285:
190:
502:
497:
669:
918:
29:
975:"substantially understated risks that it acknowledged and failed entirely to acknowledge other risks." The EPA's Office of the Inspector General concluded that the EPA had deviated from typical procedures in its 2018 decision despite the best efforts of EPA's career scientists and managers to recommend a different approach that was scientifically, procedurally, and legally sound.
728:
designed to be less prone to vaporizing and inhibit unintended drift between fields, was approved for use in the United States by the EPA in 2016, and was commercially available in 2017. As a result, the use of dicamba in US agriculture rose sharply from approximately 8,000,000 pounds (3,600,000 kg) in 2016 to 30,000,000 pounds (14,000,000 kg) in 2019, according to the
952:
Complaints against dicamba accelerated after the United States EPA approved a
Monsanto-created soybean which could tolerate it in 2016. The soybean was a part of Monsanto's Xtend products. Dicamba was approved by the EPA for "over-the-top" (OTT) use on those dicamba-tolerant soybean and cotton crops.
727:
launched a criminal investigation into the illegal application of older, drift prone formulations of dicamba onto these new plants. Older formulations have been reported to drift after application and affect other crops not meant to be treated. A less volatile formulation of dicamba made by
Monsanto,
963:
banned the sale and use of dicamba in July 2017 in response to complaints of crop damage due to drift. Monsanto responded by arguing that not all instances of crop damage had been investigated and a ban was premature. Monsanto sued the state of
Arkansas to stop the ban, but the case was dismissed in
995:
On 27 January 2020, the first trial concerning dicamba-related products began in Cape
Girardeau, Missouri. The lawsuit involves a peach farmer who alleged that dicamba-based herbicides caused significant damage to his crops and trees. It had also been filed in November 2016, when dicamba was still
982:
Despite the control measures implemented by the EPA in 2020, the 2021 incident reports showed little change in the number, severity, and/or geographic extent of dicamba-related incidents. In March 2022 and in
February 2023, EPA approved additional labeling to further restrict use of OTT dicamba to
978:
On 8 June 2020, the EPA clarified that existing stocks of the dicamba-based pesticides bought before 3 June 2020 may be used according to their previous labels until 31 July 2020. In
October 2020 the EPA issued a decision on the registration application of three dicamba-based products, Xtendimax,
991:
In
February 2018, it was reported that numerous farmers from 21 states had filed lawsuits against Monsanto alleging that dicamba damaged their crops, with the most prominent cases coming from Missouri and Arkansas. By August 2019, more lawsuits were filed, alleging that dicamba had damaged crops,
1008:
On 17 February, it was announced that dicamba would face many more lawsuits. On 26 February, the
Peiffer Wolf Carr & Kane Law Firm announced that after the Bader verdict, more than 2,000 U.S. farmers hired the law firm to represent them in upcoming lawsuits.
807:
When rabbits were given doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 10, or 20 (mg/kg)/day of technical dicamba from days 6 through 18 of pregnancy, toxic effects on the mothers, slightly reduced fetal body weights, and increased loss of fetuses occurred at the 10 mg/kg dose.
752:
identified spray drift as the primary ecological risk for dicamba due to its potential effects on non-target terrestrial plants. Dicamba is also available in a drift-resistant formulation, which is less likely to affect neighboring fields.
1000:
and found in favor of the peach grower, Bader Farms owner Bill Bader. Bayer and BASF were also ordered to pay Bader $ 15 million in damages. On 15 February 2020, Monsanto and BASF were ordered to pay an additional $ 250 million in
660:. Dicamba came under significant scrutiny due to its tendency to spread from treated fields into neighboring fields, causing damage. The controversy led to litigation, state bans and additional restrictions over dicamba use.
853:(strain DI-6) converts dicamba to 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (3,6-DCSA), which lacks herbicidal activity. The enzymes responsible for this first breakdown step comprise a three-component system called dicamba O-demethylase.
1088:
676:
Dicamba is a selective and systemic herbicide that kills annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. Its primary commercial applications are weed control for grain crops and turf areas. It is also used to control brush and
983:
reduce the likelihood of volatility and offsite movement of OTT dicamba by avoiding application on days with high temperatures. The restriction apply to
Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and South Dakota.
510:
1445:
770:
to handlers mixing and loading dry flowable formulations for application to sod and field crops. The Agency did not identify dietary, residential, aggregate, or post-application risks of concern.
953:
In 2017 and again in 2018, EPA amended the registrations of all OTT dicamba products following reports that farmers had experienced crop damage and economic losses resulting from spray drifting.
