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and to focus their attention on the upcoming list. After the participants have conducted the study phase for the first list, a second list is presented. A final test is then given, sometimes for only the first list and other times for both lists. The participants are asked to remember all the words they studied. When participants are told they are able to forget the first list, they remember less in this list and remember more in the second list. List method directed forgetting demonstrates the ability to intentionally reduce memory retrieval. To support this theory, researchers did an experiment in which they asked participants to record 2 unique events that happened to them each day over a 5-day period in a journal. After these five days, the participants were asked to either remember or forget the events on these days. They were then asked to repeat the process for another five days, after which they were told to remember all the events in both weeks, regardless of earlier instructions. The participants that were part of the forget group had had worse recall for the first week compared to the second week.
545:
abuse victims were aware of at least some forgetting of their abuse and a collaboration of seven studies has shown that one eighth to one quarter of abuse victims have periods of complete unawareness (amnesia) of the incident or series of events. There are many factors associated with forgetting abuse including: younger age at onset, threats/intense emotions, more types of abuse, and increased number of abusers. Cued recovery has been shown in 90% of cases, usually with one specific event triggering the memory. For example, the return of incest memories have been shown to be brought on by television programs about incest, the death of the perpetrator, the abuse of the subject's own child, and seeing the site of abuse. In a study by Herman and
Schatzow, confirming evidence was found for the same proportion of individuals with continuous memories of abuse as those individuals who had recovered memories. 74% of cases from each group were confirmed. Cases of Mary de Vries and Claudia show examples of confirmed recovered memories of sexual abuse.
511:
536:. One soldier, who entered the hospital after losing consciousness due to a shell explosion, is described as having a generally pleasant demeanor. This was disrupted by his sudden onsets of depression occurring approximately every 10 days. This intense depression, leading to suicidal feelings, rendered him unfit to return to war. It soon became apparent that these symptoms were due to the patient's repressed thoughts and apprehensions about returning to war. Dr. Smith suggested that this patient face his thoughts and allow himself to deal with his feelings and anxieties. Although this caused the soldier to take on a significantly less cheery state, he only experienced one more minor bout of depression.
208:, which posits that subsequent learning can interfere with and degrade a person's memories. This theory was tested by giving participants ten nonsense syllables. Some of the participants then slept after viewing the syllables, while the other participants carried on their day as usual. The results of this experiment showed that people who stayed awake had a poor recall of the syllables, while the sleeping participants remembered the syllables better. This could have occurred due to the fact that the sleeping subjects had no interference during the experiment, while the other subjects did. There are two types of interference;
497:, which is responsible for the formation and recollection of memories. When the process of motivated forgetting is engaged, meaning that we actively attempt to suppress our unwanted memories, the prefrontal cortex exhibits higher activity than baseline, while suppressing hippocampal activity at the same time. It has been proposed that the executive areas which control motivation and decision-making lessen the functioning of the hippocampus in order to stop the recollection of the selected memories that the subject has been motivated to forget.
278:
250:
whether or not recovered memories actually exist. In an effort to determine the factuality of false memories, several laboratories have developed paradigms in order to test whether or not false repressed memories could be purposefully implanted within a subject. As a result, the verbal paradigm was developed. This paradigm dictates that if someone is presented a number of words associated with a single non-presented word, then they are likely to falsely remember that word as presented.
69:
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forget subsets of the items, the participants are given a test of all the words presented. The participants were unaware that they would be tested on the to-be-forgotten items. The recall for the to-be-forgotten words are often significantly impaired compared to the to-be-remembered words. The directed forgetting effect has also been demonstrated on recognition tests. For this reason researchers believe that the item method affects episodic encoding.
523:. The number of cases of motivated forgetting was high during war times, mainly due to factors associated with the difficulties of trench life, injury, and shell shock. At the time that many of these cases were documented, there were limited medical resources to deal with many of these soldiers' mental well-being. There was also a weaker understanding of the aspects of memory suppression and repression.
199:. The decay theory is a controversial topic amongst modern psychologists. Bahrick and Hall disagree with the decay theory. They have claimed that people can remember algebra they learnt from school even years later. A refresher course brought their skill back to a high standard relatively quick. These findings suggest that there may be more to the theory of trace decay in human memory.
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216:. Proactive interference occurs when you are unable to learn a new task due to the interference of an old task that has already been learned. Research has been done to show that students who study similar subjects at the same time often experience interference. Retroactive interference occurs when you forget a previously learnt task due to the learning of a new task.
257:, which dictates that one encodes two separate things about memory: the actual information itself and the semantic information surrounding it (or the gist). If we are given a series of semantic information surrounding a false event, such as time and location, then we are more likely to falsely remember an event as occurring. Tied to that is
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As well as seen in the case below of Jane Doe and Jane Roe, time may be required if memories of the abuse have been repressed or suppressed. In 1981, the statute was adjusted to make exceptions for those individuals who were not consciously aware that their situation was harmful. This rule was called the
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The anterior cingulate cortex has functions linked to motivation and emotion. The intraparietal sulcus possesses functions that include coordination between perception and motor activities, visual attention, symbolic numerical processing, visuospatial working memory, and determining the intent in the
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In the item method of directed forgetting, participants are presented with a series of random to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten items. After each item an instruction is given to the participant to either remember it, or forget it. After the study phase, when participants are told to remember or to
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In order to suppress a thought, one must (a) plan to suppress the thought and (b) carry out that plan by suppressing all other manifestations of the thought, including the original plan. Thought suppression seems to entail a state of knowing and not knowing all at once. It can be assumed that thought
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are often used as evidence in a case where the defendant is accused of either sexual or some other form of child abuse, and recently recovered a repressed memory of the abuse. This has created much controversy, and as the use of this form of evidence rises in the courts, the question has arisen as to
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Many cases of motivated forgetting have been reported in regards to recovered memories of childhood abuse. Many cases of abuse, particularly those performed by relatives or figures of authority, can lead to memory suppression and repression of varying amounts of time. One study indicates that 31% of
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There are many factors related to the age at which child abuse cases may be presented. These include bribes, threats, dependency on the abuser, and ignorance of the child to their state of harm. All of these factors may lead a person, who has been harmed, to require more time to present their case.
