1156:
1092:
2324:
4796:"... dds ratios and frequencies of each trigger were used to compute population-attributable fractions (PAFs), which estimate the proportion of cases that could be avoided if a risk factor were removed. PAFs depend not only on the risk factor strength at the individual level but also on its frequency in the community. ... he exposure prevalence for triggers in the relevant control time window ranged from 0.04% for cocaine use to 100% for air pollution. ... Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%) ...
5517:
1036:
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2204:
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different array of pollutants than spark-driven engines, differences that are sometimes qualitative (what pollutants are there, and what are not), but more often quantitative (how much of particular pollutants or pollutant classes are present in each). For instance, diesel engines produce one-twenty-eighth the carbon monoxide that gasoline engines do, as they burn their fuel in excess air even at full load.
2716:
1519:
2376:
25:
2952:(unlike regular diesel). Mixing in bio ether (or other fuels such as hydrogen) into conventional diesel also tends to have a beneficial effect on the pollutants that are emitted. In addition to changing the fuel, US engineers have also come up with two other principles and distinct systems to all on-market products that meet the U.S. 2010 emissions criteria,
2687:
especially the case with indirect injection engines, which are less thermally efficient. With electronic injection, the timing and length of the injection sequence can be altered to compensate for this. Older engines with mechanical injection can have mechanical and hydraulic governor control to alter the timing, and multi-phase electrically controlled
1147:) and particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust. So, while diesel fuel contains slightly more carbon (2.68 kg CO₂/litre) than petrol (2.31 kg CO₂/litre), overall CO₂ emissions of a diesel car tend to be lower due to higher efficiency. In use, on average, this equates to around 200 g CO₂/km for petrol and 120 g CO₂/km for diesel.
2948:) tends to be a very effective means to reduce pollutants such as NOx and CO. When running on dimethyl ether (DME) for instance, particulate matter emissions are near-nonexistent, and the use of diesel particulate filters could even be omitted. Also, given that DME can be made from animal, food, and agricultural waste, it can even be
2659:. These local low temperatures occur at the cylinder walls, and at the surface of large droplets of fuel. At these areas where it is relatively cold, the mixture is rich (contrary to the overall mixture which is lean). The rich mixture has less air to burn and some of the fuel turns into a carbon deposit. Modern car engines use a
3052:, the first on the exhaust manifold, with variable geometry and containing the EGR system; and a second a fixed geometry turbocharger. Recirculated exhaust gas and the compressed air from the turbochargers have separate coolers, and air merges before entering the intake manifold, and all subsystems are controlled by a central
2429:. Because of their small size, inhaled particles may easily penetrate deep into the lungs. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the exhaust stimulate nerves in the lungs, causing reflex coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. The rough surfaces of these particles makes it easy for them to bind with other
1230:. These especially harmful particulate contaminants are at their peak when such engines are run without sufficient oxygen to fully combust the fuel; when a diesel engine runs at idle, enough oxygen is usually present to burn the fuel completely. (The oxygen requirement in non-idling engines is usually satisfied using
3250:
composition can vary markedly with fuel composition, engine type, operating conditions ... combustion of petroleum fuel produces primarily carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen ... The health risks lie in the small, invisible or poorly visible particles ... carbon (EC) core of diesel soot ... serves as
2647:
from different engine technologies and even different fuels are not necessarily comparable. One study has shown that 95% of the volatile component of diesel nanoparticles is unburned lubricating oil. Long-term effects still need to be further clarified, as well as the effects on susceptible groups of
3467:
After a week-long meeting of international experts, the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel exhaust as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on enough evidence that exposure is associated with an
2931:
emissions less than 0.07 g/mile, and in the U.S., by 2010, NOx emissions must be less than 0.03 g/mile. Moreover, in recent years the United States, Europe, and Japan have extended emissions control regulations from covering on-road vehicles to include farm vehicles and locomotives, marine vessels,
2469:
in this test system). Other studies concluded that while in certain specific cases (i.e. low loads, more saturated feedstocks, ...), NOx emissions can be lower than with diesel fuel, in most cases NOx emissions are higher, and the NOx emissions even go up as more biofuel is mixed in. Pure biodiesel
2769:
Emissions from diesel engines contribute to the production of ground-level ozone, which can damage crops, trees, and other vegetation. Diesel exhaust also contributes to the formation of acid rain, which affects soil, lakes, and streams, and can enter the human food chain via water, produce, meat,
2686:
When starting from cold, the engine's combustion efficiency is reduced because the cold engine block draws heat out of the cylinder in the compression stroke. The result is that fuel is not burned fully, resulting in blue and white smoke and lower power outputs until the engine has warmed. This is
1183:
under any conditions differ considerably from spark-ignition engines, because, by design, diesel engine power is directly controlled by the fuel supply, not by control of the air/fuel mixture, as in conventional gasoline engines. As a result of these differences, diesel engines generally produce a
4178:
High doses of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP) during the fetal period produced lowered testosterone levels, testicular atrophy, and
Sertoli cell abnormalities in the male animals and, at higher doses, ovarian abnormalities in the female
3036:
than air. With the greater soot production, EGR is often combined with a particulate matter (PM) filter in the exhaust. In turbocharged engines, EGR needs a controlled pressure differential across the exhaust manifold and intake manifold, which can be met by such engineering as use of a variable
2991:
in the exhaust system, with commercialized systems being somewhat lower. SCR systems do not necessarily need particulate matter (PM) filters; when SNCR and PM filters are combined, some engines have been shown to be 3-5% more fuel efficient. A disadvantage of the SCR system, in addition to added
1202:
that constitutes a unique challenge with regard to their reduction. While total nitrogen oxides from petrol cars have decreased by around 96% through adoption of exhaust catalytic converters as of 2012, diesel cars still produce nitrogen oxides at a similar level to those bought 15 years earlier
2355:
In March 2012, U.S. government scientists showed that underground miners exposed to high levels of diesel fumes have a threefold increased risk for contracting lung cancer compared with those exposed to low levels. The $ 11.5 million Diesel
Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS) followed 12,315 miners,
3279:
The scientific evidence was reviewed thoroughly by the
Working Group and overall it was concluded that there was sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust. The Working Group found that diesel exhaust is a cause of lung cancer (sufficient evidence) and also noted a
2992:
upfront development cost (which can be offset by compliance and improved performance), is the need to refill the reductant, the periodicity of which varies with the miles driven, load factors, and the hours used. The SNCR system is not as efficient at higher revolutions per minute (
1121:. Its composition may vary with the fuel type or rate of consumption, or speed of engine operation (e.g., idling or at speed or under load), and whether the engine is in an on-road vehicle, farm vehicle, locomotive, marine vessel, or stationary generator or other application.
2464:
in PM emitted during hot idling were greater than those from cold idling; reasons for PM reduction in biodiesel emissions were suggested to result from the oxygenated structure of biodiesel fuel, as well as arising from changes in technology (including the use of a
2773:
Diesel exhaust plays a role in climate change. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from diesel engines through improved fuel economy or idle reduction strategies can help address climate change, improve our nation’s energy security, and strengthen our economy.
3037:
geometry turbocharger, which has inlet guide vanes on the turbine to build exhaust backpressure in the exhaust manifold directing exhaust gas to the intake manifold. It also requires additional external piping and valving, and so requires additional maintenance.
3048:, the farm equipment manufacturer, is implementing such a combined SCR-EGR design, in a 9-liter "inline 6" diesel engine that involves both system types, a PM filter and additional oxidation catalyst technologies. The combined system incorporates two
1245:
were introduced in exhaust systems. Even so, diesel exhausts continue to contain an array of inorganic and organic pollutants, in various classes, and in varying concentrations (see below), depending on fuel composition and engine running conditions.
2568:) is still in its infancy, and the nature and extent of negative health impacts from diesel exhaust continues to be discovered, it remains controversial whether the public health impact of diesels is higher than that of petrol-fueled vehicles.
4191:
Jarfelt, Kirsten; Dalgaard, Majken; Hass, Ulla; Borch, Julie; Jacobsen, Helene; Ladefoged, Ole (2016-10-11). "Antiandrogenic effects in male rats perinatally exposed to a mixture of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate".
4019:
Diesel exhaust includes ... acetaldehyde; antimony compounds; arsenic; benzene; beryllium compounds; bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; dioxins and dibenzofurans; formaldehyde; inorganic lead; mercury compounds; nickel; POM (including PAHs); and
3300:
Exposure to diesel exhaust particulates is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans and supporting evidence from studies in experimental animals and mechanistic
2642:
The types and quantities of nanoparticles can vary according to operating temperatures and pressures, presence of an open flame, fundamental fuel type and fuel mixture, and even atmospheric mixtures. As such, the resulting types of
2270:
Unlike international shipping, that has a Sulfur limit at 3.5% mass/mass outside ECA until 2020, where it reduces to 0,5% outside ECA, diesel for on road use and off-road (heavy equipment) has been limited in all of EU since 2009.
5315:
Sakurai, Hiromu; Tobias, Herbert J.; Park, Kihong; Zarling, Darrick; Docherty, Kenneth S.; Kittelson, David B.; McMurry, Peter H.; Ziemann, Paul J. (2003). "On-line measurements of diesel nanoparticle composition and volatility".
