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suggestibility. When forced to recall confabulated events, children are less likely to remember that they had previously confabulated these situations, and they are more likely than their adult counterparts to come to remember these confabulations as real events that transpired. Research suggests that this inability to distinguish between past confabulatory and real events is centered on developmental differences in source monitoring. Due to underdeveloped encoding and critical reasoning skills, children's ability to distinguish real memories from false memories may be impaired. It may also be that younger children lack the meta-memory processes required to remember confabulated versus non-confabulated events. Children's meta-memory processes may also be influenced by expectancies or biases, in that they believe that highly plausible false scenarios are not confabulated. However, when knowingly being tested for accuracy, children are more likely to respond, "I don't know" at a rate comparable to adults for unanswerable questions than they are to confabulate. Ultimately, misinformation effects can be minimized by tailoring individual interviews to the specific developmental stage, often based on age, of the participant.
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the role of unconscious processes in confabulation. Some researchers suggest that unconscious emotional and motivational processes are potentially just as important as cognitive and memory problems. Finally, they raise the question of where to draw the line between the pathological and the nonpathological. Delusion-like beliefs and confabulation-like fabrications are commonly seen in healthy individuals. What are the important differences between patients with similar etiology who do and do not confabulate? Since the line between pathological and nonpathological is likely blurry, should we take a more dimensional approach to confabulation? Research suggests that confabulation occurs along a continuum of implausibility, bizarreness, content, conviction, preoccupation, and distress, and impact on daily life.
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confabulate in situations in which they are presented false information by another person, as opposed to when they self-generate these falsehoods. Further, people are more likely to accept false information as true when they are interviewed at a later time (after the event in question) than those who are interviewed immediately or soon after the event. Affirmative feedback for confabulated responses is also shown to increase the confabulator's confidence in their response. For instance, in culprit identification, if a witness falsely identifies a member of a line-up, he will be more confident in his identification if the interviewer provides affirmative feedback. This effect of confirmatory feedback appears to last over time, as witnesses will even remember the confabulated information months later.
391:(TBI) can also result in confabulation. Research has shown that patients with damage to the inferior medial frontal lobe confabulate significantly more than patients with damage to the posterior area and healthy controls. This suggests that this region is key in producing confabulatory responses, and that memory deficit is important but not necessary in confabulation. Additionally, research suggests that confabulation can be seen in patients with frontal lobe syndrome, which involves an insult to the frontal lobe as a result of disease or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Finally, rupture of the anterior or posterior communicating artery, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and encephalitis are also possible causes of confabulation.
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spot which are often fantastic and become increasingly elaborate with questioning. Unlike patients with
Korsakoff's and Alzheimer's, patients with schizophrenia are more likely to confabulate when prompted with questions regarding their semantic memories, as opposed to episodic memory prompting. In addition, confabulation does not appear to be related to any memory deficit in schizophrenic patients. This is contrary to most forms of confabulation. Also, confabulations made by schizophrenic patients often do not involve the creation of new information, but instead involve an attempt by the patient to reconstruct actual details of a past event.
310:. Generally, gist retrieval supports false memory, while verbatim retrieval suppresses it. Developmental variability is the topic of Principle 4. As a child develops into an adult, there is obvious improvement in the acquisition, retention, and retrieval of both verbatim and gist memory. However, during late adulthood, there will be a decline in these abilities. Finally, Principle 5 explains that verbatim and gist processing cause vivid remembering. Fuzzy-trace Theory, governed by these 5 principles, has proved useful in explaining false memory and generating new predictions about it.
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preventing the retrieval of information and the evaluation of its output. Furthermore, researchers argue that confabulation is a disorder resulting from failed "reality monitoring/source monitoring" (i.e. deciding whether a memory is based on an actual event or whether it is imagined). Some neuropsychologists suggest that errors in retrieval of information from long-term memory that are made by normal subjects involve different components of control processes than errors made by confabulators.
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disease. Alzheimer's patients demonstrate comparable abilities to encode information as healthy elderly adults, suggesting that impairments in encoding are not associated with confabulation. However, as seen in
Korsakoff's patients, confabulation in Alzheimer's patients is higher when prompted with questions investigating episodic memory. Researchers suggest this is due to damage in the posterior cortical regions of the brain, which is a symptom characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
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that support the different cognitive processes necessary for normal source monitoring. They also proposed the idea of developing a standard neuropsychological test battery able to discriminate between the different types of confabulations. And there is a considerable amount of debate regarding the best approach to organizing and combining neuro-imaging, pharmacological, and cognitive/behavioral approaches to understand confabulation.
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302:, or FTT, is a concept more commonly applied to the explanation of judgement decisions. According to this theory, memories are encoded generally (gist), as well as specifically (verbatim). Thus, a confabulation could result from recalling the incorrect verbatim memory or from being able to recall the gist portion, but not the verbatim portion, of a memory.
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occurs when an individual cannot place events properly in time. The monitoring and strategic retrieval account theories argue that confabulation arises when individuals cannot recall memories correctly or monitor them after retrieval. The executive control and fuzzy-trace theories also attempt to explain why confabulation happens.
496:(SMT) reduced delusional confabulations. Furthermore, improvements were maintained at a three-month follow-up and were found to generalize to everyday settings. Although this treatment seems promising, more rigorous research is necessary to determine the efficacy of SMT in the general confabulation population.
483:) that are highly familiar to them. The stories recalled are encoded for errors that could be classified as distortions in memory. Distortions could include falsifying true story elements or including details from a completely different story. Errors such as these would be indicative of confabulations.
