281:
782:
may also cause this toxidrome. It may appear very similar to the anticholinergic toxidrome, but is distinguished by hyperactive bowel sounds and sweating.
827:
392:
274:
may also lead to one. Classic toxidromes are presented below, which are variable or obscured by co-ingestion of multiple drugs.
946:
Nelson, Lewis H.; Flomenbaum, Neal; Goldfrank, Lewis R.; Hoffman, Robert Louis; Howland, Mary Deems; Neal A. Lewin (2006).
843:
955:
902:
811:
989:
576:
979:
974:
945:
994:
676:
277:
A common tool for assessing for the presence of toxidrome in the United
Kingdom is the CRESS tool.
752:
294:
691:, some such as GHB and methaqualone instead lower the seizure threshold, so can cause paradoxical
538:
364:
894:
628:
412:
324:
263:
886:
644:
462:
424:
8:
984:
768:
580:
226:, coined in 1970 by Mofenson and Greensher) is a syndrome caused by a dangerous level of
821:
801:
856:
951:
898:
887:
860:
807:
692:
360:
259:
177:
852:
38:
918:
772:
764:
584:
572:
558:
498:
408:
300:
149:
65:
776:
688:
672:
664:
510:
388:
243:
121:
28:
968:
716:
640:
546:
514:
384:
380:
328:
736:
728:
680:
648:
636:
526:
430:
372:
368:
53:
864:
280:
748:
740:
712:
668:
596:
592:
588:
530:
482:
478:
454:
442:
400:
376:
336:
255:
211:
93:
58:
43:
779:
466:
438:
48:
33:
756:
720:
620:
534:
490:
486:
474:
434:
352:
348:
340:
271:
239:
760:
724:
708:
652:
632:
624:
494:
446:
396:
312:
251:
231:
222:
663:
is a potential complication. Substances that may cause it include
744:
732:
704:
684:
600:
563:
The symptoms of an opiate toxidrome include the classic triad of
542:
522:
470:
356:
235:
802:
Goldfrank, Flomenbaum, Lewin, Weisman, Howland, Hoffman (1998).
656:
612:
568:
458:
450:
404:
344:
267:
247:
884:
806:(6th ed.). Stamford, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.
660:
518:
332:
320:
308:
227:
216:
841:
Mofenson HC, Greensher J (1970). "The nontoxic ingestion".
616:
564:
316:
304:
703:
The symptoms of a sympathomimetic toxidrome include
611:
The symptoms of sedative/hypnotic toxidrome include
379:. Substances that may cause this toxidrome include
743:. Substances that may cause this toxidrome include
537:. Substances that may cause this toxidrome include
509:The symptoms of a hallucinogenic toxidrome include
489:. Substances that may cause this toxidrome include
230:in the body. It is often the consequence of a drug
840:
966:
950:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division.
429:The symptoms of a cholinergic toxidrome include
599:. Substances that may cause this toxidrome are
889:First Aid for the Emergency Medicine Clerkship
16:Syndrome caused by a dangerous level of toxins
826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
753:compounds based upon amphetamine's structure
587:and unresponsiveness. Complications include
797:
795:
885:Stead, LG; Stead, SM; Kaufman, MS (2006).
880:
878:
876:
874:
792:
279:
871:
967:
893:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp.
687:. While most sedative-hypnotics are
606:
477:and weakness. Complications include
948:Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies
804:Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies
13:
939:
844:Pediatric Clinics of North America
698:
303:toxidrome include blurred vision,
288:
14:
1006:
504:
911:
834:
418:
1:
857:10.1016/s0031-3955(16)32453-1
785:
284:Toxidrome flowchart diagnosis
517:, hyperactive bowel sounds,
7:
10:
1011:
556:
422:
292:
677:gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
552:
262:requiring treatment at a
735:. Complications include
539:substituted amphetamines
525:. Complications include
295:Anticholinergic toxicity
990:Substance intoxication
629:central nervous system
573:respiratory depression
285:
655:, slurred speech and
577:altered mental states
463:muscle fasciculations
283:
264:poison control center
425:Cholinergic toxicity
258:. It may indicate a
980:Medical terminology
975:Medical emergencies
769:phenylpropanolamine
627:, deterioration of
299:The symptoms of an
21:
615:, blurred vision,
286:
19:
995:Medical mnemonics
607:Sedative/hypnotic
361:urinary retention
260:medical emergency
204:
203:
178:sedative-hypnotic
1002:
961:
933:
932:
930:
929:
915:
909:
908:
892:
882:
869:
868:
838:
832:
831:
825:
817:
799:
499:organophosphates
393:antiparkinsonian
22:
18:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:
965:
964:
963:
958:
942:
940:Further reading
937:
936:
927:
925:
917:
916:
912:
905:
883:
872:
839:
835:
819:
818:
814:
800:
793:
788:
773:pseudoephedrine
765:methamphetamine
701:
699:Sympathomimetic
673:benzodiazepines
665:anticonvulsants
609:
585:pulmonary edema
569:pinpoint pupils
561:
559:Opioid overdose
555:
507:
427:
421:
409:diphenhydramine
389:antidepressants
301:anticholinergic
297:
291:
289:Anticholinergic
150:sympathomimetic
66:anticholinergic
17:
12:
11:
5:
1008:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
956:
943:
941:
938:
935:
934:
910:
903:
870:
833:
812:
790:
789:
787:
784:
777:bronchodilator
700:
697:
689:anticonvulsant
641:hallucinations
608:
605:
554:
551:
515:hallucinations
511:disorientation
506:
505:Hallucinogenic
503:
420:
417:
385:antipsychotics
381:antihistamines
329:hallucinations
290:
287:
244:disorientation
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
122:hallucinogenic
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
62:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
31:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1007:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
962:
959:
957:0-07-143763-0
953:
949:
924:
923:JESIP Website
920:
914:
906:
904:0-07-144873-X
900:
896:
891:
890:
881:
879:
877:
875:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:(3): 583–90.
