Jinn - Knowledge

2008: 678: 873: 714:(d. after 3/625) is said to have gotten his inspiration for his poetry by a friend named Misḥal ("daʿawtu khalīlī Misḥalan") and further calls him his jinni-brother ("akhī ʾl-jinnī"). Similarly, the poet Thābit (d. 54/674) who later converted to Islam and became known as "the poet of the prophet", referred to his jinni-friend as his "sharp-sighted brother from the jinn" ("wa-akhī min al-jinn al-baṣīr"). The relationship between jinn and humans can also be romantic in nature. According to one famous Arabian story, the jinni Manzur fell in love with a human woman called Habbah. He is supposed to have taught her the arts of healing. 882: 1387:. The presentation of jinn usually combines Quranic with oral and cultural beliefs about jinn. Out of 89 films, 59 have direct references to jinn as the antagonist, 12 use other sorts of demons, while other types of horror, such as the impending apocalypse, hauntings, or ghosts, constitute only 14 films. The popularity of jinn as a choice of monster can best be explained by their affirmation in the Quran. They are still a popular trope today. A study from 2020 shows that jinn are still the favorite Horror element among teenagers. Jinn further feature in Iranian horror movies. 1348: 2276:. According to F. Meier early Islam integrated many pagan deities into its system by degrading them to spirits. 1. In Islam, the existence of spirits that are neither angels nor necessarily devils is acknowledged. 2. Thereby Islam is able to incorporate non-biblical non-Quranic ideas about mythic images, that means: a. degrading deities to spirits and therefore taking into the spiritual world. b. taking daemons, not mentioned in the sacred traditions of Islam, of uncertain origin. c. consideration of spirits to tolerate or advising to regulate them." 745: 1610: 1736: 1705: 1139: 254: 2396:"Auch die islamischen Rechtsgelehrten haben sich wiederholt mit der Frage beschäftigt, ob die Dschinn eine Religion haben. Shchibli hält fest, dass sie in diesem Zusammenhang kontrovers diskutiert hätten, ob es schariarehtlich zulässig sei, das muslimische Ritualgebet (salat) hinter einem Dschinni zu verrichten. Zwei von Schibli angeführte hanbalitische Gewährsleute bejahen diese Zulässigkeit ohne Zögern und begründen ihren Standpunkt damit, dass nicht nur die Menschen (ins), sondern auch die Dschinn 66: 2383:"Islamic jurists have also repeatedly addressed the question of whether the jinn have a religion. Shchibli notes that in this context they had a controversial discussion about whether it was permissible under Sharia law to perform the Muslim ritual prayer (salat) behind a genie. Two Hanbali sources led by Shibli affirm this permissibility without hesitation and justify their point of view by saying that not only the humans (ins) but also the jinn are "mukallaf". 1500: 1456: 1566: 2450:

The treatment of the belief in daemons in the written sources primarily consulted in the context of these studies does not differ fundamentally from the views observed in popular Islam. Popular Islam and scriptural Islam do not design separate daemonologies. This situation is explained not least by the fact that the Quran and Sunna, the two most important sources in the area of Islam for the great tradition, clearly affirm the existence of jinn."

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der Islam die Möglichkeit, nicht-biblische nicht koranische Vorstellungen von mythischen Vorstellungen sich einzuverleiben, d.h.: a. Götter zu Geistern zu erniedrigen und so ins islamische Geisterreich aufzunehmen. b. in der heiligen Überlieferung des Islams nicht eigens genannte Dämonen beliebiger Herkunft zu übernehmen. c. eine Berücksichtigung der Geister zu dulden oder gar zu empfehlen und sie zu regeln."

555: 1289:. It is only when they are angered or disturbed, for example, if their children are trodden upon or hot water is thrown on them, that they take revenge on humans. For this reason, Muslims utter "destur" (permission), before doing something which might accidentally hurt jinn, such as sprinkling hot water on public grounds or into bushes, so present jinn are advised to leave the place. 1854: 614:(deity) were often used interchangeably. Julius Wellhausen likewise agrees that in pre-Islamic Arabia it was assumed there are at least some friendly and helpful beings among the jinn. He distinguishes between a god and a jinni, not on the basis of morality, but on the basis of worship; the jinn are worshipped in private while the gods are worshipped in public. 1913:. Ibn Nadim explains lawful and unlawful subjugating of jinn and demons as distinct: While the former controls the jinn by the power of God's divine names, the latter pleases demons and devils by prohibited offerings and sinful acts. Al-Jāḥiẓ is another author who tells about another man allegedly controlling jinn and demons: In the 470:. Wensick advocates a purely Arabic origin of the term, asserting that according to the common Semitic view psychic and bodily affections are caused by spirits. An object reacting upon such an affect would be an incarnation of said spirit. Since these spirits are covered from the sight of humans, they would have been called jinn. 668:

When they shift into a human form however, they are said to stay partly animal and are not fully human. Although the power of jinn usually exceed those of humans, it is conceivable a man could kill a jinni in single combat, but they are feared for attacking without being seen. Some sources even speak

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in Mekka praktizierten. Gemäß F. Meier integrierte der junge Islam bei seiner raschen Expansion viele heidnische Gottheiten in sein System, indem er sie zu Dämonen degradierte. 1. Im Islam wird die Existenz von Geistern, die weder Engel noch unbedingt Teufel sein müssen, anerkannt. 2. Damit besitzt

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Though discouraged by some teachings of modern Islam, cultural beliefs about jinn remain popular among Muslim societies and their understanding of cosmology and anthropology. Affirmation on the existence of jinn as sapient creatures living along with humans is still widespread in the Middle Eastern

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is about the revelation to jinn. The same Surah mentions righteous jinn on one hand, and malicious jinn on the other. The jinn can neither harm nor benefit humans, for they are occupied with looking after themselves and their own place in the cosmos. This is in notable contrast to demons and devils

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Individual jinn appear on charms and talismans. They are called upon for protection or magical aid, often under the leadership of a king. Many people who believe in jinn wear amulets to protect themselves against the assaults of the jinn, sent out by sorcerers and witches. A commonly held belief is

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proves to be problematic and only serves as a makeshift here. This comparison implicitly suggests that the representations of daemonology in written sources differ from the findings documented in ethnographic, anthropological and sociologically oriented field studies. Such a view must be rejected.

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of Yemen, love was one of the most frequent cited causes of relationships between humans and jinn. Love seems to be the most frequent occasion of contact between men and jinn. A jinni meets a woman and falls in love with her, or vice versa... This possession is manifest notably when the jinni has

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device. Among these were the jinn, that belonged among Solomon's army and as Solomon claimed to have control over the jinn, so did the Rūm Seljuk sultan that claimed to be the Sulaymān of his time. In fact, one of the most common representations of jinn are alongside or in association with King

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The Quran does not consider foreign mythological beings to be devils, but entities erroneously ascribed divine power to. Therefore, jinn were considered a third class of invisible beings, often neutral or morally ambiguous, not consequently equated with devils. Islam allowed to integrate local

574:. Some scholars of the Middle East hold that they originated as malevolent spirits residing in deserts and unclean places, who often took the forms of animals; others hold that they were originally pagan nature deities who gradually became marginalized as other deities took greater importance. 1946:, who saw them as shadows on the wall. He professes that jinn only obey when the individual turns away from the temptations of creation and devoting oneself towards God. The al-Shāmil gives detailed instructions for preparations of various incantations. Unlike, for example in the writings of 2414:

sexual intercourse with the person he/she possesses. In that case, the individual behaves with gestures and words as if they were having sexual intercourse, although he/she is apparently alone in the room. Besides, this person seems to suddenly lose all interest for his/her environment."

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Solomon. It was thought that King Solomon had very close ties to the jinn, and even had control over many of them. The concept that a great and just ruler has the ability to command jinn was one that extended far past only King Solomon– it was also thought that emperors, such as

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neuroscience study Jalal, Simons-Rudolph, Jalal, & Hinton (2013). The study found that as many as 48% of those who experience sleep paralysis in Egypt believe it to be an assault by the jinn. Almost all of these sleep paralysis sufferers (95%) would recite verses from the

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credits the pre-Islamic Arabs with believing that the society of jinn constitutes several tribes and groups, analogous to pre-Islamic Arabian culture. Jinn could also protect, marry, kidnap, possess, and kill people. Despite being invisible, jinn are considered to have bodies

1901:. Since he locates such practises not as a branch of science or philosophy, but rather in a chapter about stories and fables, the author might not have believed in the efficiency on sorcery himself. He reports that the art of commanding jinn and demons is traced back to 1644:

The amount of Muslims believing in jinn from Bosnia and Herzegovina is higher than the general European average (30%), although only 21% believe in sorcery and 13% would wear talisman for protection against jinn; 12% support offerings and appeal given to the jinn.

1760:, could control an army of jinn in a similar way. Given this association, Jinn were often seen with Solomon in a princely or kingly context, such as the small, animal-like jinn sitting beside King Solomon on his throne illustrated in an illuminated manuscript of 1747:, the entrance gate Bab al-Hayyat made reference to jinn in the stone relief carvings of serpents; likewise, the water gate at Ayyubid Harran housed two copper sculptures of jinn, serving as talismans to ward off both snakes and evil jinn in the form of snakes. 1001:. He states that seeking refuge among the jinn increases fear and anxiety, however, not because of the jinn, but due to the psychological dependence of the individual towards external powers. By that, he refers to seeking refuge among the jinn as a form of 4333:

Guthrie E, Abraham S, Nawaz S. Process of determining the value of belief about jinn possession and whether or not they are a result of mental illness. BMJ Case Rep. 2016 Feb 2;2016:bcr2015214005. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2015-214005. PMID 26838303; PMCID:

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MacDonald, D.B., Massé, H., Boratav, P.N., Nizami, K.A. and Voorhoeve, P., "Ḏj̲inn", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 15 November 2019

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The Singer Ibrahim and the jinn. Ibrahim has been imprisoned by his master Muhammad al-Amin and visited by a jinn in guise of an old man. The jinn offers him food and drink and is so impressed by Ibrahim's voice that he convinces Muhammad to free

1871:. It was not unusual for those talismans to be inscribed with separated Arabic letters, because the separation of those letters was thought to positively affect the potency of the talisman overall. An object that was inscribed with the word of 2047:

in Christian traditions, although issues with this view are that jinn are not identified as "angels" and that descriptions of angels do not involve their flying up the sky to eavesdrop on heavenly secrets (unlike jinn who do so in Surah 72).

963:, believe they are essential to the Islamic faith since they are mentioned in the Quran. It is generally accepted by the majority of Muslim scholars that jinn can possess individuals. This is considered to be part of the doctrines ( 1123:

Although there are recorded cases of purported human-jinn relationships most Muslim jurists agree that such a relationship is not permissible. Even those scholars who allowed such relationships, still considered them undesirable

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Heuer, B., Boykova, E. V., Kellner-Heinkele, B. (2020). Man and Nature in the Altaic World.: Proceedings of the 49th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Berlin, July 30 – August 4, 2006. Deutschland: De Gruyter. p.

2474:. By as-Samarqandi, Abu l-Lait. Studia Culturae Islamicae (in Arabic and English). Vol. 52. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. p. 243. 1750:

Alongside these depictions of the jinn found at the Aleppo Citadel, depictions of the jinn can be found in the Rūm Seljuk palace. There are a phenomenal range of creatures that can be found on the eight-pointed tiles of the

1685:. It has been noted that not all Muslims who believe in jinn, believe they can possess people. Furthermore, belief in possession is not limited to Muslims. Contrary to the assumption that higher education is proportional to 3507:

Köse S. Ci̇nlerle Evli̇li̇k Konusunda Hanefî Faki̇hi̇ Hâmi̇d El-İmâdî’ni̇n (1103-1171/1692-1758) Teka’ku’u’ş-Şenn Fî Ni̇kâhi̇’l-Ci̇nn Adli Ri̇salesi̇. Journal of Islamic Law Studies. 2010;(15):453-464. Accessed January 25,

1372:(1983), who uses magical elements known from pre-Islamic and Islamic Anatolian lore. Since the 1980s, this genre has become prominent in Turkish literature. The story by Tekin deals with folkloric and religious belief in a 1064: 1214:

into the roles of the jinn in Islamic haggadic tradition. Besides local deities, the existence of purely malevolent spirits is also acknowledged. Thus, jinn exist alongside other mythological entities, such as

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Kashan, Iran, late 12th–13th century mina’i-fritware bowl. The scene in this bowl can be understood as depicting the enthroned (Second) Sulaymān with messengers to either side, crowned human headed winged

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Yosefi, Maxim. “The Origins of the Traditional Approach towards the Jinn of Poetic Inspiration in Tribal Arab Culture.” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 49, 2019, pp. 293–302. JSTOR,

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In the Quranic account, despite their similarities, there are important differences between the two species. Whereas humans are made from "clay" or "dirt", jinn were created from "smokeless fire" (Quran

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Jalal, Baland; Simons-Rudolph, Joseph; Jalal, Bamo; Hinton, Devon E. (1 October 2013). "Explanations of sleep paralysis among Egyptian college students and the general population in Egypt and Denmark".