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However, not all accounts are so embedded in the neurocognitive aspects of confabulation. Some attribute confabulation to epistemic accounts. In 2009, theories underlying the causation and mechanisms for confabulation were criticized for their focus on neural processes, which are somewhat unclear, as
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and confabulation. More recently, a monitoring account for delusion, applied to confabulation, proposed both the inclusion of conscious and unconscious processing. The claim was that by encompassing the notion of both processes, spontaneous versus provoked confabulations could be better explained. In
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Numerous theories have been developed to explain confabulation. Neuropsychological theories suggest that cognitive dysfunction causes the distortion. Self-identity theories posit that people confabulate to preserve themselves. The temporality theory believes that confabulation
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In a recent review article, another group of researchers contemplate issues concerning the distinctions between delusions and confabulation. They question whether delusions and confabulation should be considered distinct or overlapping disorders and, if overlapping, to what degree? They also discuss
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On rare occasions, confabulation can also be seen in normal subjects. It is currently unclear how completely healthy individuals produce confabulations. It is possible that these individuals are in the process of developing some type of organic condition that is causing their confabulation symptoms.
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is a psychological disorder in which confabulation is sometimes observed. Although confabulation is usually coherent in its presentation, confabulations of schizophrenic patients are often delusional. Researchers have noted that these patients tend to make up delusions on the
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other words, there are two ways to confabulate. One is the unconscious, spontaneous way in which a memory goes through no logical, explanatory processing. The other is the conscious, provoked way in which a memory is recalled intentionally by the individual to explain something confusing or unusual.
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Supporters of the strategic retrieval account suggest that confabulations occur when an individual cannot actively monitor a memory for truthfulness after its retrieval. An individual recalls a memory, but there is some deficit after recall that interferes with the person establishing its falseness.
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Theories of confabulation range in emphasis. Some theories propose that confabulations represent a way for memory disabled people to maintain their self-identity. Other theories use neurocognitive links to explain the process of confabulation. Still other theories frame confabulation around the more
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Confabulation can occur with nervous system injuries or illnesses, including
Korsakoff's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and traumatic brain injury. It is believed that the right frontal lobe of the brain is damaged, causing false memories. Children are especially susceptible to forced
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Treatment for confabulation is somewhat dependent on the cause or source, if identifiable. For example, treatment of
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome involves large doses of vitamin B in order to reverse the thiamine deficiency. If there is no known physiological cause, more general cognitive techniques
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Confabulations can also be researched by using continuous recognition tasks. These tasks are often used in conjunction with confidence ratings. Generally, in a recognition task, participants are rapidly presented with pictures. Some of these pictures are shown once; others are shown multiple times.
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Along a similar notion are the theories of reality and source monitoring theories. In these theories, confabulation occurs when individuals incorrectly attribute memories as reality, or incorrectly attribute memories to a certain source. Thus, an individual might claim an imagined event happened in
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Although significant gains have been made in the understanding of confabulation in recent years, there is still much to be learned. One group of researchers in particular has laid out several important questions for future study. They suggest more information is needed regarding the neural systems
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is a condition with both neurological and psychological components. It is a form of dementia associated with severe frontal lobe dysfunction. Confabulation in individuals with
Alzheimer's is often more spontaneous than it is in other conditions, especially in the advanced stages of the
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The most popular theories of confabulation come from the field of neuropsychology or cognitive neuroscience. Research suggests that confabulation is associated with dysfunction of cognitive processes that control the retrieval from long-term memory. Frontal lobe damage often disrupts this process,
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Confabulation occurs when individuals mistakenly recall false information, without intending to deceive. Brain damage, dementia, and anticholinergic toxidrome can cause this distortion. Two types of confabulation exist: provoked and spontaneous, with two distinctions: verbal and behavioral. Verbal
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While some recent literature has suggested that older adults may be more susceptible than their younger counterparts to have false memories, the majority of research on forced confabulation centers around children. Children are particularly susceptible to forced confabulations based on their high
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Confabulation is believed to be a result of damage to the right frontal lobe of the brain. In particular, damage can be localized to the ventromedial frontal lobes and other structures fed by the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), including the basal forebrain, septum, fornix, cingulate gyrus,
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FTT uses a set of five principles to explain false-memory phenomena. Principle 1 suggests that subjects store verbatim information and gist information parallel to one another. Both forms of storage involve the surface content of an experience. Principle 2 shares factors of retrieval of gist and
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is implicated in the phenomenon of confabulation. People who confabulate present with incorrect memories ranging from subtle inaccuracies to surreal fabrications, and may include confusion or distortion in the temporal framing (timing, sequence or duration) of memories. In general, they are very
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distinguished two subtypes of confabulation, one of which he called simple confabulation, caused partly by errors in the temporal ordering of real events. The other variety he called fantastic confabulation, which was bizarre and patently impossible statements not rooted in true memory. Simple
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Support for the temporality account suggests that confabulations occur when an individual is unable to place events properly in time. Thus, an individual might correctly state an action they performed, but say they did it yesterday, when they did it weeks ago. In the Memory, Consciousness, and
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Different memory tests, including recognition tasks and free recall tasks, can be used to study confabulation. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the distortion. Ongoing research aims to develop a standard test battery to discern between different types of confabulations, distinguish
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by using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott lists. Participants listen to audio recordings of several lists of words centered around a theme, known as the critical word. The participants are later asked to recall the words on their list. If the participant recalls the critical word, which was never
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Spontaneous confabulations, due to their involuntary nature, cannot be manipulated in a laboratory setting. However, provoked confabulations can be researched in various theoretical contexts. The mechanisms found to underlie provoked confabulations can be applied to spontaneous confabulation
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Confabulation of events or situations may lead to an eventual acceptance of the confabulated information as true. For instance, people who knowingly lie about a situation may eventually come to believe that their lies are truthful with time. In an interview setting, people are more likely to
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There is evidence to support different cognitive mechanisms for provoked and spontaneous confabulation. One study suggested that spontaneous confabulation may be a result of an amnesic patient's inability to distinguish the chronological order of events in their memory. In contrast, provoked
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Still others propose that all types of false memories, including confabulation, fit into a general memory and executive function model. In 2007, a framework for confabulation was proposed that stated confabulation is the result of two things: Problems with executive control and problems with
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characterized by excessive alcohol consumption and a nutritional thiamine deficiency. Confabulation is one salient symptom of this syndrome. A study on confabulation in
Korsakoff's patients found that they are subject to provoked confabulation when prompted with questions pertaining to
367:, and when prompted with questions where the appropriate response would be "I don't know." This suggests that confabulation in these patients is "domain-specific." Korsakoff's patients who confabulate are more likely than healthy adults to falsely recognize
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It is not uncommon, however, for the general population to display some very mild symptoms of provoked confabulations. Subtle distortions and intrusions in memory are commonly produced by normal subjects when they remember something poorly.
