Diederik Stapel - Knowledge

242:– and then create the fictitious data which he would then provide to colleagues and students for further analysis. He would pretend to run the experiments with the help of unnamed research assistants. Instead of doing so, he would make up the data. A plausible explanation would be offered for excluding others from data collection. For example, several experiments were to be run in schools; Stapel made it known that he had access to these by special arrangements which would be endangered by involving other researchers. The purported schools preferred to deal with Stapel alone, whom they knew and trusted and would be bothered by having additional, unknown researchers involved. Earlier in his career, going back at least to 2004, rather than faking data, the investigations found he appears to have manipulated data —for example, by simply altering numerals in the recorded outcome measures, so that the calculated means of scores for the contrasted experimental conditions would appear to differ, in support of his tested hypothesis. 352:"Stapel appears to underscore the conclusions from the Levelt committee" in this regard. On their reading, there are also the personal frailties that contributed to the fraud on show: They call it a "... a captivating book, even as it is transparently self-serving. On a personal level, it is an emotional account of a fraudster's insecurities, fears, and self-hatred." The reviewers describe the final chapter of the book as "unexpectedly beautiful" but consider that many of its lines are "copied" from the works of writers 203:

someone joked "It is as if he made up these data himself." The three spent several months conducting their own enquiries using data files Stapel had supplied. They found an entire row of scores appearing identically in two studies, which strongly suggested of fraud. Once they felt they had sufficient evidence, they approached the head of the Department of Social Psychology, Marcel Zeelenberg. The students' evidence was convincing enough that Zeelenburg brought it directly to the

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investigation into possible data fraud on the part of author Stapel. These findings of the university's interim report included fabrication of data in this Science paper. Therefore, we are retracting the paper, with apologies from author Stapel. Coauthor Lindenberg was in no way involved in the generation of the data, and agrees to the retraction of the paper.

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study, social psychology, in a bad light. I'm ashamed of that and I deeply regret it. ... it is important to emphasize that I never informed my colleagues of my inappropriate behavior. I offer my colleagues, my PhD students, and the complete academic community my sincere apologies. I am aware of the suffering and sorrow that I caused to them ...

211:, Philip Eijlander. Official investigations were set in motion within days by Tilburg University, which were soon joined by the UvA and the University of Groningen. Stapel claimed that the data was collected by his contacts in schools. When the rector asked Stapel for those contacts, Stapel said the schools did not actually exist. This was the 1614:

Following the retraction, coauthor of the "Chaos" paper, Siegwart Lindenberg, told the journal in an email, "Stapel's doing had caught me as much by surprise as it did anybody else. I never had any suspicion. He was a very trusted man, dean of the faculty, brilliant, successful, no indications for me

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report. The Levelt committee noted fraud in three chapters in academic books, each listed with the note: "Theoretical article, in important respect based on fraudulent articles"; they regarded the evidence in these cases sufficient to conclude "fraud established". One of these chapters was subject to

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for the case. The whistleblowers had become suspicious when one noticed anomalous data they had received from Stapel. Subsequent discussion with Stapel did not allay their concerns. During a research meeting where Stapel presented data for a new study, the data fitted the hypothesis so perfectly that

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Curiosity regarding datasets was discouraged by Stapel and, at times, persistent or perceptive questioning would be met with apparent hostility. In one case the Levelt committee reports, a PhD student who was querying unusual data was told by Stapel: "If you want to be taken on here you will have to

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Stapel controlled the data in his lab: when students asked to see the raw data, they were often given excuses. There were occasions when Stapel's data were given to an assistant to be entered into a computer. This assistant would then return the data file to Stapel. The researcher analyzing the data

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I have failed as a scientist, as a researcher. I have manipulated research data and faked studies. Not once, but several times, not for a short period, but over a longer period of time. I realize that by this behavior I have left my immediate colleagues bewildered and angry and have put my field of

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in 2009, which has since been retracted. He voluntarily surrendered his PhD title to the University of Amsterdam in November 2011, noting that his "behavior of the past years are inconsistent with the duties associated with the doctorate". This action was taken into account in the decision of Dutch

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I have manipulated research data and faked studies. Not once, but several times, not for a short period, but over a longer period of time. I realize that by this behavior I have left my immediate colleagues bewildered and angry and have put my field of study, social psychology, in a bad light. I'm

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as "revealing". In the work, Stapel recounts that his transgressions began when he was sitting alone in his office and changed "an unexpected 2 into a 4". The reviewers suggest the memoir may provide insights into systemic failures within research science, saying that in his account of the affair,

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Stapel's scientific misconduct went undetected for at least fifteen years. The Levelt report concludes that his academic reputation was, in part, the reason his illicit activities were able to continue for such a length of time. At Tilburg he was considered a leading researcher with a high profile