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Fahd, T. and Rippin, A., “S̲h̲ayṭān”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 17 August 2023

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Huart, Cl. and Massé, H., “Dīw”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 31 January 2024

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was thought to have the power to ward off evil from the person who obtained the object, though many of these objects also had astrological signs, depictions of prophets, or religious narratives.

2289:"M. Dols macht darauf aufmerksam, dass der Ginn-Glaube kein strikt islamisches Konzept ist. Er beinhaltet vielmehr zahllose Elemente einer Götzenverehrung, wie sie Muhammads Gegner zur Zeit der 590:

observed that jinn were often thought to "inhabit or haunt desolate, dark and dingy places in the desert". For that reason, they were held responsible for various diseases and mental illnesses.

856:). Despite some superhuman powers, the jinn occupy no fundamentally different position in the Quran than humans. Like humans, the jinn have no knowledge of the future. Like humanity, jinn face 1910: 499:

from the French, where it had been used owing to its rough similarity in sound and sense and further applies to benevolent intermediary spirits, in contrast to the malevolent spirits called '

229:, or humans. They may even engage in sexual affairs with humans and produce offspring. If they are injured by someone, they usually seek revenge or possess the assailant's body, requiring 2043:. It is widely agreed that the belief in jinn was a common element of the culture out of which the Quran came. One question has concerned the degree to Quranic jinn might be compared to 1018:. Because of their similarities to humans, they function neither as a model to follow (like angels) nor tempters of the lower self (like Satan) and mostly feature in poetic anecdotes. 699:

Despite that they were often feared or inspired awe, the jinn were also pictured to befriend humans or have romantic feelings for them. According to common Arabian belief, pre-Islamic

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de Lafayette, Maximillien (2017). Early & contemporary spirit artists, psychic artists, and medium painters from 5000 BC to the present day economy. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-365-97802-9.

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Taheri, Alireza. "Comparative Study of «The Book of Felicity» Paintings and Book of «Al-Bulhan» of Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi." Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Honar-Ha-Ye-Tajassomi 22.1 (2017): 15-29.

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Abd-Allah, Umar F. (2002). "The Perceptible and the unseen: The Qur'anic conception of man's relationship to God and realities beyond human perception". In Palmer, Spencer J. (ed.).

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is required to save the person from the assaulting jinni. To protect oneself from jinn, many Muslims wear amulets with the name of God graved on. Jinn are also said to be scared of

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Mommersteeg, Geert. “‘He Has Smitten Her to the Heart with Love’ The Fabrication of an Islamic Love-Amulet in West Africa.” Anthropos, vol. 83, no. 4/6, 1988, pp. 501–510. JSTOR,

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by the jinni entering. The soothsayer was consulted to reveal hidden information or settle disputes, as it was believed, the jinn speaking through them revealed hidden knowledge.

2031:, scholars discuss the relationship between Islamic notions of jinn and earlier Jewish and Christian ideas of supernatural beings or preternatural creatures, especially those of 3983:

Gjinali, V., & Tunca, E. A. (2020). A General Look on the Impact of Turkish Horror Movies: An Exploratory Study on the Opinions of Youth on Horror Movies. SAGE Open, 10(4).

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Zarcone, Thierry. "Shamanism in Turkey: Bards, Masters of the Jinns, and Healers." Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World (2013): 169-202.

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refers to foreign, invisible, or unknown anthropomorphic beings, which are nonetheless subject to the same considerations as the former. They were both created to worship God (

2272:"M. Dols points out that jinn-belief is not a strictly Islamic concept. It rather includes countless elements of idol-worship, as Muhammad's enemies practised in Mecca during 1867:

The jinn had an indirect impact on Islamic art through the creation of talismans that were alleged to guard the bearer from the jinn and were enclosed in leather and included

852:), which is possibly the reason why they are credited with some extraordinary abilities, such as invisibility, transformation, and ascending into the air like devils (Quran 562:. Snakes are the animals most frequently associated with jinn. Black snakes are commonly believed to be evil jinn, whereas white snakes are held to be benign (Muslim) jinn. 1993:. Although many pages are damaged, it is possible to reconstruct their meanings from Ottoman copies. Each king is depicted with helpers and associated talismanic symbols. 1256:. Besides Islam, they could also practise Christianity and Judaism. Good jinn might teach people moral lessons and might be benevolent, or aid spiritual persons, such as 5449: 1400:. Mental illnesses are still often attributed to jinn possession. In modern Iran, (evil) jinn are often substituted by devils. Similarly, in many modern tales, the term 1283:

Most of the time, jinn are believed not to interfere with humans and live mostly in desolate or abandoned places. This is, for example, evident from the Turkish phrase

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Lim A, Hoek HW, Blom JD. The attribution of psychotic symptoms to jinn in Islamic patients. Transcultural Psychiatry. 2015;52(1):18-32. doi:10.1177/1363461514543146

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Because humans and jinn are capable of procreation, Muslim jurists dealt with the issue of permissibility of intercourse between these two types of creatures. Some

2109:, etc.), there is a tradition of ritual exorcism and negotiations that differs from that of traditional Jewish cure of spirit possession associated with ghosts ( 421:; however, this derivation is also disputed. Supporters argue that both Roman genii as well as Arabian jinn are considered to be lesser deities inhabiting local 1666:) to get rid of these assaults by jinn. Sleep paralysis is generally associated with great fear in Egypt, especially if believed to be supernatural in origin. 241:

written on it. While some Muslim scholars in the past had ambivalent attitudes towards jinn, contemporary Muslim scholarship increasingly associate jinn with

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Sidky, M. Homayun. "" Malang", Sufis, and Mystics: An Ethnographic and Historical Study of Shamanism in Afghanistan." Asian Folklore Studies (1990): 275-301.

797:) appear frequently as a pair, designating their equal status in regards of their creation and rejecting that jinn share divinity with the Creator. The term 594:

asserts that malicious jinn and good gods were distinct in pre-Islamic Arabia, but admits that such distinction is not absolute. In the regions north to the

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Komaroff, Linda, and Stefano Carboni, eds. The legacy of Genghis Khan: courtly art and culture in Western Asia, 1256-1353. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

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In addition to these representations of jinn in vicinity to kingship, there were also architectural references to jinn throughout the Islamic world. In the

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Spirit Possession around the World: Possession, Communion, and Demon Expulsion across Cultures: Possession, Communion, and Demon Expulsion across Cultures

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Lange, Christian (2016). Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-50637-3. p- 140

309:), whose primary meaning is 'to hide' or 'to adapt'. Some authors interpret the word to mean, literally, 'beings that are concealed from the senses'. 4641:

The Qur'an Seminar Commentary / Le Qur'an Seminar: A Collaborative Study of 50 Qur'anic Passages / Commentaire collaboratif de 50 passages coraniques

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as a sinister form astride a lion. In the same illustration, he holds a severed head and a sword, because the 'Red King of Tuesday' was aligned with

3472: 1985:, etc.). Some of these beings indicate that the work connects Hebrew, Christian, and Islamic magical traditions. The original work is attributed to 30:

This article is about the concept of jinn in Islamic and Middle Eastern lore. For demons in Islam; otherwise known as the "offspring of Iblis", see

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Jalal, Baland; Hinton, Devon E. (1 September 2013). "Rates and Characteristics of Sleep Paralysis in the General Population of Denmark and Egypt".

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Friedl, E. (2020). Religion and Daily Life in the Mountains of Iran: Theology, Saints, People. Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 86

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Similarly, European patients with a Muslim background often attribute mental illnesses to jinn. Most common attributations to jinn are symptoms of

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Irani, Ayesha A. The Muhammad Avat? ra: Salvation History, Translation, and the Making of Bengali Islam. Oxford University Press, 2020. p. 183-186

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Bullard, A. (2022). Spiritual and Mental Health Crisis in Globalizing Senegal: A History of Transcultural Psychiatry. USA: Taylor & Francis.

6899: 5258: 5235: 5200: 5174: 5141: 5099: 5052: 5029: 4991: 4938: 4915: 4861: 1917:, ibn Hilāl is said to have the power to summon demons and jinn. He further claimed to have married a daughter of Satan and begotten a child. 1194:

from Iran, Africa, Turkey and India, into a monotheistic framework without demonizing them. An example of this can be seen in the writings of

3018:ʻAẓmah, ʻ. (2014). The Emergence of Islam in Late Antiquity: Allah and His People. Vereinigtes Königreich: Cambridge University Press. p. 293 3933: 1814:

Each celestial spirits is referred to as a "King of the Jinn", represented alongside his spiritual helpers and alongside the corresponding

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On the Exercise of Coastal Control through Observation and Long Distance Communication Systems in Seljuk Territory in the XIIIth Century

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Haring, Lee. "Africa and the Disciplines: The Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and Humanities." (1995): 122-124.

840:). Jinn and humans are blamed for ascribing divine attributes to another creature (i.e. jinn); jinn to themselves and humans to the jinn. 3677: 1889:) are credited with the ability to ask jinn about things of the past, since their lives are believed to last longer than that of humans. 1739:

Takht-i Marmar, the marble throne supported by jinn and divs (demons), Gulistan Palace, Teheran, created for Fath Ali Shah (r. 1797–1833)

5012: 778:. The Quran assumes that the audience is familiar with the subject without elaborating on the jinn much further. According to the Quran 5435: 2472:

Islamic Concept of Belief in the 4th/10th Century. Abu l-Lait as-Samarqandi's commentary on Abu Hanifa (died 150/767) al-Fiqh al-absat

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Visual representations of jinn appear in manuscripts and their existence is often implied in works of architecture by the presence of

1130:). Offspring of human-jinn relationships are nonetheless, usually considered to be gifted and talented people with special abilities. 2711: 4639:

Crone, Patricia (2016). "QS 32 Q 37:6–11: Crone". In Azaiez, Mehdi; Reynolds, Gabriel Said; Tesei, Tommaso; Zafer, Hamza M. (eds.).

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Uvais, N. A.. Jinn and Psychiatry: Beliefs among (Muslim) doctors. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry 33(1):47-49, Jan–Mar 2017.

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Islam, Migration and Jinn: Spiritual Medicine in Muslim Health Management. (2021). Deutschland: Springer International Publishing.

1981:. It contains artistic depictions of several supernatural beings (demons, jinn, the evil eye, fever (Huma, Arabic: حمى), devils, 495: 176:'s guidance. Jinn are neither innately evil nor innately good. Jinn are not a strictly Islamic concept, having been adapted from 1942:, it was well known that jinn obeyed al-Ṭabasī. He gives an example, that al-Ṭabasī demonstrated the jinn to the famous scholar 1885:

Jinn might be invoked, along with demons and devils, for means of sorcery, incantation, protection, or divination. Soothsayers (

233:. Jinn rarely meddle in human affairs, preferring to live with their own kind in tribes similar to those of pre-Islamic Arabia. 3049:

Aloiane, Z.A. (1996). "Anthropomorphic representation of evil in Islam and some other traditions – a cross-cultural approach".

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The case of the animals versus man before the king of the jinn: A tenth-century ecological fable of the pure brethren of Basra

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Bilu, Yoram. "The Moroccan Demon in Israel: The Case of 'Evil Spirit Disease.'" Ethos, vol. 8, no. 1, 1980, pp. 24–39. JSTOR,

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Morrow, John Andrew (27 November 2013) Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on sacred symbolism, McFarland, ISBN 978-1-476-61288-1

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Koçer, Zeynep (13 March 2019) . "The monstrous-feminine and masculinityas abjection in Turkish horror cinema: An analysis of

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The Religion of the Crescent or Islam: Its Strength, Its Weakness, Its Origin, Its Influence, William St. Clair Tisdall, 1895

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was depicted as three-headed and as embracing the room around him, in order to capture someone and bring on a fever in them.

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Sengul, Ali. "Cinema, Horror and the Wrath of God: Turkish Islam's Claims in the Kurdish East." Nübihar Akademi 4.14: 11-28.

