:
7213:
7178:
6960:
6700:
5921:
5880:
5668:
5633:
5545:
5502:
5218:
5124:
4525:
4478:
4420:
4266:
3757:
3648:
576:, and the dodo is said to have laid a single egg. Like pigeons, the dodo lacked the
10469:
10326:
9802:
9795:
9317:
9020:
8983:
8973:
8952:
Maleszka, R.; Hanes, S. D.; Hackett, R. L.; De Couet, H. G.; Miklos, G. L. (1996).
8897:
8841:
8795:
8678:
8595:
8498:
8301:
8254:
8117:
8078:
7975:
7916:
7854:
7808:
7738:
7695:
7653:
7560:
7476:
7382:
7352:
7314:
7302:
7240:
7201:
7166:
7127:
7079:
7017:
6995:
6940:
6784:
6688:
6563:
6519:
6497:
6446:
6397:
6381:
6303:
6172:
6110:
6083:
6063:
6026:
5959:
5907:
5866:
5833:
5823:
5750:
5714:
5656:
5621:
5533:
5490:
5420:
5339:
5259:
5249:
5206:
5175:
5155:
5104:
5023:
4926:
4629:
4609:
4513:
4466:
4392:
4329:
4319:
4254:
4203:
4106:
4072:
4012:
3981:
3929:
3888:
3825:
3745:
3686:
3636:
3434:
3031:
2772:
2557:
1748:
1657:
1360:
1079:
986:
660:
402:
347:
8600:
8583:
8413:
8121:
8082:
7564:
7386:
6679:
Winters, R.; Hume, J. P. (2014). "The dodo, the deer and a 1647 voyage to Japan".
6323:
5828:
5811:
5494:
4517:
4470:
4359:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues
4300:"The mysterious Spotted Green Pigeon and its relation to the Dodo and its kindred"
4110:
3313:," which has come to mean unquestionably dead or obsolete. Similarly, the phrase "
2894:'s 1866 reconstruction of the dodo's skeleton (left), based on bones found in the
2229:
1648 engraving showing the killing of dodos (centre left, erroneously depicted as
667:
family (Raphidae and Pezophapidae, respectively), as it was thought that they had
565:
502:. This view was met with ridicule, but was later supported by English naturalists
9400:
9199:
9151:
8711:
8042:
8002:
7467:
MacGregor, A. (2001). "The Ashmolean as a museum of natural history, 1683 1860".
7205:
7170:
7083:
6692:
6067:
5703:(Aves: Columbidae), an extinct flightless bird from Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands"
5660:
4671:
4145:
4076:
3872:
3517:
3439:
3402:
3376:
3057:
3043:. 63% of the fossils found in the swamp belonged to turtles of the extinct genus
3009:
2942:
2895:
2570:, who described birds caught on a small islet off Mauritius, now suggested to be
2531:
2526:
2336:
1974:
1794:
1653:
1470:
1466:
1411:
1294:
1289:
1001:
664:
410:
316:
10313:
8799:
7639:"The white dodo of Réunion Island: Unravelling a scientific and historical myth"
5485:) by Roelandt Savery, with a note on another previously unnoticed Savery Dodo".
3163:
3078:
models were reconstructed, which became the basis of a 2016 monograph about the
367:
9712:
9431:
9364:
9245:
9233:
9128:
6385:
5741:) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes)".
3539:
3299:
3167:
3155:'s mid-17th-century paintings of a white dodo, possibly based on Savery's image
2845:
2666:
2299:
2271:
2262:
2208:
2037:
1998:
1985:
1978:
1860:
1852:
1752:
1681:
1670:
1661:
1645:
1615:
1555:
1544:; perhaps the most accurate depiction of a live dodo, and dodo head (right) by
1283:
1242:
1068:
811:
737:
729:
692:
608:
589:
569:
359:
340:
9183:
9177:
9024:
8902:
8875:
8845:
8683:
8666:
8502:
7356:
7306:
6923:
Roberts, D. L. (2013). "Refuge-effect hypothesis and the demise of the Dodo".
6567:
6307:
5912:
5895:
5871:
5854:
5424:
5210:
5159:
5108:
4613:
4404:
4208:
4191:
3829:
3749:
1594:
703:
and colleagues analysed the DNA of the dodo for the first time. Comparison of
687:
498:, based on studies of a dodo skull he had discovered in the collection of the
10499:
10488:
10412:
9952:
9750:
9685:
9533:
9257:
8240:"On one of the four original pictures from life of the Réunion or white Dodo"
7979:
7838:
7812:
7707:
7657:
7522:
6393:
5381:
5343:
5050:
4835:
4621:
4324:
4091:
3677:
3640:
3531:
3454:
3336:
3326:
3099:
3071:
3048:
2657:
2636:
2566:
2142:
2080:
2075:
1970:
1828:
1446:
1299:
1193:
714:
573:
394:
382:
245:
91:
37:
3873:"2. On Some Recently Discovered Bones of the Largest Known Species of Dodo (
3351:
3262:
2800:
1614:
dodos with puffed feathers, as part of display behaviour. The Dutch painter
764:
consists of generally ground-dwelling island endemic pigeons. The following
255:
10212:
10101:
9852:
9816:
9764:
9588:
9568:
9228:
9221:
9032:
8911:
8807:
8510:
8305:
7480:
7009:
6952:
6511:
6411:
6315:
6075:
5273:
5167:
5116:
4872:
4827:
4774:
4715:
4412:
4343:
4217:
4118:
3941:
3933:
3521:
3295:
3227:
3179:
3103:
3016:
2974:
2950:
2923:
2891:
2873:
2732:
2710:
2641:
2050:
1959:
1955:
1811:
1673:
1559:
1534:
1407:
1267:
1124:
717:
707:
704:
700:
676:
672:
424:
355:
332:
8997:
8978:
7742:
5963:
2927:
1433:
The dodo had about nineteen presynsacral vertebrae (those of the neck and
1233:
is in Captain Willem Van West-Zanen's journal in 1602. The English writer
10373:
10277:
10221:
10129:
10094:
10047:
10033:
10026:
9972:
9901:
9880:
9873:
9809:
9743:
9671:
9578:
9440:
4778:
2967:
2553:
2508:
2242:
2185:
1993:
1989:
1900:
1807:
1743:
1732:
1692:
1665:
1491:
417:. The dodo achieved widespread recognition from its role in the story of
61:
Dodo skeleton cast (left) and model based on modern research (right), at
7245:
7228:
6502:
6477:
6450:
2723:, a foot once housed in the British Museum but now lost, a skull in the
362:. A white dodo was once thought to have existed on the nearby island of
10464:
10365:
10136:
10115:
9979:
9962:
9945:
9757:
9729:
9722:
9678:
9639:
9618:
9496:
9409:
9323:
8327:[Discovery of a recently extinct island endemic ibis from Réunion:
8266:
7265:
The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
6944:
6184:
5625:
5537:
5407:
Kitchener, A. C. (June 1993). "On the external appearance of the dodo,
5254:
4026:
3463:
3429:
3217:
In 1987, scientists described fossils of a recently extinct species of
2834:
2777:
2649:
2604:
2545:
2516:
2192:
2086:
in the same way, but now rely on domesticated cattle for this service.
2005:
1760:
1495:
1421:
1369:
1365:
1346:
1137:
means "bird". The name was translated by Jakob Friedlib into German as
1064:
978:
745:
549:
522:
495:
351:
328:
313:
168:
158:
85:
8108:
L., 1758): An Osteological Study of the Thirioux Specimens: Preface".
7723:"Harry Pasley Higginson and his role in the re-discovery of the dodo (
7157:
Jackson, A. (2013). "Added credence for a late Dodo extinction date".
6788:
6279:"Dodo remains from an in situ context from Mare aux Songes, Mauritius"
5838:
5754:
5719:
5698:
2994:
2709:
Cast of the Oxford head before dissection and the lost London foot at
2613:
1048:
992:
A similar cladogram was published in 2007, inverting the placement of
363:
53:
10146:
10122:
9989:
9894:
9771:
9692:
9664:
9657:
9628:
9489:
9482:
6276:
4190:
Pereira, S. L.; Johnson, K. P.; Clayton, D. H.; Baker, A. J. (2007).
3921:
Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural History)
3398:
3390:
3389:
for many kinds of products, especially in Mauritius. It appears as a
3361:
3079:
3036:
3001:
2946:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2781:
2489:
2345:
2303:
2204:
2196:
2180:
in South Africa. It was donated by the South African museum official
2173:
2157:
2110:
2106:
2083:
2058:
2041:
2022:
1951:
1930:
1824:
1765:
1724:
1707:
1677:
1626:, has since become the standard image of a dodo. It is housed in the
1574:
A Relation of Some Yeares Travaille into Afrique and the Greater Asia
1454:
1442:
1214:
1187:
1170:
1092:
1075:
1052:
1036:
765:
659:
For many years the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire were placed in a
645:
526:
511:
483:
386:
373:
324:
264:
118:
10378:
10183:
8258:
8047:(8th ed.). Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks, UK: Bradt Travel Guides.
7437:"Who shot Lewis Carroll's dodo? Forensic scans reveal mystery death"
7000:
6975:
6176:
4783:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Arts & Sciences of Mauritius
4017:
2673:
in 1833, and has since been referred to as an "icon" of extinction.
2456:
collection of paintings depicting animals in the royal menagerie of
2150:
2021:
It is not known how the young were fed, but related pigeons provide
1397:
548:
similar to pigeons in many features. They pointed to the very short
533:
and comparing it with the few remains then available of the extinct
10206:
9928:
9887:
9866:
9859:
9834:
9823:
9736:
9346:
9240:
6811:
6720:
4396:
4163:
3211:
3061:
2932:
2809:
2743:
2691:
2469:
2462:
2094:
2054:
1934:
1816:
1774:
1684:
1438:
1386:
1206:
1017:
973:
641:
585:
479:
451:
343:
320:
181:
138:
10339:
8581:
8292:
de Lozoya, A. V. (2003). "An unnoticed painting of a white Dodo".
2752:
1933:
to refer to the animals described, with dodos presumably being an
1633:
440:
335:. The dodo's closest relative was the also-extinct and flightless
10262:
9358:
8888:
6864:
6554:
4000:
3134:
3027:
2981:
in October 1866, but erroneously based his reconstruction on the
2937:
2540:
2325:
2259:
2230:
2213:
2062:
2033:
1728:
1524:
1483:
1465:, broad, and relatively thick in cross-section. The bones of the
1458:
1356:
1319:
1160:
1056:
1040:
601:
557:
545:
487:
475:
414:
390:
389:
its food, which is thought to have included fruits, and its main
378:
10352:
8147:
Linn. (Aves, Columbiformes) in a highland Mauritian lava cave".
6581:
5006:
Livezey, B. C. (1993). "An Ecomorphological Review of the Dodo (
2396:
607:
Throughout the 19th century, several species were classified as
10249:
10108:
10074:
10054:
10006:
9416:
9340:
9327:
9319:
9056:"Uncovered: 350-year-old picture of Dodo before it was extinct"
8143:
Middleton, G. J.; Hume, J. P. (2016). "The discovery of a Dodo
7600:
Journal of the National Museum (Prague) National History Series
5188:
5082:
3459:
3386:
3040:
2916:
2789:
2473:
2405:
2275:
2250:, and it was used for the provisioning of trade vessels of the
1965:
1499:
1487:
1450:
1434:
1072:
597:
593:
581:
465:
128:
8363:
8216:
2126:. The fat is excellent to give ease to the muscles and nerves.
1548:
from 1638, probably the last original depiction of the species
1292:'s 1605 depiction of a dodo. In his 18th-century classic work
1262:), meaning "fool" or "crazy". It has also been suggested that
346:, a clade of extinct flightless birds that were a part of the
10334:
9908:
9352:
8534:
8532:
7326:
7324:
6610:
6608:
4742:
4740:
3145:
2331:
Painting of a possibly stuffed specimen in the collection of
2172:"). The description was most probably mingled with that of a
2119:
2012:
witnessed a live bird in London and described it as follows:
1947:
1832:
1688:
1515:
1401:
1848 lithographs of the Oxford dodo's skull in multiple views
1174:, a reference to the small wings. The crew of the Dutch ship
981:
of the Oxford specimen's foot, which has been used to sample
761:
757:
725:
577:
8951:
6774:
6355:"Bone histology sheds new light on the ecology of the dodo (
5516:
Iwanow, A. (October 1958). "An Indian picture of the Dodo".