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The Noort committee, examining publications stemming from Stapel's time at the University of Groningen, also considered a number of book chapters in edited works suspect. In the case of these works, having less surviving original data available to examine, the Noort committee concluded with less

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Our report "Coping with chaos: How disordered contexts promote stereotyping and discrimination" reported the effects of the physical environment on human stereotyping and discriminatory behavior. On 31 October 2011, the University of Tilburg held a press conference to announce findings of their

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Stapel's supply of pre-collected data to his graduate students was noted as being atypical for masters students and PhD candidates, but was presented by Stapel as an advantage to them, which they did perceive as helpful and even a luxury. This process, even apart from the fraudulent data, was

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Ik heb gefaald als wetenschapper, als onderzoeker. Ik heb onderzoeksgegevens aangepast en onderzoeken gefingeerd. Niet een keer, maar meerdere keren, en niet even, maar gedurende een langere tijd. Ik realiseer me dat ik door dit gedrag mijn directe collega's in verbijstering en boosheid heb

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at the University of Amsterdam (UvA), because the data had been destroyed, in common with data for much of Stapel's earlier work. The university announced that it would investigate whether it would be possible to retract Stapel's PhD because of exceptionally unworthy scientific behavior.

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of Stapel's articles and twenty-four book chapters. A website was set up on 27 March 2012 to publish interim findings. According to the first findings, out of an initial batch of twenty Stapel publications studied by the Levelt committee, twelve journal articles were fabricated and three

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Ik hecht er aan te benadrukken dat ik hen nooit op de hoogte heb gebracht van mijn oneigenlijk gedrag. Ik bied mijn collega's, mijn promovendi en de gehele academische gemeenschap mijn oprechte excuses aan. Ik ben me bewust van het leed en het verdriet dat ik bij hen heb veroorzaakt.

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The interim report stated that Stapel had caused severe damage to young people at the beginning of their careers, as well as to the general confidence in science, in particular social psychology. The University of Tilburg announced that it would pursue criminal prosecution of Stapel.

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Stapel wist op dat moment precies wat hij verwachtte, viel gisteren af te leiden uit de woorden van onderzoeker Pim Levelt. 'Het Science-artikel berust op gefabriceerde gegevens', was zijn oordeel, net als in ieder geval 29 andere publicaties van Stapel, en vermoedelijk nog

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both in academic psychology and in the popular media in the Netherlands. His colleagues and students generally viewed him positively. The report says he had a reputation as being "charismatic, friendly and incredibly talented". Many students became his personal friends.

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posted a retraction notice for Stapel's co-authored paper entitled "Coping with chaos: How disordered contexts promote stereotyping and discrimination". The journal expressed initial concern regarding the paper's validity on 1 November. The retraction statement in

3423:[Stapel knew at that moment exactly what he expected, which could be inferred yesterday from the words of Pim Levelt. 'The science article is based on fake data', was his verdict, just like at least 29 other publications by Stapel, and probably more.] 2998:

Publisher's note: "The hardcover edition of this book contained a chapter titled 'Priming as Proxy: Understanding the Subjectivity of Social Life' by D. A. Stapel. This chapter has been retracted by joint decision of the publisher and the book's

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theses prepared with data delivered by Stapel. Of those, seven have been cleared. There are various degrees of suspicion about the remaining twelve. The report advised that the degrees of the students involved should not be retracted.

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I would like to emphasize that I never informed them of my improper behavior. I sincerely apologize to my colleagues, my PhD students and the entire academic community. I am aware of the suffering and sadness I have caused them.

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Despite being critical of an overarching shortfall in collective academic responsibility, the investigating committees emphasized that Stapel acted alone in all cases of known misconduct. The report found no indication that any

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On 31 October 2011, a committee entrusted with investigating "the extent and nature of the breach of scientific integrity committed by Mr D.A. Stapel", formed by the Rector Magnificus of Tilburg University and chaired by

1635:, which was widely publicized in Dutch media, was suspected and later turned out to be based on falsified data. The research result had not yet been published in a scientific journal; only a press bulletin was released. 625: 231:

demonstrate that you can get something finished, so just write up the results." Several PhD students told the investigation that they had been pressured into silence by Stapel's untoward use of his power over them.

1877: 114:. Before embarking on his doctoral research, in 1991–1992, Stapel returned to the US for study, undertaking a program on behavioral decision making at the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business. 2064:. Second Joint Meeting of Cheiron and the European Society for the History of the Human Sciences, 18–22 July, 2012. Montreal: European Society for the History of the Human Sciences – via academia.edu. 2388: 282:, PhD students, or others were aware of the fraudulent conduct. The reports did suggest that the data were in some instances so unusual that suspicion may have been reasonable. The interim report names 19 190:

papers in peer-reviewed journals where we are actually sure that they are fake, and there are more to come," Pim Levelt, chair of the committee investigating Stapel's work said in a media statement.