1012:
In June 2020, Bayer agreed to a settlement of up to $ 400 million for all 2015–2020 crop year dicamba claims, not including the $ 250 million judgement. On 25 November 2020, U.S. District Judge
477:
2110:
1473:
2390:
2205:
906:
1496:
944:. Modification of the gene encoding this enzyme is one strategy toward dicamba-resistant crops. The dichlorosalicylic acid is far less toxic than dicamba, which is already rather low.
2371:
2447:
1566:
882:
is a common concern with herbicide. In the laboratory, researchers have demonstrated weed resistance to dicamba within three generations of exposure. This effect is illustrated by
2428:
1672:
McDuffie, Helen H.; Pahwa, Punam; McLaughlin, John R.; Spinelli, John J.; Fincham, Shirley; Dosman, James A.; Robson, Diane; Skinnider, Leo F.; Choi, Norman W. (November 2001).
638:. It has been described as a "widely used, low-cost, environmentally friendly herbicide that does not persist in soils and shows little or no toxicity to wildlife and humans."
1795:
1005:. Court documents revealed Monsanto had used dicamba drift as a sales pitch to convince farmers to buy their proprietary dicamba-resistant seeds or face devastated crops.
560:
1732:"Dicamba affects sex steroid hormone level and mRNA expression of related genes in adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) at environmentally relevant concentrations"
2010:
Krueger, James P.; Butz, Robert G.; Atallah, Yousef H.; Cork, Douglas J. (1989). "Isolation and identification of microorganisms for the degradation of
Dicamba".
1708:
693:
or with other herbicides, dicamba can be used for weed control in range land and other noncrop areas (fence rows, roadways, and wastage). Dicamba is toxic to
2583:
864:, cotton, and other broadleaf crop plants, making them resistant to dicamba. Monsanto has marketed their dicamba resistant crops under the brand name Xtend.
2293:
1863:
Cranston, Harwood J.; Kern, Anthony J.; Hackett, Josette L.; Miller, Erica K.; Maxwell, Bruce D.; Dyer, William E. (2001). "Dicamba resistance in kochia".
2921:
2409:
940:, which hydroxylates the methyl group of dicamba. The hydroxymethylated derivative hydrolyzes readily to an inactive dichlorosalicylic acid or its
827:
Dicamba and its derivatives are practically nontoxic to aquatic invertebrates. Studies suggest that dicamba should be considered to be a potential
773:
Increased lung and colon cancer rate ratios and positive exposure–response patterns were reported for dicamba, in a review of data gathered in the
3240:
2604:
1576:
2799:
2484:
2271:
1850:
2465:
2951:
2913:
2860:
2779:
1244:
1201:
1141:
Behrens, M. R.; Mutlu, N.; Chakraborty, S.; Dumitru, R.; Jiang, W. Z.; Lavallee, B. J.; Herman, P. L.; Clemente, T. E.; Weeks, D. P. (2007).
809:
749:
672:
Dicamba use in the US in 2019. Usage has substantially increased since dicamba was approved for use over dicamba-resistant GMO crops in 2016.
642:
2045:
Milligan, Peter W.; Häggblom, Max M. (1 April 1999). "Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Dicamba under Different Reducing Conditions".
2999:
334:
2246:
3405:
3385:
3380:
3282:
2870:
2759:
1543:
3395:
2984:
2774:
1418:
1118:
3456:
3355:
1926:
Kolpin, Dana W.; Barbash, Jack E.; Gilliom, Robert J. (November 2000). "Pesticides in Ground Water of the United States, 1992–1996".
777:'s Agricultural Health Study. The Cross-Canada Study of Pesticides and Health found that exposure to dicamba increased the risk of
839:
The 2022 EPA draft ecological risk assessment identified potential adverse effects to birds, and bee larvae for all dicamba uses.
2184:
1522:
1262:
979:
Engenia, and Tavium. They approved of their use from 2021 to 2025 with some additional changes, including labeling restrictions.
996:
owned by Monsanto. On 14 February 2020, the jury involved in the lawsuit ruled against dicamba owner Bayer and its co-defendant
2338:
709:
2674:
1142:
2701:
2502:
2223:
2133:
748:
identified dicamba's potential for long-range transport through the atmosphere as a critical area of concern. In 2022, the
2648:
107:
1825:
712:
in England was evaluating dicamba in the field. Dicamba has since been used for household and commercial weed control.
1716:
3599:
3061:
968:
299:
1295:"Mutant Analysis in Arabidopsis Provides Insight into the Molecular Mode of Action of the Auxinic Herbicide Dicamba"
1239:
804:
in rats: >200 mg/L). In a three-generation study, dicamba did not affect the reproductive capacity of rats.