4278:
4276:
3507:
3174:
that surfaced in the 19th century. The confusion began when
2700:
10040:
8667:"Extinct flagships: linking extinct and threatened species"
8273:
8103:
7956:
6032:
10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1003:APCBCM]2.0.CO;2
5699:"Fight club: A unique weapon in the wing of the solitaire,
3218:
3052:
to the employment of less refined methods when collecting.
2238:
1190:, which was held the day after they anchored on Mauritius.
1179:
1096:
553:
518:
406:
148:
41:
9109:
8616:
8529:
8161:
7610:
7321:
6836:
6834:
6605:
6593:
6251:"Last surviving Dodo egg could be tested for authenticity"
6196:
6194:
5982:
5928:
4737:
4298:
Heupink, Tim H; van Grouw, Hein; Lambert, David M (2014).
4237:(2012). "The Dodo: From extinction to the fossil record".
2008:(gizzard stones) to aid digestion. The English writer Sir
1425:
Skeleton of the dodo (left) and its closest relative, the
1306:
as the specific name, but combined it with the genus name
8364:
Mourer-Chauviré, C. C.; Bour, R.; Ribes, S. (June 1995).
6753:
6478:"Palaeobiology: Dutch diaries and the demise of the dodo"
4937:
4853:
4273:
3791:"Nøjere oplysning om det i Kjøbenhavn fundne Drontehoved"
3443:
2963:
1977:
from 1605, copied from an illustration in the journal of
1533:
Dodo among birds in a Mughal Indian menagerie (left), by
982:
760:(its scientific name refers to its dodo-like beak). This
611:
with the dodo, including the Rodrigues solitaire and the
8746:"Pesticide Peddler Monsanto Wins 2015 Rubber Dodo Award"
8691:
8636:"Mauritius new 25- and 50-rupee polymer notes confirmed"
8204:
7271:(75): 209–211. 1 June 1833 – via Internet Archive.
7138:
6353:
Angst, D.; Chinsamy, A.; Steel, L.; Hume, J. P. (2017).
6230:
4805:
3717:
3166:
and 17th-century paintings of white, dodo-like birds by
3139:
showing a whitish dodo in the lower right, 1611 or later
3035:
These findings were made public in December 2005 in the
2285:
They tap the palms, and round-rumped dodos they destroy,
2098:
Replica of an alleged dodo egg in a reconstructed nest,
1554:
Most contemporary descriptions of the dodo are found in
568:
and in their skeletal features. Depictions of the large
6831:
6218:
6206:
6191:
5778:
5776:
5675:
5238:): application of a CT-based mass estimation technique"
5137:
5014:), Flightless Columbiformes of the Mascarene Islands".
4752:
4496:(Aves: Columbidae), from Quaternary deposits in Fiji".
4427:
4297:
4293:
4291:
3060:. The former specimen was found in 1904 in a cave near
2476:
stone. It is the last recorded live dodo in captivity.
2287:
The parrot's life they spare that he may peep and howl,
2156:
Diagram showing life history events of a dodo based on
2105:
As it was flightless and terrestrial and there were no
1984:
Skeletal elements of the upper jaw appear to have been
1572:
One of the most detailed descriptions is by Herbert in
1355:
most representations, the dodo had greyish or brownish
736:) to be their closest living relative, followed by the
7579:
6352:
5039:
5037:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
2141:
Thin sections of hindlimb bones showing stages of the
2004:
Several contemporary sources state that the dodo used
1119:
One of the original names for the dodo was the Dutch "
544:
Strickland and Melville established that the dodo was
9205:
8484:"Assembling the dodo in early modern natural history"
8446:
Speaking of Animals: A Dictionary of Animal Metaphors
8394:
8318:
6976:"Flightless birds: When did the dodo become extinct?"
6633:. New Dheli: Asian Educational Services. p. 83.
4651:
4001:"Independent Evolution of the Dodo and the Solitaire"
2283:
For food the seamen hunt the flesh of feathered fowl,
1372:(downy) and most similar to those of other pigeons.
10142:
9995:
9985:
9968:
9958:
9934:
9718:
9624:
9614:
9604:
9594:
9584:
9574:
9564:
9478:
9468:
9458:
9448:
8751:. Center for Biological Diversity. 5 November 2015.
7847:
The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
6660:
6526:
6418:
5994:
5970:
5788:
5773:
5761:
5301:
4894:
4693:
4288:
895:
874:
7343:Ovenell, R. F. (June 1992). "The Tradescant Dodo".
6897:. Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius.
5949:
5034:
4879:(first ed.). USA: Bunker Hill Publishing Inc.
4456:
4439:
2354:'s 1626 depiction of a dodo he claimed to have seen
2233:-like) and other animals now extinct from Mauritius
1225:for "sluggard", but it is more probably related to
7435:
7074:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
6587:
6472:
5855:"The legacy of the dodo—conservation in Mauritius"
5476:
5474:
5355:
5353:
4710:
4708:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3542:included the following poem about the dodo in his
3000:Skeleton assembled from subfossils found in 2006,
2465:specimens were preserved as dried heads and feet.
1043:boundary, about 23.03 million years ago. The
8007:. Berkeley (US): University of California Press.
8001:Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Clague, David A. (2009).
7629:
7627:
7625:
7368:
7366:
6272:
6270:
6268:
5736:
5444:. London: Royal College of Physicians of London.
5330: – dodo and other birds on Mauritius 1601".
5043:
3721:; Cheke, Anthony S.; McOran-Campbell, A. (2009).
3692:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690059A93259513.en
490:, by early scientists. In 1842, Danish zoologist
10486:
8773:
7493:
7065:
4822:
4820:
1149:was lost, but the English translation survived:
9202:: Interactive 3D scans of various dodo elements
9010:
8958:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8000:
7883:
6436:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5600:Stresemann, Erwin (1958). "Wie hat die Dronte (
5471:
5406:
5350:
4705:
4361:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser.
4357:Cheke, Anthony S.; Hume, Julian Pender (2008).
3881:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
3836:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3615:Rijsdijk, K. F.; Zinke, J.; de Louw, P. G. B.;
3614:
3587:List of African animals extinct in the Holocene
3446:from Mauritius have been named after the dodo:
2844:until 1651, when it was moved to the museum in
2089:
1131:means "tasteless", "insipid", or "sickly", and
9399:
9156:. Bloomington (US): Indiana University Press.
9084:
8491:The British Journal for the History of Science
7622:
7550:
7544:
7372:
7363:
7280:
7278:
6974:Roberts, D. L.; Solow, A. R. (November 2003).
6265:
5945:
5943:
5231:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4976:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 155–158.
4189:
4089:
3785:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3412:The dodo is used to promote the protection of
1221:is unclear. Some ascribe it to the Dutch word
584:of the nostrils, and it shared details in the
9303:
9153:The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History
8873:
8575:
8142:
8068:
7105:
7103:
6749:"Discover the violent end of the Oxford dodo"
6746:
5646:
4817:
3967:
3666:
8553:"Extinct Dodo Related to Pigeons, DNA Shows"
7807:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 52.
7800:
6973:
6800:
6798:
6130:"Plant Science Bulletin, Volume 50, Issue 4"
5800:
5078:
5076:
4769:
4767:
4676:. London (UK): R.H. Evans and R. Priestley.
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4050:
4048:
3811:
3706:
3416:by environmental organisations, such as the
2289:And thus his fellows to imprisonment decoy.
1505:
1326:. In 1766, Linnaeus coined the new binomial
1164:(the Portuguese referred to those birds as "
8820:
7837:
7284:
7275:
7226:
6678:
6672:
6476:; Martill, D. M.; Dewdney, C. (June 2004).
6154:
5940:
5732:
5730:
5558:
5480:
5318:
5316:
4990:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4498:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
4229:
4227:
3603:
3236:
3221:from Réunion with a relatively short beak,
2721:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
2507:Illustrations of sailors hunting dodos, by
2315:
2220:
1453:), six free tail (caudal) vertebrae, and a
1132:
564:pigeons than of other birds, both in their
63:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
9439:
9310:
9296:
8234:
8222:
7766:Reminiscences of Life and Travel 1859–1872
7100:
5599:
5286:
3662:
3660:
3658:
2936:, an ornithology journal: he had sent his
2822:(left) and 1855 lithograph of the specimen
2725:University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum
1958:suggested in 1996 that they mainly fed on
1676:. The bird depicted probably lived in the
1622:as it was once owned by the ornithologist
1589:
1474:length proportions were little different.
1330:(meaning "inept dodo"). This has become a
695:is the closest living relative of the dodo
648:were also misinterpreted as dodo species;
254:
79:
52:
9544:
8987:
8977:
8901:
8697:
8682:
8664:
8599:
8442:
8371:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
8334:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
8291:
8279:
8210:
7804:Memoir of the dodo (didus ineptus, Linn.)
7763:
7633:
7466:
7244:
7024:
6999:
6840:
6795:
6713:
6626:
6614:
6599:
6501:
6401:
6236:
6224:
6200:
6030:
5988:
5934:
5911:
5870:
5837:
5827:
5743:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5718:
5707:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
5693:
5263:
5253:
5234:"Convex-hull mass estimates of the dodo (
5073:
4912:
4811:
4764:
4746:
4603:
4356:
4333:
4323:
4207:
4045:
4016:
3690:
3564:The voice which used to squawk and squeak
3030:, the British had covered the swamp with
2902:painting), and his more upright mount at
2681:
2237:Mauritius had previously been visited by
1867:. Extinct Mauritian reptiles include the
1777:was made from the brain of the dodo; the
1322:) in 1760, resulting in the current name
10545:Species made extinct by human activities
9053:
8709:
8481:
8319:Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Moutou, F. (1987).
8040:
6855:"Natural disaster may have killed dodos"
5727:
5441:George Edwards: The Bedell and His Birds
5359:
5313:
4949:
4779:"Dodo and solitaires, myths and reality"
4722:(revised ed.). New York: Comstock.
4532:
4224:
3917:
3252:
2224:
2093:
1964:
1910:
1783:
1742:
1738:
1632:
1593:
1420:
1396:
1345:
1192:
1106:
972:
686:
669:evolved their similarities independently
474:The dodo was variously declared a small
8179:
7794:
7753:– via Edinburgh University Press.
7433:
7342:
7156:
6922:
5366:(Linnaeus, 1758) (Aves, Columbiformes)"
5005:
4669:
3816:(L., 1758) and the genesis of a book".
3655:
3592:List of extinct bird species since 1500
3321:fossils, the newly vindicated bird was
2468:One dodo was reportedly sent as far as
10487:
9149:
9127:
9115:
8932:
8834:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
8622:
8550:
8538:
8400:
8167:
7938:from the original on 24 September 2019
7865:from the original on 11 September 2017
7616:
7585:
7330:
7144:
7030:
6666:
6532:
6424:
6212:
6127:
6045:
6012:
6000:
5976:
5893:
5794:
5782:
5767:
5681:
5515:
5307:
4943:
4900:
4877:The Dodo – Extinction in Paradise
4871:
4859:
4826:
4758:
4714:
4699:
4657:
4491:
4433:
4282:
3998:
3870:
3200:Landscape with Orpheus and the animals
3092:Cambridge University Museum of Zoology
2863:
2661:vertebrates there had become extinct.