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during sleep paralysis to prevent future "jinn attacks". In addition, some (9%) would increase their daily Islamic prayer (

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Rothenberg, Celia E. Spirits of Palestine: Gender, society, and stories of the jinn. Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. p.245

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compiled in the 14th century by Abd al-Hasan al-Isfahani, there are illustrations of various supernatural beings (demons,

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Gregg, G. S. (2005). The Middle East: A Cultural Psychology. Vereinigtes Königreich: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 127

2654: 836:. The Quran does not condemn the jinn as a source of harm, but by mistaking them for beings deserving cultic veneration ( 184:

places jinn and humans on the same plane in relation to God, both being subject to God's judgement and an afterlife. The

2166: 2155: 2064:, who in addition encounter a heavenly defense systems (as did Islamic jinn). Similar statements are also found in the 944: 2631: 1292:

Angered or straightforwardly evil mannered jinn, could hurt people by inflicting physical damage, causing illness, or

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There is evidence that subjugation of spirits, jinn, and demons, was also cultivated by various Islamic authorities.

649:. Jinn are further known as shapeshifters, often assuming the form of an animal, favoring the form of a snake. Other 3712: 197: 6227: 5985: 6515: 4713:

YALÇINKAYA, Mustafa. "İLÂHİ DİNLERİN CİN KAVRAMI ALGISI: GENEL BİR YAKLAŞIM." PEARSON JOURNAL 5.7 (2020): 170-183.

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Related to the occult traditions in Islamic culture is the belief in the "Seven kings of the Week", also known as

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scholars who regard this as permissible without hesitation. Since Muhammad was sent to jinn and humans, both are

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is frequently used, it has been criticised for not capturing the corporeal nature of the jinn, and that the term

2007: 518:

Though not a precise fit, descriptive analogies that have been used for these beings in Western thought include

4659: 4516: 3887:

Mapping Geographies in Transition: Magical realism in the fiction of Salman Rushdie, Latife Tekin, and Ben Okri

1921: 567: 266: 177: 151: 94: 983:

scholars ibn Taimiyya and ibn Qayyim agree on this matter. From among the Sunni schools of theology, only the

677: 9138: 7910: 7454: 5358:

Jinn Eviction as a Discourse of Power: A multidisciplinary approach to Moroccan magical beliefs and practices

4613:

Felek, Özgen. "Fears, Hopes, and Dreams: The Talismanic Shirts of Murād III." Arabica 64.3-4 (2017): 647-672.

1674: 872: 805:, which means "to be familiar with", and refers to recognisable familiar human beings. In contrast, the term 7762: 6642: 1113:"Among you are those who are expatriated (mugharrabûn);" and this, he explained, meant "crossed with jinn." 9158: 9108: 6265: 3521:

Olomi, Ali A. (2021). "Jinn in the Quran". In Archer, George; Dakake, Maria M.; Madigan, Daniel A. (eds.).

3155:

Ruiz, Manuel. "The conception of authority in pre-Islamic Arabia: its legitimacy and origin." (1971). p. 20

1236:

The moral attitude of the jinn is usually associated with their religion. Good jinn are usually considered

4738:"Historicizing Ontologies: Qur'ānic Preternatural Creatures between Ancient Topoi and Emerging Traditions" 1296:. A human can be controlled by jinn under certain circumstances. The individual needs to be in a state of 9153: 8617: 6868: 6859: 5553: 1373: 139: 813:). Because they are supposed to worship God from free will, they are both able for good and evil deeds ( 9118: 9093: 7084: 4886:]. Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser (in French). Denmark: Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. 3434:

Harvey, Ramon. Transcendent God, Rational World: A Maturidi Theology. Edinburgh University Press, 2021.

7102: 5279: 1974: 1280:

mentions the belief that spiritually gifted people can act as intermediaries between humans and jinn.

9148: 9098: 7039: 5867: 4787:

Khan, Khatib Ahmad; Aigerim, Danabekova; Yansheng, Wu; Ghayyas, Saba; Adil, Adnan (1 February 2024).

4212:

Větrovec, Lukáš. "Curse, Possession and Other Worlds: Magic and Witchcraft among the Bosniaks." p. 74

2312: 2149: 1342: 704: 571: 433: 9066:

Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

8640: 6889: 717:

The mutual relationship between jinn and humans is different than that of a jinni and a soothsayer (

9123: 9113: 8937: 8039: 7727: 7627: 1986: 3999:

Khosroshahi, Zahra. "Vampires, Jinn and the Magical in Iranian Horror Films." Frames 16 (2019): 2.

2002: 6726: 6469: 6129: 4051: 1652: 269:

tutelary deities, who became the jinn in Islam. Relief from the north wall of the Palace of king

7802: 7585: 6664: 6103: 1651:

is understood as a "jinn attack" by many sleep paralysis sufferers in Egypt, as discovered by a

444:' or 'guardian' are attributed to similar functions and are another possible origin of the term 9143: 8633: 7883: 7138: 7079: 6969: 6449: 5840: 1808: 1762: 1615: 790:

to both human and jinn communities, and prophets and messengers were sent to both communities.

686: 559: 406: 203: 131: 50: 46: 38: 2311:) term for singular, jānn also referred to jinn world – another plural, snakes / serpents and 1954:

has no direct link to Hellenistic or Hermetic magic or philosophy. Magic was also used in the

9133: 8138: 8007: 7904: 6699: 6566: 6355: 6259: 6114: 6027: 5739: 5504: 5003: 2981: 2707: 2061: 2028: 42: 881: 8160: 7755: 7639: 7621: 6770: 6596: 3075:

Nasr, S. H. (2013). Islamic Life and Thought. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis.

2053: 1947: 1380: 463: 17: 6689: 2743:

Magic and Divination in Early Islam. (2021). Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis.

2101:

are said to resemble jinn. Like jinn, among a class of beings of Jewish mythology/belief (

1785:

The red king of the djinn, Al-Ahmar. One of the Seven jinn-kings in the late 14th-century

345: 329: 315: 188:

condemns the pre-Islamic Arabian practice of worshipping or seeking protection from them.

8: 8189: 8133: 7928: 7596: 7238: 6461: 6156: 5826: 5608: 5585: 4999: 4009:

Partovi, Pedram (3 December 2009). "Girls' dormitory: Women's Islam and Iranian horror".

3938:. Emerald Studies in Popular Culture and Gender. Bingley, UK: Emerald. pp. 151–165. 2223: 2069: 1939: 1767: 1757: 1412: 1142:

Examples of the Jinn of the Air depicted on Seljuk 13th century tilework from Kubad Abad.

626: 591: 7094: 7020: 1897: 1347: 191:

Although usually invisible, jinn are supposed to be composed of thin and subtle bodies (

8546: 8515: 7988: 7634: 7386: 7208: 6530: 5658: 5314:. Queer Politics and Cultures. Translated by Barr, Nicolaas P. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 5252: 5229: 5194: 5168: 5135: 5093: 5046: 5023: 4985: 4932: 4909: 4855: 4304: 4253: 3957: 3790: 3779:"Spirits of the border: Some remarks on the connotation of jinn in north-western Yemen" 3058: 2602: 2077: 1973:(lower spirits; demons). These beings are, for example, invoked for the preparation of 583: 401: 84: 4893:

Creation and Contemplation The Cosmology of the Qur'ān and Its Late Antique Background

1909:. The first who would have practised a lawful method of incantation is supposed to be 860:

limitations regarding "the hidden/occult", have to rely on God's messengers, and face

9002: 8194: 8179: 8115: 7574: 7300: 6885: 6784: 6562: 6542: 6535: 5601: 5385: 5315: 5285: 5112: 4953: 4808: 4757: 4696: 4655: 4644: 4556: 4535: 4511: 4296: 4288: 4245: 4193: 4128: 4124: 4091: 4065: 4055: 4026: 4022: 3961: 3947: 3905: 3843: 3819: 3760: 3756: 3734: 3629: 3593: 3552: 3481: 3406: 3402: 3382: 3361: 3270: 2987: 2945: 2917: 2814: 2793: 2660: 2610: 2555: 2501: 2475: 1914: 1815: 1744: 1716:, when they do appear, it is usually related to a specific event or individual jinn. 1317: 1309: 1308:, "(mental) weakness"). Feelings of insecurity, mental instability, unhappy love and 1293: 1147: 787: 783: 739: 722: 662: 587: 285: 4308: 4257: 2843: 2323:

This is, for example, evident from A'sha's saying in mention of Sulayman ibn Dawud;

1830:. Alongside that, there were illustrations of the 'Gold King' and the 'White King'. 1727:

is illustrated very often with jinn as the commander of an army that included them.

1379:

Contrary to the neutral to positive depiction of jinn in Tekin's novels, since 2004

1174:, since the Quran affirms their existence. Although depictions are categorized into 462:, a wicked (female) spirit. Jaini were among various creatures in the possibly even 8974: 8574: 8567: 8487: 8246: 8174: 8121: 8029: 7849: 7436: 7175: 7118: 6976: 6904: 6765: 6310: 6160: 6135: 6093: 5767: 5626: 5375:. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press – via Utah State U. digital commons. 5370: 4952:. Contemporary Issues in the Middle East. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 4800: 4749: 4382: 4344: 4280: 4237: 4120: 4018: 3984: 3939: 3752: 3398: 3267:

Routledge Revivals: Medieval Islamic Civilization (2006) An Encyclopedia - Volume I

2132: 2087:, where spirits created by God, associated with fire, having an identified leader ( 2084: 1902: 1823: 1735: 1720: 1678: 1163: 1155: 904: 744: 669:

of killed jinn leaving behind a carcass similar to either a serpent or a scorpion.

452: 426: 362: 159: 3900:Şakrak, Bilgehan Ece (4 January 2019). "Religious evils in Turkish horror films". 3889:. Department of English (Ph.D. thesis). Buffalo, NY: State University of New York. 3474:

Hidden intercourse : eros and sexuality in the history of Western esotericism

3101:. Religious Studies Center. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. pp. 209–264. 1408:(demon), causing a shift in meaning. Nonetheless, belief in jinn remains popular. 1063:), Muslim jurists debated if one is allowed to perform the prayer behind a jinni. 8764: 8525: 8481: 7611: 7295: 6997: 6909: 6390: 6213: 6061: 5744: 5708: 5427: 4947: 3837: 3443:

Yazaki, Saeko. "Classes of Beings in Sufism." Sufi Cosmology. Brill, 2022. 68-88.

2753: 2304: 1978: 1795: 1786: 1752: 1648: 1216: 1207: 1171: 1138: 1085: 1011: 932: 913: 833: 700: 467: 298: 262: 192: 162:. Like humans, they are accountable for their deeds and can be either believers ( 155: 120: 73: 6510: 5367:"From Jinn to Genies: Intertextuality, media, and the making of global folklore" 3377:

translator: Gibril Fouad Haddad, author: ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿUmar al-Baydawi, 2016,

3246:

Sinai, Nicolai. "Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary." (2023): 1-840.

8627: 8595: 8555: 8422: 8413: 8184: 8169: 8108: 7825: 7745: 7686: 7355: 7203: 6981: 6720: 6693: 6669: 6504: 6488: 6341: 6300: 6272: 6239: 6166: 6083: 6071: 6049: 6033: 5874: 5208: 5182: 4834: 4804: 4152: 2125: 2049: 1955: 1690: 1686: 1353: 1015: 928: 441: 253: 7999: 5382:

Jinnealogy: Time, Islam, and ecological thought in the medieval ruins of Delhi

4284: 2091:), may either aid or harm humans, and suffer a similar fate as the jinn. The 1704: 1186:(official Islam) for research purposes, both depictions are largely the same. 566:

The exact origins of belief in jinn are not entirely clear. Belief in jinn in

9083: 9077: 8622: 8334: 8257: 8234: 7679: 7089: 7045: 6986: 6952: 6876: 6775: 6709: 6351: 6320: 6055: 6003: 5419: 5366: 5275: 4812: 4788: 4761: 4700: 4348: 4292: 4241: 4069: 4030: 3988: 2607:

American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An encyclopedia of American folklore

2191: 1723:

devices like serpents, which were intended to ward off evil spirits. Lastly,

1708:

Ornamentation of intertwined serpents above the door of the Citadel of Aleppo

1670: 1365: 1273: 1003: 474: 274: 214: 65: 7407: 7013: 6181: 4737: 4643:(in French and English) (bilingual ed.). De Gruyter. pp. 307–310. 3932:

Alper Mestçi". In Holland, Samantha; Shail, Robert; Gerrard, Steven (eds.).

3839:

The Jinn and Human Sickness: Remedies in the Light of the Qurʼaan and Sunnah

2479: 8718: 8475: 8061: 7994: 7660: 7617: 7309: 7290: 7285: 7074: 7030: 6525: 6110: 6023: 5777: 5692: 5675: 5567: 5494: 4300: 4249: 4190:

Evil Eye, Jinn Possession, and Mental Health Issues: An Islamic perspective

3863: 3682:

Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies

2635: 2213: 2098: 2044: 1990: 1893: 1781: 1724: 1629: 1369: 1265: 960: 952: 947:, as belief in angels is. Nonetheless, many Muslim scholars, including the 775: 763: 504: 289: 258: 238: 173: 147: 108: 7213: 6731: 6077: 5351:. Library of Classical Arabic Literature. Vol. 3. Boston, MA: Twayne. 4753: 4045: 3943: 3331:

DÜZGÜN, Şaban Ali. "DİNSEL ve MİTOLOJİK YÖNLERİYLE CİN ve ŞEYTAN ALGIMIZ."