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suggests that the instructions to forget mentally separate the to-be-forgotten items. They are put into a different context from the second list. The subject's mental context changes between the first and second list, but the context from the second list remains. This impairs the recall ability for
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is referred to as the conscious and deliberate efforts to curtail one's thoughts and memories. Suppression is goal-directed and it includes conscious strategies to forget, such as intentional context shifts. For example, if someone is thinking of unpleasant thoughts, ideas that are inappropriate at
47:
is a method in which people protect themselves by blocking the recall of these anxiety-arousing memories. For example, if something reminds a person of an unpleasant event, their mind may steer towards unrelated topics. This could induce forgetting without being generated by an intention to forget,
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In the list method procedure, the instructions to forget are given only after half of the list has been presented. These instructions are given once in the middle of the list, and once at the end of the list. The participants are told that the first list they had to study was just a practice list,
351:
is a psychological term meaning that information can be forgotten upon instruction. There are two methods of the directed forgetting paradigm: item method and list method. In both methods, the participants are instructed to forget some items, the to-be-forgotten items and remember some items, the
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Repressed memory therapy has come under heavy criticism as it is said that it follows very similar techniques that are used to purposefully implant a memory in an adult. These include: asking questions on the gist of an event, creating imagery about said gist, and attempting to discover the event
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One of the main arguments against the credibility of historical allegations, involving the retrieval of repressed memories, is found in false memory syndrome. False memory syndrome claims that through therapy and the use of suggestive techniques, clients mistakenly come to believe that they were
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to limit the prosecution of historical offenses. Therefore, legal decision-makers in each case need to evaluate the credibility of allegations that may go back many years. It is nearly impossible to provide evidence for many of these historical abuse cases. It is therefore extremely important to
404:
Psychogenic amnesia is not part of Freud's theoretical framework. The memories still exist buried deeply in the mind, but could be resurfaced at any time on their own or from being exposed to a trigger in the person's surroundings. Psychogenic amnesia is generally found in cases where there is a
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Repressed memories can influence behavior unconsciously, manifesting themselves in our discussions, dreams, and emotional reactions. An example of repression would include a child who is abused by a parent, who later has no recollection of the events, but has trouble forming relationships. Freud
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states that the instruction to forget the first list hinders memory of the list-one items. This hypothesis suggests that directed forgetting only reduces the retrieval of the unwanted memories, not causing permanent damage. If we intentionally forget items, they are difficult to recall but are
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from there. This, when compounded with the fact that most repressed memories are emotionally salient, the likelihood of source confusion is high. One might assume that a child abuse case one heard about actually happened to one, remembering it with the imagery established through the therapy.
92:
continued with the research that
Charcot began on hysteria. These three psychologists determined that hysteria was an intense emotional reaction to some form of severe psychological disturbance, and they proposed that incest and other sexual traumas were the most likely cause of hysteria. The
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The repression of memories was the prescribed treatment by many doctors and psychiatrists, and was deemed effective for the management of these memories. Unfortunately, many soldiers' traumas were much too vivid and intense to be dealt with in this manner, as described in the journal of
179:(the ability to utilise inhibitory control to prevent memories from being recalled into consciousness) is one way in which we are able to stop the retrieval of unpleasant memories using cognitive control. This theory was tested by Anderson and Green using the Think/No-Think paradigm.
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in 1894. Nietzsche and
Sigmund Freud had similar views on the idea of repression of memories as a form of self-preservation. Nietzsche wrote that man must forget in able to move forward. He stated that this process is active, in that we forget specific events as a defense mechanism.
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and Lynda
Holmstrom looked into trauma related memory loss in rape victims during the 1970s. This began a large outpouring of stories related to childhood sexual abuse. It took until 1980 to determine that memory loss due to all severe traumas was the same set of processes.
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Bower, G. H. (1990). Awareness, the unconscious, and repression: An experimental psychologist's perspective. (In J. Singer (Ed.), Repression and dissociation: Implications for personality, theory, psychopathology, and health (pp. 209—231). Chicago: University of
Chicago
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Chandler, M. J., & Ball, L. (1989). Continuity and commitment: A developmental analysis of identity formation process in suicidal and non-suicidal youth. In H. Bosma & S. Jackson (Eds.), Coping and self-concept in adolescence (pp. 149-166). Heidelberg: Springer
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defence mechanism that many psychotherapists readily accept. There have been numerous studies which have supported the psychoanalytic theory that states that murder, childhood trauma and sexual abuse can be repressed for a period of time and then recovered in therapy.
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Motivated forgetting has been a crucial aspect of psychological study relating to such traumatizing experiences as rape, torture, war, natural disasters, and homicide. Some of the earliest documented cases of memory suppression and repression relate to veterans of the
486:. These areas are also associated with stopping unwanted actions, which confirms the hypothesis that the suppression of unwanted memories and actions follow a similar inhibitory process. These regions are also known to have executive functions within the brain.