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reported that Stapel had 58 retracted publications, including journal articles and book chapters. This total number of retractions still stands as of 2023. These are listed in the table below:

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report they note the following chapters, under the heading: "The following book chapters are (partly) based on findings of articles, in which the Committees have found evidence of fraud:"

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took place over a number of years and affected dozens of his publications. By 2015, fifty-eight of Stapel's publications had been retracted. He has been described in coverage by the

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In his memoirs published in November 2012, Stapel admits his fraud, but protests against the accusation in the interim report that he was a cunning, manipulative fraud with a plan.

1580:(January 2001). "What's on our mind and how did it get there? The role of knowledge accessibility in social psychological phenomena". In Abraham Tesser; Norbert Schwarz (eds.). 137:

in 2006, where he cofounded TiBER, the Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research. In September 2010, Stapel became dean of the social and behavioral sciences faculty.

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publications. When the final report was released, that number had risen to fifty-five. They were unable to determine whether Stapel fabricated or manipulated data for his 1997

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and to lose the right to some benefits associated with his former job equivalent to a year and a half's worth of salary. In this way, he avoided further criminal prosecution.

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The first journal article retraction occurred a month after Tilburg University announced that it had found evidence of fraud in Stapel's work. In December 2011, the journal

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In September 2011, Tilburg University suspended Stapel due to his fabrication of data used in research publications. The university announced an investigation of his work.

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The study reported in this article was performed when Diederik A. Stapel was at the Center for Decision Research, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago.

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It's hard to find the right words. The committee has spoken. And now I have to and want to say something, no matter how impossible it is to say the right thing.

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Het is moeilijk de juiste woorden te vinden. De commissie heeft gesproken. En nu moet ik en wil ik iets zeggen, hoe onmogelijk het ook is het juiste te zeggen.

1561:(2003). "Making sense of hot cognition: Why and when description influences our feelings and judgments". In J. P Forgas; K. D. Williams; W. von Hippel (eds.). 2647: 2605: 2811: 2326: 3362: 2500: 2219: 3487: 1800: 169:

Stapel provided the investigating committees with a list of his publications that contained fictitious data, acknowledging that it may not be complete.

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As his process for fraudulent research developed, by his Tilburg years his general method was to formulate in full all the elements of a proposed study

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a formal retraction notice in the academic press and is included in Retraction Watch's database. The three chapters are listed in the table below:

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achtergelaten en mijn vakgebied, de sociale psychologie, in een kwaad daglicht heb gesteld. Ik schaam me daarvoor en ik heb daar grote spijt van.

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Stapel, Diederik A.; Lindenberg, Siegwart (8 April 2011). "Coping with Chaos: How Disordered Contexts Promote Stereotyping and Discrimination".

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Why people stereotype affects how they stereotype: the differential influence of comprehension goals and self-enhancement goals on stereotyping

2751: 1548:(2001). "Let's not forget the past when we go to the future: On our knowledge of knowledge accessibility effects". In Moskowitz, G. B. (ed.). 632:

Similarities and Differences between the Impact of Traits and Expectancies: What Matters Is Whether the Target Stimulus Is Ambiguous or Mixed

3540: 3274: 852: 382:, 1990, Bantam Classics, New York). The title of the chapter is a reference to the chapter entitled "Parenthesis" in Julian Barnes's novel 1725:

A longer excerpt from Stapel's response to the joint committees' interim report, in the original Dutch with English translation, follows:

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The Levelt report also noted two professors who claim they had previously seen examples of Stapel's data that were "too good to be true."

1810: 3302: 378:, 1986, Random House, New York), into which I have also woven a couple of lines from the ending of James Joyce's story "The Dead" (from 1186: 2173: 141: 1286: 1163: 3565: 2918:. Version 1.10. Translated by Brown, Nicholas J. L. p. 215. Translated from the Dutch, in which it appeared with the title, 1838: 1696: 1087:

Beauty as a tool: The effect of model attractiveness, product relevance, and elaboration likelihood on advertising effectiveness

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This last chapter is my own reinterpretation of some of the final lines of Raymond Carver's poem "The Gift" (from the collection

360:, without due acknowledgement. Borsboom and Wagenmakers reviewed the Dutch language edition; the English translation of Stapel's 238:– an experiment, with its theoretical grounding, the hypotheses, methods, stimuli, questionnaires, and even participants' rewards 2083:"Guilty by Disassociation (And Innocent by Association): The Impact of Relevant and Irrelevant Analogies on Political Judgments" 183:

reported that the final report was due on 28 November 2012, and that a book by Stapel was to be released around the same time.