2351:
using diesel-powered equipment in underground mines. Adverse health effects have also been observed in the general population at ambient atmospheric particle concentrations well below the concentrations in occupational settings.
3109:
which collects carbon particles using a "Kaalink" cylindrical device that is retrofitted into a vehicle's exhaust system, after processing to remove heavy metals and carcinogens, the company plans to use the carbon to make ink.
4600:
Tong, H. Y.; Karasek, F. W. (1984-10-01). "Quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particulate matter by high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation and high-resolution gas chromatography".
3023:
emissions, but can negatively impact efficiency and the production of soot particles. The richer mix is achieved by displacing some of the intake air, but is still lean compared to petrol engines, which approach the
4932:
Silverman, D. T.; Samanic, C. M.; Lubin, J. H.; Blair, A. E.; Stewart, P. A.; Vermeulen, R.; Coble, J. B.; Rothman, N.; Schleiff, P. L.; Travis, W. D.; Ziegler, R. G.; Wacholder, S.; Attfield, M. D. (5 March 2012).
2701:
Wärtsilä have tested an engine and compared smoke-output, when using conventional fuel system and common rail fuel system, the result shows improvement on all operation conditions when using the common rail system.
3742:
However, vehicles registered from 2005–2010 emit similar or higher levels of NOx compared with vehicles before 1995. In this respect, NOx emissions from diesel cars have changed little over a period of about 20
4514:
Acute (short-term) exposure ... results in irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes, ... Chronic (long-term) exposure ... has resulted in effects on the peripheral and central nervous systems and the liver and
2674:
The full load limit of a diesel engine in normal service is defined by the "black smoke limit", beyond which point the fuel cannot be completely burned. As the "black smoke limit" is still considerably lean of
2295:, which is a component of the air pollution implicated in human cancer, heart and lung damage, and mental functioning. Moreover, diesel exhaust contains contaminants listed as carcinogenic for humans by the
1159:
A diesel engine that operates below the smoke limit produces a visible exhaust. In modern motor vehicle diesel engines, this condition is generally avoided by burning the fuel in excess air even at full
3321:
Using U.S. EPA's revised draft 1999 Guidelines for
Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), diesel exhaust (DE) is likely to be carcinogenic to humans by inhalation from environmental exposures.
2655:(or more specifically diesel particulate matter) from their exhaust. The black smoke consists of carbon compounds that have not burned because of local low temperatures where the fuel is not fully
5922:
Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health
Administration. Diesel Particulate Matter Exposure of Underground Metal and Nonmetal Miners: Final Rule, January 19, 2001. Federal Register 66(13):5706.
2256:
which requires all heavy-duty diesel trucks and buses, with a few exceptions, that operate in
California to either retrofit or replace engines in order to reduce diesel particulate matter. The US
6147:
5927:
2452:
and conventional diesel (B20) was reported by
Omidvarborna and coworkers, where they conclude PM emissions appeared lower in cases of mixed diesel/biodiesel use, where they were dependent on the
2274:"Diesel and gasoline have been limited to 10 ppm sulfur since 2009 (for on-road vehicles) and 2011 (non-road vehicles). Mandatory specifications also apply to more than a dozen fuel parameters."
2561:
in the general public, as the cause of 7.4% of all attacks. It is impossible to tell how much of this effect is due to the stress of being in traffic and how much is due to exposure to exhaust.
1176:. While the distribution of the individual components of raw (untreated) diesel exhaust varies depending on factors like load, engine type, etc., the adjacent table shows a typical composition.
2694:
Wärtsilä states that there are two ways of forming smoke, on large diesel engines, one being fuel hitting metal and not having time to burn off. The other being, when too much fuel is in the
2525:
is currently seeking to refine understanding of the health effects of traffic pollution. Ambient traffic-related air pollution was associated with decreased cognitive function in older men.
3333:
Silverman, Debra T.; Samanic, Claudine M.; Lubin, Jay H.; Blair, Aaron E.; Stewart, Patricia A.; Vermeulen, Roel; Coble, Joseph B.; Rothman, Nathaniel; Schleiff, Patricia L. (2012-06-06).
1226:, sometimes visible as opaque dark-colored smoke) has traditionally been of greater concern, as it presents different health concerns and is rarely produced in significant quantities by
2260:(MSHA) issued a health standard in January 2001 designed to reduce diesel exhaust exposure in underground metal and nonmetal mines; on September 7, 2005, MSHA published a notice in the
816:
3598:
1215:
to meet the newer standards applicable in many jurisdictions. Auxiliary diesel systems designed to remediate the nitrogen oxide pollutants are described in a separate section below.
995:
990:
4292:
Rossberg, Manfred; Lendle, Wilhelm; Pfleiderer, Gerhard; Tögel, Adolf; Dreher, Eberhard-Ludwig; Langer, Ernst; Rassaerts, Heinz; Kleinschmidt, Peter; Strack, Heinz (2000-01-01).
3251:
a nucleus for condensation of organic compounds from unburned or incompletely burned fuel ... it still appears that nitrated PAHs are the most predominant bacterial mutagens
3142:
2249:
2287:
Emissions from diesel vehicles have been reported to be significantly more harmful than those from petrol vehicles. Diesel combustion exhaust is a source of atmospheric
4558:
Campbell, Robert M.; Lee, Milton L. (1984-05-01). "Capillary column gas chromatographic determination of nitro polycyclic aromatic compounds in particulate extracts".
4441:
Arlt, Volker M.; Glatt, Hansruedi; Muckel, Eva; Pabel, Ulrike; Sorg, Bernd L.; Seidel, Albrecht; Frank, Heinz; Schmeiser, Heinz H.; Phillips, David H. (2003-07-10).
3390:
Attfield, Michael D.; Schleiff, Patricia L.; Lubin, Jay H.; Blair, Aaron; Stewart, Patricia A.; Vermeulen, Roel; Coble, Joseph B.; Silverman, Debra T. (2012-06-06).
3167:
3016:
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), on diesel engines, can be used to achieve a richer fuel to air mixture and a lower peak combustion temperature. Both effects reduce
2214: with: a general introduction with citations that covers current international agreements and federal regulations in English-speaking countries. You can help by
6193:
4443:"Activation of 3-nitrobenzanthrone and its metabolites by human acetyltransferases, sulfotransferases and cytochrome P450 expressed in Chinese hamster V79 cells"
5142:
3691:
New diesels produce similar nitrogen oxides to those bought 15 years ago. Typical modern diesel cars emit around 20 times more nitrogen oxides than petrol cars.
6049:
Bruske-Holhfield, I; Mohner, M; Ahrens, W; et al. (1999). "Lung cancer risk in male workers occupationally exposed to diesel motor emissions in
Germany".
5060:
Omidvarbornaa, Hamid; Kumara, Ashok; Kim, Dong-Shik (2014). "Characterization of
Particulate Matter Emitted from Transit Buses Fueled with B20 in Idle Modes".
6174:
6132:
5143:"Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)"
2691:, that stay on for a period after start-up to ensure clean combustion; the plugs are automatically switched to a lower power to prevent their burning out.
1234:.) From the particle emission standpoint, exhaust from diesel vehicles has been reported to be significantly more harmful than those from petrol vehicles.
5538:
Guan, B; Zhan, R; Lin, H; Huang, Z. (2014). "Review of state of the art technologies of selective catalytic reduction of NOx from diesel engine exhaust".
2879:
2679:, it is possible to obtain more power by exceeding it, but the resultant inefficient combustion means that the extra power comes at the price of reduced
2528:
Mortality from diesel soot exposure in 2001 was at least 14,400 out of the German population of 82 million, according to the official report 2352 of the
1187:
However, the lean-burning nature of diesel engines and the high temperatures and pressures of the combustion process result in significant production of
2809:
2683:, high fuel consumption and dense clouds of smoke. This is only done in high performance applications where these disadvantages are of little concern.
3480:
Scheepers, P. T.; Bos, R. P. (1992-01-01). "Combustion of diesel fuel from a toxicological perspective. I. Origin of incomplete combustion products".
2539:
is in its infancy, and health effects from nanoparticles produced by all types of diesel engines are still being uncovered. It is clear, that diesel
5569:"Simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke from a direct-injection diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation and diethyl ether | Request PDF"
4329:
1203:
under real-world tests; hence, diesel cars emit around 20 times more nitrogen oxides than petrol cars. Modern on-road diesel engines typically use
2502:, tightness of chest, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Long-term exposures can lead to chronic, more serious health problems such as
3720:
Much of the problem is down to EU emission standards, which have long allowed diesel engines to emit much more nitrogen dioxide than petrol ones.
3704:
5965:
5270:
1000:
2356:
controlling for key carcinogens such as cigarette smoke, radon, and asbestos. This allowed scientists to isolate the effects of diesel fumes.
4134:"The association between semen quality in workers and the concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in polyvinyl chloride pellet plant air"
3081: with: the further sourced content on such things as diesel particulate filters and use of alternate fuels, placed here with citations;:
2364:
5298:
Mitteilungen Institut für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Thermodynamik, Publisher: Institut für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Thermodynamik
2367:(EPA) established the Clean School Bus USA initiative in an effort to unite private and public organizations in curbing student exposures.
2253:
5112:
2252:
to provide funding for upgrading engines ahead of emissions regulations. In 2008, the California Air Resources Board also implemented the
4883:
Attfield, M. D.; Schleiff, P. L.; Lubin, J. H.; Blair, A.; Stewart, P. A.; Vermeulen, R.; Coble, J. B.; Silverman, D. T. (5 March 2012).