708:
The growth regulating properties of dicamba were first discovered by Zimmerman and Hitchcock in 1942. Soon after,
867:
Farmers have expressed concern about being forced to grow resistant crops as protection against drifting dicamba.
585:
972:
724:
3026:
1963:"Crystal Structure of Dicamba Monooxygenase: A Rieske Nonheme Oxygenase that Catalyzes Oxidative Demethylation"
1358:
819:
In dog tests, some enlargement of liver cells has occurred, but a similar effect has not been shown in humans.
767:
745:
1876:
1908:
774:
653:
3640:
1101:
546:
242:
185:
2156:
3620:
263:
147:
929:
found dicamba in 0.13% of the groundwaters surveyed. The maximum level detected was 0.0021 mg/L.
556:
3297:
3071:
2903:
1599:"Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance dicamba | EFSA"
879:
501:
2558:
3635:
2961:
2642:
1393:
1084:
883:
649:, whereby dicamba inadvertently migrates to non-targeted neighboring areas, damaging those plants.
645:(EPA), dicamba's primary ecological risk is for non-target terrestrial plants from exposure through
3554:
2898:
2694:
641:
Despite its success in improving crop yields, dicamba has attracted controversy. According to the
280:
2559:"Bayer is facing a new wave of herbicide lawsuits—and this time it's not over Monsanto's Roundup"
1013:
849:
625:
1890:
964:
February 2018. It has also been acknowledged that the use of dicamba had increased since 2017.
3625:
3524:
1450:
933:
628:
496:
3630:
3476:
1633:"A Review of Pesticide Exposure and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort"
1143:"Dicamba Resistance: Enlarging and Preserving Biotechnology-Based Weed Management Strategies"
778:
524:
489:
2654:
2206:"Farmers, Conservationists Challenge Approval of Monsanto's Crop-damaging Dicamba Pesticide"
2054:
1935:
1743:
1306:
1154:
926:
875:
729:
716:
251:
41:
167:
83:
8:
3534:
3499:
2893:
2687:
2356:
2272:"EPA Offers Clarity to Farmers in Light of Recent Court Vacatur of Dicamba Registrations"
2091:
828:
73:
2058:
1939:
1747:
1673:
1310:
1275:
1158:
284:
189:
127:
3494:
2669:
2522:
2372:"Monsanto's defense: Fungal disease, not dicamba, to blame for peach farmer's problems"
1987:
1962:
1947:
1767:
1712:
1657:
1632:
1571:
1367:
1329:
1294:
1178:
971:
blocked sales of three dicamba-based herbicides in the United States, finding that the
892:
790:
2605:
Bayer To Pay More Than $ 10 Billion To Resolve Cancer Lawsuits Over Weedkiller Roundup
1077:
3009:
2539:
2531:
2410:"Dicamba Goes on Trial: The History Behind Monsanto's Friendship-Wilting Weed Killer"
2070:
2027:
1992:
1759:
1598:
1334:
1170:
690:
2584:"More Than 2,000 Farmer Are Expected To File Dicamba-Damage Lawsuits, Says Law Firm"
1771:
2062:
2019:
1982:
1974:
1943:
1872:
1751:
1652:
1644:
1606:
1324:
1314:
1182:
1162:
1062:
1002:
433:
357:
2659:
2617:
2485:"Monsanto, BASF Will Pay $ 250 Million in Punitive Damages in First Dicamba Trial"
1796:"Crime in the Fields: How Monsanto And Scofflaw Farmers Hurt Soybeans in Arkansas"
1119:"Dicamba (Banvel) Herbicide Profile 10/83, Pesticide Management Education Program"
715:
Increasing use of dicamba has been reported with the release of dicamba-resistant
604:
first registered in 1967. Brand names for formulations of this herbicide include
3211:
2527:
1319:
898:
741:
231:
3433:
3400:
3347:
2888:
2319:
2294:"EPA Approves Dicamba Pesticides Through 2025; Additional Restrictions Imposed"
1102:"Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Dicamba and Associated Salts - US EPA"
941:
925:
Dicamba is poorly soluble in water. A study conducted from 1991 to 1996 by the
579:
538:
3018:
1978:
1474:"Illegal herbicide use may threaten survival of Missouri's largest peach farm"
789:
Dicamba has low toxicity by ingestion and inhalation or dermal exposure (oral
698:
3614:
3489:
3484:
3306:
3245:
3154:
3128:
3080:
2931:
2794:
2535:
2448:"Jury finds in favor of Missouri peach grower in lawsuit against Bayer, BASF"
2074:
2031:
1610:
1066:
887:
632:
422:
178:
2664:
1731:
1166:
1016:
reduced the punitive damage amount in the Bader Farms case to $ 60 million.