1869:saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
1706:to speculate about sexual dimorphism,
1123:", first used in the journal of Dutch
10525:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands
10188:
10187:
9531:
9377:
9291:
9066:from the original on 12 November 2012
8780:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
8755:from the original on 19 November 2015
8712:"Mauritius: Footprints From the Past"
8517:from the original on 17 February 2021
8294:Journal of the History of Collections
7720:
7685:
7469:Journal of the History of Collections
7401:
7220:
7191:
7109:
6889:
6852:
6804:
6248:
5852:
5437:
5326:(2003). "The journal of the flagship
4773:
4639:from the original on 12 November 2020
4385:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
4382:
4128:from the original on 20 November 2018
4054:
3557:The sun yet warms his native ground –
2898:(it is too squat, following Savery's
1606:The travel journal of the Dutch ship
529:head and foot of the specimen at the
9097:from the original on 17 January 2013
9087:"Dutch School, 17th Century; A dodo"
8424:from the original on 3 February 2016
8182:"Half a Dodo found in museum drawer"
7819:from the original on 7 November 2020
7778:
7667:from the original on 5 November 2019
7597:
7532:from the original on 5 November 2019
7497:; Datta, A.; Martill, D. M. (2006).
7448:from the original on 11 January 2022
7227:Cheke, A. S.; Parish, J. C. (2020).
7033:"Recent ornithological publications"
6544:
6096:
5322:
4968:
4567:
4233:
4171:from the original on 20 October 2002
4033:from the original on 1 November 2019
3015:Subfossil bones rediscovered in the
2648:had disappeared due to predation by
2256:Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia
9378:
9054:Jamieson, Alastair (22 June 2009).
8874:Fischer, G.; Fisher, B. L. (2013).
8855:from the original on 12 August 2016
8722:from the original on 2 October 2006
6860:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
6716:"Scientists pinpoint dodo's demise"
6577:from the original on 17 March 2012.
5044:Kitchener, A. C. (28 August 1993).
4832:Dodo – From Extinction To Icon
4156:
3678:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3418:Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust
3397:, on Mauritius coins, is used as a
2676:
1906:
1145:. The original Dutch report titled
13:
8665:Kyne, P. M.; Adams, V. M. (2016).
8463:from the original on 15 March 2023
8110:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
8071:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
8021:from the original on 15 March 2023
7859:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1893.tb00001.x
7801:Owen, R.; Broderip, W. J. (1866).
7700:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1866.tb06082.x
7499:"Unpublished drawings of the Dodo
6904:from the original on 28 March 2016
6647:from the original on 15 March 2023
6115:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087409
5816:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5458:from the original on 15 March 2023
5146:(4): 357–358, discussion 358–360.
5028:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02686.x
4931:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02535.x
4680:from the original on 15 March 2023
4459:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3986:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1869.tb06880.x
3893:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1865.tb02320.x
3859:. London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve.
3767:from the original on 21 March 2016
3568:Yet may you see his bones and beak
3088:American Museum of Natural History
1915:Savery sketch of three dodos from
748:, and the superficially dodo-like
14:
10566:
9532:
9171:
8821:Donisthorpe, H. S. J. K. (1946).
8382:from the original on 4 April 2020
8345:from the original on 4 April 2020
8192:from the original on 4 April 2020
7070:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds
6728:from the original on 4 April 2020
6333:from the original on 23 July 2018
5388:from the original on 25 July 2022
5058:from the original on 26 June 2015
4793:from the original on 22 July 2011
3948:from the original on 10 June 2021
3899:from the original on 10 June 2021
500:Natural History Museum of Denmark
10168:
9514:
9275:
9263:
9251:
9239:
9227:
9215:
9121:
9078:
9047:
9004:
8945:
8926:
8867:
8814:
8767:
8738:
8703:
8658:
8628:
8544:
8475:
8443:Palmatier, Robert Allen (1995).
8436:
8406:
8357:
8312:
8285:
8228:
8180:Kennedy, M. (21 February 2011).
8173:
8136:
8097:
8062:
8034:
7994:
7950:
7877:
7831:
7772:
7757:
7714:
7679:
7591:
7487:
7460:
7434:Knapton, Sarah (20 April 2018).
7427:
7336:
7253:
7185:
7150:
7132:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00478.x
7059:
7047:from the original on 3 July 2020
6967:
6916:
6871:from the original on 15 May 2013
6807:"Bringing the dodo back to life"
6136:from the original on 14 May 2013
4259:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00843.x
4159:"DNA yields dodo family secrets"
3506:
3497:
3368:
3350:
3332:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
3291:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
3270:
3261:
3182:and other contemporary writers.
3144:
3124:
3067:Durban Museum of Natural Science
3008:
2993:
2881:
2872:
2808:
2799:
2751:
2742:
2699:
2690:
2612:
2603:
2497:
2488:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2344:
2324:
2295:bitten by their powerful beaks.
2149:
2134:
1992:(fruit-eating) pigeons, kinetic
1523:
1514:
1482:region and the small wings were
1418:(opening), as in other pigeons.
494:proposed that dodos were ground
450:
439:
420:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
105:
9143:
9013:Molecular Genetics and Genomics
8827:) from the island of Mauritius"
8551:Mayell, H. (28 February 2002).
7921:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.018
7409:"Dodo's violent death revealed"
6883:
6846:
6819:from the original on 7 May 2019
6805:Fryer, J. (14 September 2002).
6768:
6740:
6707:
6620:
6538:
6466:
6430:
6346:
6242:
6148:
6121:
6097:Hill, A. W. (1941). "The genus
6090:
6039:
6006:
5887:
5846:
5687:
5640:
5593:
5552:
5509:
5431:
5400:
5280:
5225:
5182:
5131:
4906:
4865:
4663:
4485:
4376:
4350:
4183:
4150:
4083:
3992:
3667:BirdLife International (2016).
3426:Center for Biological Diversity
2713:, and illustration of same head
2195:, meaning that it produced few
2079:macaws depended on now-extinct
1437:, including three fused into a
1334:of the earlier name because of
462:Zoological Museum of Copenhagen
9133:The Bad Child's Book of Beasts
8378:(SER2, T320, N11): 1125–1131.
7721:Brown, Clare (November 2020).
7503:and notes on Dodo skin relics"
6588:Strickland & Melville 1848
5561:"What did the dodo look like?"
5296:. London: Hutchinson & Co.
5046:"Justice at last for the dodo"
3961:
3911:
3864:
3805:
3779:
2904:Natural History Museum, London
1873:domed Mauritius giant tortoise
1691:, where the English traveller
1341:
1237:was the first to use the word
1091:), was described in 2001 from
517:, which attempted to separate
370:and paintings of white dodos.
1:
10535:National symbols of Mauritius
10495:IUCN Red List extinct species
8601:10.1080/08912963.2021.1940996
8122:10.1080/02724634.2015.1127721
8083:10.1080/02724634.2015.1111896
8044:Mauritius, Rodrigues, Réunion
7565:10.1080/08912963.2016.1155211
7415:. University of Warwick. 2018
7387:10.1080/08912963.2016.1152471
6747:Gregory-Kumar, David (2018).
5896:"Wildlife in Mauritius today"
5829:10.1080/02724634.2015.1113803
5495:10.1080/08912963.2018.1457658
4577:and the Penguin of Mauritius"
4518:10.1080/03014223.2001.9517673
4471:10.1080/02724634.2015.1121723
4111:10.1126/science.295.5560.1683
3597:
3553:The Dodo used to walk around,
3176:Willem Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe
3113:
2856:, but the skin has perished.
2771:in 1656 and was moved to the
2479:
2450:
1916:
1768:, and may have been used for
1538:
1277:("hooded") was first used by
1197:Labelled sketch from 1634 by
1071:from South Asia. The lack of
724:of the Oxford specimen and a
699:In 2002, American geneticist
10520:Extinct animals of Mauritius
8823:"New species of ants (Hym.,
8041:Richards, Alexandra (2012).
7206:10.1080/08912963.2014.904301
7171:10.1080/08912963.2013.838231
7084:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003
6693:10.1080/08912963.2014.884566
6249:Laing, A. (27 August 2010).
6068:10.1126/science.197.4306.885
5661:10.1080/08912963.2014.961450
5574:(3): 165–168. Archived from
4077:10.1016/j.annpal.2004.12.002
3375:Dodo on a 1971 Mauritius 10
3208:Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II
3065:reconstructed skull) to the
2535:dogs, pigs, cats, rats, and
2090:Reproduction and development
1903:, have also become extinct.
1102:
682:
358:relative of the dodo is the
7:
10550:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
10505:Bird extinctions since 1500
9198:September 23, 2023, at the
8800:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.002
7731:Archives of Natural History
7646:Archives of Natural History
7345:Archives of Natural History
6488:(6992): 1 p following 621.
5952:Archives of Natural History
5413:Archives of Natural History
5332:Archives of Natural History
3871:Newton, A. (January 1865).
3818:Archives of Natural History
3787:Reinhardt, Johannes Theodor
3575:
2818:Upper jaw of a dodo in the
1392:
430:
10:
10571:
9150:Parish, Jolyon C. (2013).
8449:. Greenwood. p. 113.
7901:Quaternary Science Reviews
6890:Cheke, Anthony S. (2004).
6386:10.1038/s41598-017-08536-3
6013:Storer, Robert W. (2005).
4670:Hakluyt, Richard (2013) .
3853:; Melville, A. G. (1848).
3545:Bad Child's Book of Beasts
3187:Edmond de Sélys Longchamps
2945:, a railway engineer from
2727:, and an upper jaw in the
2635:The British ornithologist
2203:A 2017 study examined the
2182:Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer
1885:small Mauritian flying fox
1881:Round Island burrowing boa
1700:Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans
1010:thick-billed ground pigeon
815:(Victoria crowned pigeon)
492:Johannes Theodor Reinhardt
18:
10196:
10166:
10084:
10064:
10016:
9918:
9842:
9833:
9785:
9702:
9647:
9638:
9555:
9540:
9527:
9512:
9430:
9390:
9386:
9373:
9335:
9025:10.1007/s00438-004-1004-x
8935:Senckenbergiana Biologica
8903:10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1
8846:10.1080/00222934508654782
8684:10.1017/S0030605316000041
8503:10.1017/S0007087415000011
7764:Higginson, Harry (1891).
7357:10.3366/anh.1992.19.2.145
7307:10.1080/08912960802376199
6568:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1
6439:Small Enterprise Research
6308:10.1007/s00114-012-0882-8
5913:10.1017/S0030605300012643
5872:10.1017/S0030605300020457
5425:10.3366/anh.1993.20.2.279
5211:10.1007/s00114-011-0772-5
5160:10.1007/s00114-011-0771-6
5109:10.1007/s00114-010-0759-7
4614:10.1080/08912960600639400
4573:"The History of the Dodo
4209:10.1080/10635150701549672
4139:Supplementary information
3830:10.3366/anh.2002.29.1.109
3795:Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift
3750:10.1080/08912960903101868
3555:And take the sun and air.
3395:coat of arms of Mauritius
3358:Coat of arms of Mauritius
3315:to go the way of the dodo
3108:University College London
2820:National Museum of Prague
2627:Frederick William Frohawk
1506:Contemporary descriptions
1168:" at the time), but from
893:
872:
865:
847:
840:
833:
826:
808:
801:
783:
776:
508:Alexander Gordon Melville
278:
271:
262:
253:
231:
224:
102:Scientific classification
100:
77:
68:
60:
51:
30:
10530:Extinct flightless birds
9330:and their extinct allies
8710:Bhookhun, D. P. (2006).
8557:National Geographic News
7980:10.1177/0959683614567886
7813:10.5962/bhl.title.110122
7658:10.3366/anh.2004.31.1.57
6892:"The Dodo's last island"
6714:BBC (20 November 2003).
6290:(Submitted manuscript).
6257:. London. Archived from
6021:(Submitted manuscript).
5559:Dissanayake, R. (2004).
5360:Teixeira, D. M. (2019).
5344:10.3366/anh.2003.30.1.13
4325:10.1186/1471-2148-14-136
4304:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4157:BBC (28 February 2002).
4057:Annales de Paléontologie
3685:: e.T22690059A93259513.
3641:10.1177/0959683611405236
3231:, now combined with the
3102:was rediscovered at the
2316:Dodos transported abroad
2252:Dutch East India Company
2221:Relationship with humans
1831:. The surviving endemic
1779:brain-to-body-size ratio
1731:such as the ostrich and
1445:vertebrae (those of the
1350:Size compared to a human
1312:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
787:Didunculus strigirostris
754:Didunculus strigirostris
531:Oxford University Museum
515:The Dodo and Its Kindred
10510:Birds described in 1758
8733:(subscription required)
8337:. Série D (in French).