154:(FMSF) was created in 1992 as a response to the large number of memories claimed to be recovered. The FMSF was created to oppose the idea that memories could be recovered using specific techniques; instead, its members believed that the "memories" were actually
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were caused by repressed sexual memories, which suggested that incest and sexual abuse must be common throughout upper and middle class Europe. The psychological community did not accept Freud's ideas, and years passed without further research on the topic.
261:, which, among other things, dictates that emotionally salient events tend to increase the power of the memory that forms from said event. Emotion also weakens our ability to remember the source from the event. Source monitoring is centralized to the
37:, since these are unconscious or conscious coping techniques used to reduce anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful impulses thus it can be a defence mechanism in some ways. Defence mechanisms are not to be confused with conscious
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are activated. These memories are retained as long as the neurons remain active. Activation can be maintained through rehearsal or frequent recall. If activation is not maintained, the memory trace fades and decays. This usually occurs in
175:, suggests that people forget things because they either do not want to remember them or for another particular reason. Painful and disturbing memories are made unconscious and very difficult to retrieve, but still remain in storage.
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In the United States, the statute of limitations requires that legal action be taken within three to five years of the incident of interest. Exceptions are made for minors, where the child has until they reach eighteen years of age.
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profound and surprising forgetting of chunks of one's personal life, whereas motivated forgetting includes more day-to-day examples in which people forget unpleasant memories in a way that would not call for clinical evaluation.
344:. This term refers to forgetting which is initiated by a conscious goal to forget. Intentional forgetting is important at the individual level: suppressing an unpleasant memory of a trauma or a loss that is particularly painful.
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Gunter, M. J.; Mander, L. N.; McLaughlin, G. M.; Murray, K. S.; Berry, K. J.; Clark, P. E.; Buckingham, D. A. (1980). "Toward synthetic models for cytochrome oxidase: a binuclear iron(III) porphyrin-copper(II) complex".
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was developed in 1915 as an automatic defensive mechanism based on
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic model in which people subconsciously push unpleasant or intolerable thoughts and feelings into their unconscious.
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Motivated forgetting and repressed memories have become a very controversial issue within the court system. Courts are currently dealing with historical cases, in particular a relatively new phenomenon known as
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Stoler, L., Quina, K., DePrince, A.P., and Freyd, J.J. (2001). Recovered memories. In J. Worrell (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Women and Gender, Volume Two. (pp 905-917). San Diego, California and London: Academic
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suppression is a difficult and even time consuming task. Even when thoughts are suppressed, they can return to consciousness with minimal prompting. This is why suppression has also been associated with
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which is referred to as a lack of integration amongst various memories. He used dissociation to describe the way in which traumatizing memories are stored separately from other memories.
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Weiner, B.; Reed, H. (1969). "Effects of the instructional sets to remember and to forget on short-term retention: Studies of rehearsal control and retrieval inhibition (repression)".
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could lead to fugue states. When the person recovers they are able to remember their personal history, but they have amnesia for the events that took place during the fugue state.
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Freud, S. (1957). Repression. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of
Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 146–158). London: Hogarth
818:
Freud, S. (1896). The
Aetiology of Hysteria. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume III (1893-1899): Early Psychoanalytic Publications.
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the moment, or images that may instigate unwanted behaviors, they may try to think of anything else but the unwanted thought in order to push the thought out of consciousness.
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The term recovered memory, also known in some cases as a false memory, refers to the theory that some memories can be repressed by an individual and then later recovered.
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Pezdek, K. (1995). What types of childhood event are not likely to be suggestively planted? Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the
Psychonomic Society, Los Angeles.
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The publication of Freud's famous paper, "The
Aetiology of Hysteria", in 1896 led to much controversy regarding the topic of these traumatic memories. Freud stated that
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Lindsay, D. S.; Read, J.D. (1995). "Memory work and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Scientific evidence and public, professional and personal issues".
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that interest in memory disturbances was piqued again. During this time, many cases of memory loss appeared among war veterans, especially those who had experienced
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which refers to the inability to remember past experiences of personal information, due to psychological factors rather than biological dysfunction or brain damage
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as a treatment method for repressed memories. The goal of treatment was to bring repressed memories, fears and thoughts back to the conscious level of awareness.
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By Brewin, Chris R.; Andrews, Bernice; Valentine, John D. (2000). "Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults".
237:. This theory states that when memories lack detail, other information is put in to make the memory a whole. This leads to the incorrect recall of memories.
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to-be-remembered items. The directed forgetting paradigm was originally conceived by Robert Bjork. The Bjork Learning and Forgetting Lab and members of the
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Porter, S; Campbell MA; Birt AR; Woodworth MT (2003). ""He Said, She Said": A Psychological Perspective on Historical Memory Evidence in the Courtroom".
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Allman JM, Hakeem A, Erwin JM, Nimchinsky E, Hof P (2001). "The anterior cingulate cortex. The evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition".
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Freud, A. (1946). The ego and the mechanisms of defense (C. Baines, Trans.). New York: International Universities Press. (Original work published 1936)
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Sasaki, K.; Gemba, H.; Tsujimoto, T. (1989). "Suppression of visually initiated hand movement by stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in the monkey".
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Bowman, ES (1996). "Delayed memories of child abuse: Part I: An overview of research findings on forgetting, remembering, and corroborating trauma".
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is a theorized psychological behavior in which people may forget unwanted memories, either consciously or unconsciously. It is an example of a
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Alan Baddeley, Michael W. Eysenck & Michael C. Anderson, 2009. Memory. Motivated Forgetting (pp. 217-244). New York: Psychology Press
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Geiselman, R. E.; Bjork, R. A.; Fishman, D. L. (1983). "Disrupted retrieval in directed forgetting: A link with posthypnotic amnesia".