2543:
are severe and pervasive. Although one study found no significant evidence that short-term exposure to diesel exhaust results in adverse
2296:
1137:
1078:
766:
6188:
Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers
5677:
2996:). SCR is being optimized to have higher efficiency with broader temperatures, to be more durable, and to meet other commercial needs.
6062:
4812:
3733:
3162:
2169:
2155:
2115:
1772:
1758:
1664:
1608:
6201:
4355:"3-Nitrobenzanthrone, a Powerful Bacterial Mutagen and Suspected Human Carcinogen Found in Diesel Exhaust and Airborne Particulates"
2798:
5616:"Effect of hydrogen-diesel fuel co-combustion on exhaust emissions with verification using an in–cylinder gas sampling technique"
4866:
3675:
5782:
3313:
6229:
6157:
6080:
Abschaetzung positiver gesundheitlicher Auswirkungen durch den Einsatz von Partikelfiltern bei Dieselfahrzeugen in Deutschland
4793:: "Taking into account the OR and the prevalences of exposure, the highest PAF was estimated for traffic exposure (7.4%)... "
6239:
5384:
3843:
3822:
3801:
2257:
985:
2414:, DPM can take the form of individual particles or chain aggregates, with most in the invisible sub-micrometer range of 100
6182:
259:
5244:
4402:"3-Nitrobenzanthrone, a potential human cancer hazard in diesel exhaust and urban air pollution: a review of the evidence"
2518:
at age 1 and persistent wheezing at age 3 in the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study birth cohort study.
2315:
accounted for around one quarter of the pollution in the air and a high share of sickness caused by automotive pollution.
5170:
4756:
4100:
3133:
There has been research into ways that troops in deserts can recover drinkable water from their vehicles' exhaust gases.
2180:
386:
306:
2856:
2359:
For over 10 years, concerns have been raised in the US regarding children's exposure to DPM as they ride diesel-powered
3005:
980:
894:
336:
6092:
6078:
4309:
3758:
Omidvarbornaa, Hamid; Kumara, Ashok; Kim, Dong-Shik (2015). "Recent Studies on Soot Modeling for Diesel Combustion".
3608:
3243:
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2141:
2015:
2001:
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836:
741:
61:
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5758:
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3147:
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2100:
1950:
1858:
1804:
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1595:
1125:
4536:
2239:
5379:. Woodyard, D. F. (Douglas F.) (9th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. 2009. pp. 84, 85.
4179:
animals (Jarfelt et al., 2005; Lovekamp-Swan and Davis, 2003; McKee et al., 2004; NTP-CERHR, 2003a, 2003b, 2006).
2865:
2603:
1686:
1071:
781:
544:
126:
43:
6111:
2808:
Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any
1168:
combustion in air are carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen. The other components exist primarily from incomplete
5928:"Weight of the Evidence or Wait for the Evidence? Protecting Underground Miners from Diesel Particulate Matter"
5709:
5704:
Bennett, Sean (2004). Medium/Heavy Duty Truck Engines, Fuel & Computerized Management Systems 2nd Edition,
2607:
2245:
1635:
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particles and then intermittently burn them using extra fuel injected directly into the filter. This prevents
6148:
Weight of the Evidence or Wait for the Evidence? Protecting Underground Miners from Diesel Particulate Matter
2968:
1204:
1016:
466:
5796:
5113:"Tox Town - Diesel - Toxic chemicals and environmental health risks where you live and work - Text Version"
3183:
554:
406:
381:
176:
5866:
3555:
4658:
4353:
Enya, Takeji; Suzuki, Hitomi; Watanabe, Tetsushi; Hirayama, Teruhisa; Hisamatsu, Yoshiharu (1997-10-01).
3916:
2960:(EGR). Both are in the exhaust system of diesel engines, and are further designed to promote efficiency.
1825:
1237:
Diesel exhausts, long known for their characteristic smells, changed significantly with the reduction of
665:
416:
35:
3857:
3117:
Dual Fuel Kit retrofits a diesel generator set to operate on a mixture of both gas and diesel, with 70%
5408:
1114:
1064:
421:
271:
5797:"Chakr Innovation launches Dual Fuel Kit to provide first Turnkey Solution to DG set ban in Delhi-NCR"
3556:
Krivoshto, Irina N.; Richards, John R.; Albertson, Timothy E. & Derlet, Robert W. (January 2008).
6209:
5724:"Behaviour Study of Particulate Matter and Chemical Composition with Different Combustion Strategies"
5422:
Poppy, Guy M.; Newman, Tracey A.; Farthing, Emily; Lusebrink, Inka; Girling, Robbie D. (2013-10-03).
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Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust - Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust
5906:
5614:
Talibi, Midhat; Hellier, Paul; Balachandran, Ramanarayanan; Ladommatos, Nicos (12 September 2014).
4935:"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: A Nested Case-Control Study of Lung Cancer and Diesel Exhaust"
4173:
3335:"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a nested case-control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust"
3011:
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2875:
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2522:
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6018:"Exposure to diesel exhaust in the trucking industry and possible relationships with lung cancer"
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821:
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396:
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Gebel, T. (1997-11-28). "Arsenic and antimony: comparative approach on mechanistic toxicology".
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Abgasgesetzgebung Pkw, leichte Nfz und Lkw – Fortschreibung der Grenzwerte bei Dieselfahrzeugen
5120:
4983:
3451:
3263:
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2548:
2503:
1136:. It contains several substances that are also listed individually as human carcinogens by the
959:
446:
6180:
Impact of Fuel Metal Impurities on the Durability of a Light-Duty Diesel Aftertreatment System
3736:; Tate, J.; Murrells, T.; Stedman, J.; Li, Y.; Grice, S.; Kent A & Tsagatakis, I. (2011).
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4757:"Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: comparative risk assessment"
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that removes heat before re-entering the engine, and works due to the exhaust gases' higher
2540:
5845:"Recovery and purification of water from the exhaust gases of int ernal combustion engines"
5627:
5487:
5424:"Diesel exhaust rapidly degrades floral odours used by honeybees : Scientific Reports"
5325:
4885:"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: A Cohort Mortality Study With Emphasis on Lung Cancer"
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4041:
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3767:
3392:"The Diesel Exhaust in Miners study: a cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer"
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3298:. National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services. October 2, 2014.
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5520: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
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5476:"The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems"
5329:
4370:
4045:
3876:
3858:"The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems"
3771:
2871:
2733:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
1722:
The following are classes of specific chemicals that have been found in diesel exhaust.
1564:
The following are classes of chemical compounds that have been found in diesel exhaust.
1540:
5999:
5974:
5952:
5448:
5423:
5402:
5221:
5196:
4959:
4934:
4909:
4884:
4837:
4784:
4480:
4269:
4236:
3890:
3625:
3513:
3424:
3391:
3367:
3334:
2695:
2419:
2244:
To rapidly reduce particulate matter from heavy-duty diesel engines in California, the
1040:
801:
677:
439:
221:
161:
131:
78:
5844:
5352:"Understanding Diesel Engine Cold Start: Causes, Effects, And Solutions | FuelFlowPro"
5337:
5158:
4863:
4772:
4053:
4004:
2470:(B100) even ends up having 10-30% more NOx emissions compared to regular diesel fuel.
1173:
6066:
6037:
6004:
5957:
5705:
5568:
5505:
5453:
5390:
5380:
5293:
5248:
5226:
5162:
5009:
4964:
4914:
4842:
4776:
4626:
4618:
4575:
4472:
4464:
4423:
4382:
4354:
4305:
4274:
4256:
4217:
4209:
4155:
4150:
4133:
4065:
4057:
3988:
3971:
3894:
3839:
3818:
3797:
3794:
Dieselmotor-Management im Überblick. 2nd edition. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2014
3604:
3579:
3505:
3497:
3429:
3411:
3372:
3354:
3239:
2916:
2323:
2235:
2184:
1910:
1658:
689:
612:
605:
559:
426:
216:
211:
121:
5351:
4788:
4484:
6058:
6029:
5994:
5986:
5947:
5939:
5874:
5731:
5640:
5635:
5615:
5547:
5495:
5443:
5435:
5333:
5216:
5208:
5154:
5069:
4954:
4946:
4904:
4896:
4832:
4824:
4768:
4610:
4567:
4454:
4413:
4374:
4297:
4264:
4248:
4205:
4201:
4145:
4049:
3983:
3880:
3775:
3569:
3517:
3489:
3419:
3403:
3362:
3346:
3231:
3114:
2487:
2261:
949:
846:
786:
672:
625:
574:
534:
509:
494:
476:
451:
391:
276:
226:
5892:
5722:
Goswami, Angshuman; Barman, Jyotirmoy; Rajput, Karan; Lakhlani, Hardik N. (2013).
5589:
4301:
3222:
2656:
2557:
concluded that traffic exposure is the single most serious preventable trigger of
6205:
6115:
4870:
3970:
Tschanz, Frédéric; Amstutz, Alois; Onder, Christopher H.; Guzzella, Lino (2010).
3574:
3557:
3532:
2125:
1671:
1415:
1392:
734:
694:
564:
529:
461:
401:
329:
266:
166:
5183:
Particulate matter air pollution contributes to lung cancer incidence in Europe.