8004:Encyclopedia of Islands
7637:; Cheke, A. S. (2004).
6359:, Aves, Columbiformes)"
5069:(subscription required)
3970:Aphanapteryx imperialis
3559:The Dodo is not there!
3323:featured as a character
2729:National Museum, Prague
2585:Isaac Johannes Lamotius
1841:Mascarene grey parakeet
1590:Contemporary depictions
1279:Juan Eusebio Nieremberg
1147:Waarachtige Beschryving
636:to name a new species,
16:Extinct species of bird
6627:Macmillan, A. (2000).
6128:Herhey, D. R. (2004).
5894:Temple, S. A. (1974).
5606:Journal of Ornithology
5518:Journal of Ornithology
3999:Storer, R. W. (1970).
3934:10.5962/bhl.title.8301
3851:Strickland, Hugh Edwin
3573:
3566:Is now for ever dumb –
3483:Phytophthora infestans
3466:off Réunion was named
3458:in 2013. A species of
3385:The dodo is used as a
3360:, featuring a dodo as
3237:
2943:Harry Pasley Higginson
2682:17th-century specimens
2623:Pieter van den Broecke
2581:
2380:
2313:
2292:
2234:
2128:
2102:
2019:
1981:
1944:
1926:
1789:
1755:
1649:
1628:Natural History Museum
1603:
1587:
1570:
1430:
1402:
1351:
1336:nomenclatural priority
1314:coined the genus name
1210:
1156:
1133:
1116:
1085:Viti Levu giant pigeon
989:
882:(Rodrigues solitaire)
790:(tooth-billed pigeon)
696:
10452:Paleobiology Database
8979:10.1073/pnas.93.1.447
8698:Cheke & Hume 2008
8482:Lawrence, N. (2015).
8331:n. gen. n. sp.].
8280:Cheke & Hume 2008
8211:Cheke & Hume 2008
7743:10.3366/anh.2020.0662
6841:Cheke & Hume 2008
6615:Cheke & Hume 2008
6600:Cheke & Hume 2008
6237:Cheke & Hume 2008
6225:Cheke & Hume 2008
6201:Cheke & Hume 2008
5989:Cheke & Hume 2008
5964:10.3366/anh.2017.0422
5935:Cheke & Hume 2008
5853:Cheke, A. S. (1987).
5438:Mason, A. S. (1992).
4812:Cheke & Hume 2008
4747:Cheke & Hume 2008
3918:Lydekker, R. (1891).
3570:All in the Mu-se-um.
3550:
3422:Durrell Wildlife Park
3407:Brasseries de Bourbon
3253:Cultural significance
2769:Tradescant collection
2576:
2375:
2308:
2280:
2228:
2115:
2097:
2014:
1968:
1939:
1914:
1890:Tropidophora carinata
1877:Mauritian giant skink
1865:Mauritius night heron
1845:Mauritius blue pigeon
1787:
1746:
1739:Behaviour and ecology
1636:
1597:
1578:
1565:
1424:
1400:
1349:
1241:in print in his 1634
1196:
1151:
1110:
976:
690:
504:Hugh Edwin Strickland
339:. The two formed the
21:Dodo (disambiguation)
9135:. London: Duckworth.
8882:Pheidole megacephala
8374:. II a (in French).
8306:10.1093/jhc/15.2.201
7841:; Gadow, H. (1893).
7481:10.1093/jhc/13.2.125
7116:Aphanapteryx bonasia
6925:Conservation Biology
6545:Hume, J. P. (2007).
5697:; Steel, L. (2013).
5581:on 17 September 2011
5370:Arquivos de Zoologia
4144:5 April 2010 at the
4092:"Flight of the Dodo"
3926:Taylor & Francis
3478:transposable element
2913:Philip Burnard Ayres
2589:statistical analysis
2552:animals killed by a
2537:crab-eating macaques
2367:Adriaen van de Venne
2352:Adriaen van de Venne
1937:for wealthy mayors:
1656:rediscovered in the
1026:spotted green pigeon
634:Abraham Dee Bartlett
521:from reality. After
398:for its ecosystem.
19:For other uses, see
9118:, pp. 104–105.
9085:Christie's (2009).
9060:The Daily Telegraph
8970:1996PNAS...93..447M
8792:2011MolPE..59..477K
8625:, pp. 140–153.
8541:, pp. 134–138.
8225:, pp. 172–173.
8170:, pp. 123–129.
7972:2015Holoc..25..758D
7913:2009QSRv...28...14R
7333:, pp. 116–129.
7299:2008HBio...20..149T
7246:10.3390/quat3010004
7031:Newton, A. (1868).
6992:2003Natur.426..245R
6937:2013ConBi..27.1478R
6503:10.1038/nature02688
6494:2004Natur.429.....H
6451:10.5172/ser.11.2.93
6378:2017NatSR...7.7993A
6300:2012NW.....99..177M
6287:Naturwissenschaften
6255:The Daily Telegraph
6169:1991Oikos..61..133W
6060:1977Sci...197..885T
5701:Pezophaps solitaria
5618:1958JOrni..99..441S
5530:1958JOrni..99..438I
5203:2011NW.....98..359A
5191:Naturwissenschaften
5152:2011NW.....98..357L
5140:Naturwissenschaften
5101:2011NW.....98..233A
5089:Naturwissenschaften
5012:Pezophaps solitaria
4946:, pp. 265–282.
4862:, pp. 147–149.
4596:2006HBio...18...69H
4510:2001JRSNZ..31..763W
4316:2014BMCEE..14..136H
4285:, pp. 134–141.
4251:2012GeolT..28..147H
4069:2005AnPal..91..167J
3742:2009HBio...21...33H
3633:2011Holoc..21.1179R
3582:Holocene extinction
3341:Alice in Wonderland
2864:Subfossil specimens
2593:confidence interval
2511:, 1893 (left), and
1924:Crocker Art Gallery
1849:Mauritius scops owl
1837:broad-billed parrot
1804:l'île aux Bénitiers
1751:of a slim dodo, by
1721:Crocker Art Gallery
1598:Compilation of the
1427:Rodrigues solitaire
1203:broad-billed parrot
1089:Natunaornis gigoura
879:Pezophaps solitaria
851:Caloenas nicobarica
750:tooth-billed pigeon
734:Caloenas nicobarica
539:Pezophaps solitaria
535:Rodrigues solitaire
337:Rodrigues solitaire
327:, which is east of
282:Struthio cucullatus
71:Conservation status
10515:Birds of Mauritius
9392:Mesitornithiformes
9184:Dodo Bird Unboxing
8588:Historical Biology
8563:on 17 October 2012
8329:Borbonibis latipes
8323:Borbonibis latipes
7619:, p. 184–188.
7553:Historical Biology
7375:Historical Biology
7287:Historical Biology
7194:Historical Biology
7159:Historical Biology
6945:10.1111/cobi.12134
6853:Cocks, T. (2006).
6681:Historical Biology
6366:Scientific Reports
6261:on 29 August 2010.
5649:Historical Biology
5626:10.1007/BF01671615
5604:L.) ausgesehen?".
5538:10.1007/BF01671614
5487:Historical Biology
5288:Rothschild, Walter
5255:10.7717/peerj.1432
5016:Journal of Zoology
4919:Journal of Zoology
4584:Historical Biology
4196:Systematic Biology
3730:Historical Biology
3414:endangered species
3223:Borbonibis latipes
3153:Pieter Holsteyn II
3096:Senckenberg Museum
2979:Memoir on the Dodo
2458:Emperor Rudolph II
2333:Emperor Rudolph II
2235:
2178:East London Museum
2124:Oiseaux de Nazaret
2103:
2100:East London Museum
1982:
1927:
1896:Casearia tinifolia
1857:Mauritian shelduck
1790:
1756:
1717:Cornelis Saftleven
1650:
1604:
1546:Cornelis Saftleven
1431:
1403:
1382:Bradley C. Livezey
1378:sexually dimorphic
1352:
1318:(referring to the
1288:, in reference to
1235:Sir Thomas Herbert
1211:
1199:Sir Thomas Herbert
1117:
1006:Otidiphaps nobilis
1000:and including the
990:
697:
217:R. cucullatus
10480:
10479:
10470:Raphus-cucullatus
10439:Open Tree of Life
10255:raphus-cucullatus
10242:Raphus_cucullatus
10228:Raphus cucullatus
10198:Raphus cucullatus
10190:Taxon identifiers
10181:
10180:
10177:
10176:
10164:
10163:
10160:
10159:
10156:
10155:
9781:
9780:
9523:
9522:
9510:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9426:
9425:
9192:Raphus cucullatus
9178:Painting the Dodo
9163:978-0-253-00099-6
8646:on 9 January 2015
8282:, pp. 30–31.
8145:Raphus cucullatus
8106:Raphus cucullatus
8054:978-1-84162-410-5
8014:978-0-520-25649-1
7892:Raphus cucullatus
7884:Rijsdijk, K. F.;
7725:Raphus cucullatus
7501:Raphus cucullatus
7147:, pp. 70–73.
7112:Raphus cucullatus
7093:978-0-521-11331-1
6789:10.1111/btp.12490
6640:978-81-206-1508-3
6617:, pp. 81–83.
6602:, pp. 77–78.
6357:Raphus cucullatus
6343:pp. 177–184.
6215:, pp. 43–44.
6054:(4306): 885–886.
5991:, pp. 37–38.
5937:, pp. 49–52.
5755:10.1111/zoj.12388
5739:Raphus cucullatus
5720:10.1111/bij.12087
5684:, pp. 76–77.
5602:Raphus cucullatus
5483:Raphus cucullatus
5451:978-1-873240-48-9
5409:Raphus cucullatus
5364:Raphus cucullatus
5236:Raphus cucullatus
5085:Raphus cucullatus
5010:) and Solitaire (
5008:Raphus cucullatus
4983:978-1-4729-3744-5
4915:Raphus cucullatus
4886:978-1-59373-002-4
4845:978-0-00-714572-0
4761:, pp. 17–18.
4749:, pp. 22–23.
4734:pp. 194–203.
4729:978-0-8014-3954-4
4575:Raphus cucullatus
4465:(sup 1): 29–187.
4436:, pp. 37–39.
4368:978-0-7136-6544-4
3814:Raphus cucullatus
3671:Raphus cucullatus
3449:Pseudolasius dodo
3442:. Two species of
3298:(left, 1865) and
3280:Illustrations of
3191:Raphus solitarius
2248:Maurice of Nassau
1770:display behaviour
1704:Masauji Hachisuka
1324:Raphus cucullatus
1250:derives from the
1184:Kermesse festival
1182:fattened for the
1045:Mascarene Islands
1030:Caloenas maculata
1014:Trugon terrestris
970:
969:
961:
960:
952:
951:
943:
942:
934:
933:
925:
924:
916:
915:
900:Raphus cucullatus
854:(Nicobar pigeon)
621:Raphus solitarius
613:Réunion solitaire
352:pigeons and doves
323:to the island of
309:Raphus cucullatus
300:
299:
294:
286:
238:Raphus cucullatus
205:
95:
10562:
10473:
10472:
10460:
10459:
10447:
10446:
10434:
10433:
10421:
10420:
10408:
10407:
10395:
10394:
10382:
10381:
10369:
10368:
10356:
10355:
10343:
10342:
10330:
10329:
10317:
10316:
10307:
10306:
10294:
10293:
10281:
10280:
10271:
10270:
10268:DEF9592737DC3B5E
10258:
10257:
10245:
10244:
10232:
10231:
10230:
10217:
10216:
10215:
10185:
10184:
10172:
10144:
9997:
9987:
9970:
9960:
9936:
9840:
9839:
9720:
9645:
9644:
9626:
9616:
9606:
9596:
9586:
9576:
9566:
9553:
9552:
9542:
9541:
9529:
9528:
9518:
9480:
9470:
9460:
9450:
9437:
9436:
9397:
9396:
9388:
9387:
9375:
9374:
9312:
9305:
9298:
9289:
9288:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9256:
9255:
9254:
9244:
9243:
9232:
9231:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9211:
9167:
9138:
9136:
9125:
9119:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9082:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9008:
9002:
9001:
8991:
8981:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8905:
8871:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8854:
8831:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8750:
8742:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8707:
8701:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8642:. Archived from
8640:banknotenews.com
8632:
8626:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8603:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8559:. Archived from
8548:
8542:
8536:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8488:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8410:
8404:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8316:
8310:
8309:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8244:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8197:
8177:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8077:(sup 1): 21–28.