159:(or primary) confabulations do not occur in response to a cue and seem to be involuntary. They are relatively rare, more common in cases of dementia, and may result from the interaction between frontal lobe pathology and organic amnesia.
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as there is no intent to deceive and the person is unaware the information is false. Although individuals can present blatantly false information, confabulation can also seem to be coherent, internally consistent, and relatively normal.
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Participants press a key if they have seen the picture previously. Following a period of time, participants repeat the task. More errors on the second task, versus the first, are indicative of confusion, representing false memories.
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evaluation. In the executive control deficit, the incorrect memory is retrieved from the brain. In the evaluative deficit, the memory will be accepted as a truth due to an inability to distinguish a belief from an actual memory.
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confabulation may result from damage to memory systems in the medial temporal lobe. Fantastic confabulations reveal a dysfunction of the
Supervisory System, which is believed to be a function of the frontal cortex.
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Johnson, M.K. (1991). Reality monitoring: Evidence from confabulation in organic brain disease patients. In G.P. Prigatano & D.L. Schacter (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury. pp. 176–97. New York:
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well as their emphasis on the negativity of false remembering. Researchers proposed that an epistemic account of confabulation would be more encompassing of both the advantages and disadvantages of the process.
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Lorente-Rovira, E; Pomarol-Clotet, E; McCarthy, R. A.; Berrios, G. E.; McKenna, P. J. (2007). "Confabulation in schizophrenia and its relationship to clinical and neuropsychological features of the disorder".
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Kessels RP, Kortrijk HE, Wester AJ, Nys GM. Confabulation behavior and false memories in
Korsakoff's syndrome: role of source memory and executive functioning. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008 Apr; 62(2)
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consisting of the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world. It is generally associated with certain types of brain damage (especially
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Roebers, Claudia; Fernandez, Olivia (2002). "The
Effects of Accuracy Motivation on Children's and Adults' Event Recall, Suggestibility, and Their Answers to Unanswerable Questions".
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Zaragoza, M. S.; Payment, K. E.; Ackil, J. K.; Drivdahl, S. B.; Beck, M. (2001). "Interviewing
Witnesses: Forced Confabulation and Confirmatory Feedback Increase False Memories".
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statements, false information, and the patient's unawareness of the distortion are all associated with this phenomenon. Personality structure also plays a role in confabulation.
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Ghetti, Simona; Alexander, Kristen Weede (2004). ""If It Happened, I Would Remember It": Strategic Use of Event Memorability in the Rejection of False Autobiographical Events".
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Norman, D.A., & Shallice, T. (1980). Attention to action. Willed and automatic control of behavior. University of California San Diego CHIP Report 99. Later published as:
153:(momentary, or secondary) confabulations represent a normal response to a faulty memory, are common in both amnesia and dementia, and can become apparent during memory tests.
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Pezdek, Kathy; Lam, Shirley T.; Sperry, Kathryn (2009). "Forced confabulation more strongly influences event memory if suggestions are other-generated than self-generated".
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Shapiro, Lauren R.; Purdy, Telisa L. (2005). "Suggestibility and source monitoring errors: blame the interview style, interviewer consistency, and the child's personality".
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Shapiro, Lauren R.; Blackford, Cheryl; Chen, Chiung-Fen (2005). "Eyewitness memory for a simulated misdemeanor crime: the role of age and temperament in suggestibility".
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confabulation may be a compensatory mechanism, in which the patient tries to make up for their memory deficiency by attempting to demonstrate competency in recollection.
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Scoboria, Alan; Mazzoni, Giuliana; Kirsch, Irving (2008). ""Don't know" responding to answerable and unanswerable questions during misleading and hypnotic interviews".
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Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie; Memon, Amina; Logie, Robert (2004). "Post-identification feedback, confidence and recollections of witnessing conditions in child witnesses".
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Homewood, J; Bond, N. W. (1999). "Thiamin deficiency and Korsakoff's syndrome: Failure to find memory impairments following nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy".
2537:"A Case of Probable Korsakoff's Syndrome: A Syndrome of Frontal Lobe and Diencephalic Structural Pathogenesis and a Comparison with Medial Temporal Lobe Dementias"
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Lorente-Rovira, E; Santos-Gómez, J. L.; Moro, M; Villagrán, J. M.; McKenna, P. J. (1 November 2010). "Confabulation in schizophrenia: A neuropsychological study".