3280:
positive association (limited evidence) with an increased risk of bladder cancer
1102:
diesel locomotive with their characteristic dense exhaust when starting a train.
5073:
5059:
4931:
4813:"Traffic-related air pollution and cognitive function in a cohort of older men"
3779:
3757:
3652:
3029:
3025:
2937:
2565:
2544:
2536:
2304:
2264:
proposing to postpone the effective date from January 2006 until January 2011.
2095:
2083:
1341:
1195:
1165:
1133:
1052:
856:
756:
711:
704:
699:
456:
151:
6179:
5500:
5475:
5212:
4132:
Huang, Li-Ping; Lee, Ching-Chang; Hsu, Ping-Chi; Shih, Tung-Sheng (Jul 2011).
4107:
3885:
6218:
5943:
5509:
5394:
5294:"Diesel or Petrol ? An environmental comparison hampered by uncertainty"
4707:
4622:
4579:
4468:
4386:
4260:
4213:
4061:
3945:
3501:
3415:
3358:
3033:
2945:
2920:
2676:
2457:
2426:
2292:
1887:
1839:
1219:
1199:
1180:
1110:
1035:
871:
361:
356:
351:
109:
6175:
Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen
6033:
5975:"Case control study of lung cancer and truck driving in the Teamsters union"
4882:
4418:
4401:
6162:
6070:
5961:
5655:
5457:
5230:
5166:
4968:
4918:
4846:
4780:
4476:
4427:
4278:
4221:
4159:
3583:
3433:
3376:
3172:
3049:
2979:, DEF) — into the exhaust of a diesel engine to convert nitrogen oxides (NO
2941:
2652:
2644:
2461:
2336:
2110:
1945:
1934:
1739:
1639:
1544:
1447:
1118:
904:
866:
851:
682:
647:
592:
311:
171:
6171:, U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration
6165:, U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration
6041:
6008:
5990:
4950:
4900:
4630:
4237:"Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system"
4069:
3509:
3407:
3350:
3235:
2812:
cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
6063:
10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199910)36:4<405::aid-ajim1>3.3.co;2-n
5878:
5735:
4538:
Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Diesel Exhaust Particulates
3122:
3118:
2924:
2507:
2441:
2391:
2312:
1996:
1231:
1129:
826:
524:
504:
141:
4828:
4614:
4571:
3069:
2203:
3493:
3056:
that optimizes minimization of pollutants released in the exhaust gas.
3045:
2923:
are having to become more efficient and have fewer pollutants in their
2553:
2411:
2360:
2060:
1169:
876:
632:
136:
5723:
5474:
Reşitoğlu, İbrahim Aslan; Altinişik, Kemal; Keskin, Ali (2015-01-01).
5439:
4459:
4442:
4378:
2987:
and water. SNCR systems have been prototyped that reduce 90% of the NO
2731:
emissions. They affect smog, ozone, acid rain, and pulmonary problems.
2521:
The NERC-HPA funded Traffic Pollution and Health in London project at
6141:
6108:
5271:"Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis"
4252:
2972:
2759:
2755:
2483:
2449:
2415:
2344:
1648:
1589:
1533:
944:
899:
861:
811:
746:
652:
116:
86:
6017:
5893:"Apparatus and method of recovering water from engine exhaust gases"
3596:
2845:
2581:
2564:
Since the study of the detrimental health effects of nanoparticles (
1260:
Average Diesel engine exhaust composition (Merker, Teichmann, 2014)
5613:
4546:
Concentration (ng/mg extract) ... Concentration (μg/g of particles)
3600:
Alternative Transportation Fuels: Utilisation in Combustion Engines
3269:. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). June 12, 2012
2984:
2975:
such as ammonia or urea — the latter aqueous, where it is known as
2763:
2515:
2495:
2479:
2407:
2340:
1985:
1974:
1871:
1813:
1753:
1696:
1602:
1578:
1529:
1470:
316:
6158:
Diesel exhaust – peer-reviewed studies by Health Effects Institute
3836:
Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918
3738:
Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK
2478:
Exposures have been linked with acute short-term symptoms such as
5036:"How diesel fumes could cause 'flare up' of respiratory symptoms"
3106:
2403:
2399:
2150:
2136:
1853:
1799:
1781:
1767:
1625:
1484:
96:
5867:"Extraction of Liquid Water from the Exhaust of a Diesel Engine"
4984:"No Breathing in the Aisles. Diesel Exhaust Inside School Buses"
3972:"A Real-Time Soot Model for Emission Control of a Diesel Engine"
3856:
Resitoglu, Ibrahim Aslan; Altinisik, Kemal; Keskin, Ali (2015).
2715:
1179:
The physical and chemical conditions that exist inside any such
4811:
Power; Weisskopf; Alexeeff; Coull; Spiro; Schwartz (May 2011).
4755:
Nawrot, TS; Perez, L; Künzli, N; Munters, E; Nemery, B (2011).
3558:"The Toxicity of Diesel Exhaust: Implications for Primary Care"
3482:
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
2664:
2511:
2491:
2453:
2375:
2164:
2071:
2049:
2010:
1899:
1706:
1615:
1238:
1207:(SCR) systems to meet emissions laws, as other methods such as
954:
934:
841:
831:
539:
4330:"Devil in the diesel – Lorries belch out what may be the most"
3740:. London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
3175:- intentional creation of conspicuous excessive diesel exhaust
1263:
Diesel's first engine exhaust composition (Hartenstein, 1895)
5753:
5751:
5537:
4291:
2430:
2348:
964:
909:
301:
6190:, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
6048:
5421:
3143:
Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program
2425:
The main particulate fraction of diesel exhaust consists of
2250:
Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program
5721:
5291:
4810:
3969:
3085:, no more top-of-the-head content dumping. You can help by
2668:
2445:
2395:
2288:
1960:
1877:
1223:
939:
186:
181:
146:
5748:
4680:"Diesel fumes more damaging to health than petrol engines"
4352:
3389:
3332:
3105:
A new technology being tested in 2016 has been created by
2514:
attributable to traffic was significantly associated with
1266:
Diesel engine exhaust composition (Khair, Majewski, 2006)
5972:
3917:"Measurement of Carbon Monoxide in Diesel Engine Exhaust"
3168:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
3017:
2928:
2728:
2547:
effects, effects that are correlated with an increase in
2343:
workers, occupants of residential homes in vicinity of a
1188:
6015:
5473:
5314:
4754:
4190:
3855:
3676:"Diesel cars emit more nitrogen oxides than petrol cars"
2754:
Experiments in 2013 showed that diesel exhaust impaired
5783:"These Pens Use Ink Made Out Of Recycled Air Pollution"
3597:
Gajendra Babu, M.K.; Subramanian, K.A. (18 June 2013).
2402:
such as ash particulates, metallic abrasion particles,
4708:"Diesel exhausts do cause cancer, says WHO - BBC News"
2437:, thus increasing the hazards of particle inhalation.
1257:
Average Diesel engine exhaust composition (Reif 2014)
5865:
Barros, Sam; Atkinson, William; Piduru, Naag (2015).
4235:
Lovekamp-Swan, Tara; Davis, Barbara J. (2003-02-01).
6128:
NIOSH Mining Safety and Health Topic: Diesel Exhaust
6122:
Emission of different pollutants from diesel engines
5864:
5140:
4440:
3817:. 7th edition. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2014,
3562:
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
3457:. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
3319:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003-02-28.
3293:"Report on Carcinogens: Diesel Exhaust Particulates"
2671:
at the expense of wasting a small quantity of fuel.
2444:
matter (PM) emissions from transit buses running on
1269:
Diesel engine exhaust composition (various sources)
5292:Int Panis, L; Rabl; De Nocker, L; Torfs, R (2002).
5141:Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; et al. (July 10, 2013).
4659:"EU: Fuels: Diesel and Gasoline | Transport Policy"
3028:ideal. The lower peak temperature is achieved by a
2571:
2394:component of diesel exhaust, which includes diesel
1222:(fine particulate matter) in diesel exhaust (e.g.,
4234:
3006:Exhaust gas recirculation § In diesel engines
2370:
5973:Steenland, K; Silverman, DT; Hornung, DW (1990).
5759:"Technology to Reduce Emissions in Large Engines"
4873:North Central Texas Council of Governments, 2008.
4544:. National Toxicology Program. December 3, 1998.
3650:
6216:
5377:Pounder's marine diesel engines and gas turbines
5197:"Diesel Exhaust Exposure, Wheezing and Sneezing"
4864:Health Concerns Associated with Excessive Idling
2963:
2860:, potentially preventing the article from being
2240:Non-road diesel engine § Emission standards
2191:isomer descriptions at each compound's article.
6016:Steenland, K; Silverman, DT; Zaebst, D (1992).
5670:
5590:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Dimethyl Ether"
4981:
4131:
3705:"Why is killer diesel still poisoning our air?"
2927:. For instance, light duty truck must now have
38:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
4982:Solomon, Gina; Campbell, Todd (January 2001).
4399:
4294:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3753:
3751:
3530:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
2318:
6086:Berlin 2003. Report 2352, especially page 32.