1102:"The Hour will come when the children of jinn will become many among you." 8908: 8701: 8456: 8398: 8387: 8021: 7981: 7922: 7788: 7777: 7773: 7315: 7228: 7223: 5811: 4830: 4789:"A Comparison of Superstitious Beliefs and Rituals in Buddhism and Islam" 3590:

The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat among Javanese Muslims

1713: 1505: 1397: 1384: 1195: 1014:

and their existence is never doubted, they do not play any major role in

994: 861: 690: 230: 72:

Zawba'a or Zoba'ah, the jinn-king of Friday depicted in the 14th-century

6604: 6406: 5833: 3794: 3186: 3128: 3062: 3028: 2325:

and He subjected from the jinn among the angels (min jinni al-mala'iki)"

849: 845: 818: 814: 810: 779: 8437: 8317: 8221: 8212: 7796: 7443: 7396: 7280: 6961: 6714: 5787: 4841:(2nd rev. ed.). Helsinki, FI: Folklore Fellows Communications 184. 4623: 4387: 4370: 3778: 2659:(4 ed.). Urbana, Illinois: Spoken Language Services. p. 164. 2410: 2207: 2139:, jinn have free will and can choose paths of good or bad moral lives. 1943: 1827: 1461: 1179: 998: 984: 976: 853: 837: 822: 410: 98: 8733: 6493: 6454: 5794: 5617: 5309: 2698:

Abu-Hamdiyyah, Muhammad. The Qur'an: an introduction. Routledge, 2020.

2441:"The distinction made between popular and scriptural Islam or between 2331:

as various spirits defined by their behaviour; a malicious and wicked

8996: 8986: 8674: 8126: 7937: 7863: 7709: 7497: 7366: 7067: 7051: 6396: 6043: 5731: 5680: 5544: 4723: 2650: 2057: 1959: 1892:

Common beliefs regarding sorcery and commanding jinn are attested in

1571: 1093: 1068: 857: 749: 693: 554: 538:) is also used for jinn by Middle Eastern sources. Although the term 530:, depending on source. In turn, the Arabic translation for the Greek 422: 270: 8691: 4684: 3099:

Mormons and Muslims: Spiritual foundations and modern manifestations

2913:

Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and genies from Arabia to Zanzibar

1285: 265:

motif, depicting a demi-divine entity, probably a forerunner of the

8898: 8738: 8723: 8012: 7694: 7534: 7523: 7516: 7305: 7153: 7132: 6760: 6654: 6579: 6254: 5919: 5881: 5687: 4685:"Familiar spirits in the Qurʾān: retracing the origins of the jinn" 4222: 4220: 4218: 2136: 2016: 1682: 1593: 1483: 1277: 682: 654: 650: 646: 617: 508: 418: 414: 242: 237:

that jinn cannot hurt someone who wears something with the name of

222: 4925:

Folk Traditions of the Arab World: A guide to motif classification

4634: 4632: 2228: 8964: 8759: 8263: 8076: 8033: 7962: 7957: 7894: 7829: 7815: 7717: 7372: 7361: 7160: 7123: 6853: 6797: 6703: 6314: 6286: 6139: 6097: 6013: 5950: 5901: 5822: 4602:

Commanding Demons and Jinn: The Sorcerer in Early Islamic Thought

2339:

lifting a heavy weight and listening at the doors of Heaven is a

2121: 2088: 1906: 1439: 1269: 1257: 1203: 980: 968: 948: 936: 828: 757: 753: 630: 603: 599: 456: 310: 163: 31: 4215: 3301:

Teuma, Edmund. "The Solomon legend in Muslim tradition." (1987).

2176: 1868: 9007: 8882: 8754: 8669: 8588: 8530: 8346: 8340: 8046: 7872: 7857: 7654: 7606: 7543: 7511: 7424: 7334: 7269: 7165: 6913: 6894: 6789: 6755: 6400: 6369: 6346: 6217: 6125: 6017: 5889: 5725: 5668: 5648: 5590: 5577: 5562: 5342:. New York, NY & Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 420–421. 4629: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2186: 2181: 2161: 2110: 2093: 2065: 2019:) in bird-like form, with typical rooster feet, as depicted in 1982: 1926: 1804: 1527: 1301: 1126: 1080: 1044: 1027: 997:

focuses on the dynamics between jinn and humans based on Quran

956: 658: 634: 331: 226: 7754:(The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and 5082:

Nöldeke, T. (1913). "Arabs (Ancient)". In Hastings, J. (ed.).

4664: 4226: 3626:

Spirits of Palestine: Gender, Society, and Stories of the Jinn

1818:. For instance, the 'Red King of Tuesday' was depicted in the 1712:

Although there are very few visual representations of jinn in

912:(accountable for their deeds), created out of "fire and air" ( 8928: 8583: 8560: 8538: 8328: 8322: 8292: 7974: 7876: 7699: 7672: 7648: 7558: 7429: 7341: 7113: 7062: 7025: 6931: 6649: 6632: 6361: 6304: 6276: 6199: 6185: 6170: 6146: 6120: 6087: 6065: 6037: 5961: 5931: 5924: 5915: 5906: 5755: 5713: 5508: 5459: 3731:

A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture

2218: 2171: 2040: 2036: 2032: 1859: 1673:

and psychotic symptoms, but can also include mood disorders,

1662: 1657: 1358: 1211: 1199: 1191: 1056: 891: 821:). They are, like humans, rational beings formed of nations ( 771: 642: 595: 531: 500: 397: 218: 185: 181: 168: 3143:

The Evolution of the Concept of Jinn from Pre-Islam to Islam

2876:

The Evolution of the Concept of Jinn from Pre-Islam to Islam

2685: 2116:

Jinn have also been compared to preternatural beings called

1863:), supposed to ward off jinn, evil eye, sorcery, and demons. 8728: 8652: 8283: 8066: 7739: 7528: 7418: 7402: 6947: 6659: 6365: 6324: 6195: 6150: 6007: 5760: 4375:

PHASELIS Journal of Interdisciplinary Mediterranean Studies

4088:

Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice

3611: 3609: 1549: 1325: 1321: 1225: 1042:). Thus, the jinn are considered, along with humans, to be 1035: 5401:

Die Djinn des Islam und der altorientalische Geisterglaube

5243:

Yazdī, Abū Bakr Moṭahhar Jamālī (1967). Afshār, Ī. (ed.).

4786: 3379:

The Lights Of Revelation And The Secrets Of Interpretation

2764:(3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2014. 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 1426:% of Muslims who affirm a belief in the existence of jinn 8918: 8312: 8094: 5498: 5278:(1980). "Appendix III: On the term and concept of jinn". 5039:

Islam in Practice: Religious beliefs in a Persian village

4976:

Kolaynī, Abū Jaʿfar Moḥammad (1988). Ghaffārī, A. (ed.).

4967:

Esterābādī, Solṭān-Moḥammad ibn Tāj al-Dīn Ḥasan (n.d.).

4768: 4707: 2083:

Counterparts to Quranic jinn have been identified in the

1689:, belief in jinn-possession may remain intact even after 1007:, due to the reliance on a created thing instead of God. 661:. Both scorpions and serpents have been venerated in the 638: 4424: 4422: 3606: 3105: 2963: 2961: 1853: 493:. It first appeared in 18th-century translations of the 392:

remains uncertain. Some scholars relate the Arabic term

5405:

The Djinn of Islam and Ancient Eastern Spiritual Belief

3242: 3240: 2726: 2568: 2554:] (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 2491: 2489: 1244:, whereas unbelieving jinn were tempted by the devils ( 7589:('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') 4491: 4479: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3078: 3000: 1989:, who founded a system of astrological magic based on 4419: 3529: 3283: 2958: 2673: 2463: 1048:. Believers among the jinn are called "Muslim jinn" ( 582:

Jinn were already worshipped by many Arabs during in

8287:(literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) 5338:

El-Zein, Amira (2006). "Jinn". In Meri, J.F. (ed.).

5215:. Helsinki, FI: Folklore Fellows Communications 180. 4264: 4138: 3702:

Türk Söylence Sözlüğü, Deniz Karakurt, Türkiye, 2011

3671: 3669: 3158: 2580: 2486: 2060:

and eavesdrop on heavenly secrets; as did demons of

1336: 756:(The Jinn), as well as the heading and introductory 208: 5372:

Folklore/Cinema: Popular film as vernacular culture

5220:Ṭūsī, Moḥammad b. Maḥmūd (1966). Sotūda, M. (ed.). 4949:

Islam, Arabs, and the intelligent world of the Jinn

4846:Balkhī, Abu’l-Moayyad (1993). Smynova, L.P. (ed.). 3836:ibn Ibraaheem Ameen, Abuʼl-Mundhir Khaleel (2015). 3835: 3217: 2470:Hans Daiber. "Introduction, text, and commentary". 385:). which the English word "genie" is derived from. 5457: 4127:First published online: 2012 First print edition: 3759:First published online: 2012 First print edition: 3713:"İn cin ne demek? İn cin TDK sözlük anlamı nedir?" 3405:First published online: 2012 First print edition: 3356:Noegel, Scott B. & Wheeler, Brannon M. (2010) 1934:) and pious ascetic, wrote an extensive treatise ( 1357:, believed to be a gathering place of the jinn in 37:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 5369:. In Sherman, Sharon R.; Koven, Mikel J. (eds.). 5301:The Hamadsha: A study in Moroccan ethnopsychiatry 5189:. Vol. 1–6 (rev. ed.). Bloomington, IL. 5159:Ṭabarī, Moḥammad Ayyūb (1971). Matīnī, J. (ed.). 4532:Women and Demons: Cultic Healing in Islamic Egypt 4454: 3666: 3339: 3337: 770:Jinn are mentioned approximately 29 times in the 721:). The soothsayer is presented as someone who is 9075: 7897:, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') 6485:Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo 5068:] (in German). Beirut, LB: Massé, Croyances. 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 3470: 3421: 3419: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3051:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 2905: 2629: 2167:Human–animal hybrid § Theriocephaly studies 1010:Although jinn frequently appear in hagiographic 570:is testified not only by the Quran, but also by 5340:Medieval Islamic Civilization – an Encyclopedia 5303:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 5207: 5088:. Vol. I. Edinburgh, UK. pp. 659–673. 5075:Padīdahā-ye wahmī-e dīrsāl dar janūb-e Khorāsān 4406:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 71. 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 3471:Hanegraaff, Wouter J.; Kripal, Jeffrey (2008). 3044: 3042: 2935: 2933: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2597: 2595: 2541: 2539: 2537: 1938:) on subjugating demons and jinn. According to 1730: 939:, and the (spiritual) interior of human beings. 5152:Key Terms of the Qur'an: A Critical Dictionary 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4512:"Amulets and Talismans from the Islamic World" 3923: 3921: 3902:This Thing of Darkness: Shedding light on evil 3334: 2916:. New York, NY & London, UK: I.B. Tauris. 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 1833:Aside from the seven 'Kings of the Jinn', the 511:between humans and divinities are also called 27:Invisible beings in Arabic and Islamic culture 5443: 4829: 4431: 4404:Wonder, Image, & Cosmos in Medieval Islam 3416: 3327: 3325: 3249: 2811:The Mythology of Kingship in Neo-Assyrian Art 1331: 451:Another suggestion holds that the word is of 425:, trees or springs, and persons or families. 5557:(wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph 5284:. Gibraltar, Spain: Dar al-Andalus Limited. 4871:The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology 4353: 4181: 4047:African Religions: A Very Short Introduction 4002: 3371: 3122: 3120: 3039: 2930: 2882: 2592: 1848: 927:any object that cannot be detected by human 483: 405:– a guardian spirit of people and places in 380: 370: 361:is properly treated as a plural (however in 352: 338: 322: 248: 64: 5384:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 5222:Ajāyeb al-makhlūqāt va gharā'eb al-mawjūdāt 4877: 4575: 4270: 3968: 3918: 3358:The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism 2514: 1312:(being "tired from the soul") are forms of 633:, along with humans, burdened beasts (like 503:' and 'heavenly angels', in literature. In 413:during the reign of the Roman empire under 7915:A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: 7229:ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim 7031:Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) 6409:(Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) 5450: 5436: 5298: 5257:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5234:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5199:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5173:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5140:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5098:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5051:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5028:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4990:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4966: 4937:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4914:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4890: 4860:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4670: 4160: 4146: 4081: 4079: 3884: 3829: 3684:. London, UK: W.H. Allen. pp. 134–136 3322: 3134: 2021:Compendium rarissimum totius Artis Magicae 1098:, pushed the necessity for an explanation: 653:animals regarded as forms of jinn include 5776: 5072: 4401: 4386: 4144: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3343:Teuma, E. (1984). More on Qur'anic jinn. 3140: 3117: 3096: 2973: 2873: 2712:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 2495: 2052:notes that, like jinn, the demons of the 1958:as evident from the Talismanic shirts of 1773: 943:Belief in jinn is not included among the 902:a specific invisible being, offspring of 672: 5364: 5328: 5181: 5059: 5036: 4922: 4868: 4682: 4509: 3776: 3587: 3269:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. 2006: 1996: 1852: 1780: 1734: 1703: 1411:According to a survey undertaken by the 1368:, introduced into Turkish literature by 1346: 1137: 880: 871: 743: 676: 553: 327:, 'possessed' or, generally, 'insane'), 252: 5398: 5355: 5346: 5337: 5106: 5081: 4975: 4945: 4497: 4485: 4458: 4320: 4318: 4187: 4085: 4076: 4043: 4008: 3535: 3289: 3111: 3084: 3048: 3006: 2979: 2967: 2939: 2909: 2679: 2601: 2586: 2574: 2545: 2469: 1390: 1316:. In that case, it is believed that an 793:Throughout the Quran, humans and jinn ( 681:Jinn gather to do battle with the hero 455:origin and appeared in the form of the 221:form, but can also choose to appear as 14: 9076: 6739:(Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) 6625:Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) 6429: 5379: 5158: 5128:Tafsīr-e rawḥ al-jenān va rūḥ al-janān 5111:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 5062:Typologie des persischen Volksmärchens 5018:from the original on 16 February 2008. 4845: 4735: 4368: 4188:Rassool, G. Hussein (16 August 2018). 3935:Gender and Contemporary Horror in Film 3899: 3675: 3455: 3212:Tafsīr-e rawḥ al-jenān va rūḥ al-janān 2710:. The Original Sources of the Qur'an, 2409:In a study of exorcism culture in the 1055:Since both creations must perform the 577: 8507: 8095:Events, incidents, occasions or times 8093: 7482: 6818: 6474:Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos 6428: 6202:)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') 5983: 5483: 5470: 5431: 5242: 5149: 4774: 4638: 3927: 3862: 3628:Rowman & Littlefield, 5 Nov 2004 3523:The Routledge Companion to the Qur'an 3520: 3516: 3514: 3480:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 53–56, 58. 3164: 3129:https://www.jstor.org/stable/27014158 2605:; Webb, Jeffrey B. (29 August 2016). 1026:The jinn are obligated to follow the 908:considered to be, along with humans, 343:, 'garden', 'eden' or 'heaven'), and 217:at will. They favor a cockroach or a 8426:('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') 6905:People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin 5307: 5274: 5219: 5125: 5085:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics 4998: 4899: 4676: 4624:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40463380 4604:Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2014 4315: 4086:Rassool, G. Hussein (16 July 2015). 3842:. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Darussalam. 3696: 3264: 2649: 1878: 1075:and subject to the command to pray. 437: 172:), depending on whether they accept 5407:] (in German). Bern, CH: Haupt. 4904:(in French) (3rd ed.). Leyden. 4902:Supplément aux Dictionnaires arabes 4161: 4147: 3733:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers 2001 2746: 2656:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic 2355:entirely good and pure is an angel. 2347:of great intelligence is called an 2308: 991:deemed jinn-possession impossible. 917: 898:can be used in two different ways: 381: 371: 353: 339: 323: 302: 196: 124: 24: 5267: 4880:Essai sur la Demonologie iranienne 4724:http://www.jstor.org/stable/640134 4169:from the original on 29 April 2011 4157:Iranica Online (iranicaonline.org) 3885:Değirmenci, Aslı (9 August 2013). 3511: 2500:. Vol. 3. Brill. p. 45. 2156:The Case of the Animals versus Man 1294:taking control over a human's body 1206:as "created beings" and casts the 549: 25: 9170: 8451:('Before the rising of the Sun') 5413: 5077:. Honar o mordom. pp. 44–51. 4927:. Vol. 1–2. Bloomington, IL. 4273:Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 2197:Superstitions in Muslim societies 2003:Comparative mythology § Jinn 1977:. This belief is attested by the 1337:Post-modern literature and movies 8618:Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles 7054:(Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) 5130:. Vol. IX–XVII. Tehran, IR. 4780: 4729: 4716: 4616: 4607: 4566: 4545: 4524: 4503: 4410: 4395: 4337: 4327: 4125:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1879 4023:10.1111/j.1548-7458.2009.01041.x 3757:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0191 3403:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1054 2778:. Vol. I. 1706. p. 14. 1924:, who was considered a reliable 1608: 1586: 1564: 1542: 1520: 1498: 1476: 1454: 1432: 1034:), as derived from the Quran by 1021: 8260:(The Sacred or Forbidden Month) 7665:('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') 7021:Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog 5695:', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') 4206: 4113: 4104: 4037: 3993: 3977: 3893: 3878: 3856: 3808: 3770: 3744: 3723: 3705: 3676:Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1885). 3657: 3648: 3639: 3618: 3581: 3571: 3562: 3541: 3501: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3391: 3350: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3204: 3191: 3179: 3170: 3149: 3090: 3069: 3057:(3). Akadémiai Kiadó: 423–434. 3021: 3012: 2867: 2858: 2824: 2803: 2782: 2768: 2717: 2701: 2496:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (2005). 2417: 2403: 2358: 2317: 2297: 2203:Three Thousand Years of Longing 1841:(Arabic: حمى), or the 'Fever'. 1770:, written in the 13th century. 1381:jinn have become a common trope 7564:Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) 7457:at the time of Abraham and Lot 6921:(People of Sodom and Gomorrah) 6588:(King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) 6080:(Joachim the father of Maryam) 5484: 5471: 5187:Motif-Index of Folk-Literature 4517:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 4459:Carboni, Stefano (2013). "The 3197:Muḥammad ibn Ayyūb al-Ṭabarī, 2776:Arabian Nights' entertainments 2643: 2623: 2247: 1803:, jinn, the evil eye, devils, 95:Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia 13: 1: 7483: 5365:Peterson, Mark Allen (2007). 5154:. Princeton University Press. 5066:Typology of Persian Folktales 4736:Grasso, Valentina A. (2023). 2235: 1969:(higher spirits; angels) and 1936:al-Shāmil fī al-baḥr al-kāmil 1699: 1675:obsessive-compulsive disorder 945:six articles of Islamic faith 762:of the next chapter entitled 481:is a borrowing of the French 8356:(The Afternoon or the Night) 8254:12 months: Four holy months 7806:('Place-of-Landing Blessed') 7399:(s) or People of the Injil) 6737:Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel 6266:names and titles of Muhammad 5984: 5511:found in the Quran, such as 4980:. Vol. 1–8. Tehran, IR. 4869:Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). 4467:) of the Bodleian Library". 2457: 1837:included an illustration of 1731:Architectural representation 1385:Middle Eastern horror movies 987:seems to debate possession. 7: 9104:Islamic legendary creatures 9089:Arabian legendary creatures 8125:(Flood of the Great Dam of 6446:Adam's immediate relatives 5126:Rāzī, Abu al-Futūḥ (1988). 4891:Decharneux, Julien (2023). 4884:Essay on the Demons of Iran 4371:"The just ruler of the age" 3592:. ANU E Press. p. 38. 2980:Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). 2940:Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). 2813:Cambridge University Press 2790:The Dictionary Of The Bible 2632:"An Arabic-English Lexicon" 2498:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān 2142: 1133: 1118:Suyuti, Laqt al-marjân, 28. 1107:Suyuti, Laqt al-marjân, 38. 1095:muhaddith (hadith scholars) 867: 707:were inspired by the jinn. 375:), with the singular being 346: 330: 316: 209: 10: 9175: 8332:('Remembrance', including 7978:(literally 'The Barrier') 7006:('Companions of the Wood') 6895:Companions of the Elephant 6844:People of the Burnt Garden 6819: 6208:('Companion of the Whale') 5804:('The Trustworthy Spirit') 4822: 4805:10.1007/s11089-023-01057-z 4510:Al-Saleh, Yasmine (2010). 4402:Berlekamp, Persis (2011). 4044:Olupona, Jacob K. (2014). 4011:Visual Anthropology Review 3547:Juan Eduardo Campo (2009) 2986:. Polity. pp. 59–60. 2303:sometimes Arabs use Jānn ( 2000: 1340: 1332:Modern and post-modern era 1268:, or spiritual healers in 1190:beliefs about spirits and 973:ahl as-sunnah wal-jammah'a 737: 36: 29: 9061: 9020: 8948: 8871: 8832: 8781: 8747: 8711: 8684: 8606: 8599:('Mother of the Book(s)') 8514: 8508: 8503: 8469: 8303: 8274: 8243: 8225:(The Sabbath or Saturday) 8203: 8151: 8147: 8100: 8089: 7950: 7839: 7786: 7726: 7571: 7519:, literally 'The Garden') 7489: 7478: 7408:Qissis (Christian priest) 7324: 7260: 7187: 7111: 6942: 6829: 6825: 6814: 6746: 6682: 6613: 6552: 6439: 6435: 6424: 6383: 6334: 6237: 5996: 5992: 5979: 5942: 5899: 5854: 5706: 5637: 5535: 5528: 5524: 5490: 5479: 5466: 5458:People and things in the 5380:Taneja, Anand V. (2017). 5329:Drijvers, H.J.W. (1976). 