558:(HCSA). HCSA refers to allegations of child abuse having occurred several years prior to the time at which they are being prosecuted.
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in which people forget their personal history, including who they are, for a period of hours to days following a trauma. A history of
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actions of other organisms. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plans complex cognitive activities and processes decision making.
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and was a method of encouraging patients to recover and discuss their painful memories. During this time, Janet created the term
140:. Forgetting, or the inability to recall a portion of a traumatic event, was considered a key factor for the diagnosis of PTSD.
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There are two theories that can explain directed forgetting: retrieval inhibition hypothesis and context shift hypothesis.
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Feldman-Summers, S; Pope, KS (1994). "The experience of forgetting childhood abuse: a national survey of psychologists".
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Bruhn, A. R. (1990). Earliest childhood memories: Vol.1. Theory and application to clinical practice. (New York: Praeger)
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2243:"Dissociable executive functions in the dynamic control of behaviour: Inhibition, error detection and correction"
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Grafton, Hamilton (2006). "Dartmouth Study Finds How The Brain Interprets The Intent Of Others.". Science Daily.
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Severe cases of trauma may lead to psychogenic amnesia, or the loss of all memories occurring around the event.
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consider the credibility of the witness and accused in making a decision regarding guiltiness of the defendant.
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is another theory of forgetting which refers to the loss of memory over time. When information enters memory,
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Anderson, M.C. (2003). "Rethinking Interference Theory: Executive control and the mechanisms of forgetting".
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1144:"Beitrage zur Psychologie der Gestalt: VI. Über die Veränderung von Vorstellungen (Gedächtniss und Gestalt)"
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Todd JJ, Marois R (2004). "Capacity limit of visual short-term memory in human posterior parietal cortex".
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Deese, J. (1959). "On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall".
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Bahrick, H.P.; Hall, L.K. (1991). "Preventive and corrective maintenance of access to knowledge. Appl".
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136:(PTSD) was introduced upon the appearance of similar cases of memory disturbances from veterans of the
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When situations or memories occur that we are unable to cope with, we push them away. It is a primary
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Brainerd, C.J.; Reyna, V.F. (1990). "Gist is the gist: The fuzzy trace theory and new intuitionism".
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Herman, J; Schatzow M (1987). "Recovery and verification of memories of childhood sexual trauma".
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Bulkley, JA; Horowitz MJ (1994). "Adults sexually abused as children: legal actions and issues".
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Eldridge, L. L.; Knowlton, B. J.; Furmanski, C. S.; Bookheimer, S. Y.; Engel, S. A. (2000).
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Nietzsche, F. (1994). On the Genealogy of Morals. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
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Unlike most American states, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand have no
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132:. Hypnosis and drugs became popular for the treatment of hysteria during the war. The term
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MacLeod, C. M. (1975). "Long-term recognition and recall following directed forgetting".
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Wegner, D.M. (1989). White bears and other unwanted thought. New York: Viking/ Penguin.
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Anderson, R. S. (1995). "An evolutionary perspective of diversity in Curculionoidea".
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582:. This rule is to be used by the court as deemed necessary by the Judge of that case.
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Markowitsch, HJ (1999). "Functional neuroimaging correlates of functional amnesia".
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1742:(1996). "Organic and psychogenic retrograde amnesia: two sides of the same coin?".
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Markowitsch, H.J. (2002). "Functional retrograde amnesia—mnestic block syndrome".
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There are many theories which are related to the process of motivated forgetting.
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making it a motivated action. There are two main classes of motivated forgetting:
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group performed much important research using the paradigm in subsequent years.
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Arrigo, JM; Pezdek K (1997). "Lessons from the study of psychogenic amnesia".
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Jenkins, JB; Dallenbach, KM. (1924). "Oblivescence during sleep and waking".
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1408:"Positive forgetting: The noninterference of Items intentionally forgotten"
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Motivated forgetting occurs as a result of activity that occurs within the
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1867:(2004). "Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories".
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1553:"Influences of intentional and unintentional forgetting on false memories"
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Garavan, H.; Ross, T. J.; Murphy, K.; Roche, R. A.; Stein, E. A. (2002).
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Johnson, H. M. (1994). "Processes of successful intentional forgetting".
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2153:
1859:
Anderson, M.C.; Ochsner, K.N.; Cooper, J.; Robertson, E.; Gabrieli, S.;
1519:
1128:
68:
3457:
3320:
2887:
1713:
1696:
1531:
1161:
1090:
949:
Taubenfeld, Assaf; Anderson, Michael C.; Levy, Daniel A. (2018-12-07).
655:
Weiner, B. (1968). "Motivated forgetting and the study of repression".
230:
137:
60:
is a conscious form of excluding thoughts and memories from awareness.
493:
The other key brain structure involved in motivated forgetting is the
158:
created through the inappropriate use of techniques such as hypnosis.
2693:
2560:
2462:
2432:
1472:
1218:
776:
2546:
2526:. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall. pp. 135–137.
1518:
Anderson, Michael C.; Bjork, Robert A.; Bjork, Elizabeth L. (1994).
1143:
1082:
723:"Coping and defence mechanisms: What's the difference? - Second act"
466:. This was discovered by testing subjects while taking a functional
454:
340:
Suppression encompasses the term directed forgetting, also known as
277:
3182:
1922:
951:"The impact of retrieval suppression on conceptual implicit memory"
113:
93:
treatment that Freud, Breuer, and Pierre agreed upon was named the
77:
1943:
1192:
Making Monsters: false memories, psychotherapy and sexual hysteria
76:
Neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot was the first to do research into
2895:
1811:
Hunter, I. M. L. (1968). Memory. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books
439:
1032:
Hebb, D. 0. 1949. The Organization of Behavior. Wiley, New York.