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The self salience model of other-to-self effects: integrating principles of self-enhancement, complementarity, and imitation

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Hardly thinking about close and distant others: On cognitive business and target closeness in social comparison effects

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After gaining his doctorate, Stapel continued at UvA as a fellow of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (

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What drives self-affirmation effects? On the importance of differentiating value affirmation and attribute affirmation

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Mood and context-dependence: Positive mood increases and negative mood decreases the effects of context on perception

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Unfinished business: How completeness affects the impact of emotional states and emotion concepts on social judgement

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The referents of trait inferences: The impact of trait concepts versus actor–trait links on subsequent judgments

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Unconscious and spontaneous and...complex: the three selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast

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to be distrustful. In this, I was not the only one. I also had no trouble with the results of the experiments."

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Distinguishing stereotype threat from priming effects: on the role of the social self and threat-based concerns

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Method matters: effects of explicit versus implicit social comparisons on activation, behavior, and self-views

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The Self-Activation Effect of Advertisements: Ads Can Affect Whether and How Consumers Think about the Self

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The Levelt joint committees' reports acknowledged three unnamed young Tilburg University researchers as the

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Stapel Investigation: Joint Tilburg – Groningen – Amsterdam investigation of the publications by Mr. Stapel

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It depends on how you look at it: being versus becoming mindsets determine responses to social comparisons

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It's all in the timing: Measuring emotional reactions to stereotype threat before and after taking a test

1878:"Diederik Stapel succeeds Theo Verhallen as Dean of the Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences" 1565:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 227–250. (Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology series). 584:

When we wonder what it all means: Interpretation goals facilitate accessibility and stereotyping effects

70: 1492:"From (Unconscious) Perception to Emotion: A Global-to-Specific Unfolding View of Emotional Responding" 1309:

Stereotype Disconfirmation Affect: When Sweet Hooligans Make You Happy and Honest Salesmen Make You Sad

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Distinctiveness is Key: How Different Types of Self-Other Similarity Moderate Social Comparison Effects

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Interpretation versus Reference Framing: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in the Organizational Domain

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From (Unconscious) Perception to Emotion: A Global-to-Specific Unfolding View of Emotional Responding

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When nothing compares to me: How defensive motivations and similarity shape social comparison effects

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Several chapters written or coauthored by Stapel in reference books were called into question in the

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On 28 November 2012, the final joint report, from the three investigating committees, was published.

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inappropriate, with most of the students graduating without ever actually completing an experiment.

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Emotion elicitor or emotion messenger? Subliminal priming reveals two faces of facial expressions

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From seeing to being: subliminal social comparisons affect implicit and explicit self-evaluations

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Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition

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The flexible unconscious: Investigating the judgmental impact of varieties of unaware perception

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Making sense of war: using the interpretation comparison model to understand the Iraq conflict

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The Mental Roots of System Justification: System Threat, Need for Structure, and Stereotyping

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No pain, no gain: the conditions under which upward comparisons lead to better performance

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Event Accessibility and Context Effects in Causal Inference: Judgment of a Different Order

348: 98: 1946:"A Menagerie of Imposters and Truth-Tellers: Diederik Stapel and the Crisis in Psychology" 1341:

Happiness as alchemy: Positive mood leads to self-serving responses to social comparisons

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How to heat up from the cold: examining the preconditions for (unconscious) mood effects

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In June 2013 Stapel agreed, in a settlement with the prosecutor, to perform 120 hours of

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Flawed Science. The fraudulent research practices of social psychologist Diederik Stapel

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Terror Management and Stereotyping: Why Do People Stereotype When Mortality Is Salient?

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Staff, miter, book, share: how attributes of Saint Nicholas induce normative behavior

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On models and vases: body dissatisfaction and proneness to social comparison effects

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The magic spell of language: linguistic categories and their perceptual consequences

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The interim report concluded that Stapel falsified or fabricated data for at least 30

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When failure feels better than success: Self-salience, self-consistency, and affect

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Coping with Chaos: How Disordered Contexts Promote Stereotyping and Discrimination

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The Effects of Different Types of Self–Activation on Social Comparison Orientation

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Behavioural effects of automatic interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison

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Me tomorrow, the others later: How perspective fit increases sustainable behavior

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Interim report regarding the breach of scientific integrity by Prof. D. A. Stapel

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Measure by measure: When implicit and explicit social comparison effects differ

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The Norm-Activating Power of Celebrity: The Dynamics of Success and Influence

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The impact of comprehension versus self-enhancement goals on group perception

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Correction or comparison? The effects of prime awareness on social judgments

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Judging the unexpected: Disconfirmation of situation-specific expectancies

266: 74: 3121:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 1804:: The fraudulent research practices of social psychologist Diederik Stapel 343:('Derailment'), a book-length memoir, is described by Dutch psychologists 126: 3370: 2752:"Diederik Stapel treft schikking met justitie om vervolging te voorkomen" 2612:(in Dutch). Universiteit van Amsterdam. 23 September 2011. Archived from 2389:"Hoe heeft Stapel de wetenschappelijke wereld voor de gek kunnen houden?" 357: 212: 78: 1799:

Levelt Committee; Noort Committee; Drenth Committee (28 November 2012).