5281:The Message of the Qu'rán 5213:Types of Indic Oral Tales 5005:An Arabic-English Lexicon 4839:The Types of the Folktale 4742:Journal of Late Antiquity 4683:Falconer, Joshua (2019). 4369:Duggan, Terrance (2018). 4285:10.1007/s11013-013-9327-x 4090:. Routledge. p. 58. 3525:. Routledge. p. 145. 2762:Oxford English Dictionary 2609:. ABC-CLIO. p. 527. 2335:is called a s̲h̲ayṭān, a 2150:Genies in popular culture 2072:18b) and the 8th-century 1849:Talismanic representation 1343:Genies in popular culture 1146:The jinn (also known as: 894:interpretation, the term 834:Judeo-Christian tradition 572:pre-Islamic Arabic poetry 568:pre-Islamic Arab religion 249:Etymology and translation 125: 104: 90: 80: 63: 7455:Mesopotamian polytheists 7403:Ruhban (Christian monks) 7277:(People of the Verandah) 7154:People of Sabaʾ or Sheba 6957:(literally 'The Romans') 6877:Companions of Noah's Ark 6794:Rahmah the wife of Ayyub 6723:(Korah, cousin of Moses) 6643:Magicians of the Pharaoh 6545:(Muhammad's adopted son) 5837:(Angel of Death, Azrael) 5621:(fish or whale) of Jonah 5107:Nünlist, Tobias (2015). 4878:Christensen, A. (1941). 4726:. Accessed 21 Apr. 2023. 4626:. Accessed 13 June 2020. 4349:10.4103/0971-9962.200095 4242:10.1177/1363461513503378 4230:Transcultural Psychiatry 3989:10.1177/2158244020979701 3777:Gingrich, Andre (1995). 3131:. Accessed 30 Oct. 2023. 2910:Lebling, Robert (2010). 2788:John L. Mckenzie (1995) 2546:Nünlist, Tobias (2015). 2240: 1170:) were adopted by later 748:The 72nd chapter of the 733: 728: 546:should be used instead. 8938:Forbidden fruit of Adam 8408:('Decline of the Sun') 8296:(The Lesser Pilgrimage) 8026:Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn 7451:at the time of Muhammad 7425:Ahbār (Jewish scholars) 6882:Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm 6778:the companion of Joshua 5612:(female ant) of Solomon 5331:The Religion of Palmyra 5299:Crapanzano, V. (1973). 5150:Sinai, Nicolai (2023). 4946:El-Zein, Amira (2009). 4052:Oxford University Press 3783:Quaderni di Studi Arabi 3588:Muhaimin, A.G. (2006). 3033:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 2983:The Historical Muhammad 2942:The Historical Muhammad 2809:Mehmet-Ali Ataç (2010) 2552:Demonic Belief in Islam 2206:, a 2022 film starring 1911:Abū Naṣr Aḥmad b. Hilāl 496:Thousand and One Nights 440:) with the meaning of ' 388:The origin of the word 9129:Paranormal terminology 8550:(Scroll(s) of Abraham) 8542:(The Book of Muhammad) 8052:Cave of Seven Sleepers 7875:, literally 'Place of 7763:Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah 7139:Companions of the Rass 7040:Companions of Muhammad 6886:Companions of the Cave 5821:Angel of the Trumpet ( 5347:Goodman, L.E. (1978). 5211:; Roberts, W. (1960). 5109:Dämonenglaube im Islam 5073:Mīhandūst, M. (1976). 4553:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3551:. Infobase Publishing 2832:"jinn – definition of 2630:Lane, Edward William. 2548:Dämonenglaube im Islam 2428:Dämonenglaube im Islam 2369:Dämonenglaube im Islam 2258:Dämonenglaube im Islam 2024: 1864: 1790: 1740: 1709: 1616:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1361: 1167: 1159: 1151: 1143: 1121: 1110: 975:) in the tradition of 887: 878: 767: 696: 687:illuminated manuscript 673:Poetry and soothsaying 563: 489:, also from the Latin 484: 278: 69: 51:Genie (disambiguation) 47:Djinn (disambiguation) 39:Jinni (disambiguation) 8791:(literally 'lamps'): 8704:statue) of Israelites 8637:(Casket of Shekhinah) 8139:Treaty of Hudaybiyyah 7986:(Black Stone) & 7766:('The Blessed Place') 7234:Daughters of Muhammad 7224:Household of Muhammad 7200:Household of Abraham 7048:(literally 'Helpers') 6503:Disciples (including 6163:the son of Zechariah) 5752:(Honourable Scribes) 5740:Bearers of the Throne 5060:Marzolph, U. (1984). 5037:Loeffler, L. (1988). 4923:el-Shamy, H. (1995). 4754:10.1353/jla.2023.0007 3944:10.1108/9781787698970 3549:Encyclopedia of Islam 2708:Tisdall, W. St. Clair 2120:in inscriptions from 2062:Zoroastrian cosmology 2029:comparative mythology 2010: 2001:Further information: 1997:Comparative mythology 1857:Image of a talisman ( 1856: 1784: 1738: 1707: 1366:magical realism genre 1350: 1141: 1111: 1100: 884: 875: 747: 685:. Illustration in an 680: 557: 365:, may also appear as 256: 68: 43:Jinn (disambiguation) 9139:Supernatural legends 8571:(Scroll(s) of Moses) 8449:Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams 8166:('the Confederates') 8154:military expeditions 7929:The Prophet's Mosque 7887:('The Sacred Grove') 7683:(Station of Abraham) 7498:Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah 7174:('Companions of the 6973:(Sodom and Gomorrah) 6965:(Children of Israel) 6660:Moses' sister-in-law 6639:, who adopted Moses) 6582:, Qatafir or Qittin) 6561:Brothers (including 6307:He who spoke to God) 5630:(she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ 5602:sleepers of the cave 5570:) of the Abyssinians 5399:Zbinden, E. (1953). 5356:Maarouf, M. (2007). 5333:. Leiden, NL: Brill. 5308:Dibi, Tofik (2021). 4469:The La Trobe Journal 4151:(15 December 2000). 3872:Dear shameless Death 3624:Celia E. Rothenberg 3265:Meri, Josef (2016). 2313:another type of jinn 2054:Testament of Solomon 1991:Neo-Platonic thought 1391:Prevalence of belief 1374:rationalized society 1364:Jinn feature in the 1084:, though considered 969:people of the Sunnah 766:(The Enshrouded One) 703:, philosophers, and 9159:Islamic terminology 9109:Malaysian mythology 8190:Expedition of Tabuk 8134:Farewell Pilgrimage 7884:Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām 7803:Munzalanm-Mubārakan 7622:Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām 7597:Iram of the Pillars 6900:People of al-Ukhdūd 6852:(Companions of the 6311:Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh 5578:Domesticated donkey 5548:(cow) of Israelites 4793:Pastoral Psychology 4551:Ian Richard Netton 4145:Omidsalar, Mahmoud 3210:Abū al-Futūḥ Rāzī, 3145:. pp. 108–109. 2840:Oxford Dictionaries 2792:Simon and Schuster 2124:as well as broader 1940:Zakariya al-Qazwini 1768:Zakariya al-Qazwini 1763:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat 1758:Alexander the Great 1419: 1413:Pew Research Center 1276:'s studies in 1940 627:Zakariya al-Qazwini 625:), as described by 592:Emilie Savage-Smith 578:Fear and veneration 313:include the Arabic 277:, 713–716 BCE. 166:) or disbelievers ( 150:creatures in early 60: 9154:Albanian mythology 8645:Trumpet of Israfil 8391:('The Late-Night') 8258:Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām 8004:(Cave of the Bull) 7989:Al-Hijr of Isma'il 7901:Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām 7593:Iram dhāt al-ʿImād 7578:(excluding Madyan) 7501:('The Holy Land') 7449:Meccan polytheists 7387:People of the Book 7245:Household of Salih 7220:Household of Moses 7168:(people of Ṣāliḥ) 6869:Disciples of Jesus 6841:People of Paradise 6633:Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim 6522:People of Solomon 6482:People of Abraham 6462:Believer of Ya-Sin 6430:People of Prophets 6128:(Jethro, Reuel or 5935:('Rebellious one') 5659:Beast of the Earth 5161:Tuḥfat al-gharā'ib 4777:, p. 183–186. 4673:, p. 227–228. 4388:10.18367/Pha.18024 3868:Sevgili Arsiz Ölüm 3814:Joseph P. Laycock 3360:. Scarecrow Press 3199:Tuḥfat al-gharā’ib 2426:T. Nünlist (2015) 2367:T. Nünlist (2015) 2256:T. Nünlist (2015) 2078:Theodore bar Konai 2025: 1865: 1816:talismanic symbols 1791: 1741: 1710: 1691:medical graduation 1418: 1362: 1286:İn Cin top oynuyor 1144: 888: 879: 768: 723:totally controlled 697: 584:pre-Islamic Arabia 564: 560:Sinai desert cobra 288:deriving from the 279: 152:pre-Islamic Arabia 70: 58: 49:, and 9119:Occultism (Islam) 9094:Egyptian folklore 9071: 9070: 9057: 9056: 9030:(Water or fluid) 9016: 9015: 9003:Sidrat al-Muntahā 8847:(Garlic or wheat) 8777: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8441:('The Afternoon') 8432:('The Afternoon') 8362:('The Mornings') 8195:Conquest of Mecca 8180:Battle of Khaybar 8116:Event of Mubahala 8112:(Night of Decree) 8085: 8084: 8040:Bilād ar-Rāfidayn 7983:Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad 7946: 7945: 7938:Salat (Synagogue) 7891:Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā 7742:Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan 7575:Arabian Peninsula 7550:Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn 7474: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7204:Brothers of Yūsuf 7075:Children of Ayyub 7068:Wife of Abu Lahab 7026:People of Fir'aun 7017:(People of Jonah) 6991:People of Shuaib 6977:People of Ibrahim 6910:People of Yathrib 6810: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6785:Nebuchadnezzar II 6678: 6677: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6379: 6378: 6248:and Strong Will') 5975: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5850: 5849: 5790:(Gabriel, chief) 5702: 5701: 5391:978-1-5036-0393-6 5118:978-3-110-33168-4 4969:Toḥfat al-majāles 4959:978-0-8156-3200-9 4900:Dozy, R. (1967). 4561:978-1-135-17960-1 4540:978-9-004-12771-5 4461:Book of Surprises 4199:978-1-317-22698-7 4162:دانشنامه ایرانیکا 4097:978-1-31744-125-0 4061:978-0-19-979058-6 3953:978-1-78769-898-7 3911:978-1-84888-366-6 3824:978-1-610-69590-9 3765:978-90-04-16121-4 3739:978-1-85065-570-1 3599:978-1-920942-31-1 3557:978-1-438-12696-8 3487:978-90-474-4358-2 3387:978-0-992-63357-8 3366:978-1-461-71895-6 3347:, 35(1-2), 37-45. 3345:Melita Theologica 3276:978-1-351-66822-4 2993:978-0-7456-3999-4 2951:978-0-745-63998-7 2923:978-0-85773-063-3 2819:978-0-521-51790-4 2798:978-0-684-81913-6 2666:978-0-87950-003-0 2616:978-1-610-69568-8 2561:978-3-110-33168-4 2507:978-90-04-12356-4 2327:Al-Jahiz defines 1879:Magical practises 1809:celestial spirits 1745:Citadel of Aleppo 1642: 1641: 1351:The cave chamber 1248:) and are called 1184:greater tradition 918:مَارِجٍ مِن نَّار 774:, exclusively in 740:Islamic mythology 710:The Arabian poet 663:ancient Near East 629:, they are among 588:Julius Wellhausen 409:– as a result of 207: 114: 113: 85:Mythical creature 16:(Redirected from 9166: 9149:Turkish folklore 9099:Iranian folklore 8957:Plants of Sheba 8869: 8868: 8712:Of Noah's people 8682: 8681: 8650: 8649: 8641:Throne of Bilqis 8634:Tābūt as-Sakīnah 8575:Tablets of Stone 8505: 8504: 8488:First Pilgrimage 8304:Times for prayer 8247:Islamic calendar 8175:Battle of Hunayn 8149: 8148: 8091: 8090: 8030:Bayt al-Muqaddas 7569: 7568: 7480: 7479: 7239:Muhammad's wives 7214:Progeny of Imran 7096:Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj 6998:People of Madyan 6940: 6939: 6929: 6928: 6827: 6826: 6816: 6815: 6550: 6549: 6516:Zechariah's wife 6500:People of Jesus 6489:Ishmael's mother 6437: 6436: 6426: 6425: 6235: 6234: 6176:Isrāʾīl (Israel) 6161:John the Baptist 5994: 5993: 5981: 5980: 5774: 5773: 5768:Munkar and Nakir 5533: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5481: 5480: 5468: 5467: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5408: 5395: 5376: 5361: 5360:. Leiden: Brill. 5352: 5343: 5334: 5325: 5304: 5295: 5262: 5256: 5248: 5239: 5233: 5225: 5216: 5204: 5198: 5190: 5178: 5172: 5164: 5155: 5145: 5139: 5131: 5122: 5103: 5097: 5089: 5078: 5069: 5056: 5050: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5019: 5017: 5010: 4995: 4989: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4942: 4936: 4928: 4919: 4913: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4874: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4842: 4817: 4816: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4654: 4636: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4549: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4456: 4429: 4426: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4366: 4351: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4224: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4164: 4163: 4150: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3833: 3827: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3774: 3768: 3748: 3742: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3673: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3479: 3468: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3414: 3395: 3389: 3375: 3369: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3332: 3329: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3262: 3247: 3244: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3124: 3115: 3114:, p. 91–93. 3109: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2907: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2842:. Archived from 2828: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2638:on 8 April 2015. 2634:. Archived from 2627: 2621: 2620: 2599: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2577:, p. 19–21. 