5680:. Dieselforum.org. 2010-01-01. Archived from
5678:"What is SCR? | Diesel Technology Forum"
5062:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
4939:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
4889:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3849:
3786:
1072:
4726:
4724:
4702:
4700:
3938:
3479:
2999:
2541:health detriments of fine particle emissions
2254:2008 California Statewide Truck and Bus Rule
5480:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
5134:
4647:. Bay Area Air Quality Management District.
4599:
4557:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
3963:
3908:
3813:Günter P. Merker, Rüdiger Teichmann (ed.):
3807:
3748:
3195:
2610:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2532:(Federal Environmental Agency of Germany).
2379:Heavy truck, with visible particulate soot.
1143:Methods exist to reduce nitrogen oxides (NO
16:Gaseous exhaust produced by a diesel engine
5700:
5698:
3838:(in German), Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer,
3732:Carslaw D., Beevers; S., Westmoreland E.;
3537:. Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press. p. 4
3264:"IARC: DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST CARCINOGENIC"
2880:reliable, independent, third-party sources
1079:
1065:
95:
5998:
5951:
5925:
5639:
5499:
5447:
5220:
5194:
4958:
4908:
4836:
4806:
4804:
4750:
4748:
4721:
4697:
4500:"4-Nitrobiphenyl | C6H5C6H4NO2 - PubChem"
4458:
4417:
4268:
4149:
3987:
3884:
3590:
3573:
3524:
3423:
3366:
3163:List of IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens
3083:significant sentences only with citations
2898:Learn how and when to remove this message
2828:Learn how and when to remove this message
2630:Learn how and when to remove this message
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
6163:Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust
5620:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
5285:
4732:"WHO: Diesel Exhaust Causes Lung Cancer"
4296:. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
4194:Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)
4106:. EPA. 2002. p. 113. Archived from
4076:
3760:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
3644:
3396:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3339:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3220:
2874:by replacing them with more appropriate
2374:
2322:
1154:
1090:
6051:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
6022:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
5695:
5533:
5531:
3914:
3445:
3443:
3189:
2932:and stationary generator applications.
2857:too closely associated with the subject
2327:Two diesel particulate matter monitors.
2041:Irritant, damages nerves/liver/kidneys
1241:content of diesel fuel, and again when
6217:
6098:2003. Report 2353, especially page 25.
4801:
4745:
4359:Environmental Science & Technology
3673:
2648:people with cardiopulmonary diseases.
1584:Toxicity similar to arsenic poisoning
6194:Diesel exhaust: what you need to know
5656:"Innovations | Eden Innovations"
5469:
5467:
4677:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4323:
4321:
4031:
3549:
3256:
2705:
2258:Mine Safety and Health Administration
1717:
1109:is the gaseous exhaust produced by a
6183:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
5552:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.02.021
5528:
3702:
3452:"Diesel Engine Exhaust Carcinogenic"
3440:
3063:
2839:
2781:
2709:
2608:adding citations to reliable sources
2575:
2198:
1745:IARC Group 2B (possible) carcinogens
1512:
1132:and has a positive association with
18:
5088:"Effects of Biodiesel on Emissions"
4990:. Natural Resources Defense Council
4497:
3314:"Diesel engine exhaust; CASRN N.A."
3040:
2473:
2335:(DPM) is an occupational hazard to
2282:
1508:
307:Radium and radon in the environment
13:
5916:
5464:
4586:
4520:
4327:
4318:
2277:
14:
6251:
6152:American Journal of Public Health
6102:
5979:American Journal of Public Health
5932:American Journal of Public Health
5907:"Newsroom | Department of Energy"
4817:Environmental Health Perspectives
4241:Environmental Health Perspectives
4003:Board, California Air Resources.
4002:
3158:List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens
3153:List of IARC Group 2A carcinogens
3128:
3059:
2954:selective non-catalytic reduction
2363:to and from school. In 2013, the
2170:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens
2156:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens
2116:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens
1773:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens
1759:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens
1665:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens
1609:IARC Group 3 possible carcinogens
1211:(EGR) cannot adequately reduce NO
6199:Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust
5515:
5195:Bernstein, David I. (Jul 2012).
4151:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.04.093
4101:"EPA Report on diesel emissions"
3989:10.3182/20100712-3-DE-2013.00107
3449:
3148:List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens
3068:
2855:may rely excessively on sources
2844:
2786:
2714:
2580:
2572:Variation with engine conditions
2309:List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens
2202:
1687:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1517:
1046:
1034:
23:
5899:
5885:
5858:
5837:
5813:
5789:
5775:
5715:
5648:
5607:
5582:
5561:
5415:
5369:
5344:
5308:
5263:
5237:
5188:
5105:
5080:
5053:
5028:
5002:
4975:
4925:
4876:
4857:
4671:
4651:
4645:"Strategic Incentives Division"
4637:
4551:
4491:
4447:International Journal of Cancer
4434:
4393:
4346:
4285:
4228:
4184:
4166:
4125:
4034:Chemico-Biological Interactions
4025:
3996:
3828:
3725:
3703:Lean, Geoffrey (Jul 19, 2013).
3696:
3667:
3230:. pp. 553, 555, 556, 562.
2535:The study of nanoparticles and
2506:, cardiopulmonary disease, and
2460:modes, and fuel type, and that
2371:Concerns regarding particulates
2365:Environmental Protection Agency
2331:Exposure to diesel exhaust and
127:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
6150:Article by Celeste Monforton.
5785:. IFL Science. 17 August 2016.
5641:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.039
5245:"Environmental Research Group"
4206:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.11.005
4005:"The Report on Diesel Exhaust"
3815:Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren
3473:
3468:increased risk of lung cancer.
3383:
3326:
3306:
3285:
3221:Lippmann, Morton, ed. (2009).
2500:difficult or labored breathing
2246:California Air Resources Board
1532:format but may read better as
1150:
996:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
6230:Air pollution control systems
5338:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01017-8
5159:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1
4773:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62296-9
4302:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
4054:10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00087-2
2969:Selective catalytic reduction
2964:Selective catalytic reduction
2803:secondary or tertiary sources
2386:(DPM), sometimes also called
2194:
1570:Class of chemical contaminant
1205:selective catalytic reduction
467:Electrical resistance heating
6240:History of the diesel engine
6208:- fact sheet by Cal/EPA and
4678:Vidal, John (Jan 27, 2013).
3674:Fuller, Gary (Jul 8, 2012).
3575:10.3122/jabfm.2008.01.070139
3184:Volkswagen emissions scandal
2934:Changing to a different fuel
177:Persistent organic pollutant
101:Air pollution from a factory
7:
5540:Applied Thermal Engineering
5275:www.blackwellpublishing.com
4734:. Medpage Today. 2012-06-12
3653:"What Are Diesel Emissions"
3136:
2777:
2651:Diesel engines can produce
2319:Occupational health effects
1826:bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
1250:Diesel exhaust composition
10:
6256:
5871:SAE Technical Paper Series
5728:SAE Technical Paper Series
5201:Allergy Asthma Immunol Res
5074:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020
5068:(4, December): 2335–2342.
5016:. United States Government
4174:"CDC: Phthalates Overview"
3865:Clean Techn Environ Policy
3780:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.019
3651:Majewski, W. Addy (2012).
3603:. CRC Press. p. 230.
3009:
3003:
2910:
2233:
1115:internal combustion engine
6210:American Lung Association
6133:Diesel Particulate Matter
5501:10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9
5213:10.4168/aair.2012.4.4.178
3915:Grenier, Michael (2005).
3886:10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9
3534:Chemistry of Diesel Fuels
3179:Vehicle emissions control
3000:Exhaust gas recirculation
2958:exhaust gas recirculation
2810:primary research articles
2661:diesel particulate filter
2410:. When released into the
2384:Diesel particulate matter
2333:diesel particulate matter
2301:World Health Organization
2142:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
2016:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
2002:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
1892:"ow to moderate" toxicity
1845:IARC Group 2A carcinogens
1684:organic matter, including
1209:exhaust gas recirculation
722:War and environmental law
342:Health effects from noise
192:Volatile organic compound
6137:www.defendingscience.org
5944:10.2105/ajph.2005.064410
4504:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3976:IFAC Proceedings Volumes
3834:Sass, Friedrich (1962),
3825:., Chapter 7.1, Fig. 7.1
3012:Water injection (engine)
2388:diesel exhaust particles
2189:ortho-, meta-, and para-
1951:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
1859:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
1805:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
1787:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
1596:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
1164:The primary products of
347:Marine mammals and sonar
6034:10.1002/ajim.4700210612
5557:(subscription required)
5318:Atmospheric Environment
4710:. Bbc.co.uk. 2012-06-12
4400:Volker M. Arlt (2005).
4138:Fertility and Sterility
3531:Song, Chunsham (2000).
3224:Environmental Toxicants
2307:), as present in their
2101:IARC Group 1 carcinogen
1541:converting this section
822:Freshwater salinization
742:Agricultural wastewater
6109:Diesel Information Hub
6090:Umweltbundesamt Berlin
5407:: CS1 maint: others (
3034:specific heat capacity
2725:is missing information
2549:cardiovascular disease
2530:Umweltbundesamt Berlin
2504:cardiovascular disease
2380:
2328:
1676:5.6 ppm or 6500 μg/m³
1228:spark-ignition engines
1161:
1103:
1041:Environment portal
5991:10.2105/ajph.80.6.670
5926:Monforton, C (2006).