8066:
8060:
8058:
8038:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8026:
7998:
7992:
7991:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7937:
7898:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7776:
7770:
7769:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7666:
7643:
7631:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7595:
7589:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7531:
7507:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7439:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7370:
7361:
7360:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7319:
7318:
7282:
7273:
7272:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7154:
7148:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7114:and the Red Hen
7107:
7098:
7097:
7073:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7003:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6931:(6): 1478–1480.
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6903:
6896:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6802:
6793:
6792:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6676:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6551:
6542:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6505:
6470:
6464:
6462:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6405:
6363:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6332:
6283:
6274:
6263:
6262:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6198:
6189:
6188:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6103:Annals of Botany
6094:
6088:
6087:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5947:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5915:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5831:
5807:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5734:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5565:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5478:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5320:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5267:
5257:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5080:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5003:
4988:
4987:
4966:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4824:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4735:
4733:
4712:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4607:
4581:
4565:
4530:
4529:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4454:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4295:
4286:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4231:
4222:
4221:
4211:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4154:
4148:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4096:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4052:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4020:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3847:
3834:
3833:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3727:
3715:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3627:(8): 1179–1194.
3612:
3510:
3501:
3435:Nephilengys dodo
3372:
3354:
3274:
3265:
3240:
3233:specific epithet
3189:coined the name
3148:
3128:
3012:
2997:
2885:
2876:
2812:
2803:
2773:Ashmolean Museum
2755:
2746:
2703:
2694:
2677:Physical remains
2616:
2607:
2587:in 1688. A 2003
2558:mass mortalities
2501:
2492:
2455:
2452:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2348:
2328:
2153:
2138:
2010:Hamon L'Estrange
1921:
1918:
1907:Diet and feeding
1749:life restoration
1658:Hermitage Museum
1543:
1540:
1527:
1518:
1361:primary feathers
1136:
1080:very large sizes
987:genetic analyses
897:
876:
868:
867:
843:
842:
836:
835:
829:
828:
804:
803:
779:
778:
772:
771:
720:isolated from a
623:, respectively (
617:Didus solitarius
454:
443:
403:invasive species
292:
284:
258:
240:
236:
200:
193:
180:
110:
109:
89:
83:
82:
56:
45:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
10570:
10569:
10565:
10564:
10563:
10561:
10560:
10559:
10555:Dutch Mauritius
10485:
10484:
10481:
10476:
10468:
10463:
10455:
10450:
10442:
10437:
10429:
10424:
10416:
10411:
10403:
10398:
10390:
10385:
10377:
10372:
10364:
10359:
10351:
10346:
10338:
10333:
10325:
10320:
10312:
10310:
10302:
10297:
10289:
10284:
10276:
10274:
10266:
10261:
10253:
10248:
10240:
10235:
10226:
10225:
10220:
10211:
10210:
10205:
10192:
10182:
10173:
10152:
10080:
10060:
10012:
9914:
9829:
9777:
9698:
9634:
9549:
9536:
9519:
9502:
9422:
9401:Mesitornithidae
9382:
9380:Pteroclimesites
9369:
9331:
9316:
9286:
9276:
9274:
9264:
9262:
9252:
9250:
9238:
9226:
9216:
9214:
9206:
9200:Wayback Machine
9174:
9164:
9146:
9141:
9137:pp. 27–30.
9126:
9122:
9114:
9110:
9100:
9098:
9083:
9079:
9069:
9067:
9052:
9048:
9009:
9005:
8950:
8946:
8941:(4/6): 303–318.
8931:
8927:
8876:"A revision of
8872:
8868:
8858:
8856:
8852:
8840:(95): 776–782.
8829:
8819:
8815:
8772:
8768:
8758:
8756:
8749:(Press release)
8748:
8744:
8743:
8739:
8735:pp. 27–30.
8732:
8725:
8723:
8708:
8704:
8696:
8692:
8663:
8659:
8649:
8647:
8634:
8633:
8629:
8621:
8617:
8580:
8576:
8566:
8564:
8549:
8545:
8537:
8530:
8520:
8518:
8486:
8480:
8476:
8466:
8464:
8457:
8441:
8437:
8427:
8425:
8412:
8411:
8407:
8399:
8395:
8385:
8383:
8362:
8358:
8348:
8346:
8317:
8313:
8290:
8286:
8278:
8274:
8259:10.2307/4073093
8242:
8233:
8229:
8223:Rothschild 1907
8221:
8217:
8209:
8205:
8195:
8193:
8178:
8174:
8166:
8162:
8141:
8137:
8102:
8098:
8067:
8063:
8055:
8039:
8035:
8024:
8022:
8015:
7999:
7995:
7955:
7951:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7896:
7882:
7878:
7868:
7866:
7836:
7832:
7822:
7820:
7799:
7795:
7777:
7773:
7762:
7758:
7719:
7715:
7684:
7680:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7641:
7632:
7623:
7615:
7611:
7596:
7592:
7584:
7580:
7549:
7545:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7505:
7492:
7488:
7465:
7461:
7451:
7449:
7432:
7428:
7418:
7416:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7371:
7364:
7341:
7337:
7329:
7322:
7283:
7276:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7225:
7221:
7190:
7186:
7155:
7151:
7143:
7139:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7064:
7060:
7050:
7048:
7029:
7025:
7001:10.1038/426245a
6972:
6968:
6921:
6917:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6894:
6888:
6884:
6874:
6872:
6851:
6847:
6839:
6832:
6822:
6820:
6803:
6796:
6773:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6745:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6712:
6708:
6677:
6673:
6665:
6661:
6650:
6648:
6641:
6625:
6621:
6613:
6606:
6598:
6594:
6586:
6582:
6574:
6549:
6543:
6539:
6531:
6527:
6471:
6467:
6435:
6431:
6423:
6419:
6361:
6351:
6347:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6281:
6275:
6266:
6247:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6223:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6199:
6192:
6177:10.2307/3545415
6153:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6126:
6122:
6095:
6091:
6044:
6040:
6011:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5987:
5983:
5975:
5971:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5892:
5888:
5851:
5847:
5822:(sup 1): 3–20.
5808:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5781:
5774:
5766:
5762:
5735:
5728:
5692:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5645:
5641:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5514:
5510:
5479:
5472:
5468:pp. 46–49.
5461:
5459:
5452:
5436:
5432:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5358:
5351:
5321:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5285:
5281:
5230:
5226:
5187:
5183:
5136:
5132:
5081:
5074:
5068:
5061:
5059:
5042:
5035:
5004:
4991:
4984:
4967:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4911:
4907:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4683:
4681:
4668:
4664:
4660:, pp. 3–5.
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4605:10.1.1.695.6929
4579:
4566:
4533:
4490:
4486:
4455:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4381:
4377:
4373:pp. 70–71.
4369:
4355:
4351:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4274:
4232:
4225:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4155:
4151:
4146:Wayback Machine
4131:
4129:
4125:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4053:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4018:10.2307/4083934
3997:
3993:
3966:
3962:
3951:
3949:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3875:Didus Nazarenus
3869:
3865:
3861:pp. 4–112.
3848:
3837:
3810:
3806:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3665:
3656:
3613:
3604:
3600:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3518:rogue taxidermy
3513:
3512:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3403:Mauritian rupee
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3355:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3267:
3266:
3255:
3172:Pieter Holsteyn
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3137:and the animals
3133:Landscape with
3129:
3116:
3058:tarsometatarsus
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:Mare aux Songes
2888:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2684:
2679:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2532:fugitive slaves
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2482:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2337:Jacob Hoefnagel
2329:
2318:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2241:vessels in the
2223:
2170:Didus nazarenus
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2092:
1975:Carolus Clusius
1919:
1909:
1795:Mare aux Songes
1741:
1654:Mughal painting
1592:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1471:carpometacarpus
1467:pectoral girdle
1412:sclerotic rings
1395:
1359:, with lighter
1344:
1295:Systema Naturae
1290:Carolus Clusius
1273:The Latin name
1105:
1020:along with the
1002:pheasant pigeon
971:
962:
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
738:crowned pigeons
685:
638:Didus nazarenus
552:portion of the
472:
471:
470:
469:
457:
456:
455:
446:
445:
444:
433:
411:Mare aux Songes
350:which includes
317:flightless bird
249:
242:
234:
233:
220:
199:
191:
178:
104:
96:
84:
80:
73:
47:
46:
38:Middle Holocene
36:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10568:
10558:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10478:
10477:
10475:
10474:
10461:
10448:
10435:
10422:
10409:
10396:
10383:
10370:
10357:
10344:
10331:
10318:
10308:
10295:
10282:
10272:
10259:
10246:
10233:
10218:
10202:
10200:
10194:
10193:
10179:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10161:
10158:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10150:
10140:
10133:
10126:
10119:
10112:
10105:
10098:
10090:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10070:
10068:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10058:
10051:
10044:
10037:
10030:
10022:
10020:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10010:
10003:
9993:
9983:
9976:
9966:
9956:
9949:
9942:
9932:
9924:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9912:
9905:
9898:
9891:
9884:
9877:
9870:
9863:
9856:
9848:
9846:
9837:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9827:
9820:
9813:
9806:
9799:
9791:
9789:
9783:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9775:
9768:
9761:
9754:
9747:
9740:
9733:
9726:
9716:
9708:
9706:
9700:
9699:
9697:
9696:
9689:
9682:
9675:
9668:
9661:
9653:
9651:
9642:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9632:
9622:
9612:
9602:
9592:
9582:
9572:
9561:
9559:
9557:incertae sedis
9550:
9545:
9538:
9537:
9525:
9524:
9521:
9520:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9500:
9493:
9486:
9476:
9466:
9456:
9445:
9443:
9434:
9432:Pterocliformes
9428:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9420:
9413:
9405:
9403:
9394:
9384:
9383:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9365:Columbimorphae
9361:
9355:
9349:
9343:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9315:
9314:
9307:
9300:
9292:
9285:
9284:
9272:
9260:
9248:
9236:
9224:
9204:
9203:
9190:Aves3D –
9187:
9181:
9173:
9172:External links
9170:
9169:
9168:
9162:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9139:
9120:
9108:
9077:
9046:
9019:(5): 577–585.
9003:
8964:(1): 447–451.
8944:
8925:
8896:(4): 301–356.
8866:
8813:
8786:(2): 477–488.
8766:
8737:
8702:
8690:
8677:(3): 471–476.
8657:
8627:
8615:
8594:(4): 648–657.
8574:
8543:
8528:
8497:(3): 387–408.
8474:
8456:978-0313294907
8455:
8435:
8418:Dictionary.com
8405:
8393:
8356:
8341:(5): 419–423.
8325:n. gen. n. sp"
8311:
8300:(2): 201–210.
8284:
8272:
8236:Rothschild, W.
8227:
8215:
8203:
8172:
8160:
8135:
8116:(sup 1): 1–2.
8096:
8061:
8053:
8033:
8013:
7993:
7966:(5): 758–771.
7949:
7907:(1–2): 14–24.
7876:
7853:(7): 281–302.
7830:
7793:
7771:
7756:
7737:(2): 381–391.
7713:
7694:(2): 141–146.
7678:
7621:
7609:
7590:
7588:, p. 123.
7578:
7559:(3): 296–307.
7543:
7486:
7475:(2): 125–144.
7459:
7426:
7400:
7381:(2): 234–247.
7362:
7351:(2): 145–152.
7335:
7320:
7293:(2): 149–163.
7274:
7252:
7219:
7184:
7149:
7137:
7099:
7092:
7058:
7043:(2): 479–482.
7023:
6966:
6915:
6882:
6845:
6830:
6794:
6783:(6): 778–783.
6767:
6739:
6706:
6671:
6659:
6639:
6619:
6604:
6592:
6590:, pp. 15.