2572: 2566: 2565: 2543: 2512: 2511: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2467: 2451: 2447:great traditions 2439: 2435: 2434: 2421: 2415: 2407: 2401: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2362: 2356: 2321: 2315: 2310: 2301: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2251: 2224:Will-o'-the-wisp 2085:Book of Jubilees 1898:Kitāb al-Fihrist 1753:Seal of Sulaymān 1679:Capgras syndrome 1614: 1612: 1611: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1526: 1524: 1523: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1420: 1417: 1176:little tradition 1119: 1108: 1057:required prayers 919: 795:al-ins wa-l-jinn 526:, "sprite", and 487: 439: 434:Classical Syriac 384: 383: 374: 373: 363:Classical Arabic 356: 355: 349: 342: 341: 335: 326: 325: 319: 304: 296: 295: 212: 202: 200: 129: 127: 99:Islamic folklore 61: 57: 21: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9124:Quranic figures 9114:Indian folklore 9074: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9053: 9012: 8950: 8944: 8867: 8828: 8783: 8769: 8743: 8707: 8680: 8654: 8653:Mentioned idols 8648: 8610: 8608: 8602: 8547:Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm 8510: 8491: 8482:Laylat al-Mabit 8465: 8417:('The Evening') 8406:Dulūk ash-Shams 8374:('The Morning') 8368:('The Morning') 8305: 8299: 8270: 8245: 8239: 8228:Days of battles 8199: 8153: 8143: 8104:Incident of Ifk 8096: 8081: 8072:Palestine River 7942: 7911:Masjid al-Dirar 7841: 7835: 7782: 7730: 7722: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7504:'Blessed' Land' 7485: 7462: 7326: 7320: 7301:Umayyad Dynasty 7262: 7248: 7209:Lot's daughters 7193: 7192:('People of the 7191: 7183: 7135:(people of Hud) 7121: 7107: 7099:(Gog and Magog) 6982:People of Ilyas 6935: 6933: 6927: 6860:Jesus' apostles 6837:Aṣḥāb al-Jannah 6821: 6802: 6748: 6742: 6706:of Moses' time) 6674: 6650:Wise, pious man 6637:Wife of Pharaoh 6629:Imraʾat Firʿawn 6616:Aaron and Moses 6615: 6609: 6565:(Benjamin) and 6554: 6548: 6466:Family of Noah 6431: 6412: 6375: 6330: 6301:Mūsā Kalīmullāh 6247: 6245: 6243: 6233: 6159:ibn Zakariyyā ( 5988: 5967: 5938: 5895: 5846: 5808:Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus 5798:('The Spirit') 5772: 5750:Kirāman Kātibīn 5745:Harut and Marut 5722:Angels of Hell 5698: 5633: 5520: 5486: 5475: 5462: 5456: 5416: 5411: 5392: 5322: 5292: 5270: 5268:Further reading 5265: 5250: 5249: 5227: 5226: 5192: 5191: 5166: 5165: 5133: 5132: 5119: 5091: 5090: 5044: 5043: 5041:. New York, NY. 5021: 5020: 5015: 5008: 4983: 4982: 4960: 4930: 4929: 4907: 4906: 4853: 4852: 4848:Ajā'eb al-donyā 4825: 4820: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4734: 4730: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4681: 4677: 4671:Decharneux 2023 4669: 4665: 4651: 4637: 4630: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4555:Routledge 2013 4550: 4546: 4529: 4525: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4465:Kitab al-Buhlan 4457: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4400: 4396: 4367: 4354: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4269: 4265: 4225: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4148:محمود امیدسالار 4143: 4139: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4084: 4077: 4062: 4042: 4038: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3954: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3898: 3894: 3883: 3879: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3834: 3830: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3775: 3771: 3749: 3745: 3728: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3519: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3477: 3469: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3396: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3263: 3250: 3245: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3141:Amira el-Zein. 3139: 3135: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3047: 3040: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2908: 2883: 2874:Amira el-Zein. 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2846:on 3 April 2019 2830: 2829: 2825: 2808: 2804: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2648: 2644: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2600: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2544: 2515: 2508: 2494: 2487: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2454: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2431: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2322: 2318: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2145: 2005: 1999: 1979:Book of Wonders 1881: 1869:Qur'anic verses 1851: 1835:Book of Wonders 1820:Book of Wonders 1796:Book of Wonders 1787:Book of Wonders 1779: 1776:Kitāb al-Bulhān 1733: 1702: 1696: 1649:Sleep paralysis 1638: 1637: 1624: 1623: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1565: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1433: 1431: 1393: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1307: 1172:Islamic culture 1136: 1120: 1117: 1109: 1106: 1024: 1012:Sufi literature 922:mārijin min nār 870: 742: 736: 731: 689:of the Iranian 675: 641:, wild beasts, 580: 552: 550:Pre-Islamic era 468:peoples of Iran 464:pre-Zoroastrian 293: 292: 286:collective noun 263:bucket and cone 251: 156:Islamic culture 76: 74:Book of Wonders 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9172: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9069: 9068: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9042:(River or sea) 9037: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8990: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8968: 8954: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8932: 8922: 8912: 8902: 8892: 8886: 8875: 8873: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8798: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8751: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8694: 8688: 8686: 8679: 8678: 8662: 8658: 8656: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8638: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8614: 8612: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8592: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8551: 8543: 8534: 8520: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8433: 8418: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8382:('The Night') 8377: 8376: 8375: 8369: 8357: 8338:('Praising'), 8309: 8307: 8306:or remembrance 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8251: 8249: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8185:Battle of Uhud 8182: 8177: 8172: 8170:Battle of Badr 8167: 8157: 8155: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8130: 8118: 8113: 8109:Laylat al-Qadr 8105: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8036: 8027: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8001:Ghār ath-Thawr 7997: 7992: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7913: 7908: 7898: 7888: 7866: 7861: 7854: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7824:('Township of 7819: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7793: 7791: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7752:Al-Wādil-Ayman 7746:Valley of Tuwa 7734: 7732: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7687:Safa and Marwa 7684: 7676: 7666: 7657: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7624: 7615: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7581: 7579: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7552: 7547: 7537: 7535:Door of Hittah 7532: 7520: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7452: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7370: 7358: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7338: 7335:Ahl al-Dhimmah 7330: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7312: 7303: 7298: 7296:Iranian people 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7197: 7195: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7163: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7141: 7136: 7129: 7127: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7049: 7036:Aṣḥāb Muḥammad 7028: 7023: 7018: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7004:Aṣḥāb al-Aykah 7001: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6966: 6958: 6950: 6943: 6937: 6926: 6925: 6924:Nation of Noah 6922: 6916: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6857: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6833: 6831: 6823: 6822: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6779: 6776:Caleb or Kaleb 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6707: 6697: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6626: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6589: 6583: 6570: 6558: 6556: 6547: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6531:Queen of Sheba 6528: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6494:Isaac's mother 6491: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6443: 6441: 6433: 6432: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6407:Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn 6404: 6394: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6359: 6349: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6335:Debatable ones 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6318: 6317:Friend of God) 6308: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6290: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6251: 6249: 6244:('Those of the 6232: 6231: 6221: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6203: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6164: 6154: 6143: 6133: 6123: 6118: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6091: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6031: 6021: 6011: 6000: 5998: 5990: 5989: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5958: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5928: 5912: 5910: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5861: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5830: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5805: 5802:Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn 5784: 5782: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5719: 5717: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5684: 5672: 5662: 5652: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5594: 5581: 5571: 5558: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5477: 5476: 5464: 5463: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5415: 5414:External links 5412: 5410: 5409: 5396: 5390: 5377: 5362: 5353: 5344: 5335: 5326: 5320: 5305: 5296: 5290: 5276:Asad, Muhammad 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5240: 5217: 5205: 5179: 5156: 5147: 5123: 5117: 5104: 5079: 5070: 5057: 5034: 5011:. Beirut, LB. 4996: 4973: 4964: 4958: 4943: 4920: 4897: 4888: 4875: 4866: 4843: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4799:(1): 133–145. 4779: 4767: 4748:(1): 162–163. 4728: 4715: 4706: 4675: 4663: 4649: 4628: 4615: 4606: 4574: 4565: 4544: 4530:Gerda Sengers 4523: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4430: 4418: 4409: 4394: 4381:(4): 389–421. 4352: 4336: 4326: 4314: 4279:(3): 534–548. 4263: 4236:(2): 158–175. 4214: 4205: 4198: 4180: 4137: 4112: 4103: 4096: 4075: 4060: 4054:. p. 36. 4036: 4017:(2): 186–207. 4001: 3992: 3976: 3967: 3952: 3917: 3910: 3892: 3877: 3855: 3848: 3828: 3818:ABC-CLIO 2015 3807: 3769: 3743: 3722: 3719:. 24 May 2022. 3704: 3695: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3617: 3605: 3598: 3580: 3570: 3561: 3540: 3528: 3510: 3500: 3486: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3415: 3390: 3370: 3349: 3333: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3282: 3275: 3248: 3216: 3214:, pp. 193, 341 3203: 3190: 3178: 3169: 3167:, p. 180. 3157: 3148: 3133: 3116: 3104: 3089: 3087:, p. 164. 3077: 3068: 3038: 3020: 3011: 3009:, p. 122. 2999: 2992: 2972: 2957: 2950: 2929: 2922: 2881: 2878:. p. 260. 2866: 2857: 2823: 2802: 2781: 2767: 2745: 2725: 2716: 2714:, London, 1905 2700: 2684: 2672: 2665: 2642: 2622: 2615: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2560: 2513: 2506: 2485: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2416: 2402: 2357: 2316: 2296: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2128:demonologies. 2056:ascend to the 2050:Patricia Crone 1998: 1995: 1971:rūḥāiya sufula 1956:Ottoman Empire 1915:Umayyad period 1894:ibn al-Nadim's 1880: 1877: 1850: 1847: 1778: 1772: 1732: 1729: 1701: 1698: 1687:disenchantment 1640: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1392: 1389: 1354:Majlis al Jinn 1341:Main article: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1305: 1135: 1132: 1115: 1104: 1050:muslimū l-jinn 1036:Muslim jurists 1023: 1020: 1016:Sufi cosmology 989:Al-Rustughfanī 941: 940: 929:sensory organs 925: 869: 866: 862:eschatological 786:was sent as a 735: 732: 730: 727: 674: 671: 579: 576: 551: 548: 442:tutelary deity 407:Roman religion 250: 247: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 92: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 71: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9171: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9144:Shapeshifting 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9065: 9060: 9049: 9046: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8949:Bushes, trees 8947: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8910: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8831: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8685:Of Israelites 8683: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8655:(cult images) 8651: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8631: 8629: 8628:Staff of Musa 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8605: 8598: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8502: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8468: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8424: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8336: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8244:Months of the 8242: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8122:Sayl al-ʿArim 8119: 8117: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8092: 8088: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043:(Mesopotamia) 8042: 8041: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7936: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7905:Sacred Mosque 7902: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7838: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7805: 7804: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7785: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7741: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731:or Tīh Desert 7729: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7680:Maqām Ibrāhīm 7677: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7481: 7477: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7430:Rabbani/Rabbi 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7259: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7190: 7186: 7177: 7173: 7172:Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr 7170: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6987:People of Nuh 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6930: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6850:Aṣḥāb as-Sabt 6848: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6813: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6766:Bal'am/Balaam 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749:not specified 6745: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6551: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6511:Mary's mother 6509: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6470:Father Lamech 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6423: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295:(Son of Mary) 6294: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6220:son of Jacob) 6219: 6215: 6212: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6142:son of David) 6141: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5923:(the (chief) 5922: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5655:Dābbat al-Arḍ 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5603: 5600:(dog) of the 5599: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5453: 5448: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5420:Etymology of 5418: 5417: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5321:9781438481302 5317: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5291:1-904510-00-0 5287: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5260: 5254: 5247:. Tehran, IR. 5246: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5224:. Tehran, IR. 