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confabulation as they are highly impressionable. Feedback can increase confidence in false memories. In rare cases, confabulation occurs in ordinary individuals.
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Ackil, Jennifer K.; Zaragoza, Maria S. (1 November 1998). "Memorial consequences of forced confabulation: Age differences in susceptibility to false memories".
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Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-Trace Theory and False Memory. Current Directions In Psychological Science (Wiley–Blackwell), 11(5), 164–69.
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1974. The description and classification of psychiatric symptoms: An instruction manual for the PSE and catego system. London: Cambridge University Press.
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Ghetti, Simona; Castelli, Paola; Lyons, Kristen E. (2010). "Knowing about not remembering: developmental dissociations in lack-of-memory monitoring".
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Bortolotti, Lisa; Cox, Rochelle E. (1 December 2009). "'Faultless' ignorance: Strengths and limitations of epistemic definitions of confabulation".
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Dalla Barba, Gianfranco; Boissé, Marie-Françoise (2010). "Temporal consciousness and confabulation: Is the medial temporal lobe "temporal"?".
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delusions from confabulations, understand the role of unconscious processes, and identify pathological and nonpathological confabulations.
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Melnyk, Laura; Bruck, Maggie (2004). "Timing moderates the effects of repeated suggestive interviewing on children's eyewitness memory".
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Holliday, Robyn E.; Albon, Amanda J. (2004). "Minimising misinformation effects in young children with cognitive interview mnemonics".
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Confabulations can also be detected using a free recall task, such as a self-narrative task. Participants are asked to recall stories (
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mechanisms. The basic premise of researching confabulation comprises finding errors and distortions in memory tests of an individual.
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Can include autobiographical and non-personal information, such as historical facts, fairy-tales, or other aspects of semantic memory.
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Irle, E; Wowra, B; Kunert, H. J.; Hampl, J; Kunze, S (1992). "Memory disturbances following anterior communicating artery rupture".
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Metcalf, Kasey; Langdon, Robyn; Coltheart, Max (1 February 2007). "Models of confabulation: A critical review and a new framework".
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explicitly stated in the list, it is considered a confabulation. Participants often have a false memory for the critical word.
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Moscovitch M. 1995. "Confabulation". In (Eds. Schacter D.L., Coyle J.T., Fischbach G.D., Mesulum M.M. & Sullivan L.G.),
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Brainerd, C. J.; Reyna, V. F.; Ceci, S. J. (2008). "Developmental reversals in false memory: A review of data and theory".
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The patient is unaware of the accounts' distortions or inappropriateness, and is not concerned when errors are pointed out.
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Cooper, Janine M.; Shanks, Michael F.; Venneri, Annalena (11 May 2006). "Provoked confabulations in Alzheimer's disease".
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Pickel, Kerri (2004). "When a lie becomes the truth: The effects of self-generated misinformation on eyewitness memory".
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Baddeley, Alan; Wilson, Barbara (1986). "Amnesia, autobiographical memory, and confabulation". In Rubin, David C. (ed.).
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Dayus, B.; Van Den Broek, M.D. (2000). "Treatment of stable delusional confabulations using self-monitoring training".
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Moscovitch M.; Melo B. (1997). "Strategic retrieval and the frontal lobes: evidence from confabulation and amnesia".
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The account is usually drawn from the patient's memory of actual experiences, including past and current thoughts.
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Papagno, C; Baddeley, A (1997). "Confabulation in a dysexecutive patient: Implications for models of retrieval".
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Confabulations are often symptoms of various syndromes and psychopathologies in the adult population, including
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Langdon, R.; Turner, M (2010), "Delusion and confabulation: Overlapping or distinct distortions in reality?",
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Glowinski, Remy; Payman, Vahid; Frencham, Kate (2008). "Confabulation: a spontaneous and fantastic review".
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Norman, Donald A.; Shallice, Tim (1986). "Attention to Action: Willed and Automatic Control of Behavior".
224:. Finally, some researchers call for theories that rely less on neurocognitive explanations and more on
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Alexander, M. P.; Freedman, M (1984). "Amnesia after anterior communicating artery aneurysm rupture".
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Temporality Theory, confabulation occurs because of a deficit in temporal consciousness or awareness.
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and are indicative of a complicated and intricate process that can be led astray at any point during
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This article is about the memory error in humans. In everyday speech, "confabulation" may refer to a
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Turner, Martha; Coltheart, Max (2010). "Confabulation and delusion: A common monitoring framework".
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Brainerd, C.J.; Reyna, V.F. (1 November 1998). "Fuzzy-Trace Theory and Children's False Memories".
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reality, or that a friend told him/her about an event he/she actually heard about on television.
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Polage, Danielle C. (2004). "Fabrication deflation? The mixed effects of lying on memory".
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2500:; Cerrito, Beth M. (1 September 2004). "True and False Memories in Maltreated Children".
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Most known cases of confabulation are symptomatic of brain damage or dementias, such as
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confident about their recollections, even when challenged with contradictory evidence.
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The patient's personality structure may play a role in their readiness to confabulate.
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Burgess, P. W.; Shallice, T (1996). "Confabulation and the control of recollection".
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Baddeley, A; Wilson, B (1988). "Frontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome".
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may be used to treat confabulation. A case study published in 2000 showed that
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familiar concept of delusion. Other researchers frame confabulation within the
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Schnider, Armin; von Däniken, Christine; Gutbrod, Klemens (19 February 1996).