6580:
6537:
6525:
6465:
6429:
6417:
6345:
6294:(3): 177–184.
6264:
6241:
6239:, p. 162.
6229:
6217:
6205:
6190:
6163:(1): 133–137.
6147:
6132:. Botany.org.
6120:
6109:(4): 587–606.
6089:
6038:
6005:
5993:
5981:
5969:
5958:(1): 134–150.
5939:
5927:
5906:(5): 584–590.
5886:
5845:
5799:
5787:
5772:
5760:
5749:(4): 950–963.
5726:
5686:
5674:
5639:
5612:(4): 441–459.
5592:
5551:
5524:(4): 438–440.
5508:
5470:
5450:
5430:
5419:(2): 279–301.
5399:
5376:(4): 191–200.
5349:
5312:
5300:
5279:
5224:
5197:(4): 359–360.
5181:
5130:
5095:(3): 233–236.
5072:
5054:. p. 24.
5033:
5022:(2): 247–292.
4989:
4982:
4948:
4936:
4925:(2): 233–246.
4905:
4893:
4885:
4864:
4852:
4844:
4816:
4814:, p. 276.
4804:
4763:
4751:
4736:
4728:
4704:
4692:
4662:
4650:
4531:
4504:(4): 763–794.
4484:
4438:
4426:
4405:10.1086/316701
4397:10.1086/316701
4391:(5): 642–644.
4375:
4367:
4349:
4287:
4272:
4245:(4): 147–151.
4223:
4202:(4): 656–672.
4182:
4149:
4105:(5560): 1683.
4082:
4063:(2): 167–180.
4044:
4011:(2): 369–370.
3991:
3980:(3): 256–275.
3960:
3910:
3887:(1): 199–201.
3863:
3835:
3804:
3778:
3736:(1–2): 33–49.
3705:
3654:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3562:
3551:
3540:Hilaire Belloc
3524:in NHM (right)
3515:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3469:Hansenium dodo
3374:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3311:dead as a dodo
3300:Arthur Rackham
3279:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3168:Pieter Withoos
3150:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3014:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:Edwards's Dodo
2900:Edwards's Dodo
2890:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2846:Gottorf Castle
2830:Edwards's Dodo
2817:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2760:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2708:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:Penny Magazine
2667:Georges Cuvier
2621:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:Edwards's Dodo
2350:
2343:
2342:
2335:in Prague, by
2330:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2300:Charles Darwin
2281:
2263:Jacob van Neck
2222:
2219:
2209:thin-sectioned
2155:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2091:
2088:
2081:South American
2038:Stanley Temple
1999:olfactory bulb
1986:rhynchokinetic
1979:Jacob van Neck
1908:
1905:
1887:and the snail
1861:Mauritian duck
1853:Mascarene coot
1753:Julian P. Hume
1740:
1737:
1682:Mughal Emperor
1671:Mughal painter
1662:St. Petersburg
1646:Roelant Savery
1624:George Edwards
1620:Edwards's Dodo
1616:Roelant Savery
1591:
1588:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1498:, and smaller
1429:, not to scale
1394:
1391:
1343:
1340:
1104:
1101:
1095:material from
1069:island hopping
968:
967:
964:
963:
959:
958:
955:
954:
950:
949:
946:
945:
941:
940:
937:
936:
932:
931:
928:
927:
923:
922:
919:
918:
914:
913:
910:
909:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
871:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
827:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
812:Goura victoria
807:
802:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
782:
777:
775:
770:
730:Nicobar pigeon
693:Nicobar pigeon
684:
681:
654:Didus herberti
650:Didus broeckii
590:zygomatic bone
510:in their 1848
459:
458:
449:
448:
447:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
432:
429:
383:gizzard stones
360:Nicobar pigeon
354:. The closest
298:
297:
296:
295:
293:Linnaeus, 1766
287:
285:Linnaeus, 1758
276:
275:
269:
268:
260:
259:
251:
250:
243:
229:
228:
222:
221:
213:
211:
207:
206:
189:
185:
184:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
98:
97:
78:
75:
74:
69:
66:
65:
58:
57:
49:
48:
35:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10567:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10483:
10471:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10453:
10449:
10445:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10309:
10305:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10273:
10269:
10264:
10260:
10256:
10251:
10247:
10243:
10238:
10234:
10229:
10223:
10219:
10214:
10208:
10204:
10203:
10201:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10186:
10171:
10149:
10148:
10141:
10139:
10138:
10134:
10132:
10131:
10127:
10125:
10124:
10120:
10118:
10117:
10113:
10111:
10110:
10106:
10104:
10103:
10099:
10097:
10096:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10076:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10067:
10063:
10057:
10056:
10052:
10050:
10049:
10045:
10043:
10042:
10038:
10036:
10035:
10031:
10029:
10028:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10019:
10015:
10009:
10008:
10004:
10002:
10001:
9994:
9992:
9991:
9984:
9982:
9981:
9977:
9975:
9974:
9967:
9965:
9964:
9957:
9955:
9954:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9943:
9941:
9940:
9933:
9931:
9930:
9926:
9925:
9923:
9921:
9917:
9911:
9910:
9906:
9904:
9903:
9899:
9897:
9896:
9892:
9890:
9889:
9885:
9883:
9882:
9878:
9876:
9875:
9871:
9869:
9868:
9864:
9862:
9861:
9857:
9855:
9854:
9850:
9849:
9847:
9845:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9821:
9819:
9818:
9814:
9812:
9811:
9807:
9805:
9804:
9800:
9798:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9788:
9784:
9774:
9773:
9769:
9767:
9766:
9762:
9760:
9759:
9755:
9753:
9752:
9751:Reinwardtoena
9748:
9746:
9745:
9741:
9739:
9738:
9734:
9732:
9731:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9717:
9715:
9714:
9710:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9701:
9695:
9694:
9690:
9688:
9687:
9683:
9681:
9680:
9676:
9674:
9673:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9662:
9660:
9659:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9650:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9637:
9631:
9630:
9623:
9621:
9620:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9603:
9601:
9600:
9593:
9591:
9590:
9583:
9581:
9580:
9573:
9571:
9570:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9554:
9551:
9548:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9534:Columbiformes
9530:
9526:
9517:
9499:
9498:
9494:
9492:
9491:
9487:
9485:
9484:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9467:
9465:
9464:
9457:
9455:
9454:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9442:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9429:
9419:
9418:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9402:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9376:
9372:
9366:
9362:
9360:
9356:
9354:
9350:
9348:
9344:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9334:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9313:
9308:
9306:
9301:
9299:
9294:
9293:
9290:
9283:
9273:
9271:
9261:
9259:
9249:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9223:
9213:
9212:
9209:
9201:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9165:
9159:
9155:
9154:
9148:
9147:
9134:
9130:
9124:
9117:
9112:
9096:
9092:
9091:Christies.com
9088:
9081:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9050:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9007:
8999:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8948:
8940:
8936:
8929:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8883:
8879:
8870:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8828:
8826:
8817:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8770:
8754:
8747:
8741:
8721:
8717:
8716:allAfrica.com
8713:
8706:
8700:, p. 31.
8699:
8694:
8685:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8661:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8631:
8624:
8619:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8578:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8547:
8540:
8535:
8533:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8485:
8478:
8462:
8458:
8452:
8448:
8447:
8439:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8409:
8403:, p. 13.
8402:
8397:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8360:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8326:
8324:
8315:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8288:
8281:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8224:
8219:
8213:, p. 30.
8212:
8207:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8176:
8169:
8164:
8156:
8152:
8151:
8146:
8139:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8100:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8065:
8056:
8050:
8046:
8045:
8037:
8020:
8016:
8010:
8006:
8005:
7997:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7953:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7895:
7893:
7887:
7880:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7834:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7797:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7767:
7760:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7726:
7717:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7682:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7640:
7636:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7618:
7613:
7605:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7582:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7547:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7504:
7502:
7496:
7490:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7463:
7447:
7443:
7442:The Telegraph
7438:
7430:
7414:
7413:warwick.ac.uk
7410:
7404:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7367:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7327:
7325:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7281:
7279:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7247:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7223:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7188:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7106:
7104:
7095:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7062:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6986:(6964): 245.
6985:
6981:
6977:
6970:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6919:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6849:
6843:, p. 79.
6842:
6837:
6835:
6818:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6801:
6799:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6743:
6727:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6710:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6675:
6669:, p. 60.
6668:
6663:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6623:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6601:
6596:
6589:
6584:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6548:
6541:
6535:, p. 56.
6534:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6433:
6427:, p. 17.
6426:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6358:
6349:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6280:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6233:
6227:, p. 27.
6226:
6221:
6214:
6209:
6203:, p. 38.
6202:
6197:
6195:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6135:
6131:
6124:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6003:, p. 69.
6002:
5997:
5990:
5985:
5979:, p. 42.
5978:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5944:
5936:
5931:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5804:
5797:, p. 54.
5796:
5791:
5785:, p. 41.
5784:
5779:
5777:
5770:, p. 23.
5769:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5731:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5683:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5608:(in German).
5607:
5603:
5596:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5568:The Biologist
5562:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5475:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5434:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5356:
5354:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5310:, p. 62.
5309:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5293:Extinct Birds
5289:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5077:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5051:New Scientist
5047:
5040:
5038:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4985:
4979:
4975:
4974:Extinct Birds
4971:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4945:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4903:, p. 45.
4902:
4897:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4873:Fuller, Errol
4868:
4861:
4856:
4847:
4841:
4837:
4836:HarperCollins
4833:
4829:
4828:Fuller, Errol
4823:
4821:
4813:
4808:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4775:Staub, France
4770:
4768:
4760:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4731:
4725:
4721:
4720:Extinct Birds
4717:
4716:Fuller, Errol
4711:
4709:
4702:, p. 51.
4701:
4696:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4666:
4659:
4654:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4435:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4292:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4239:Geology Today
4236:
4230:
4228:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4049:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3914:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3797:(in Danish).
3796:
3792:
3789:(1842–1843).
3788:
3782:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3571:
3560:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3455:Pheidole dodo
3451:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:Alice Liddell
3334:
3333:
3328:
3327:Lewis Carroll
3324:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3264:
3250:
3248:
3247:R. solitarius
3245:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:Edwardian era
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:, from which
3073:
3072:laser scanned
3068:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3049:cyanobacteria
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2693:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2658:IUCN Red List
2654:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2637:Alfred Newton
2628:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2491:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2339:, early 1600s
2338:
2334:
2327:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2302:'s theory of
2301:
2296:
2290:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2143:growth series
2137:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2076:Anodorhynchus
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:In 1973, the
2026:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:gizzard stone
1969:Dodo and its
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:deforestation
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:, located in
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1644:, painted by
1643:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1536:
1526:
1517:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:lumbar region
1444:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:Didus ineptus
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Carl Linnaeus
1297:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
984:
980:
975:
966:
965:
957:
956:
948:
947:
939:
938:
930:
929:
921:
920:
912:
911:
908:
906:
902:
901:
891:
890:
887:
886:
883:
881:
880:
870:
869:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
853:
852:
845:
844:
838:
837:
831:
830:
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:
814:
813:
806:
805:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
789:
788:
781:
780:
774:
773:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
716:
712:
711:
706:
705:mitochondrial
702:
694:
689:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
467:
463:
460:Skull in the
453:
442:
428:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
311:
310:
305:
291:
290:Didus ineptus
288:
283:
280:
279:
277:
274:
270:
266:
261:
257:
252:
247:
241:
239:
230:
227:
226:Binomial name
223:
219:
218:
212:
209:
208:
203:
198:
197:
190:
187:
186:
183:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:Columbiformes
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
108:
103:
99:
93:
88: (1662)
87:
76:
72:
67:
64:
59:
55:
50:
43:
39:
29:
26:
22:
10482:
10197:
10145:
10135:
10128:
10121:
10114:
10107:
10102:Drepanoptila
10100:
10093:
10073:
10053:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10005:
9999:
9998:
9988:
9978:
9971:
9961:
9951:
9944:
9937:
9927:
9907:
9900:
9893:
9886:
9879:
9872:
9865:
9858:
9853:Gallicolumba
9851:
9822:
9817:Paraclaravis
9815:
9808:
9801:
9794:
9770:
9765:Streptopelia
9763:
9756:
9749:
9742:
9735:
9728:
9721:
9711:
9691:
9684:
9677:
9670:
9663:
9656:
9627:
9617:
9607:
9597:
9589:Dysmoropelia
9587:
9577:
9569:Arenicolumba
9567:
9556:
9495:
9488:
9481:
9471:
9461:
9453:Archaeoganga
9451:
9415:
9408:
9282:Paleontology
9191:
9152:
9144:Bibliography
9132:
9123:
9111:
9099:. Retrieved
9090:
9080:
9068:. Retrieved
9059:
9049:
9016:
9012:
9006:
8961:
8957:
8947:
8938:
8934:
8928:
8893:
8887:
8881:
8877:
8869:
8857:. Retrieved
8837:
8833:
8824:
8816:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8769:
8757:. Retrieved
8740:
8726:26 September
8724:. Retrieved
8715:
8705:
8693:
8674:
8670:
8660:
8648:. Retrieved
8644:the original
8639:
8630:
8618:
8591:
8587:
8577:
8565:. Retrieved
8561:the original
8556:
8546:
8521:25 September
8519:. Retrieved
8494:
8490:
8477:
8465:. Retrieved
8445:
8438:
8426:. Retrieved
8417:
8408:
8396:
8384:. Retrieved
8375:
8369:
8359:
8347:. Retrieved
8338:
8332:
8328:
8322:
8314:
8297:
8293:
8287:
8275:
8253:(2): 78–79.