2631:
895:
Burgess, A.W.; Holmstrom, L.L. (1974). "Rape Trauma Syndrome".
353:
191:
1858:
1607:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
608: – Stress from contradiction between beliefs and actions
2578:
2080:
1113:
104:
The idea of motivated forgetting began with the philosopher
2579:"Desperately seeking evidence: The recovered memory debate"
2029:
2522:
Bennell, Craig; Pozzulo, Joanna; Adelle E. Forth (2006).
2352:
Rivers, W.H.R. (1917). The Repression of War Experience.
827:
467:
1457:"Directed forgetting of individual words in free recall"
514:
American soldiers on the battle front of the Korean War.
470:
of their brain. The prefrontal cortex is made up of the
2081:
Cantlon, J; Brannon, E; Carter, E; Pelphrey, K (2006).
616:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2240:
948:
80:
as a psychological disorder in the late 19th century.
2368:"Repressed memories and World War II. Lest we forget"
1649:
2192:
Procyk, Emmanuel; Goldman-Rakic, Patricia S (2006).
1986:
1455:
Bjork, Robert A.; Woodward, Addison E. (June 1973).
2483:
2191:
2607:
1517:
1068:
3623:
2448:
1697:"Directed forgetting of autobiographical events"
894:
629: – Political influence on collective memory
2365:
1854:
1852:
635: – 1988 book by Ellen Bass and Laura Davis
229:, suggests that memories are forgotten through
2375:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
2314:
1495:"Research | Bjork Learning and Forgetting Lab"
1412:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
2647:
2486:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1551:Kimball, Daniel R.; Bjork, Robert A. (2002).
1454:
1239:
830:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
375:recognized if the items are presented again.
281:Effects of repression on memory consolidation
1849:
1550:
2778:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
2317:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1820:
1768:
1738:
1694:
1652:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
1557:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
1278:
1041:
714:
526:
2654:
2640:
2576:
2131:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
762:
397:Motivated forgetting encompasses the term
202:Another theory of motivated forgetting is
2444:
2442:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2348:
2346:
2261:
2217:
2108:
2098:
1712:
1663:
1618:
1431:
1338:
1336:
982:
2572:
2570:
1325:
1323:
1304:
1302:
1005:
929:
792:
790:
788:
786:
720:
689:
585:
509:
453:
276:
67:
2540:
1604:
1591:
1520:"Retrieval-Induced Forgetting Paradigm"
1378:
696:. New York: Worth Publishers. pp.
14:
3624:
2439:
2418:
2407:
2343:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:
654:
386:
329:
2635:
2567:
2517:
2515:
1405:
1320:
1299:
1204:
783:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1734:
1732:
1265:
1263:
1141:
872:"In Memoriam: Lynda Lytle Holmstrom"
548:
408:
2583:Legal and Criminological Psychology
1345:
805:
803:
24:
2595:10.1111/j.2044-8333.1997.tb00339.x
2512:
2052:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03476.x
1695:Joslyn, S.L.; Oakes, M.A. (2005).
1461:Journal of Experimental Psychology
1281:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
1207:Journal of Experimental Psychology
765:Journal of Experimental Psychology
669:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1968.tb01470.x
253:Similar to the verbal paradigm is
25:
3648:
3059:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
2610:Behavioral Sciences & the Law
1911:
1729:
1260:
3604:
3592:
2661:
800:
152:False Memory Syndrome Foundation
2601:
2477:
2359:
2308:
2234:
2185:
2176:
2125:
2074:
2023:
1980:
1814:
1805:
1762:
1688:
1643:
1544:
1511:
1487:
1448:
1399:
1372:
1363:
1311:
1272:
1233:
1198:
1176:
1135:
1107:
1097:
1062:
1035:
1026:
999:
942:
923:
888:
484:ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
449:
372:Retrieval Inhibition Hypothesis
27:Psychological defense mechanism
3269:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
3142:Memory and social interactions
2366:Karon, BP; Widener AJ (1997).
2210:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2157-06.2006
1406:Bjork, Robert A. (June 1970).
1008:Journal of Memory and Language
864:
821:
812:
756:
683:
648:
480:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
309:
134:post traumatic stress disorder
13:
1:
2577:Memon, A.; Young, M. (1997).
1783:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70030-3
1424:10.1016/s0022-5371(70)80059-7
967:10.1080/09658211.2018.1554079
641:
570:sexually abused as children.
324:obsessive-compulsive disorder
272:
240:
54:is an unconscious act, while
2978:Retrieval-induced forgetting
2329:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772916
2100:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040125
2001:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91222-5
1254:10.1016/0273-2297(90)90003-M
1044:Applied Cognitive Psychology
690:Schacter, Daniel L. (2011).