1764:—Excerpt of statement by Diederik Stapel (31 October 2011), reported in 648:

Information to go: Fluency enhances the usability of primed information

62:, the youngest of four children. His father worked as a civil engineer. 3412:"Diederik Stapel verzon list na list en duldde geen enkele tegenspraak" 2654:(in Dutch). Universiteit van Amsterdam. 31 October 2011. Archived from 2098: 1830:

Levelt Committee; Noort Committee; Drenth Committee (31 October 2011).

1632: 82: 55: 3430:"Linguistic Traces of a Scientific Fraud: The Case of Diederik Stapel" 3181:

Alberts, Bruce (11 November 2011). "Editorial Expression of Concern".

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He married in 1997; Stapel and his wife had first met in high school.

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Stapel, D. A.; Lindenberg, Siegwart (2 December 2011). "Retraction".

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The downside of feeling better: Self-regard repair harms performance

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What's in a Name? 361.708 Euros: The Effects of Marital Name Change

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Moods as spotlights: the influence of mood on accessibility effects

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This editorial column first appeared in the journal of the BPS as:

2628: 2195:"Stapel doet vrijwillig afstand van doctorstitel – Binnenland – VK" 2059: 2719: 2553: 2440:"Scientific Misconduct and the Myth of Self-Correction in Science" 2438:

Stroebe, Wolfgang; Postmes, Tom; Spears, Russell (November 2012).

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Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intraindividual Processes

1460:"Priming as proxy: Understanding the subjectivity of social life" 1103:

When different is better: Performance following upward comparison

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Affects of the unexpected: when inconsistency feels good (or bad)

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contributions to books were also fraudulent. The Dutch newspaper

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drops other shoe in Stapel case, retracts recent paper on chaos"

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Racist biases in legal decisions are reduced by a justice focus

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Ivan Nyklíček; Ad Vingerhoets; Marcel Zeelenberg, eds. (2011).

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Republished 2012 in abridged form with Stapel chapter excised.

59: 3492:. (Final joint report of the Stapel Committees, November 2012) 3303:"Study of meat eaters are selfish and less social was a hoax" 366:

by Nicholas J. L. Brown includes a note regarding "Chapter 10

2418:"Psychologist admits to faking dozens of scientific studies" 2313:"First committee findings damn fraudulent Tilburg professor" 2251:"Dutch university sacks social psychologist over faked data" 895:

Silence and Table Manners: When Environments Activate Norms

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Dutch social psychologist and research fraudster (born 1966)

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Markowitz, David M.; Hancock, Jeffrey T. (25 August 2014).

2981: 2648:"UvA onderzoekt mogelijkheid intrekken doctorsgraad Stapel" 1904:

Tilburg University School of Social and Behavioral Sciences

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Dautzenberg, A. H. J.; Stapel, Diederik (September 2014).

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K. C. Klauer; A. Voss; C. Stahl, eds. (9 November 2012),

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After completing his schooling, Stapel studied drama and

3497:"Database search, author(s) field – 'Diederik A Stapel'" 2061:

Changes in publication culture and the Stapel fraud case

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Borsboom, Denny; Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan (January 2013).

2779:"Stapel Gets Community Service for Fabricating Studies" 1623:

The research result, obtained by Stapel and co-workers

1552:. Mahwah NJ, U.S: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 229–246. . 22:(born 19 October 1966) is a Dutch former professor of 2986:(Abridged first ed.), New York: Guilford Press, 2737: 2725: 2634: 2559: 2294: 1829: 446:

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

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Stapel received the Career Trajectory Award from the

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English translation as a free download in PDF format