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Dalla Barba G (1993). "Confabulation: knowledge and recollective experience".
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3622:
3607:
3572:
3495:
3342:
3033:
3008:
2971:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2898:
2385:
1695:
1519:
541:
381:
341:
286:
Recent models of confabulation have attempted to build upon the link between
2589:
2466:
1342:
1230:
803:
760:
743:
3734:
3698:
3652:
3562:
3405:
3220:
3175:
3162:
3152:
3112:
2832:
2730:
2675:
2632:
2562:
2521:
2474:
2323:
2220:
2158:
2123:
1999:
1722:
1672:
1619:
1596:
1562:
1527:
1429:
1377:
1307:
1103:
1049:
1011:
965:
927:
918:
901:
865:
769:
728:
670:
Matthews, Paul M.; McClelland, James L. (2010). Nalbantian, Suzanne (ed.).
536:
531:
307:
189:
Typically verbal statements but can also be non-verbal gestures or actions.
39:
20:
2770:
2752:
2288:
2088:
1956:
1948:
1913:
1808:
1765:
1470:
1238:
1182:
1057:
985:
983:
821:
111:). Additionally confabulation often occurs in people with anticholinergic
3592:
3463:
3417:
2497:
1905:
1540:
902:"Mechanisms of spontaneous confabulations: a strategic retrieval account"
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
596:
521:
2791:
2039:
990:
Kopelman, Michael D. (2010). "Varieties of confabulation and delusion".
371:
words, suggesting that false recognition is a "confabulatory behavior."
3627:
3490:
3057:
2198:
1696:"Confabulation: Damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system"
1663:
1640:
980:
642:
Memory Loss & the Brain: Newsletter of the Memory Disorders Project
561:
327:
2101:
1843:
880:
742:
Kopelman, M. D.; Thomson, A. D.; Guerrini, I; Marshall, E. J. (2009).
2863:
2439:
2412:
2053:
2026:
225:
176:
confabulations- occur when an individual acts on their false memories
112:
2611:
Johnson, M; Raye, C. L. (1998). "False memories and confabulation".
2371:
2358:
2247:
943:
744:"The Korsakoff Syndrome: Clinical Aspects, Psychology and Treatment"
306:
verbatim traces. Principle 3 is based on dual-opponent processes in
3352:
1392:
939:
937:
843:
601:
287:
104:
92:
51:
43:
1442:
1285:
400:
cingulum, anterior hypothalamus, and head of the caudate nucleus.
3065:
705:. pp. 226–51. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2741:
The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science
2425:
1329:
Kopelman, Michael D. (1 May 1999). "Varieties of False Memory".
934:
2801:
1977:
741:
672:
The memory process: neuroscientific and humanistic perspectives
354:
is a neurological disorder typically characterized by years of
2136:
2706:
Brain Fiction: Self-deception and the riddle of confabulation
584:
412:
198:
Both the premise and the details of the account can be false.
134:
of a memory. This type of confabulation is commonly seen in
2263:"The mechanisms of spontaneous and provoked confabulations"
2254:
591:
1830:
Baddeley, Alan (1996). "Exploring the Central Executive".
1349:
1132:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–52.
1081:
185:
Confabulation is associated with several characteristics:
16:
Recall of fabricated, misinterpreted or distorted memories
1501:
1322:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
622:
Berrios G E (1998) Confabulations: A Conceptual History.
115:
when interrogated about bizarre or irrational behaviour.
84:
2233:
2171:
2066:
2012:
1643:
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
170:
confabulations- spoken false memories, most common type
118:
Confabulated memories of all types most often occur in
1077:
1075:
828:
714:
281:
1031:
1029:
453:
Confabulations can be detected in the context of the
263:
2781:
2653:
1934:
1355:
1160:
328:
Associated neurological and psychological conditions
146:
Two types of confabulation are often distinguished:
2398:
1072:
1035:
2734:
2575:
1026:
792:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
669:
2699:
1891:
448:
207:There is no hidden motivation behind the account.
3793:
2647:
946:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1858:
1786:
1495:
1443:Dalla Barba G.; Cipolotti L.; Denes G. (1990).
1279:
1216:
1123:
1121:
421:
54:. While still an area of ongoing research, the
2489:
1743:
1252:
1127:
231:
2817:
2729:
1864:
1634:
1832:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
1407:
1118:
781:
779:
697:
695:
693:
691:
403:
394:
2948:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
2610:
2201:Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
644:. Rutgers University-Newark. Archived from
624:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
272:
2824:
2810:
2534:
1212:
1210:
439:
413:Provoked versus spontaneous confabulations
2747:(1), New York: Perennial Library: 130–1,
2552:
2278:
1662:
1534:
1460:
917:
811:
776:
759:
688:
195:The account can be fantastic or coherent.
2736:"The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat"
2060:
1829:
1328:
1038:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
989:
785:
430:
2709:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press,
1207:
674:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
635:
547:Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
29:Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
3832:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
3794:
2344:
2301:
1555:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.029
1502:Damme, Ilse; d'Ydewalle, GĂ©ry (2010).
899:
665:
663:
2805:
294:
245:
180:
163:Another distinction is that between:
23:. For confabulation in machines, see
2541:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
2174:Journal of Cognition and Development
717:Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova
470:
461:
254:
83:Confabulation is distinguished from
2535:Spiegel, D. R.; Lim, K. J. (2011).
2374:Legal and Criminological Psychology
715:Sivolap IuP Damulin IV (2013). "".