428:DSM-IV Dissociative Disorder
349:directed forgetting paradigm
222:Gestalt theory of forgetting
7:
1569:10.1037/0096-3445.131.1.116
1393:10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.274
599:
556:historic child sexual abuse
500:
172:motivated forgetting theory
161:
10:
3653:
3316:Levels of Processing model
3241:World Memory Championships
3074:Lost in the mall technique
2921:dissociative (psychogenic)
2498:10.1037/0022-006X.62.3.636
2387:10.1037/0735-7028.28.4.338
1674:10.1037/0096-3445.112.1.58
842:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.748
589:
412:
390:
333:
63:
3587:
3542:
3511:
3370:
3363:
3256:
3228:
3160:
3117:
3089:
3049:
2991:
2886:
2792:
2767:
2719:
2712:
2669:
2451:Psychoanalytic Psychology
1756:10.1080/13554799608402410
1629:10.1037/0278-7393.1.3.271
1293:10.1037/1076-8971.1.4.846
1020:10.1016/j.jml.2003.08.006
693:Psychology Second Edition
263:anterior cingulate cortex
3354:The Seven Sins of Memory
3299:Intermediate-term memory
3104:Indirect tests of memory
3081:Recovered-memory therapy
3031:Misattribution of memory
1149:Psychologische Forschung
742:10.1348/147608309X475989
539:
527:Case of a soldier (1917)
380:Context Shift Hypothesis
287:psychological repression
259:Source Monitoring Theory
214:retroactive interference
51:psychological repression
3041:Source-monitoring error
1889:10.1126/science.1089504
1835:10.1080/096582199387751
1499:bjorklab.psych.ucla.edu
932:Mem. Entomol. Soc. Wash
721:Kramer U (June 2010) .
3448:George Armitage Miller
3408:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
2622:10.1002/bsl.2370120107
2272:10.1006/nimg.2002.1326
1701:Memory & Cognition
1381:Psychological Bulletin
1056:10.1002/acp.2350050102
955:Memory (Hove, England)
657:Journal of Personality
563:statute of limitations
515:
505:
459:
342:intentional forgetting
282:
233:. This is also called
210:proactive interference
73:
3611:Philosophy portal
3599:Psychology portal
3463:Henry L. Roediger III
3064:False memory syndrome
3036:Misinformation effect
3016:Imagination inflation
2354:Section of Psychiatry
1195:. New York: Scribner.
909:10.1176/ajp.131.9.981
513:
457:
280:
235:false memory syndrome
177:Retrieval Suppression
169:The main theory, the
71:
2968:Motivated forgetting
1242:Developmental Review
771:(2, Pt.1): 226–232.
606:Cognitive dissonance
476:intraparietal sulcus
31:Motivated forgetting
3478:Arthur P. Shimamura
3378:Richard C. Atkinson
3195:Effects of exercise
3069:Memory implantation
2953:Interference theory
2869:Selective retention
2849:Meaningful learning
2549:Canadian Psychology
2524:Forensic psychology
2204:(44): 11313–11323.
2154:10.1038/nature02466
2146:2004Natur.428..751T
2044:2001NYASA.935..107A
1932:Nature Neuroscience
1881:2004Sci...303..232A
1129:10.1021/ja00524a066
633:The Courage to Heal
621:Motivated reasoning
592:Psychogenic amnesia
586:Psychogenic amnesia
424:psychogenic amnesia
399:psychogenic amnesia
393:Psychogenic amnesia
387:Psychogenic amnesia
336:Thought suppression
330:Directed forgetting
315:Thought suppression
205:interference theory
106:Friedrich Nietzsche
57:thought suppression
45:Thought suppression
18:Directed forgetting
3575:Andriy Slyusarchuk
3398:Hermann Ebbinghaus
3304:Involuntary memory
3205:Memory improvement
3190:Effects of alcohol
3152:Transactive memory
3130:Politics of memory
3099:Exceptional memory
1714:10.3758/BF03195325
1532:10.1037/t31768-000
1162:10.1007/bf00410394
730:Psychol Psychother
627:Politics of memory
516:
472:anterior cingulate
460:
283:
255:fuzzy-trace theory
247:Recovered memories
227:Gestalt psychology
74:
3619:
3618:
3583:
3582:
3570:Cosmos Rossellius
3418:Marcia K. Johnson
3289:Exosomatic memory
3274:Context-dependent
3264:Absent-mindedness
3147:Memory conformity
3125:Collective memory
3026:Memory conformity
2963:Memory inhibition
2882:
2881:
2874:Tip of the tongue
2533:978-0-13-121582-5
2140:(6984): 751–754.
1938:(11): 1149–1152.
1875:(5655): 232–235.
1740:Markowitsch, H.J.
1524:PsycTESTS Dataset
1142:Wulf, F. (1922).
707:978-1-4292-3719-2
549:Legal controversy
464:prefrontal cortex
458:Prefrontal cortex
420:Psychogenic fugue
409:Psychogenic fugue
197:short term memory
35:defence mechanism
16:(Redirected from
3644:
3637:Memory disorders
3609:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3550:Jonathan Hancock
3503:Robert Stickgold
3473:Richard Shiffrin
3428:Elizabeth Loftus
3368:
3367:
3284:Childhood memory
3091:Research methods
2973:Repressed memory
2948:Forgetting curve
2936:transient global
2807:Autobiographical
2717:
2716:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2561:10.1037/h0086939
2544:
2538:
2537:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2463:10.1037/h0079126
2446:
2437:
2436:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2389:. Archived from
2372:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2290:. Archived from
2265:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2032:Ann N Y Acad Sci
2027:
2021:
2020:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1962:. Archived from
1929:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1667:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1622:
1602:
1589:
1588:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1473:10.1037/h0034757
1452:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1343:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1219:10.1037/h0046671
1202:
1196:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1123:(4): 1470–1473.
1117:J. Am. Chem. Soc
1111:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1003:
997:
996:
986:
946:
940:
939:
927:
921:
920:
892:
886:
885:
883:
882:
868:
862:
861:
825:
819:
816:
810:
807:
798:
794:
781:
780:
777:10.1037/h0026951
760:
754:
753:
736:(Pt 2): 207–21.
727:
718:
712:
711:
687:
681:
680:
652:
617:
612:Emotional memory
521:Second World War
383:the first list.
21:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3579:
3560:Dominic O'Brien
3538:
3507:
3488:Susumu Tonegawa
3468:Daniel Schacter
3443:Eleanor Maguire
3433:Geoffrey Loftus
3388:Stephen J. Ceci
3383:Robert A. Bjork
3359:
3278:state-dependent
3252:
3224:
3156:
3137:Cultural memory
3113:
3109:Memory disorder
3085:
3045:
2987:
2878:
2788:
2763:
2708:
2665:
2660:
2630:
2629:
2606:
2602:
2575:
2568:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2520:
2513:
2482:
2478:
2447:
2440:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2344:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2263:10.1.1.125.4621
2245:
2239:
2235:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2130:
2126:
2079:
2075:
2028:
2024:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1857:
1850:
1829:(5–6): 561–83.
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1767:
1763:
1737:
1730:
1693:
1689:
1665:10.1.1.694.6685
1648:
1644:
1620:10.1.1.383.9175
1603:
1592:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1453:
1449:
1404:
1400:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1238:
1234:
1203:
1199:
1181:
1177:
1140:
1136:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1083:10.2307/1414040
1067:
1063:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1004:
1000:
947:
943:
928:
924:
897:Am J Psychiatry
893:
889:
880:
878:
870:
869:
865:
826:
822:
817:
813:
808:
801:
795:
784:
761:
757:
725:
719:
715:
708:
688:
684:
653:
649:
644:
615:
602:
594:
588:
551:
542:
529:
508:
503:
452:
417:
411:
395:
389:
338:
332:
312:
275:
243:
164:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Paul R. McHugh
3552:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3413:Ivan Izquierdo
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Hindsight bias
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Memory erasure
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:post-traumatic
2913:
2908:
2903:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Personal-event
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2784:Working memory
2781:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2754:Motor learning
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2670:Basic concepts
2667:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2600:
2589:(2): 131–154.
2566:
2555:(3): 190–206.
2539:
2532:
2511:
2492:(3): 636–639.
2476:
2438:
2406:
2381:(4): 338–340.
2358:
2342:
2323:(5): 148–152.
2307:
2233:
2184:
2175:
2124:
2073:
2022:
1995:(1): 100–107.
1989:Brain Research
1979:
1910:
1848:
1813:
1804:
1777:(4): 651–654.
1761:
1750:(4): 357–371.
1728:
1707:(4): 577–587.
1687:
1642:
1613:(3): 271–279.
1590:
1563:(1): 116–130.
1543:
1510:
1486:
1447:
1418:(3): 255–268.
1398:
1387:(2): 274–292.
1371:
1362:
1344:
1332:
1319:
1310:
1298:
1287:(4): 846–908.
1271:
1259:
1232:
1197:
1175:
1134:
1106:
1096:
1071:Am. J. Psychol
1061:
1034:
1025:
1014:(4): 415–445.
998:
961:(5): 686–697.
941:
922:
887:
863:
836:(5): 748–766.
820:
811:
799:
782:
755:
713:
706:
682:
663:(2): 213–234.
646:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
630:
624:
618:
609:
601:
598:
590:Main article:
587:
584:
580:discovery rule
550:
547:
541:
538:
528:
525:
507:
504:
502:
499:
451:
448:
413:Main article:
410:
407:
391:Main article:
388:
385:
334:Main article:
331:
328:
311:
308:
304:psychoanalysis
274:
271:
242:
239:
163:
160:
156:confabulations
120:It was during
65:
62:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3649:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3534:Clive Wearing
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Endel Tulving
3496:
3494:
3493:Anne Treisman
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Brenda Milner
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:James McGaugh
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Sigmund Freud
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:retrospective
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Muscle memory
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:Art of memory
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Memory biases
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Confabulation
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2993:Memory errors
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:post-hypnotic
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Rote learning
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Hyperthymesia
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Active recall
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Consolidation
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2427:(4): 221–31.
2426:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2396:on 2006-09-06
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2297:on 2011-07-21
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2256:(4): 1820–9.
2255:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:(1): 107–17.
2037:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1969:on 2010-06-13
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:10.1038/80671
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1433:2027.42/32745
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1247:
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1228:
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1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
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1150:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
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1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:(4): 605–12.
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
994:
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960:
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731:
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717:
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651:
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631:
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625:
622:
619:
613:
610:
607:
604:
603:
597:
593:
583:
581:
575:
571:
567:
564:
559:
557:
546:
537:
535:
524:
522:
512:
498:
496:
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
456:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:, a form of
421:
416:
406:
402:
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394:
384:
381:
376:
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365:
361:
357:
355:
350:
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327:
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319:
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296:
291:
288:
279:
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256:
251:
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238:
236:
232:
228:
225:, created by
224:
223:
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139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
115:
110:
107:
102:
100:
96:
91:
87:
86:Joseph Breuer
83:
82:Sigmund Freud
79:
72:Sigmund Freud
70:
61:
59:
58:
53:
52:
46:
42:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3565:Ben Pridmore
3483:Larry Squire
3393:Susan Clancy
3352:
3236:Memory sport
3161:Other topics
3051:False memory
3006:Cryptomnesia
2983:Weapon focus
2967:
2943:Decay theory
2704:Neuroanatomy
2663:Human memory
2616:(1): 65–86.
2613:
2609:
2603:
2586:
2582:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2523:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2454:
2450:
2424:
2421:Dissociation
2420:
2398:. Retrieved
2391:the original
2378:
2374:
2361:
2353:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2299:. Retrieved
2292:the original
2253:
2249:
2236:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2178:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2035:
2031:
2025:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1935:
1931:
1872:
1868:
1865:Gabrieli, JD
1826:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1747:
1743:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1658:(1): 58–72.