129:) for three years. Stapel became a professor at the 2834: 792:Status concerns and financial debts in adolescents 3561:People involved in scientific misconduct incidents 2883: 2679:"Report finds massive fraud at Dutch universities" 1919:"Levelt: Fraud detected in 55 publications (2013)" 1772:—Translation from the Dutch (machine translation) 1569: 227:would then receive the file directly from Stapel. 97:in 1991. From the same university he obtained his 30:. In 2011 Tilburg University suspended Stapel for 3503:. New York: The Center for Scientific Integrity. 1673:De fictiefabriek. Een bevrijdingsroman in brieven 1563:Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes 312:Responding to the interim report, Stapel stated: 3517: 3427: 3233: 3052: 2806: 2804: 2371:"Diederik Stapel heeft nooit excuses aangeboden" 1589: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1793:Joint reports of the investigating committees: 1408:List of book chapters with "fraud established" 3008: 2966: 2912:Faking Science: A True Story of Academic Fraud 2749: 2606:"Commissie onderzoekt Amsterdamse werk Stapel" 2589: 2571: 2544: 2529: 2484: 2153: 1798: 1449:Assimilation and Contrast in Social Psychology 46:as "the biggest con man in academic science". 3536:Academic staff of the University of Groningen 3332:"Meat eaters absolved, professor in the dock" 3150: 3148: 2801: 2776: 2081:Stapel, Diederik A.; Spears, Russell (1996). 2018: 1077:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1061:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1045:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1029:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1013:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 997:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 981:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 933:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 917:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 901:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 885:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 869:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 750:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 734:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 718:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 702:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 686:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 670:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 606:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 590:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 574:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 558:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 3017: 2300: 2080: 2003: 1952:, Bristol University Press, pp. 53–76, 1861: 1719: 1618: 1540: 145:prosecutors to not pursue criminal actions. 2919: 1671: 1645: 1532:certainty only "evidence of fraud". In the 1498:I. Nyklíček; A. Vingerhoets; M. Zeelenberg 1394: 600:The effects of diffuse and distinct affect 361: 338: 204: 3399:('Derailed Science'); De Kring publishers 3145: 3135:|...|intentional=yes}} 2019:Bhattacharjee, Yudhijith (26 April 2013). 1958:10.1332/policypress/9781529213072.003.0003 1882:Sociale Wetenschappen Newsletter Studenten 654:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 638:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 542:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 526:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 510:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 3463: 3453: 3275:"Meat eaters are selfish and less social" 2777:Bhattacharjee, Yudhijith (28 June 2013). 2702: 2174:Society of Experimental Social Psychology 403: 290: 142:Society of Experimental Social Psychology 3360: 3154: 2676: 2415: 2248: 1985:"Diederik Stapel now has 58 retractions" 421:Complete list of retracted publications 148: 3409: 3395:Frank van Kolfschooten (October 2012). 3180: 2882: 2860: 2854: 2841:: The Rise and Fall of Diederik Stapel" 2812:"Stapel betuigt openlijk 'diepe spijt'" 1978: 1976: 1943: 1751:ashamed of that and I deeply regret it. 1697:List of scientific misconduct incidents 3518: 3023: 2984:Cognitive Methods in Social Psychology 2908: 2861:Jarrett, Christian (9 February 2013). 2067:(Conference program; abstracts: p. 50) 1556: 1473:Cognitive Methods in Social Psychology 1219:European Journal of Social Psychology 1180:European Journal of Social Psychology 1157:European Journal of Social Psychology 1119:The unconscious unfolding of emotions 1109:European Journal of Social Psychology 846:European Journal of Social Psychology 830:European Journal of Social Psychology 814:European Journal of Social Psychology 462:European Journal of Social Psychology 435:DOI and link to the retraction notice 408: 3361:Vanheste, Tomas (13 September 2011). 3036:, The Center for Scientific Integrity 2909:Stapel, Diederik (15 November 2016). 2501:"Diederik Stapel: The Lying Dutchman" 2444:Perspectives on Psychological Science 2433: 2431: 2249:Enserink, Martin (7 September 2011). 1982: 1638: 1299:British Journal of Social Psychology 1251:British Journal of Social Psychology 1125:European Review of Social Psychology 965:British Journal of Social Psychology 943:Stop Making Sense: The Ultimate Fear 911:The influence of mood on attribution 331:Association for Psychological Science 3541:Academic staff of Tilburg University 2416:Gonzalez, Robbie (2 November 2011). 2170:"Career Trajectory Award Recipients" 2134:"Curriculum Vitae (English version)" 2057: 1973: 1726: 1331:Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1315:Basic and Applied Social Psychology 622:Journal of Environmental Psychology 193: 172:An extensive report analyzes all 130 38:for his research publications. This 13: 3410:Kreulen, Edwin (1 November 2011). 