660:
313:
282:In the context of delusion theories
13:
2693:
264:Strategic retrieval account theory
14:
3843:
3229:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
2777:
2578:Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
2496:Howe, Mark L.; Cicchetti, Dante;
1255:Consciousness and Self-Regulation
455:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
3774:
3762:
2831:
2514:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00748.x
2151:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00692.x
2116:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00908.x
2604:
2569:
2528:
2446:
2419:
2392:
2365:
2338:
2295:
2227:
2192:
2165:
2130:
2095:
2033:
2006:
1971:
1928:
1885:
1823:
1780:
1737:
1687:
1590:
1577:
1485:
1436:
1401:
1245:
1197:
1154:
638:"The truth about confabulation"
636:Pendick, Daniel (Summer 2000).
527:Confabulation (neural networks)
322:
141:
25:Confabulation (neural networks)
3439:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
3312:Memory and social interactions
735:
708:
629:
616:
449:Deese–Roediger–McDermott lists
78:
1:
3827:Barriers to critical thinking
2625:10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01152-8
1801:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70731-7
1462:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80302-4
1422:10.1016/s0741-8329(99)00027-0
1175:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00028-6
609:
48:anterior communicating artery
3148:Retrieval-induced forgetting
2613:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
2428:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2401:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2347:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2236:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2042:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2015:Applied Cognitive Psychology
1758:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90031-0
1715:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.01.002
1583:Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E.,
1138:10.1017/CBO9780511558313.020
1096:10.1016/j.concog.2009.08.011
900:Gilboa, A. (13 April 2006).
788:"Two types of confabulation"
486:
422:Confidence in false memories
7:
2081:10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1358
1992:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.343
1263:10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1
1084:Consciousness and Cognition
512:
499:
352:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
232:Neuropsychological theories
214:
103:(a common manifestation of
101:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
10:
3848:
3486:Levels of Processing model
3411:World Memory Championships
3244:Lost in the mall technique
3091:dissociative (psychogenic)
2213:10.1037/1076-898X.14.3.255
2186:10.1207/S15327647JCD3,4-03
1508:Journal of Neuropsychology
50:) or a specific subset of
18:
3807:Health effects of alcohol
3757:
3712:
3681:
3540:
3533:
3426:
3398:
3330:
3287:
3259:
3219:
3161:
3056:
2962:
2937:
2889:
2882:
2839:
2785:
2668:10.1080/13546800903519095
2656:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
2316:10.1080/09658210244000072
1879:10.1080/02643299308253454
1867:Cognitive Neuropsychology
1655:10.1017/S1355617710000718
1612:10.1017/S0033291707000566
1370:10.1080/13546800903441902
1358:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
1331:Cognitive Neuropsychology
1300:10.1080/13546800902758017
1288:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
1004:10.1080/13546800902732830
992:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
958:10.1080/00048670802415335
858:10.1080/02643290600694901
846:Cognitive Neuropsychology
573:Not to be confused with:
404:Developmental differences
395:Location of brain lesions
3524:The Seven Sins of Memory
3469:Intermediate-term memory
3274:Indirect tests of memory
3251:Recovered-memory therapy
3201:Misattribution of memory
2386:10.1348/135532508X344773
2280:10.1093/brain/119.4.1365
2069:Developmental Psychology
1520:10.1348/174866409X478231
786:Kopelman, M. D. (1987).
494:Self-Monitoring Training
273:Executive control theory
3211:Source-monitoring error
2590:10.1080/096020100411998
2467:10.1111/1467-9280.00388
1343:10.1080/026432999380762
1231:10.1080/096582196388906
1130:Autobiographical Memory
804:10.1136/jnnp.50.11.1482
440:Diagnosis and treatment
120:autobiographical memory
3618:George Armitage Miller
3578:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1980:Psychological Bulletin
1600:Psychological Medicine
1050:10.1006/jecp.1998.2464
748:Alcohol and Alcoholism
389:Traumatic brain injury
346:traumatic brain injury
3781:Philosophy portal
3769:Psychology portal
3633:Henry L. Roediger III
3234:False memory syndrome
3206:Misinformation effect
3186:Imagination inflation
2753:10.1192/bjp.166.1.130
2455:Psychological Science
2104:Developmental Science
1949:10.1002/ana.410310503
761:10.1093/alcalc/agn118
557:Misinformation effect
431:Among normal subjects
107:deficiency caused by
3138:Motivated forgetting
1906:10.1212/wnl.34.6.752
919:10.1093/brain/awl093
356:alcohol use disorder
334:Korsakoff's syndrome
136:Korsakoff's syndrome
109:alcohol use disorder
3648:Arthur P. Shimamura
3548:Richard C. Atkinson
3365:Effects of exercise
3239:Memory implantation
3123:Interference theory
3039:Selective retention
3019:Meaningful learning
1937:Annals of Neurology
1746:Brain and Cognition
375:Alzheimer's disease
338:Alzheimer's disease
97:Alzheimer's disease
3745:Andriy Slyusarchuk
3568:Hermann Ebbinghaus
3474:Involuntary memory
3375:Memory improvement
3360:Effects of alcohol
3322:Transactive memory
3300:Politics of memory
3269:Exceptional memory
576:Scams (swindles):
567:Rosy retrospection
300:Fuzzy-trace theory
295:Fuzzy-trace theory
246:Temporality theory
222:fuzzy-trace theory
181:Signs and symptoms
3789:
3788:
3753:
3752:
3740:Cosmos Rossellius
3588:Marcia K. Johnson
3459:Exosomatic memory
3444:Context-dependent
3434:Absent-mindedness
3317:Memory conformity
3295:Collective memory
3196:Memory conformity
3133:Memory inhibition
3052:
3051:
3044:Tip of the tongue
2799:
2798:
2762:978-0-06-097079-6
2716:978-0-262-08338-6
2701:Hirstein, William
2502:Child Development
2139:Child Development
1844:10.1080/713755608
1549:(10): 1697–1707.