8250:
8246:
8230:
8218:
8206:
8194:. Retrieved
8186:The Guardian
8185:
8175:
8163:
8154:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8099:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8043:
8036:
8031:p. 231.
8023:. Retrieved
8003:
7996:
7963:
7960:The Holocene
7959:
7952:
7942:24 September
7940:. Retrieved
7904:
7900:
7891:
7879:
7867:. Retrieved
7850:
7846:
7833:
7821:. Retrieved
7803:
7796:
7787:
7783:
7774:
7765:
7759:
7734:
7730:
7724:
7716:
7691:
7687:
7681:
7669:. Retrieved
7652:(1): 57–79.
7649:
7645:
7612:
7603:
7599:
7593:
7581:
7556:
7552:
7546:
7536:14 September
7534:. Retrieved
7514:
7511:Bull. B.O.C.
7509:
7500:
7489:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7450:. Retrieved
7441:
7429:
7417:. Retrieved
7412:
7403:
7378:
7374:
7348:
7344:
7338:
7290:
7286:
7268:
7264:
7255:
7236:
7232:
7222:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7162:
7158:
7152:
7140:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7069:
7061:
7049:. Retrieved
7040:
7036:
7026:
6983:
6979:
6969:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6906:. Retrieved
6885:
6873:. Retrieved
6858:
6848:
6821:. Retrieved
6810:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6758:. Retrieved
6752:
6742:
6730:. Retrieved
6719:
6709:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6662:
6649:. Retrieved
6629:
6622:
6595:
6583:
6559:
6553:
6540:
6528:
6485:
6481:
6468:
6445:(2): 93–98.
6442:
6438:
6432:
6420:
6369:
6365:
6356:
6348:
6335:. Retrieved
6291:
6285:
6259:the original
6254:
6244:
6232:
6220:
6208:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6138:. Retrieved
6123:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6022:
6018:
6008:
5996:
5984:
5972:
5955:
5951:
5930:
5903:
5899:
5889:
5865:(1): 29–36.
5862:
5858:
5848:
5819:
5815:
5790:
5763:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5689:
5677:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5585:14 September
5583:. Retrieved
5576:the original
5571:
5567:
5554:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5486:
5482:
5460:. Retrieved
5440:
5433:
5416:
5412:
5411:(L, 1758)".
5408:
5402:
5390:. Retrieved
5373:
5369:
5363:
5338:(1): 13–27.
5335:
5331:
5327:
5303:
5298:p. 172.
5292:
5282:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5227:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5060:. Retrieved
5049:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
4973:
4939:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4896:
4876:
4867:
4855:
4831:
4807:
4795:. Retrieved
4786:
4782:
4754:
4719:
4695:
4690:p. 253.
4682:. Retrieved
4672:
4665:
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4590:(2): 69–93.
4587:
4583:
4574:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4462:
4458:
4429:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4358:
4352:
4307:
4303:
4242:
4238:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4162:
4152:
4130:. Retrieved
4102:
4098:
4085:
4060:
4056:
4035:. Retrieved
4008:
4004:
3994:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3958:p. 128.
3950:. Retrieved
3920:
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3884:
3880:
3877:, Bartlett)"
3874:
3866:
3855:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3798:
3794:
3781:
3769:. Retrieved
3733:
3729:
3696:. Retrieved
3682:
3676:
3670:
3624:
3621:The Holocene
3620:
3563:
3552:
3543:
3537:
3529:
3522:Rowland Ward
3487:
3481:
3480:family from
3474:
3467:
3453:
3452:in 1946 and
3447:
3433:
3411:
3384:
3340:
3330:
3319:
3307:
3296:John Tenniel
3289:
3246:
3235:
3228:Threskiornis
3226:
3222:
3216:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3180:Sieur Dubois
3164:Réunion ibis
3161:
3132:
3117:
3104:Grant Museum
3085:
3054:
3045:Cylindraspis
3044:
3025:
3017:Grant Museum
2982:
2978:
2975:post-cranial
2972:
2931:
2924:schoolmaster
2920:Vincent Ryan
2910:
2899:
2892:Richard Owen
2858:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2786:
2766:
2735:'s company.
2733:Rowland Ward
2718:
2711:Booth Museum
2670:
2663:
2655:
2646:
2642:Errol Fuller
2634:
2582:
2577:
2572:Amber Island
2565:
2563:
2550:
2524:
2513:Walter Paget
2467:
2448:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2309:
2297:
2293:
2282:
2267:
2236:
2202:
2190:
2169:
2166:
2160:and accounts
2123:
2116:
2104:
2074:
2071:Cylindraspis
2070:
2068:
2051:Cylindraspis
2049:
2030:tambalacoque
2027:
2020:
2015:
2003:
1983:
1956:France Staub
1945:
1940:
1928:
1894:
1888:
1822:
1815:
1812:tambalacoque
1799:
1791:
1757:
1712:
1697:
1674:Ustad Mansur
1651:
1638:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1560:Dutch Empire
1553:
1535:Ustad Mansur
1484:paedomorphic
1476:
1432:
1408:frontal bone
1404:
1374:
1368:rather than
1353:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1268:onomatopoeic
1263:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:of the word
1212:
1209:, and a dodo
1201:, showing a
1175:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1125:Vice Admiral
1120:
1118:
1112:
1088:
1047:(Mauritius,
1034:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
993:
991:
904:
899:
898:
894:
877:
873:
849:
848:
810:
809:
785:
784:
753:
741:
733:
709:
701:Beth Shapiro
698:
677:DNA analysis
673:Osteological
658:
653:
649:
637:
628:
624:
620:
616:
606:
546:anatomically
543:
538:
514:
473:
468:in the 1840s
425:obsolescence
418:
400:
372:
368:Réunion ibis
333:Indian Ocean
308:
307:
303:
301:
289:
281:
263:Location of
237:
232:
216:
215:
195:
194:
25:
10374:iNaturalist
10222:Wikispecies
10130:Lopholaimus
10095:Cryptophaps
10086:Ptilinopini
10048:Phapitreron
10034:Chalcophaps
10027:Alectroenas
9973:Natunaornis
9902:Petrophassa
9881:Leucosarcia
9874:Henicophaps
9810:Metriopelia
9744:Patagioenas
9672:Leptotrygon
9579:Bountyphaps
9441:Pteroclidae
9116:Parish 2013
9070:8 September
8776:Nephilengys
8759:18 November
8650:22 December
8623:Fuller 2002
8539:Fuller 2002
8401:Fuller 2002
8386:10 December
8349:10 December
8168:Fuller 2002
8059:p. 15.
7886:Hume, J. P.
7823:18 December
7780:Hume, J. P.
7635:Hume, J. P.
7617:Parish 2013
7586:Fuller 2002
7495:Hume, J. P.
7331:Fuller 2002
7200:(5): 1–10.
7145:Fuller 2002
7126:: 155–158.
6823:7 September
6732:7 September
6667:Fuller 2002
6657:p. 83.
6533:Fuller 2002
6474:Hume, J. P.
6463:p. 93.
6425:Fuller 2002
6372:(1): 7993.
6213:Fuller 2002
6025:(3): 1003.
6001:Fuller 2002
5977:Fuller 2002
5795:Fuller 2002
5783:Fuller 2002
5768:Fuller 2002
5695:Hume, J. P.
5682:Fuller 2002
5324:Hume, J. P.
5308:Fuller 2002
4970:Hume, J. P.
4944:Parish 2013
4901:Fuller 2002
4891:p. 48.
4860:Fuller 2002
4850:p. 43.
4759:Fuller 2002
4700:Fuller 2002
4658:Parish 2013
4569:Hume, J. P.
4434:Fuller 2001
4283:Parish 2013
4235:Hume, J. P.
4175:7 September
3824:: 109–118.
3719:Hume, J. P.
3698:11 November
3617:Hume, J. P.
3548:from 1896:
2968:New Zealand
2966:remains in
2835:integuments
2554:flash flood
2509:Joseph Smit
2454: 1610
2243:Middle Ages
2186:ostrich egg
2006:Gastroliths
1994:premaxillae
1990:frugivorous
1920: 1626
1901:palm orchid
1808:Tamarin Bay
1764:completely
1719:, Savery's
1693:Peter Mundy
1666:Julian Hume
1637:The famous
1576:from 1634:
1556:ship's logs
1542: 1625
1492:peramorphic
1490:limbs were
1441:), sixteen
1342:Description
1310:(ostrich).
1281:in 1635 as
1258:(currently
1166:fotilicaios
1121:Walghvoghel
1113:Walchvoghel
708:cytochrome
562:terrestrial
175:Subfamily:
10489:Categories
10465:Xeno-canto
10137:Ptilinopus
10116:Gymnophaps
9980:Otidiphaps
9963:Microgoura
9946:Didunculus
9939:Deliaphaps
9787:Claravinae
9758:Spilopelia
9730:Macropygia
9723:Ectopistes
9679:Starnoenas
9640:Columbinae
9619:Primophaps
9599:Lithophaps
9547:Colombidae
9497:Syrrhaptes
9473:Leptoganga
9410:Mesitornis
9324:sandgrouse
9318:Genera of
9270:Madagascar
9129:Belloc, H.
9062:. London.
8825:Formicidae
8567:19 January
8467:27 January
8428:27 January
8188:. London.
7869:13 January
7839:Newton, E.
7790:: 129–144.
7671:11 January
7606:: 105–106.
7261:"The Dodo"
7233:Quaternary
7165:(6): 1–3.
6815:. London.
6777:Biotropica
6724:. London.
5839:1893/25225
5655:(3): 1–8.
5328:Gelderland
4834:. London:
4789:: 89–122.
4643:11 January
4310:(1): 136.
4167:. London.
3598:References
3532:Christie's
3486:was named
3472:in 1991.
3464:coral reef
3238:solitarius
3204:walghvogel
3114:White dodo
3039:museum in
2778:study skin
2650:feral pigs
2546:land crabs
2517:extinction
2480:Extinction
2193:K-selected
2059:fruit bats
1879:, and the
1863:, and the
1800:Gelderland
1761:cantilever
1713:Gelderland
1652:An Indian
1608:Gelderland
1600:Gelderland
1496:skull roof
1370:plumaceous
1366:pennaceous
1304:cucullatus
1286:cucullatus
1275:cucullatus
1252:Portuguese
1243:travelogue
1176:Gelderland
1143:Walchvögel
1076:herbivores
1065:flightless
1055:), are of
1008:) and the
998:Didunculus
979:lithograph
746:New Guinea
609:congeneric
596:, and the
550:keratinous
523:dissecting
329:Madagascar
267:(in blue)
169:Columbidae
10147:Tongoenas
10123:Hemiphaga
10066:Treronini
10018:Turturini
9990:Pezophaps
9895:Pampusana
9803:Columbina
9772:Turacoena
9704:Columbini
9693:Zentrygon
9665:Leptotila
9658:Geotrygon
9649:Zenaidini
9629:Rupephaps
9490:Pterocles
9483:Linxiavis
9339:Kingdom:
8859:11 August
8610:237701475
8150:Helictite
8130:220413197
7988:128763840
7751:229463078
7708:0019-1019
7523:0007-1595
7517:: 49–54.