3389: 3309:. 8 September 2011. Archived from 3155:Callaway, Ewen (1 December 2011). 2946:. New York; Heidelberg: Springer. 2677:Callaway, Ewen (8 December 2011). 2428: 2226:. 7 September 2011. Archived from 1983:Palus, Shannon (8 December 2015). 1644:Stapel, Diederik (November 2012). 395:Diederik Stapel (2016). Appendix, 307: 54:Stapel was born in the village of 14: 3577: 3481: 2944:Emotion Regulation and Well-Being 2820:. 31 October 2011. Archived from 2220:"Prof. Diederik Stapel suspended" 1991:. Center for Scientific Integrity 1505:Emotion Regulation and Well-Being 1381:Emotion Regulation and Well-Being 153: 112:assimilation and contrast effects 110:in 1997; his dissertation was on 3281:. 30 August 2011. Archived from 3024:Marcus, Adam (1 December 2011), 1466:K. C. Klauer; A. Voss; C. Stahl 1303:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2012.02108.x 1255:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2012.02111.x 3365:[Among psychologists]. 3354: 3324: 3264: 3250:10.1126/science.334.6060.1202-a 3227: 3174: 3104:10.1126/science.334.6060.1202-a 2975: 2935: 2902: 2869:. British Psychological Society 2828: 2770: 2750:Frank Huiskamp (28 June 2013). 2743: 2670: 2640: 2598: 2493: 2409: 2381: 2363: 2349:"Investigations website – Home" 2341: 2319: 2242: 2212: 2187: 1367:10.1126/science.334.6060.1202-a 81:for an undergraduate degree in 3566:University of Amsterdam alumni 2315:. Dutchnews.nl. 27 March 2012. 2162: 2071: 2051: 1937: 1911: 1510: 390:(1989, Jonathan Cape, London). 384:The History of the World in 10 324: 1: 3501:The Retraction Watch Database 2885:"News: Stapel – final report" 2863:"News: Stapel – final report" 1950:The Imposter as Social Theory 1888:. 8 July 2010. Archived from 1783: 1235:Journal of Consumer Research 49: 3455:10.1371/journal.pone.0105937 2397:(in Dutch). 28 November 2012 1854: 1627:and Marcel Zeelenberg, that 1584:. Wiley. pp. 236–256. . 1387:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_20 1335:10.1080/01973533.2012.682012 1319:10.1080/01973533.2012.682012 1197:The secret life of emotions 1129:10.1080/10463283.2012.705989 953:10.1080/1047840X.2012.722053 802:10.1080/15534510.2012.738953 786:10.1080/15298868.2012.742330 766:Social Psychology Quarterly 498:10.1080/15298868.2013.790597 7: 1690: 1093:Psychology & Marketing 626:10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.12.004 450:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.11.002 302: 253: 71:East Stroudsburg University 10: 3582: 3546:Dutch social psychologists 3369:(in Dutch). Archived from 2738:Interim Levelt Report 2011 2726:Interim Levelt Report 2011 2635:Interim Levelt Report 2011 2560:Interim Levelt Report 2011 2377:(in Dutch). 28 March 2012. 2333:(in Dutch). Archived from 2295:Interim Levelt Report 2011 1788: 1287:10.1521/soco.2012.30.3.363 1271:10.1521/soco.2006.24.6.703 658:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.11.014 642:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.001 546:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.004 530:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.005 514:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.006 221: 77:before moving back to the 2027:. First published in the 1944:Derksen, Maarten (2021), 1619:Selfishness in carnivores 1351:10.1007/s11031-011-9266-1 482:10.1027/1864-9335/a000152 120: 89:degree in psychology and 20:Diederik Alexander Stapel 2456:10.1177/1745691612460687 1809:(Report). Archived from 1730: 1712: 1395:Chapters in edited books 1207:10.1177/0956797612453137 1145:10.1177/0956797612453137 937:10.1177/0146167212462821 921:10.1177/0146167212462821 905:10.1177/0146167212462821 889:10.1177/0146167212462821 873:10.1177/0146167212462821 770:10.1177/0190272512471170 594:10.1177/0146167212474240 578:10.1177/0146167212474240 562:10.1177/0146167212474240 3205:10.1126/science.1216027 3077:10.1126/science.1201068 2896:(2): 88. February 2013. 2837:"[Book Review] 2138:Diederik Stapel Website 2021:"The Mind of a Con Man" 1347:Motivation and Emotion 969:10.1348/014466605X79589 131:University of Groningen 95:University of Amsterdam 3556:People from Oegstgeest 2920: 1746: 1672: 1646: 1631:are more selfish than 1612: 1469:Guilford Publications 1203:Psychological Science 1141:Psychological Science 949:Psychological Inquiry 404:Withdrawn publications 401: 362: 339: 319: 291:Prosecution settlement 205: 3397:Ontspoorde wetenschap 3127:|...}} 3098:(Retracted, see 3014:, pp. 81–82, 95. 2972:, pp. 25–27, 76. 2337:on 24 September 2023. 1607: 1442:D.A. Stapel; J. Suls 1189:9 August 2019 at the 1166:10 March 2022 at the 855:7 August 2019 at the 372: 314: 164:Willem ("Pim") Levelt 149:Scientific misconduct 133:in 2000 and moved to 91:communication science 85:. Stapel obtained an 40:scientific misconduct 3313:on 18 November 2011; 2507:. 1 November 2011. ( 2263:on 30 September 2011 429:Year of publication 349:Eric-Jan Wagenmakers 329:In a review for the 3446:2014PLoSO...9j5937M 3373:on 22 February 2013 3363:"Onder psychologen" 3197:2011Sci...334Q.760A 3069:2011Sci...332..251S 2695:2011Natur.479...15C 2616:on 27 November 2011 2505:The Washington Post 2058:Abma, Ruud (2012). 1590:"Coping with chaos" 1409: 422: 409:Retraction overview 3338:. 8 September 2011 3285:on 6 November 2011 2658:on 4 November 2011 2331:Tilburg University 2327:"Commissie Levelt" 2224:Tilburg University 2099:10.1007/BF01498603 2087:Political Behavior 2025:The New York Times 1925:. 28 November 2012 1886:Tilburg University 1816:on 12 January 2013 1639:Other publications 1407: 782:Self and Identity 494:Self and Identity 478:Social Psychology 420: 413:By December 2015, 135:Tilburg University 28:Tilburg University 3531:Academic scandals 3063:(6026): 251–253. 