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5163:. Tehran, IR. 5162: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5146:(pub. so far) 5143: 5137: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5087: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5014: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4979: 4978:Ketāb al-kāfī 4974: 4971:. Tehran, IR. 4970: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4903: 4898: 4895:. De Gruyter. 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4850:. Moscow, RU. 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4719: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4650:9783110444797 4646: 4642: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4619: 4610: 4603: 4600:Travis Zadeh 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4569: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4500:, p. 82. 4499: 4494: 4488:, p. 80. 4487: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4413: 4405: 4398: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4330: 4321: 4319: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4192:. Routledge. 4191: 4184: 4168: 4158: 4154: 4141: 4134: 4133:9789004161214 4130: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3851: 3849:9789960732442 3845: 3841: 3840: 3832: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3729:Robert Elsie 3726: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3699: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3670: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3635: 3634:9781461741237 3631: 3627: 3621: 3612: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3574: 3565: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3538:, p. 52. 3537: 3532: 3524: 3517: 3515: 3504: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3412: 3411:9789004161214 3408: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3292:, p. 64. 3291: 3286: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3152: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3108: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2976: 2970:, p. 34. 2969: 2964: 2962: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2870: 2861: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2777: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2720: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2682:, p. 38. 2681: 2676: 2668: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2589:, p. 37. 2588: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2462: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2306: 2300: 2292: 2284: 2275: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2192:Shadow person 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2045:fallen angels 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2015:אַשְמְדּאָי ( 2014: 2009: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Magic squares 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1788: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1706: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:hallucination 1667: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1617: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1595: 1584: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1562: 1561: 1553: 1551: 1540: 1539: 1531: 1529: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1507: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1485: 1474: 1473: 1465: 1463: 1452: 1451: 1443: 1441: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1274:Mediha Esenel 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1129: 1128: 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399: 395: 391: 386: 378: 368: 364: 360: 357:, 'embryo'). 350: 348: 336: 334: 333: 320: 318: 312: 308: 300: 291: 287: 284:is an Arabic 283: 276: 275:Dur Sharrukin 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 246: 244: 240: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 211: 205: 199: 194: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 157: 154:and later in 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 122: 118: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 75: 67: 62: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 9134:Supernatural 9063: 9047: 9039: 9033: 9027: 8992: 8982: 8970: 8960: 8934:In Paradise 8924: 8914: 8904: 8894: 8888: 8878: 8862: 8859:(Plant stem) 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8833:Plant matter 8820: 8814: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8697: 8668: 8664: 8632: 8596:Umm al-Kitāb 8594: 8581: 8568:Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā 8566: 8553: 8545: 8536: 8523: 8480: 8476:Ghadir Khumm 8460:('The Dawn') 8454: 8448: 8435: 8429: 8420: 8411: 8405: 8402:('The Noon') 8396: 8385: 8379: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8311: 8290: 8281: 8231:Days of Hajj 8219: 8216:(The Friday) 8210: 8162: 8120: 8107: 8075:Paradise of 8062:Jordan River 8057:Dār an-Nadwa 8056: 8038: 8000: 7995:Cave of Hira 7987: 7982: 7972: 7919:Masjid Qubāʾ 7918: 7900: 7890: 7882: 7868: 7856: 7848: 7822:Qaryat Yūnus 7821: 7811: 7801: 7761: 7751: 7737: 7728:Sinai Region 7710:Dam of Sheba 7705: 7693: 7678: 7668: 7659: 7644: 7626: 7604: 7592: 7584: 7554: 7549: 7539: 7522: 7509: 7496: 7414: 7392: 7383:Ahl al-Kitāb 7382: 7360: 7356:Zoroastrians 7352: 7347:disbelievers 7340: 7333: 7291:Banu Qurayza 7286:Banu Qaynuqa 7275:Ahl as-Suffa 7274: 7188: 7171: 7143: 7112: 7095: 7080:Sons of Adam 7035: 7011: 7003: 6994: 6968: 6962:Banī Isrāʾīl 6960: 6953: 6918: 6881: 6864: 6849: 6836: 6781:Luqman's son 6628: 6592: 6585: 6575: 6479:Luqman's son 6450:Martyred son 6342:Dhūl-Qarnain 6292: 6282: 6246:Perseverance 6238: 6216:ibn Ya‘qūb ( 6206:Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt 6205: 6194:('He of the 6191: 6104:Dhabih Ullah 5960: 5955: 5949: 5930: 5918: 5900: 5888: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5856: 5855: 5834:Malakul-Mawt 5832: 5807: 5801: 5793: 5778: 5749: 5730: 5707: 5686: 5674: 5664: 5654: 5644: 5625: 5616: 5607: 5597: 5593:) of Solomon 5584: 5573: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5512: 5421: 5404: 5400: 5381: 5371: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5330: 5310: 5300: 5280: 5245:Farrokh-nāma 5244: 5221: 5212: 5209:Thompson, S. 5186: 5183:Thompson, S. 5160: 5151: 5127: 5108: 5084: 5074: 5065: 5061: 5038: 5004: 4977: 4968: 4948: 4924: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4879: 4870: 4847: 4838: 4835:Thompson, S. 4796: 4792: 4782: 4770: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4718: 4709: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4666: 4640: 4618: 4609: 4601: 4568: 4552: 4547: 4531: 4526: 4515: 4505: 4498:El-Zein 2009 4493: 4486:El-Zein 2009 4481: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4412: 4403: 4397: 4378: 4374: 4339: 4329: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4233: 4229: 4208: 4189: 4183: 4171:. 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Oxford: 3493:1 December 3201:, I, p. 68 3165:Sinai 2023 2944:. Polity. 2651:Wehr, Hans 2411:Hadhramaut 2236:References 2208:Idris Elba 1828:god of war 1721:apotropaic 1700:Visual art 1462:Bangladesh 1396:world and 1359:Omani lore 1310:depression 1254:jinn kāfir 1250:kāfir jinn 1242:jinn Islam 1067:cites two 1028:divine law 967:) of the " 738:See also: 475:anglicized 411:syncretism 140:anglicized 8997:Date palm 8987:Palm tree 8975:Lote-tree 8951:or plants 8895:Qith-thāʾ 8823:(The Sun) 8821:Ash-Shams 8782:Celestial 8675:False god 8611:or beings 8609:of people 8591:of David) 8533:of Jesus) 8366:Al-Bukrah 8129:in Sheba) 7907:of Mecca) 7864:Monastery 7842:locations 7840:Religious 7797:Al-Jūdiyy 7490:Mentioned 7484:Locations 7397:Christian 7377:Believers 7362:Munāfiqūn 7325:Religious 7263:mentioned 7176:Stoneland 7052:Muhajirun 6830:Mentioned 6732:Abū Lahab 6727:As-Sāmirī 6717:(Goliath) 6683:Evil ones 6597:Zulaykhah 6553:People of 6440:Good ones 6240:Ulul-ʿAzm 6228:Zechariah 6224:Zakariyyā 6044:Dhūl-Kifl 5997:Mentioned 5843:(Michael) 5732:Zabāniyah 5709:Malāʾikah 5681:Honey bee 5253:cite book 5230:cite book 5195:cite book 5169:cite book 5136:cite book 5094:cite book 5047:cite book 5024:cite book 4986:cite book 4933:cite book 4910:cite book 4856:cite book 4831:Aarne, A. 4813:1573-6679 4762:1942-1273 4701:0393-6805 4293:0165-005X 4070:839396781 4031:1548-7458 3962:214474411 3904:. BRILL. 3864:Tekin, L. 3688:4 October 3636:pp. 29-33 2850:27 August 2640:. p. 462. 2603:Fee, C.R. 2458:Citations 2388:ORIGINAL: 2291:gahiliyya 2281:ORIGINAL: 2274:jahilliya 2058:firmament 1960:Murad III 1952:al-Shāmil 1922:Al-Ṭabasī 1811:, etc.). 1653:Cambridge 1572:Indonesia 1415:in 2012: 1314:dha'iyfah 1298:dha'iyfah 1069:Hanbalite 985:Māturīdīs 858:epistemic 759:bismillah 752:entitled 694:Shahnameh 655:scorpions 271:Sargon II 223:scorpions 204:romanized 180:beliefs. 148:invisible 132:romanized 8985:(Tender 8965:Tamarisk 8899:Cucumber 8817:(Stars) 8795:Al-Qamar 8760:Al-ʿUzzā 8607:Objects 8421:Qabl al- 8372:Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ 8235:Doomsday 8163:al-Aḥzāb 7853:(Church) 7586:Al-Aḥqāf 7524:Jahannam 7517:Paradise 7124:Bedouins 6919:Qawm Lūṭ 6761:Abu Bakr 6591:Wife of 6580:Potiphar 6563:Binyāmin 6283:Al-Masīḥ 6255:Muḥammad 6192:Dhūn-Nūn 6136:Sulaymān 6074:(Elijah) 5986:Prophets 5902:Shayāṭīn 5860:(Genies) 5688:Qaswarah 5669:Wild ass 5647:(Female 5645:ʿAnkabūt 5568:elephant 5185:(1955). 5013:Archived 5002:(1968). 4837:(1973). 4563:page 376 4475:: 27–28. 4309:28563727 4301:23884906 4258:22226921 4250:24084761 4173:15 April 4167:Archived 3866:(1983). 3826:page 243 3795:25802775 3559:page 402 3368:page 170 3187:51:56-56 3063:43391301 2754:"genie, 2653:(1994). 2480:35600707 2398:mukallaf 2143:See also 2137:Buddhism 2131:As with 2070:Berakhot 1987:al-Bakhi 1927:muḥadīth 1683:epilepsy 1594:Thailand 1484:Pakistan 1423:Country 1318:exorcism 1306:ضَعِيفَة 1278:Anatolia 1246:shayatin 1180:folklore 1148:Albanian 1134:Folklore 1116:— 1105:— 1092:by some 1073:mukallāf 1045:mukallāf 961:ibn Hazm 959:scholar 955:and the 951:scholar 910:thaqalān 905:abu Jann 868:Exegesis 848:, Quran 784:Muhammad 780:51:56-57 712:al-Aʿshā 683:Faramarz 651:chthonic 647:reptiles 618:Al-Jahiz 419:Augustus 415:Tiberius 324:مَجْنُون 311:Cognates 243:idolatry 231:exorcism 198:أَجْسَام 130:), also 91:Folklore 81:Grouping 9050:(Drink) 9036:(River) 9021:Liquids 8853:(Shoot) 8841:(Onion) 8801:Kawākib 8789:Maṣābīḥ 8734:Yaghūth 8470:Implied 8430:Al-Aṣīl 8380:Al-Layl 8264:Ramaḍān 8213:Jumuʿah 8077:Shaddad 7969:Arabia 7963:Antakya 7958:Antioch 7951:Implied 7895:Al-Aqsa 7830:Nineveh 7816:Babylon 7661:Ḥaraman 7631:(Hegra) 7628:Al-Ḥijr 7618:ʿArafāt 7612:Yathrib 7607:Madīnah 7437:Sabians 7373:Muslims 7342:Kāfirūn 7310:Khazraj 7161:Quraysh 6932:Tribes, 6854:Sabbath 6798:Shaddad 6771:Barṣīṣā 6704:Pharaoh 6700:Firʿawn 6397:Ṣamūʾīl 6384:Implied 6315:Abraham 6287:Messiah 6140:Solomon 6126:Shuʿayb 6098:Ishmael 6094:Ismāʿīl 6058:(Eber?) 6052:(Aaron) 6014:Al-Yasa 5951:Ghilmān 5827:Raphael 5823:Isrāfīl 5586:hud-hud 5536:Related 5529:Animals 4823:Sources 4542:page 31 4153:"Genie" 3930:Haunted 3678:"Genii" 3578:300-301 2400:seien." 2349:ʿabḳarī 2122:Palmyra 2097:of the 2089:Mastema 2074:Scolion 2037:spirits 2017:Ašmodai 1948:al-Razi 1944:Ghazālī 1907:Jamshid 1903:Solomon 1801:ʿafārīt 1793:In the 1774:In the 1677:(OCD), 1440:Morocco 1270:Senegal 1258:shamans 1226:fairies 1204:Parvati 1192:deities 1164:Turkish 1156:Bosnian 1081:Ḥadīths 1032:sharīʿa 977:Ash'ari 949:Hanbalī 892:Quranic 832:in the 788:prophet 754:Al-Jinn 659:lizards 631:animals 604:Baalbek 600:Palmyra 457:Avestic 453:Persian 430:ginnaya 427:Aramaic 396:to the 382:جِنِّيّ 261:in the 227:lizards 206:: 164:Muslims 160:beliefs 128:‎ 32:Shaitan 9048:Sharāb 9008:Zaqqūm 8925:Zaytūn 8905:Rummān 8891:(Herb) 8883:Lentil 8872:Fruits 8865:(Seed) 8807:Al-Arḍ 8784:bodies 8755:Al-Lāt 8670:Ṭāghūt 8661:'Ansāb 8589:Psalms 8556:Tawrāt 8539:Qurʾān 8531:Gospel 8423:Ghurūb 8388:ʿIshāʾ 8347:Tasbīḥ 8341:Takbīr 8335:Taḥmīd 8127:Ma'rib 8047:Canaan 8034:'Ariha 8032:& 7873:Mosque 7869:Masjid 7858:Miḥrāb 7669:Kaʿbah 7663:Āminan 7655:Bakkah 7645:Makkah 7640:Ḥunayn 7572:In the 7544:Midian 7540:Madyan 7512:Jannah 7393:Naṣārā 7327:groups 7270:Amalek 7166:Thamūd 6954:Ar-Rūm 6914:Medina 6820:Groups 6790:Nimrod 6756:Abraha 6670:Sister 6665:Mother 6605:Mother 6567:Simeon 6555:Joseph 6536:Vizier 6526:Mother 6401:Samuel 6391:Irmiyā 6370:Gideon 6352:Maryam 6347:Luqmān 6264:Other 6218:Joseph 6167:Yaʿqūb 6078:ʿImrān 6018:Elisha 5956:Wildān 5943:Others 5907:Demons 5875:ʿIfrīt 5841:Mīkāil 5810:('The 5795:Ar-Rūḥ 5788:Jibrīl 5714:Angels 5649:spider 5609:namlah 5591:hoopoe 5545:baqara 5497:('The 5388: 5318: 5288: 5115: 4956: 4811: 4760: 4699: 4689:Henoch 4658: 4647: 4559: 4538: 4307: 4299: 4291: 4256: 4248: 4196: 4131: 4094: 4068: 4058: 4029: 3960: 3950: 3908: 3874:]. 3846: 3822: 3800:10 May 3793: 3763: 3741:p. 134 3737: 3632: 3596: 3555: 3484: 3409: 3385: 3364: 3273: 3185:Quran 3061: 2990: 2948: 2920: 2817: 2800:p. 192 2796: 2663: 2613: 2558: 2504: 2478: 2443:little 2305:Arabic 2187:Qareen 2182:Nasnas 2162:Daemon 2133:asuras 2111:Dybbuk 2107:shedim 2099:Tanakh 2094:Shedim 2066:Talmud 2041:demons 2039:, and 2033:angels 1983:lilith 1950:, the 1932:ḥadīth 1826:, the 1805:lilith 1681:, and 1613: 1591: 1569: 1547: 1528:Turkey 1525: 1503: 1481: 1459: 1437: 1326:wolves 1302:Arabic 1223:) and 1217:demons 1212:Asuras 1182:) and 1152:Xhindi 1127:makruh 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