1655:
1651:
1645:
1610:
1606:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1523:
1513:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
1467:(1): 22–27.
1464:
1460:
1450:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1313:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1213:(1): 17–22.
1210:
1206:
1200:
1190:
1178:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1099:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1028:
1011:
1007:
1001:
958:
954:
944:
935:
931:
925:
903:(9): 981–6.
900:
896:
890:
879:. Retrieved
875:
866:
833:
829:
823:
814:
768:
764:
758:
733:
729:
716:
692:
685:
660:
656:
650:
636:
595:
579:
576:
572:
568:
560:
555:
552:
543:
530:
517:
492:
488:
474:cortex, the
461:
450:Neurobiology
418:
403:
396:
379:
377:
371:
369:
366:
362:
358:
348:
346:
339:
320:
313:
300:
292:
285:The idea of
284:
267:
258:
252:
244:
221:
220:
218:
204:
203:
201:
196:
186:decay theory
184:
183:
181:
176:
171:
170:
168:
165:
149:
142:
126:World War II
119:
111:
103:
99:dissociation
95:talking cure
94:
90:Pierre Janet
75:
55:
49:
43:
41:strategies.
30:
29:
3423:Eric Kandel
3371:Researchers
3343:Prospective
3294:Free recall
3248:Shas Pollak
2901:anterograde
2817:Declarative
2457:(1): 1–14.
2198:J. Neurosci
2093:(5): e125.
1187:Watters, E.
1156:: 333–375.
1050:(4): 1–18.
495:hippocampus
444:head injury
434:as well as
415:Fugue state
310:Suppression
144:Ann Burgess
130:shell shock
122:World War I
3626:Categories
3458:Lynn Nadel
3336:intertrial
3321:Metamemory
3309:flashbacks
3229:In society
2926:retrograde
2888:Forgetting
2859:Procedural
2769:Short-term
2739:Eyewitness
2400:2010-04-13
2301:2011-03-15
2250:NeuroImage
1973:2011-03-15
1861:Glover, GH
1537:2024-02-25
1504:2024-02-25
938:: 103–114.
881:2021-12-15
876:www.bc.edu
642:References
534:Dr. Rivers
482:, and the
432:depression
302:suggested
273:Repression
241:Criticisms
231:distortion
138:Korean War
3210:Nutrition
3118:In groups
2931:selective
2906:childhood
2834:Flashbulb
2794:Long-term
2694:Attention
2433:1794/1767
2337:145551287
2258:CiteSeerX
2087:PLOS Biol
1744:Neurocase
1660:CiteSeerX
1615:CiteSeerX
1577:0096-3445
1481:0022-1015
1442:0022-5371
1183:Ofshe, R.
1170:198144443
975:0965-8211
3512:Patients
3183:mnemonic
3178:chunking
2844:Implicit
2827:Semantic
2822:Episodic
2812:Explicit
2677:Encoding
2471:41544569
2288:15806728
2280:12498755
2228:17079659
2162:15085133
2119:16594732
2068:10507342
2060:11411161
2017:25308575
1960:38278258
1952:11036273
1905:42056866
1897:14716015
1843:10659087
1791:12465676
1723:16248323
1585:11900099
1248:: 3–47.
1227:13664879
1189:(1994).
993:30522403
858:13749007
850:11068961
750:19883526
600:See also
501:Examples
162:Theories
114:neuroses
78:hysteria
3331:Priming
3257:Related
3200:Emotion
2896:Amnesia
2734:Eidetic
2721:Sensory
2682:Storage
2506:8063991
2356:. 1-20.
2219:6674542
2170:4415712
2142:Bibcode
2110:1431577
2040:Bibcode
2009:2776028
1877:Bibcode
1869:Science
1799:4494956
1682:6221062
1637:8446979
1330:Press.)
1104:Verlag.
1091:1414040
984:6425914
917:4415470
698:482–483
677:5660729
440:anxiety
426:, is a
192:neurons
64:History
3632:Memory
3364:People
3349:memory
3280:memory
3220:Trauma
2759:Visual
2749:Iconic
2744:Haptic
2729:Echoic
2687:Recall
2530:
2504:
2469:
2335:
2286:
2278:
2260:
2226:
2216:
2168:
2160:
2134:Nature
2117:
2107:
2066:
2058:
2015:
2007:
1958:
1950:
1903:
1895:
1841:
1823:Memory
1797:
1789:
1771:Cortex
1721:
1680:
1662:
1635:
1617:
1583:
1575:
1479:
1440:
1225:
1185:&
1168:
1089:
991:
981:
973:
915:
856:
848:
797:Press.
748:
704:
675:
478:, the
436:stress
354:Cogfog
88:, and
39:coping
3543:Other
3215:Sleep
3168:Aging
2713:Types
2467:S2CID
2394:(PDF)
2371:(PDF)
2333:S2CID
2295:(PDF)
2284:S2CID
2246:(PDF)
2166:S2CID
2064:S2CID
2013:S2CID
1967:(PDF)
1956:S2CID
1928:(PDF)
1901:S2CID
1795:S2CID
1633:S2CID
1166:S2CID
1087:JSTOR
854:S2CID
726:(PDF)
540:Abuse
3345:and
3276:and
2528:ISBN
2502:PMID
2276:PMID
2224:PMID
2158:PMID
2115:PMID
2056:PMID
2005:PMID
1948:PMID
1893:PMID
1839:PMID
1787:PMID
1719:PMID
1678:PMID
1581:PMID
1573:ISSN
1477:ISSN
1438:ISSN
1223:PMID
989:PMID
971:ISSN
913:PMID
846:PMID
746:PMID
702:ISBN
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