1272:978-1-4757-0631-4
1257:. pp. 1–18.
723:(6 Pt 2): 20–26.
703:Memory Distortion
681:978-0-262-01457-1
648:on 3 January 2013
580:Confidence tricks
471:Free recall tasks
462:Recognition tasks
255:Monitoring theory
3839:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3720:Jonathan Hancock
3673:Robert Stickgold
3643:Richard Shiffrin
3598:Elizabeth Loftus
3538:
3537:
3454:Childhood memory
3261:Research methods
3143:Repressed memory
3118:Forgetting curve
3106:transient global
2977:Autobiographical
2887:
2886:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2687:
2686:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2440:10.1002/acp.1037
2423:
2417:
2416:
2413:10.1002/acp.1013
2396:
2390:
2389:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:10.1002/acp.1089
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:10.1002/acp.1093
2010:
2004:
2003:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1543:Neuropsychologia
1538:
1532:
1531:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1464:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1337:(3–5): 197–214.
1326:
1320:
1319:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1163:Neuropsychologia
1158:
1152:
1151:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1033:
1024:
1023:
987:
978:
977:
941:
932:
931:
921:
912:(6): 1399–1414.
897:
878:
877:
841:
826:
825:
815:
783:
774:
773:
763:
739:
733:
732:
712:
706:
699:
686:
685:
667:
658:
657:
655:
653:
633:
627:
620:
481:autobiographical
314:Epistemic theory
3847:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3749:
3730:Dominic O'Brien
3708:
3677:
3658:Susumu Tonegawa
3638:Daniel Schacter
3613:Eleanor Maguire
3603:Geoffrey Loftus
3558:Stephen J. Ceci
3553:Robert A. Bjork
3529:
3448:state-dependent
3422:
3394:
3326:
3307:Cultural memory
3283:
3279:Memory disorder
3255:
3215:
3157:
3048:
2958:
2933:
2878:
2835:
2830:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2780:
2763:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2696:
2694:Further reading
2691:
2690:
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2648:
2609:
2605:
2574:
2570:
2533:
2529:
2498:Toth, Sheree L.
2494:
2490:
2451:
2447:
2424:
2420:
2397:
2393:
2370:
2366:
2359:10.1002/acp.995
2343:
2339:
2300:
2296:
2259:
2255:
2248:10.1002/acp.973
2232:
2228:
2197:
2193:
2170:
2166:
2135:
2131:
2100:
2096:
2065:
2061:
2038:
2034:
2011:
2007:
1976:
1972:
1933:
1929:
1890:
1886:
1863:
1859:
1828:
1824:
1785:
1781:
1742:
1738:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1639:
1635:
1606:(10): 1403–12.
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1539:
1535:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1441:
1437:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1364:(1–3): 346–76.
1354:
1350:
1327:
1323:
1294:(1–3): 95–117.
1284:
1280:
1273:
1250:
1246:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1126:
1119:
1080:
1073:
1034:
1027:
988:
981:
942:
935:
898:
881:
842:
829:
798:(11): 1482–87.
784:
777:
740:
736:
713:
709:
700:
689:
682:
668:
661:
651:
649:
634:
630:
621:
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612:
515:
502:
489:
473:
464:
451:
442:
433:
424:
415:
406:
397:
365:semantic memory
361:episodic memory
330:
325:
316:
297:
284:
275:
266:
257:
248:
234:
217:
183:
144:
81:
56:basal forebrain
34:In psychology,
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
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3787:
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3771:
3758:
3755:
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3747:
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3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Paul R. McHugh
3722:
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3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Ivan Izquierdo
3580:
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3415:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3356:
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3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Hindsight bias
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3128:Memory erasure
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:post-traumatic
3083:
3078:
3073:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:Personal-event
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2954:Working memory
2951:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2924:Motor learning
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2840:Basic concepts
2837:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:Classification
2779:
2778:External links
2776:
2775:
2774:
2761:
2727:
2715:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2646:
2603:
2568:
2527:
2508:(5): 1402–17.
2488:
2445:
2418:
2391:
2364:
2337:
2294:
2273:(4): 1365–75.
2253:
2226:
2191:
2164:
2129:
2094:
2075:(6): 1358–72.
2059:
2032:
2021:(4): 489–506.
2005:
1970:
1927:
1884:
1857:
1822:
1779:
1736:
1686:
1649:(6): 1018–26.
1633:
1589:
1576:
1533:
1494:
1484:
1435:
1400:
1391:
1348:
1321:
1278:
1271:
1244:
1225:(4): 359–411.
1206:
1196:
1169:(7): 1017–34.
1153:
1146:
1117:
1071:
1025:
998:(1–3): 14–37.
979:
952:(11): 932–40.