4419:10.1093/mutage/gei057
3236:10.1002/9780470442890
2681:combustion efficiency
2523:King's College London
2378:
2326:
2234:Further information:
2030:Strongly carcinogenic
1927:Strongly carcinogenic
1286:(Volume?) percentage
1158:
1117:, plus any contained
1094:
782:Industrial wastewater
550:Municipal solid waste
472:Soil guideline values
6142:Clean School Bus USA
5879:10.4271/2015-01-2806
5801:news.webindia123.com
5736:10.4271/2013-01-2741
5281:on January 30, 2009.
4603:Analytical Chemistry
4560:Analytical Chemistry
4176:. 7 September 2021.
3190:References and notes
2977:diesel exhaust fluid
2604:improve this section
2456:model, cold and hot
1728:Chemical contaminant
1487:+ solid substances)
1483:Particulate matter (
1243:catalytic converters
1124:Diesel exhaust is a
991:Most polluted cities
643:Overhead power lines
5632:2014IJHE...3915088T
5626:(27): 15088–15102.
5492:2015CTEP...17...15R
5330:2003AtmEn..37.1199S
5324:(9–10): 1199–1210.
5147:The Lancet Oncology
5117:toxtown.nlm.nih.gov
4951:10.1093/jnci/djs034
4901:10.1093/jnci/djs035
4829:10.1289/ehp.1002767
4615:10.1021/ac00276a034
4572:10.1021/ac00270a035
4371:1997EnST...31.2772E
4046:1997CBI...107..131G
3946:"Gaseous Emissions"
3877:2015CTEP...17...15R
3772:2015RSERv..48..635O
3408:10.1093/jnci/djs035
3351:10.1093/jnci/djs034
3054:engine control unit
2467:catalytic converter
2420:ultrafine particles
2025:3-nitrobenzanthrone
1986:methyl ethyl ketone
1966:Endocrine disruptor
1916:Endocrine disruptor
1863:endocrine disruptor
1831:Endocrine disruptor
1791:endocrine disruptor
1734:Concentration, ppm
1251:
807:Ocean acidification
717:Unexploded ordnance
638:Advertising clutter
570:Post-consumer waste
515:Foam food container
500:Biodegradable waste
157:Global distillation
6204:2019-12-09 at the
6135:, a case study at
6114:2020-02-24 at the
5428:Scientific Reports
5010:"Clean School Bus"
4869:2014-01-16 at the
3792:Konrad Reif (ed):
3494:10.1007/bf00380904
2917:emission standards
2706:Ecological effects
2696:combustion chamber
2551:, a 2011 study in
2381:
2329:
2311:. In 2014, diesel
1718:Specific chemicals
1543:, if appropriate.
1283:Volume percentage
1280:Volume percentage
1277:Volume percentage
1249:
1162:
1126:Group 1 carcinogen
1104:
1053:Ecology portal
678:Herbicidal warfare
222:Introduced species
162:Indoor air quality
132:Chlorofluorocarbon
42:You can assist by
5440:10.1038/srep02779
5386:978-0-08-094361-9
5251:on April 19, 2013
4767:(9767): 732–740.
4609:(12): 2129–2134.
4460:10.1002/ijc.11143
4379:10.1021/es961067i
4365:(10): 2772–2776.
3844:978-3-662-11843-6
3823:978-3-658-03194-7
3802:978-3-658-06554-6
3103:
3102:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2797:needs additional
2752:
2751:
2663:(DPF) to capture
2640:
2639:
2632:
2448:and a mixture of
2313:exhaust pollution
2236:Emission standard
2232:
2231:
2185:aromatic compound
2177:
2176:
1924:1,8-dinitropyrene
1911:dibutyl phthalate
1715:
1714:
1562:
1561:
1506:
1505:
1442:50–1000 ppm
1410:100–500 ppm
1089:
1088:
1024:
1023:
690:Nuclear holocaust
613:Urban heat island
427:Radioactive waste
212:Biological hazard
122:Air quality index
72:
71:
64:
6247:
6154:, February 2006.
6144:, EPA Initiative
6077:Wichmann, H.-E.
6074:
6045:
6012:
6002:
5969:
5964:. Archived from
5955:
5911:
5910:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5825:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5763:
5755:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5719:
5713:
5702:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5546:(1–2): 395–414.
5535:
5526:
5519:
5513:
5503:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5451:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5398:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5277:. Archived from
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5247:. Archived from
5241:
5235:
5234:
5224:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:on July 15, 2013
5169:. Archived from
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5119:. Archived from
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4962:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4880:
4874:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4849:. Archived from
4840:
4808:
4799:
4792:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4597:
4584:
4583:
4566:(6): 1026–1030.
4555:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4533:
4518:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4462:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4253:10.1289/ehp.5658
4232:
4226:
4225:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4074:
4073:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3921:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3888:
3862:
3853:
3847:
3832:
3826:
3811:
3805:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3229:
3218:
3098:
3095:
3072:
3064:
3041:Combined systems
2971:(SCR) injects a
2903:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2848:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2760:detect the scent
2747:
2744:
2738:
2718:
2710:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2584:
2576:
2488:light-headedness
2474:Specific effects
2422:(UFP) or PM0.1.
2418:, also known as
2283:General concerns
2267:Sulfur content:
2262:Federal Register
2227:
2224:
2206:
2199:
1725:
1724:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1539:You can help by
1521:
1520:
1513:
1509:Chemical classes
1426:
1252:
1248:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1038:
970:
969:
673:Chemical warfare
575:Waste management
535:Industrial waste
510:Electronic waste
495:Advertising mail
477:Phytoremediation
452:Land degradation
392:Depleted uranium
277:Overillumination
227:Invasive species
99:
89:
74:
73:
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
27:
26:
19:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6215:
6214:
6206:Wayback Machine
6116:Wayback Machine
6105:
6093:Future Diesel.
6084:Umweltbundesamt
5919:
5917:Further reading
5914:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5873:. Vol. 1.
5863:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:"Article title"
5819:
5818:
5814:
5805:
5803:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5749:
5740:
5738:
5730:. Vol. 1.
5720:
5716:
5703:
5696:
5687:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5661:
5659:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5612:
5608:
5598:
5596:
5594:afdc.energy.gov
5588:
5587:
5583:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5536:
5529:
5472:
5465:
5420:
5416:
5400:
5399:
5387:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5361:
5359:
5356:fuelflowpro.com
5350:
5349:
5345:
5313:
5309:
5290:
5286:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5193:
5189:
5176:
5174:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5017:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4991:
4980:
4976:
4945:(11): 855–868.
4930:
4926:
4895:(11): 869–883.
4881:
4877:
4871:Wayback Machine
4862:
4858:
4809:
4802:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4676:
4672:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4598:
4587:
4556:
4552:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4521:
4508:
4506:
4496:
4492:
4439:
4435:
4398:
4394:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4336:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4290:
4286:
4233:
4229:
4189:
4185:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4077:
4030:
4026:
4013:
4011:
4001:
3997:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3833:
3829:
3812:
3808:
3791:
3787:
3756:
3749:
3730:
3726:
3713:
3711:
3701:
3697:
3684:
3682:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3595:
3591:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3525:
3478:
3474:
3460:
3458:
3455:(Press release)
3454:
3448:
3441:
3402:(11): 869–883.
3388:
3384:
3345:(11): 855–868.
3331:
3327:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3272:
3270:
3267:(Press release)
3266:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3246:
3227:
3219:
3196:
3192:
3139:
3131:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3079:needs expansion
3073:
3062:
3043:
3021:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2990:
2983:) into gaseous
2982:
2966:
2913:
2904:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2869:
2849:
2834:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2807:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2732:
2719:
2708:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2601:
2585:
2574:
2476:
2373:
2321:
2285:
2280:
2278:Health concerns
2242:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2212:needs expansion
2197:
2126:propionaldehyde
2038:4-nitrobiphenyl
1720:
1685:
1672:nitrogen oxides
1558:
1552:
1549:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1502:1–30 mg·m
1425:
1419:
1416:Nitrogen oxides
1393:Carbon monoxide
1371:
1347:
1320:
1296:
1214:
1196:nitrogen oxides
1192:
1153:
1146:
1128:, which causes
1085:
1047:
1045:
1033:
1026:
1025:
925:
917:
916:
890:
882:
881:
817:Pharmaceuticals
797:Nonpoint source
737:
727:
726:
695:Nuclear fallout
668:
658:
657:
628:
618:
617:
608:
598:
597:
588:
580:
579:
565:Packaging waste
530:Hazardous waste
490:
482:
481:
442:
432:
431:
402:Nuclear fallout
397:Nuclear fission
377:
367:
366:
332:
322:
321:
297:
289:
288:
262:
260:Electromagnetic
252:
251:
242:
234:
233:
207:
197:
196:
167:Ozone depletion
112:
102:
87:
68:
57:
51:
48:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6253:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6235:Diesel engines
6232:
6227:
6213:
6212:
6196:
6191:
6185:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6155:
6145:
6139:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6104:
6103:External links
6101:
6100:
6099:
6087:
6075:
6057:(4): 405–414.
6046:
6028:(6): 887–890.
6013:
5985:(6): 670–674.
5970:
5968:on 2011-05-25.
5938:(2): 271–276.