2993:978-1-4625-0913-3 2953:978-1-4419-6952-1 2222:(Press release). 2140:. September 2006. 2039:on 30 August 2023 1776: 1775: 1685:978-90-254-4269-9 1676:. Atlas Contact. 1529: 1528: 1524:978-1-4419-6952-1 1485:978-1-4625-0913-3 1445:Psychology Press 1392: 1391: 1283:Social Cognition 1267:Social Cognition 1223:10.1002/ejsp.1899 1184:10.1002/ejsp.1897 1161:10.1002/ejsp.1898 1113:10.1002/ejsp.1903 1097:10.1002/mar.20565 850:10.1002/ejsp.1913 834:10.1002/ejsp.1920 818:10.1002/ejsp.1919 798:Social Influence 466:10.1002/ejsp.2173 297:community service 207:rector magnificus 194:Suspicions raised 108:social psychology 36:manipulating data 24:social psychology 3573: 3512: 3477: 3467: 3457: 3424: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3358: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3307:Dutch Daily News 3297: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3279:Dutch Daily News 3268: 3262: 3261: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3161:Nature News Blog 3152: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3128: 3117:Retraction Watch 3096: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3034:Retraction Watch 3021: 3015: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2979: 2973: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2890:The Psychologist 2887: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2845: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2817:Brabants Dagblad 2808: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2785:. Archived from 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2706: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2652:Nieuws en Agenda 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2610:Nieuws en Agenda 2602: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2542: 2536: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2497: 2491: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2359:on 31 July 2012. 2355:. Archived from 2345: 2339: 2338: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2298: 2292: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2259:. Archived from 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2166: 2160: 2151: 2145: 2141: 2129: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2035:. Archived from 2016: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1989:Retraction Watch 1980: 1971: 1970: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1923:UniversOnline.nl 1915: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1874: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1836: 1828:Interim report: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1815: 1808: 1777: 1767:Brabants Dagblad 1754: 1738: 1727: 1723: 1679: 1675: 1652:Prometheus Books 1650:('Derailment'). 1649: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1553: 1547: 1544: 1513:Retraction Watch 1410: 1406: 1081:10.1037/a0029745 1065:10.1037/a0029744 1049:10.1037/a0029732 1033:10.1037/a0029731 1017:10.1037/a0029742 1001:10.1037/a0029743 985:10.1037/a0029740 754:10.1037/a0031266 738:10.1037/a0031426 722:10.1037/a0031271 706:10.1037/a0031425 690:10.1037/a0031410 674:10.1037/a0031270 610:10.1037/a0031698 423: 419: 415:Retraction Watch 399: 387: 369: 365: 342: 285: 264: 241: 237: 210: 189: 186:"We have some 30 175: 128: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3516: 3515: 3495: 3484: 3392: 3390:Further reading 3387: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3232: 3228: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3153: 3146: 3130: 3122: 3120: 3097: 3039: 3037: 3022: 3018: 3007: 3003: 2994: 2980: 2976: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2872: 2870: 2859: 2855: 2843: 2833: 2829: 2824:on 29 May 2012. 2810: 2809: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2783:Science Insider 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2756:NRC Handelsblad 2748: 2744: 2740:, pp. 6–7. 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2704:10.1038/479015a 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2588: 2581: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2543: 2539: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2490:, pp. 7–8. 2483: 2479: 2436: 2429: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2301: 2293: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2230:on 2 April 2012 2218: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2152: 2148: 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3244:(6060): 1202. 3226: 3173: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3047:The retracted 3016: 3010:Flawed Science 3001: 2992: 2974: 2968:Flawed Science 2959: 2952: 2934: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2853: 2827: 2800: 2789:on 6 July 2013 2769: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2669: 2639: 2627: 2597: 2591:Flawed Science 2579: 2573:Flawed Science 2564: 2552: 2546:Flawed Science 2537: 2531:Flawed Science 2522: 2492: 2486:Flawed Science 2477: 2450:(6): 670–688. 2427: 2408: 2380: 2362: 2340: 2318: 2299: 2274: 2241: 2211: 2186: 2161: 2155:Flawed Science 2146: 2143: 2142: 2130: 2093:(3): 289–309. 2077: 2070: 2050: 2002: 1972: 1966: 1936: 1910: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1826: 1802:Flawed science 1797:Final report: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1744: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1640: 1637: 1620: 1617: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1567: 1554: 1534:Flawed Science 1527: 1526: 1517: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1478: 1475: 1470: 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