933:
879:
827:
775:
734:
707:
687:
680:
659:
628:
614:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
588:
587:
582:
571:
570:
569:
564:
559:
554:
552:Hindsight bias
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
518:Compare with:
514:
511:
501:
498:
488:
485:
472:
469:
463:
460:
450:
447:
441:
438:
432:
429:
423:
420:
414:
411:
405:
402:
396:
393:
329:
326:
324:
321:
315:
312:
296:
293:
283:
280:
274:
271:
265:
262:
256:
253:
247:
244:
233:
230:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
182:
179:
178:
177:
171:
161:
160:
154:
143:
140:
80:
77:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3844:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Memory biases
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3704:Clive Wearing
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:Endel Tulving
3666:
3664:
3663:Anne Treisman
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Brenda Milner
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:James McGaugh
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Sigmund Freud
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:retrospective
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Muscle memory
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:Art of memory
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Memory biases
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Confabulation
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3163:Memory errors
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:post-hypnotic
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Rote learning
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Hyperthymesia
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Active recall
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Consolidation
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:Sacks, Oliver
2728:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:(4): 137–45.
2618:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:(4): 415–27.
2583:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:(6): 473–77.
2460:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2434:(7): 901–12.
2433:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2407:(5): 613–31.
2406:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2380:(2): 241–52.
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2353:(4): 455–65.
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2242:(3): 263–81.
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:(3): 255–65.
2206:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2180:(4): 415–43.
2179:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:(2): 542–61.
2144:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:(4): 611–21.
2109:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2048:(3): 267–89.
2047:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:(3): 343–82.
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:(5): 473–80.
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:(6): 752–57.
1899:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:(4): 743–52.
1794:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:(2): 212–30.
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:(6): 637–48.
1708:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1586:
1585:Sartorius, N.
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:(2): 211–30.
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1455:(4): 525–34.
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1147:9780511558313
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:(4): 952–65.
1089:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:(2): 81–129.
1043:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
938:
929:
925:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
780:
771:
767:
762:
757:
754:(2): 148–54.
753:
749:
745:
738:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
704:
698:
696:
694:
692:
683:
677:
673:
666:
664:
647:
643:
639:
632:
626:. 7: 225-241.
625:
619:
615:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
575:
574:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
542:Hallucination
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
517:
516:
510:
506:
497:
495:
484:
482:
478:
468:
459:
456:
446:
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
390:
386:
383:
382:Schizophrenia
379:
376:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
342:schizophrenia
339:
335:
320:
311:
309:
303:
301:
292:
289:
279:
270:
261:
252:
243:
240:
229:
227:
223:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
186:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
164:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
147:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
86:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:confabulation
30:
26:
22:
3735:Ben Pridmore
3653:Larry Squire
3563:Susan Clancy
3522:
3406:Memory sport
3331:Other topics
3221:False memory
3176:Cryptomnesia
3170:
3153:Weapon focus
3113:Decay theory
2874:Neuroanatomy
2833:Human memory
2744:
2740:
2720:, retrieved
2705:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2547:(6): 15–19.
2544:
2540:
2530:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2310:(1): 14–26.
2307:
2303:
2297:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1706:
1702:
1689:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1579:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1487:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1416:(1): 75–84.
1413:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1254:
1247:
1222:
1218:
1199:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1129:
1087:
1083:
1041:
1037:
995:
991:
949:
945:
909:
905:
852:(1): 23–47.
849:
845:
795:
791:
751:
747:
737:
720:
716:
710:
702:
671:
650:. Retrieved
646:the original
641:
631:
623:
618:
537:False memory
532:Cryptomnesia
507:
503:
490:
474:
465:
452:
443:
434:
425:
416:
407:
398:
387:
380:
373:
350:
331:
323:Presentation
317:
308:false memory
304:
298:
285:
276:
267:
258:
249:
235:
218:
184:
173:
167:
162:
156:
150:
145:
142:Distinctions
117:
90:
82:
73:
69:
65:
61:
40:memory error
35:
33:
21:conversation
3593:Eric Kandel
3541:Researchers
3513:Prospective
3464:Free recall
3418:Shas Pollak
3071:anterograde
2987:Declarative
2662:(1): 1–13,
1873:(1): 1–20.
1838:(1): 5–28.
1664:10234/88477
597:Gaslighting
522:Anosognosia
157:Spontaneous
79:Description
3796:Categories
3628:Lynn Nadel
3506:intertrial
3491:Metamemory
3479:flashbacks
3399:In society
3096:retrograde
3058:Forgetting
3029:Procedural
2939:Short-term
2909:Eyewitness
610:References
562:Revelation
369:distractor
228:accounts.
174:Behavioral
3817:Ignorance
3380:Nutrition
3288:In groups
3101:selective
3076:childhood
3004:Flashbulb
2964:Long-term
2864:Attention
2598:145657555
1894:Neurology
1386:205768903
487:Treatment
239:Kraepelin
226:epistemic
113:toxidrome
52:dementias
3682:Patients
3353:mnemonic
3348:chunking
3014:Implicit
2997:Semantic
2992:Episodic
2982:Explicit
2847:Encoding
2733:(1985),
2722:21 March
2703:(2005),
2684:35177831
2676:20043251
2641:10033853
2633:21227110
2563:21779537
2522:15369522
2483:11951759
2475:11760134
2332:21383980
2324:15098618
2221:18808279
2159:15056205
2124:20590725
2000:18444700
1965:42233017
1922:34357231
1852:54633639
1774:26954876
1731:17414598
1723:18472034
1681:23194952
1673:20630120
1628:32121170
1620:17506924
1571:41292107
1563:16697019
1528:19930792
1430:10487391
1378:20043250
1316:42447646
1308:19750399
1191:33862514
1112:35121072
1104:19773185
1066:12290995
1020:19764950
1012:19753493
974:23586700
966:18941957
928:16638795
874:45885109
866:18416482
770:19151162
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