5923:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5898:
5884:
5857:
5836:
5812:
5788:
5774:
5747:
5714:
5694:
5669:
5658:. 28 June 2016
5647:
5606:
5581:
5560:
5527:
5463:
5414:
5385:
5368:
5343:
5307:
5284:
5262:
5236:
5207:(4): 178–183.
5187:
5133:
5104:
5079:
5052:
5027:
5001:
4974:
4924:
4875:
4856:
4853:on 2014-11-21.
4800:
4798:
4797:
4744:
4720:
4696:
4670:
4650:
4636:
4585:
4550:
4519:
4490:
4453:(5): 583–592.
4433:
4412:(6): 399–410.
4392:
4345:
4328:Pearce, Fred.
4317:
4310:
4284:
4247:(2): 139–145.
4227:
4200:(4): 505–515.
4183:
4165:
4124:
4075:
4040:(3): 131–144.
4024:
4009:www.arb.ca.gov
3995:
3962:
3937:
3907:
3848:
3827:
3806:
3785:
3747:
3724:
3695:
3666:
3655:. Ecopoint Inc
3643:
3609:
3589:
3548:
3523:
3488:(3): 149–161.
3472:
3439:
3382:
3325:
3305:
3284:
3255:
3244:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3129:Water recovery
3127:
3113:In India, the
3101:
3100:
3076:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3060:Other remedies
3058:
3042:
3039:
3030:heat exchanger
3026:stoichiometric
3019:
3004:Main article:
3001:
2998:
2988:
2980:
2965:
2962:
2950:carbon-neutral
2938:dimethyl ether
2921:diesel engines
2912:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2794:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2750:
2749:
2722:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2677:stoichiometric
2669:carbon buildup
2638:
2637:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2566:nanotoxicology
2545:extrapulmonary
2537:nanotoxicology
2475:
2472:
2427:fine particles
2390:(DEP), is the
2372:
2369:
2320:
2317:
2305:United Nations
2293:fine particles
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2230:
2229:
2209:
2207:
2196:
2193:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2096:benzo(a)pyrene
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2084:benzo(e)pyrene
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1693:
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1690:
1678:
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1674:
1668:
1667:
1662:
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1629:
1622:
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1606:
1599:
1598:
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1585:
1582:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
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1479:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
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1451:
1444:
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1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:Carbon dioxide
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1220:fine particles
1218:Moreover, the
1212:
1190:
1181:diesel engines
1174:pyro synthesis
1166:petroleum fuel
1152:
1149:
1144:
1134:bladder cancer
1107:Diesel exhaust
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
986:Law by country
983:
975:
974:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:
907:
897:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
857:Surface runoff
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
757:Eutrophication
754:
749:
744:
738:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
719:
714:
712:Scorched earth
709:
708:
707:
705:Nuclear winter
702:
700:Nuclear famine
697:
687:
686:
685:
675:
669:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
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623:
620:
619:
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603:
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586:
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582:
581:
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572:
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562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
457:Bioremediation
454:
449:
443:
438:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
387:Bioremediation
384:
378:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
337:Transportation
333:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
284:Radio spectrum
281:
280:
279:
274:
263:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:
219:
214:
208:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
152:Global dimming
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
92:
91:
83:
82:
70:
69:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6252:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6225:Air pollution
6223:
6222:
6220:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5908:
5902:
5894:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5846:
5840:
5822:
5816:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5784:
5778:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5684:on 2015-10-08
5683:
5679:
5673:
5657:
5651:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5570:
5564:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5532:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5410:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5311:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5153:(9): 813–22.
5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5123:on 2017-02-04
5122:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5093:
5092:dieselnet.com
5089:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5015:
5011:
5005:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4749:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4660:
4654:
4646:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4335:
4334:New Scientist
4331:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4311:9783527306732
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4113:on 2014-09-10
4109:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3710:
3709:The Telegraph
3706:
3699:
3692:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3627:
3612:
3610:9781439872819
3606:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3453:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3281:
3265:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3245:9780470442890
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:This section
3075:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:turbochargers
3047:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3013:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:diethyl ether
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2902:
2899:
2891:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:This section
2851:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2832:
2829:
2821:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2795:This section
2793:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2758:' ability to
2757:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2723:This section
2721:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2645:nanoparticles
2634:
2631:
2623:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2589:This section
2587:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
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2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:(part of the
2298:
2294:
2290:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2210:This section
2208:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:Includes all
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2085:
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2081:
2077:
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2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:chlorobenzene
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:Byproduct of
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:1,3-Butadiene
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:Mild toxicity
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
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1723:
1711:
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1704:
1701:
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1679:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:dibenzofurans
1637:
1634:
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1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
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1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1547:is available.
1546:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1526:This section
1524:
1515:
1514:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
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1424:
1417:
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1232:turbocharging
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1095:British Rail
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872:Water quality
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648:Traffic signs
646:
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553:
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417:Radioactivity
415:
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400:
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390:
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385:
383:
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362:Soundproofing
360:
358:
357:Noise control
355:
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352:Noise barrier
350:
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30:
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6089:
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6025:
6021:
5982:
5978:
5966:the original
5935:
5931:
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5887:
5870:
5860:
5848:. Retrieved
5839:
5827:. Retrieved
5815:
5804:. Retrieved
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5777:
5766:. Retrieved
5739:. Retrieved
5727:
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5682:the original
5672:
5660:. Retrieved
5650:
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5619:
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5597:. Retrieved
5593:
5584:
5572:. Retrieved
5563:
5543:
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5514:
5486:(1): 15–27.
5483:
5479:
5431:
5427:
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5371:
5360:. Retrieved
5358:. 2023-04-12
5355:
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5279:the original
5274:
5265:
5253:. Retrieved
5249:the original
5239:
5204:
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5171:the original
5150:
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5136:
5125:. Retrieved
5121:the original
5116:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5091:
5082:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5043:. Retrieved
5040:ScienceDaily
5039:
5030:
5018:. Retrieved
5013:
5004:
4992:. Retrieved
4987:
4977:
4942:
4938:
4927:
4892:
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4859:
4851:the original
4823:(5): 682–7.
4820:
4816:
4764:
4760:
4736:. Retrieved
4712:. Retrieved
4687:. Retrieved
4684:The Guardian
4683:
4673:
4662:. Retrieved
4653:
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4559:
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4513:
4507:. Retrieved
4503:
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4446:
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4348:
4337:. Retrieved
4333:
4293:
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4244:
4240:
4230:
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4144:(1): 90–94.
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4108:the original
4037:
4033:
4027:
4018:
4012:. Retrieved
4008:
3998:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3953:. Retrieved
3949:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3924:IRSST Report
3923:
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3868:
3864:
3851:
3835:
3830:
3814:
3809:
3793:
3788:
3763:
3759:
3741:
3737:
3734:Williams, M.
3727:
3719:
3712:. Retrieved
3708:
3698:
3690:
3683:. Retrieved
3680:The Guardian
3679:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3646:
3614:. Retrieved
3599:
3592:
3568:(1): 55–62.
3565:
3561:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3533:
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3481:
3475:
3466:
3459:. Retrieved
3399:
3395:
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3320:
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3299:
3287:
3278:
3271:. Retrieved
3258:
3249:
3223:
3173:Rolling coal
3132:
3112:
3104:
3094:October 2015
3091:
3087:adding to it
3082:
3078:
3044:
3015:
2967:
2956:(SNCR), and
2940:, and other
2919:tightening,
2914:
2894:
2888:October 2015
2885:
2870:Please help
2854:
2824:
2818:October 2015
2815:
2796:
2772:
2768:
2764:oilseed rape
2753:
2743:January 2017
2740:
2724:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2673:
2650:
2641:
2626:
2620:October 2015
2617:
2602:Please help
2590:
2563:
2559:heart attack
2552:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2520:
2510:. Elemental
2477:
2462:heavy metals
2439:
2424:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2361:school buses
2358:
2354:
2332:
2330:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2248:created the
2243:
2223:October 2015
2220:
2216:adding to it
2211:
2188:
2181:regioisomers
2178:
2111:fluoranthene
1946:formaldehyde
1935:ethylbenzene
1740:acetaldehyde
1721:
1563:
1550:
1545:Editing help
1527:
1448:Hydrocarbons
1422:
1236:
1217:
1186:
1178:
1163:
1142:
1123:
1119:particulates
1106:
1105:
1098:
960:Point source
905:Heavy metals
867:Urban runoff
852:Sulfur water
827:Septic tanks
683:Agent Orange
593:Space debris
447:Agricultural
312:Volcanic ash
172:Particulates
58:
49:
36:copy editing
34:may require
33:
6124:, EnggStudy
5764:. Deere.com
5304:(1): 48–54.
4406:Mutagenesis
3955:21 November
3926:(R-436): 11
3766:: 635–647.
3634:|work=
3123:fossil fuel
3119:natural gas
2508:lung cancer
2442:particulate
2440:A study of
2435:environment
2392:particulate
1997:naphthalene
1384:~11 %
1360:~12 %
1309:~67 %
1293:Nitrogen (N
1151:Composition
1130:lung cancer
1111:diesel type
930:Area source
772:Groundwater
525:Green waste
505:Brown waste
489:Solid waste
247:Information
142:Exhaust gas
6219:Categories
5806:2023-05-30
5768:2015-10-22
5741:2016-06-17
5710:1401814999
5688:2015-10-22
5362:2024-04-12
5127:2017-02-04
5020:19 October
4994:19 October
4761:The Lancet
4738:2015-10-22
4714:2015-10-22
4664:2019-12-24
4509:2016-10-11
4339:2016-10-11
4014:2016-10-11
3982:(7): 226.