7419:4 October
6875:30 August
6459:128421372
6394:2045-2322
5713:: 32–44.
5382:2176-7793
5248:. e1432.
5062:26 August
4622:0891-2963
4600:CiteSeerX
4132:28 August
4037:28 August
3771:28 August
3538:The poet
3520:dodos by
3430:nephiline
3399:watermark
3391:supporter
3362:supporter
3242:from the
3198:painting
3131:Savery's
3080:osteology
3037:Naturalis
3032:hard core
3002:Naturalis
2951:Liverpool
2947:Yorkshire
2928:Mahébourg
2854:mummified
2850:Schleswig
2842:Enkhuizen
2782:lead shot
2304:evolution
2268:Bruin-Vis
2258:, led by
2205:histology
2197:altricial
2174:cassowary
2158:histology
2107:mammalian
2084:megafauna
2055:tortoises
2042:coextinct
2023:crop milk
1952:shellfish
1931:word-play
1825:ecosystem
1766:vestigial
1725:taxidermy
1708:ontogenic
1678:menagerie
1463:pneumatic
1455:pygostyle
1443:synsacral
1215:etymology
1188:Amsterdam
1139:Walchstök
1103:Etymology
1093:subfossil
1073:mammalian
1053:Rodrigues
1037:Paleogene
766:cladogram
718:sequences
683:Evolution
665:monotypic
646:Mauritius
527:preserved
512:monograph
484:albatross
374:Subfossil
341:subfamily
325:Mauritius
319:that was
265:Mauritius
210:Species:
125:Kingdom:
119:Eukaryota
10540:Raphinae
10418:22690059
10392:11192433
10291:22690059
10286:BirdLife
10275:BioLib:
10207:Wikidata
9929:Caloenas
9888:Ocyphaps
9867:Geophaps
9860:Geopelia
9835:Raphinae
9824:Uropelia
9796:Claravis
9737:Nesoenas
9609:Microena
9463:Gerandia
9347:Chordata
9345:Phylum:
9341:Animalia
9196:Archived
9131:(1896).
9095:Archived
9064:Archived
9041:20240212
9033:15098122
8920:13149434
8912:25250457
8878:Pheidole
8850:Archived
8808:21316478
8753:Archived
8720:Archived
8515:Archived
8511:26256311
8461:Archived
8422:Archived
8380:Archived
8343:Archived
8247:The Ibis
8238:(1919).
8190:Archived
8157:: 13–20.
8091:87212166
8025:14 March
8019:Archived
7933:Archived
7929:17113275
7863:Archived
7817:Archived
7662:Archived
7573:87966871
7527:Archived
7452:20 April
7446:Archived
7395:87191090
7239:(1): 4.
7214:83978250
7179:83701682
7045:Archived
7010:14628039
6961:39987650
6953:23992554
6899:Archived
6869:Archived
6817:Archived
6812:BBC News
6726:Archived
6721:BBC News
6701:86077963
6687:(2): 1.
6645:Archived
6572:Archived
6562:: 4–21.
6512:15190921
6412:28839147
6337:6 August
6328:Archived
6316:22282037
6134:Archived
6099:Calvaria
6076:17730171
5922:86773685
5881:86670941
5669:85387209
5634:28617863
5546:23510175
5503:89661119
5489:: 1–10.
5456:Archived
5386:Archived
5290:(1907).
5274:26788418
5219:30903508
5168:21380621
5125:29215473
5117:21240603
5056:Archived
4972:(2017).
4875:(2003).
4830:(2002).
4791:Archived
4777:(1996).
4718:(2001).
4684:14 March
4678:Archived
4634:Archived
4571:(2006).
4526:83708873
4479:87957947
4421:28619917
4413:10521332
4344:25027719
4267:83711229
4218:17661233
4169:Archived
4164:BBC News
4142:Archived
4123:Archived
4119:11872833
4031:Archived
3946:Archived
3897:Archived
3801:: 71–72.
3762:Archived
3758:85743497
3649:85845297
3576:See also
3420:and the
3284:and the
3244:binomial
3212:albinism
3062:Le Pouce
2933:The Ibis
2527:fearless
2519:anymore.
2470:Nagasaki
2463:tropical
1935:allegory
1899:and the
1817:Pandanus
1775:endocast
1685:Jahangir
1480:pectoral
1439:notarium
1416:fenestra
1393:Skeleton
1387:CT scans
1320:bustards
1308:Struthio
1207:red rail
1057:volcanic
1018:Gourinae
713:and 12S
642:red rail
586:mandible
574:clutches
431:Taxonomy
385:to help
344:Raphinae
312:) is an
273:Synonyms
246:Linnaeus
182:Raphinae
165:Family:
139:Chordata
135:Phylum:
129:Animalia
115:Domain:
92:IUCN 3.1
10366:2496198
10353:1049951
10263:Avibase
9920:Raphini
9844:Phabini
9713:Columba
9686:Zenaida
9363:Clade:
9359:Neoaves
9357:Clade:
9351:Class:
9328:mesites
9320:pigeons
9246:Biology
9234:Animals
9208:Portals
8998:8552658
8966:Bibcode
8889:Zootaxa
8788:Bibcode
8267:4073093
7968:Bibcode
7909:Bibcode
7315:6257901
7295:Bibcode
7051:22 July
7018:4347830
6988:Bibcode
6933:Bibcode
6865:Reuters
6760:26 June
6555:Zootaxa
6520:4343538
6490:Bibcode
6403:5570941
6374:Bibcode
6296:Bibcode
6185:3545415
6165:Bibcode
6084:2392411
6056:Bibcode
6048:Science
6019:The Auk
5614:Bibcode
5526:Bibcode
5392:25 July
5265:4715441
5199:Bibcode
5176:9126864
5148:Bibcode
5097:Bibcode
4630:2954728
4592:Bibcode
4506:Bibcode
4335:4099497
4312:Bibcode
4247:Bibcode
4099:Science
4065:Bibcode
4027:4083934
4005:The Auk
3942:4170867
3738:Bibcode
3629:Bibcode
3462:from a
3432:spider
3401:on all
3393:on the
3151:One of
3135:Orpheus
3028:malaria
3019:in 2011
2938:coolies
2790:tendons
2556:. Such
2541:habitat
2272:salting
2260:admiral
2231:penguin
2214:moulted
2120:gosling
2063:ecology
2046:abraded
2034:endemic
1747:Modern
1729:ratites
1680:of the
1648:in 1626
1642:'s Dodo
1640:Edwards
1582:Phoenix
1459:sternum
1357:plumage
1332:synonym
1266:was an
1231:Dodaars
1227:Dodaars
1161:penguin
1061:lineage
1049:Réunion
1041:Neogene
756:) from
602:cranium
558:nostril
496:pigeons
488:vulture
486:, or a
476:ostrich
415:species
391:habitat
379:plumage
364:Réunion
331:in the
321:endemic
314:extinct
248:, 1758)
235:†
214:†
202:Brisson
188:Genus:
155:Order:
145:Class:
90: (
86:Extinct
10444:455687
10431:187135
10405:555609
10304:857418
10250:ARKive
10213:Q43502
10109:Ducula
10075:Treron
10055:Turtur
10007:Trugon
10000:Raphus
9417:Monias
9258:Africa
9160:
9101:12 May
9039:
9031:
8996:
8986:
8918:
8910:
8806:
8608:
8509:
8453:
8414:"dodo"
8265:
8196:12 May
8128:
8089:
8051:
8011:
7986:
7927:
7749:
7706:
7571:
7521:
7393:
7313:
7212:
7177:
7090:
7016:
7008:
6980:Nature
6959:
6951:
6908:12 May
6699:
6651:12 May
6637:
6518:
6510:
6482:Nature
6457:
6410:
6400:
6392:
6324:514542
6322:
6314:
6183:
6140:12 May
6082:
6074:
5920:
5879:
5667:
5632:
5544:
5501:
5462:12 May
5448:
5380:
5272:
5262:
5217:
5174:
5166:
5123:
5115:
4980:
4883:
4842:
4797:21 May
4726:
4628:
4620:
4602:
4524:
4494:Ducula
4477:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4365:
4342:
4332:
4265:
4216:
4117:
4025:
3952:3 June
3940:
3903:3 June
3756:
3647:
3488:DodoPi
3460:isopod
3424:. The
3387:mascot
3302:(1907)
3185:Baron
3094:, the
3041:Leiden
2917:Bishop
2567:Arnhem
2474:bezoar
2276:dugong
1883:. The
1875:, the
1871:, the
1859:, the
1855:, the
1851:, the
1847:, the
1843:, the
1839:, the
1500:orbits
1488:pelvic
1451:sacrum
1435:thorax
1316:Raphus
1284:Cygnus
1223:dodoor
1171:pinion
1134:voghel
1129:Walghe
1051:, and
722:tarsal
661:family
629:Raphus
598:hallux
594:palate
592:, the
588:, the
582:septum
566:scales
466:pigeon
395:clutch
387:digest
356:living
348:family
204:, 1760
196:Raphus
10457:92329
10387:IRMNG
10340:dodo1
10335:eBird
10327:4RKVF
10314:dodo1
10311:BOW:
10278:21894
9953:Goura
9909:Phaps
9222:Birds
9037:S2CID
8989:40255
8916:S2CID
8853:(PDF)
8830:(PDF)
8606:S2CID
8487:(PDF)
8263:JSTOR
8243:(PDF)
8126:S2CID
8087:S2CID
7984:S2CID
7936:(PDF)
7925:S2CID
7897:(PDF)
7747:S2CID
7665:(PDF)
7642:(PDF)
7569:S2CID
7530:(PDF)
7506:(PDF)
7391:S2CID
7311:S2CID
7210:S2CID
7175:S2CID
7078:–89.
7014:S2CID
6957:S2CID
6902:(PDF)
6895:(PDF)
6697:S2CID
6575:(PDF)
6550:(PDF)
6516:S2CID
6455:S2CID
6362:(PDF)
6331:(PDF)
6320:S2CID
6282:(PDF)
6181:JSTOR
6157:Oikos
6080:S2CID
5918:S2CID
5877:S2CID
5665:S2CID
5630:S2CID
5579:(PDF)
5564:(PDF)
5542:S2CID
5499:S2CID
5242:PeerJ
5215:S2CID
5172:S2CID
5121:S2CID
4637:(PDF)
4626:S2CID
4580:(PDF)
4522:S2CID
4475:S2CID
4417:S2CID
4401:JSTOR
4263:S2CID
4126:(PDF)
4095:(PDF)
4023:JSTOR
3765:(PDF)
3754:S2CID
3726:(PDF)
3645:S2CID
3440:biota
3377:Rupee
3294:, by
3288:from
3282:Alice
3056:lost
2955:Leeds
2266:ship
1948:crabs
1833:fauna
1689:Surat
1302:used
1260:doido
1256:doudo
1254:word
1022:Goura
994:Goura
977:1848
762:clade
758:Samoa
744:) of
742:Goura
726:femur
625:Didus
615:, as
578:vomer
482:, an
10500:Dodo
10426:NCBI
10413:IUCN
10400:ITIS
10379:2713
10361:GBIF
10299:BOLD
10041:Oena
9353:Aves
9158:ISBN
9103:2012
9072:2012
9029:PMID
8994:PMID
8908:PMID
8894:3683
8861:2016
8804:PMID
8778:)".
8761:2015
8728:2006
8671:Oryx
8652:2014
8569:2009
8523:2019
8507:PMID
8469:2016
8451:ISBN
8430:2016
8388:2013
8351:2013
8198:2012
8049:ISBN
8027:2016
8009:ISBN
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