850:
846:
845:
837:
829:
823:
815:
813:0-8385-3148-2
809:
805:
798:
796:
791:
783:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:hyperreflexia
714:
710:
706:
696:
695:in overdose.
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
560:
550:
548:
547:phencyclidine
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Complications
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
296:
282:
278:
275:
273:
270:, a systemic
269:
266:. Aside from
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
218:
213:
209:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
40:
37:
35:
32:
30:
27:
24:
23:
947:
944:
926:. Retrieved
922:
919:"CRESS tool"
913:
888:
848:
842:
836:
803:
737:hypertension
729:piloerection
702:
681:Methaqualone
669:barbiturates
649:paresthesias
637:dysesthesias
610:
562:
527:hypertension
508:
431:bronchorrhea
428:
373:hyperthermia
369:hypertension
307:, decreased
298:
276:
221:
215:
207:
205:
54:Bowel sounds
749:amphetamine
741:tachycardia
713:diaphoresis
631:functions,
597:hypothermia
593:hypotension
589:bradycardia
575:as well as
531:tachycardia
483:hypothermia
479:bradycardia
455:lacrimation
443:diaphoresis
419:Cholinergic
413:scopolamine
401:benztropine
377:tachycardia
337:memory loss
256:oscillopsia
212:portmanteau
94:cholinergic
59:Diaphoresis
985:Toxicology
969:Categories
928:2024-06-06
786:References
780:salbutamol
557:See also:
491:carbamates
467:salivation
439:defecation
423:See also:
293:See also:
49:Pupil size
20:Toxidrome
822:cite book
757:ephedrine
721:mydriasis
709:delusions
645:nystagmus
621:confusion
535:tachypnea
495:mushrooms
487:tachypnea
475:urination
435:confusion
353:psychosis
349:myoclonus
343:(dilated
341:mydriasis
272:infection
268:poisoning
240:dizziness
234:. Common
208:toxidrome
761:Ma Huang
755:such as
733:seizures
725:paranoia
693:seizures
653:sedation
633:diplopia
625:delirium
523:seizures
471:seizures
447:diarrhea
397:atropine
367:include
357:seizures
325:flushing
313:delirium
311:sounds,
252:vomiting
238:include
236:symptoms
232:overdose
223:syndrome
25:Symptoms
865:5491430
745:cocaine
705:anxiety
685:ethanol
601:opioids
543:cocaine
395:drugs,
954:
901:
863:
810:
775:. The
657:stupor
613:ataxia
553:Opiate
459:miosis
451:emesis
405:datura
345:pupils
315:, dry
248:nausea
228:toxins
661:Apnea
581:shock
519:panic
333:ileus
321:fever
309:bowel
217:toxic
200:down
88:down
952:ISBN
899:ISBN
897:–6.
861:PMID
828:link
808:ISBN
771:and
751:and
739:and
731:and
683:and
617:coma
595:and
571:and
565:coma
545:and
533:and
521:and
497:and
485:and
411:and
375:and
359:and
317:skin
305:coma
254:and
220:and
197:down
191:down
188:down
185:down
182:down
110:down
85:down
44:Temp
895:395
853:doi
763:),
347:),
214:of
210:(a
172:up
116:up
971::
921:.
873:^
859:.
849:17
847:.
824:}}
820:{{
794:^
767:,
747:,
727:,
723:,
719:,
715:,
711:,
707:,
679:,
675:,
671:,
667:,
659:.
651:,
647:,
643:,
639:,
635:,
623:,
619:,
603:.
591:,
583:,
579:,
567:,
549:.
541:,
529:,
513:,
501:.
493:,
481:,
473:,
469:,
465:,
461:,
457:,
453:,
449:,
445:,
441:,
437:,
433:,
415:.
407:,
403:,
399:,
391:,
387:,
383:,
371:,
363:.
355:,
351:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
319:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
206:A
169:up
166:up
163:up
160:up
157:up
154:up
144:~
141:up
138:up
132:up
129:up
126:up
113:up
82:up
79:up
76:up
73:up
70:up
39:RR
34:HR
29:BP
960:.
931:.
907:.
867:.
855::
830:)
816:.
759:(
194:~
135:~
107:~
104:~
101:~
98:~
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