3616:24 October
3541:24 October
3273:August 14,
3046:John Deere
3010:See also:
2872:improve it
2862:verifiable
2770:and fish.
2689:glow plugs
2653:black soot
2554:The Lancet
2416:nanometers
2412:atmosphere
2195:Regulation
2120:3399–7321
2078:3532–8002
2061:phosphorus
1959:inorganic
1682:polycyclic
1333:~9 %
1170:combustion
1017:By country
1009:Categories
900:Pollutants
877:Wastewater
847:Stagnation
792:Monitoring
767:Freshwater
633:Air travel
520:Food waste
462:Defecation
272:Ecological
205:Biological
137:Combustion
77:Part of a
52:April 2024
44:editing it
5522:CC BY 4.0
5510:1618-9558
5403:cite book
5395:500844605
4623:0003-2700
4580:0003-2700
4498:Pubchem.
4469:1097-0215
4387:0013-936X
4261:0091-6765
4214:0890-6238
4117:19 August
4062:0009-2797
3950:DieselNet
3895:109912053
3871:(1): 17.
3636:ignored (
3626:cite book
3502:0340-0131
3416:1460-2105
3359:1460-2105
2973:reductant
2942:bioethers
2876:citations
2799:citations
2766:flowers.
2735:talk page
2591:does not
2484:dizziness
2450:biodiesel
2408:silicates
2345:rail yard
1880:injection
1709:compounds
1699:compounds
1661:compounds
1651:compounds
1649:manganese
1628:compounds
1618:compounds
1605:compounds
1592:compounds
1590:beryllium
1581:compounds
1317:Oxygen (O
1194:(gaseous
1097:Class 55
945:Garbology
862:Turbidity
812:Oil spill
762:Firewater
747:Biosolids
653:Vandalism
412:Poisoning
407:Plutonium
382:Actinides
375:Radiation
117:Acid rain
88:Pollution
6202:Archived
6112:Archived
6071:10470005
5962:16380560
5524:license.
5458:24091789
5434:: 2779.
5255:March 8,
5231:22754710
5177:July 10,
5167:23849838
4988:NRDC.org
4969:22393209
4919:22393207
4867:Archived
4847:21172758
4789:20168936
4781:21353301
4485:45714816
4477:12740904
4428:16199526
4279:12573895
4222:15749265
4160:21621774
4020:styrene.
3846:. p. 466
3804:. p. 171
3584:18178703
3461:June 12,
3434:22393207
3377:22393209
3301:studies.
3137:See also
3121:and 30%
2985:nitrogen
2778:Remedies
2657:atomized
2516:wheezing
2496:coughing
2480:headache
2404:sulfates
2400:aerosols
2341:railroad
2337:truckers
2183:of this
2105:208–558
2090:487–946
2033:0.6-6.6
1975:methanol
1872:chlorine
1814:biphenyl
1754:acrolein
1697:selenium
1603:chromium
1579:antimony
1553:May 2024
1493:0.0008%
1471:Aldehyde
1368:Water (H
1274:Species
1001:Treaties
981:Diseases
837:Shipping
802:Nutrient
752:Diseases
317:Wildfire
6042:1621697
6009:1693040
6000:1404737
5953:1470492
5850:25 July
5829:25 July
5662:25 July
5628:Bibcode
5599:25 July
5574:25 July
5488:Bibcode
5449:3789406
5326:Bibcode
5222:3378923
5097:25 July
5045:25 July
5014:EPA.gov
4960:3369553
4910:3373218
4838:3094421
4631:6209996
4515:kidney.
4367:Bibcode
4270:1241340
4070:9448748
4042:Bibcode
3930:20 July
3900:20 July
3873:Bibcode
3768:Bibcode
3518:4721619
3510:1383162
3425:3373218
3368:3369553
3107:Air Ink
2925:exhaust
2911:General
2866:neutral
2612:removed
2597:sources
2433:in the
2303:of the
2151:toluene
2137:styrene
2027:(3-NBA)
1854:cadmium
1800:benzene
1782:arsenic
1768:aniline
1659:mercury
1636:dioxins
1626:cyanide
1490:0.008%
1485:sulfate
1475:0.001%
1453:0.005%
1430:0.034%
1398:0.043%
895:History
777:Hypoxia
606:Thermal
560:Plastic
422:Uranium
296:Natural
241:Digital
217:Genetic
6118:, AECC
6069:
6040:
6007:
5997:
5960:
5950:
5708:
5508:
5456:
5446:
5393:
5383:
5229:
5219:
5165:
4967:
4957:
4917:
4907:
4845:
4835:
4787:
4779:
4689:5 June
4629:
4621:
4578:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4426:
4385:
4308:
4277:
4267:
4259:
4220:
4212:
4158:
4068:
4060:
3893:
3842:
3821:
3800:
3743:years.
3714:5 June
3685:5 June
3659:5 June
3607:
3582:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3450:IARC.
3432:
3422:
3414:
3375:
3365:
3357:
3242:
2936:(i.e.
2727:about
2665:carbon
2512:carbon
2492:nausea
2454:engine
2431:toxins
2406:, and
2349:miners
2347:, and
2187:. See
2165:xylene
2072:pyrene
2050:phenol
2011:nickel
1900:cresol
1707:sulfur
1689:(PAHs)
1616:cobalt
1528:is in
1456:0.09%
1433:0.13%
1401:0.09%
1378:13.8%
1357:12.5%
1354:12.3%
1303:72.1%
1300:75.2%
1239:sulfur
1198:), an
1099:Deltic
955:Midden
950:Legacy
935:Debris
889:Topics
842:Sludge
832:Sewage
787:Marine
626:Visual
545:Mining
540:Litter
79:series
5824:(PDF)
5762:(PDF)
4785:S2CID
4542:(PDF)
4481:S2CID
4111:(PDF)
4104:(PDF)
3920:(PDF)
3891:S2CID
3861:(PDF)
3514:S2CID
3317:(PDF)
3296:(PDF)
3228:(PDF)
3115:Chakr
2915:With
1573:Note
1534:prose
1450:(HC)
1404:0.1%
1395:(CO)
1375:2.6%
1351:7.1%
1330:0.5%
1327:0.7%
1160:load.
973:Lists
965:Waste
910:Paint
735:Water
587:Space
330:Noise
302:Ozone
267:Light
6067:PMID
6038:PMID
6005:PMID
5958:PMID
5852:2023
5831:2023
5706:ISBN
5664:2023
5601:2023
5576:2023
5506:ISSN
5454:PMID
5409:link
5391:OCLC
5381:ISBN
5257:2013
5227:PMID
5179:2013
5163:PMID
5099:2023
5047:2023
5022:2013
4996:2013
4965:PMID
4915:PMID
4843:PMID
4777:PMID
4691:2015
4627:PMID
4619:ISSN
4576:ISSN
4473:PMID
4465:ISSN
4424:PMID
4383:ISSN
4306:ISBN
4275:PMID
4257:ISSN
4218:PMID
4210:ISSN
4156:PMID
4119:2013
4066:PMID
4058:ISSN
3957:2018
3932:2017
3902:2017
3840:ISBN
3819:ISBN
3798:ISBN
3716:2015
3687:2015
3661:2015
3638:help
3618:2015
3605:ISBN
3580:PMID
3543:2015
3506:PMID
3498:ISSN
3463:2012
3430:PMID
3412:ISSN
3373:PMID
3355:ISSN
3275:2016
3240:ISBN
2864:and
2756:bees
2595:any
2593:cite
2458:idle
2446:ULSD
2398:and
2396:soot
2297:IARC
2291:and
2289:soot
2238:and
2044:2.2
1961:lead
1878:urea
1731:Note
1638:and
1530:list
1478:n/a
1324:15%
1224:soot
1172:and
1138:IARC
940:Dust
924:Misc
440:Soil
187:Soot
182:Smog
147:Haze
6059:doi
6030:doi
5995:PMC
5987:doi
5948:PMC
5940:doi
5875:doi
5732:doi
5636:doi
5548:doi
5496:doi
5444:PMC
5436:doi
5334:doi
5217:PMC
5209:doi
5155:doi
5070:doi
4955:PMC
4947:doi
4943:104
4905:PMC
4897:doi
4893:104
4833:PMC
4825:doi
4821:119
4769:doi
4765:377
4611:doi
4568:doi
4455:doi
4451:105
4414:doi
4375:doi
4298:doi
4265:PMC
4249:doi
4245:111
4202:doi
4146:doi
4050:doi
4038:107
3984:doi
3881:doi
3776:doi
3570:doi
3490:doi
3420:PMC
3404:doi
3400:104
3363:PMC
3347:doi
3343:104
3232:doi
3089:.
2994:rpm
2944:as
2929:NOx
2878:to
2801:to
2762:of
2729:NOx
2606:by
2218:.
1372:O)
1344:(CO
1113:of
666:War
110:Air
6221::
6065:.
6055:36
6053:.
6036:.
6026:21
6024:.
6020:.
6003:.
5993:.
5983:80
5981:.
5977:.
5956:.
5946:.
5936:96
5934:.
5930:.
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