3594:
3589:
3579:
3441:
3224:
2926:
2835:
2827:
2769:
2764:
2722:
2710:
2679:
2543:
1996:
1961:
Dumitru, Razvan; Jiang, Wen Zhi; Weeks, Donald P.; Wilson, Mark A. (2009).
1763:
1338:
1174:
1446:"Suspected illegal herbicide use takes toll on southeast Missouri farmers"
3466:
3461:
3219:
3201:
3181:
3171:
3163:
3088:
3036:
2989:
2824:
2814:
2784:
2749:
2391:"Dicamba on trial: Monsanto officials limited testing on their own plots"
1544:"Dicamba Know-How: Seven Things to Know Before You Spray Dicamba in 2020"
1249:
1196:
1033:
937:
646:
567:
2023:
1648:
3584:
3564:
3544:
3504:
3410:
3370:
3272:
3136:
3118:
3103:
2994:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2865:
2845:
2840:
2804:
2734:
1422:
1371:
702:
458:
444:
391:
308:
InChI=1S/C8H6Cl2O3/c1-13-7-5(10)3-2-4(9)6(7)8(11)12/h2-3H,1H3,(H,11,12)
158:
2066:
1755:
1353:
318:
InChI=1/C8H6Cl2O3/c1-13-7-5(10)3-2-4(9)6(7)8(11)12/h2-3H,1H3,(H,11,12)
3574:
3549:
3529:
3365:
3287:
3267:
3186:
3113:
3108:
3093:
2974:
2969:
2754:
2714:
2618:"District Judge orders reduction of punitive damages in dicamba case"
1394:"U.S. agency searches for proof of criminal use of herbicide dicamba"
601:
2665:
Dicamba Pesticide Information Profile – Extension Toxicology Network
2655:
Dicamba Technical Fact Sheet – National Pesticide Information Center
2111:"Missouri and Arkansas ban dicamba herbicide as complaints snowball"
1419:"EPA Probes Dicamba Use- Federal Search Warrants Issued in Missouri"
578:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3539:
3390:
3375:
3360:
3338:
3324:
3277:
3259:
3196:
3191:
3098:
3056:
3041:
2979:
2855:
2809:
2789:
2739:
960:
956:
860:
incorporated one component of the three enzymes into the genome of
857:
720:
668:
657:
206:
2660:
Dicamba General Fact Sheet – National Pesticide Information Center
106:
3569:
3559:
3451:
3176:
2880:
2726:
2427:
Reporting, Johnathan Hettinger Midwest Center for Investigative.
2389:
Reporting, Johnathan Hettinger Midwest Center for Investigative.
2370:
Reporting, Johnathan Hettinger Midwest Center for Investigative.
1497:"EPA approves Monsanto's less-volatile form of dicamba herbicide"
1397:
861:
694:
682:
678:
462:
448:
412:
218:
1674:"Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Specific Pesticide Exposures in Men"
932:
It is biodegraded by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to 3,6-
917:
652:
In 2016, dicamba was approved for use in the United States over
3319:
3031:
2744:
2224:"U.S. Court Blocks Sales of Bayer Weed Killer in United States"
2157:"Monsanto's Lawsuit Against Arkansas for Dicamba Ban Dismissed"
1671:
552:
138:
1631:
Weichenthal, Scott; Moase, Connie; Chan, Peter (August 2010).
1263:
Revealed: Monsanto predicted crop system would damage US farms
1140:
697:
species but is in general less toxic to grasses. Dicamba is a
3314:
2503:"Missouri Farm Awarded $ 265M in Suit Against BASF and Bayer"
2185:"Despite Federal, State Efforts, Dicamba Complaints Continue"
2092:"Dicamba Lawsuit | Crop Damage Compensation for Farmers"
1829:
813:
686:
600:(3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) is a selective systemic
118:
96:
2466:"Bayer's Dicamba Hit Tests Patience of Frustrated Investors"
2339:"Dicamba-Related Federal Trial Begins in Southeast Missouri"
1826:"Business: Monsanto's Superweeds Saga Is Only Getting Worse"
1567:"Dow Corn, Resistant to a Weed Killer, Runs into Opposition"
1293:
Gleason, Cynthia; Foley, Rhonda C.; Singh, Karam B. (2011).
992:
gardens, and trees of neighbors of the farmers who used it.
268:
3446:
3424:
3051:
3046:
1909:"2024 HRAC GLOBAL HERBICIDE MOA CLASSIFICATION MASTER LIST"
997:
701:
that functions by increasing plant growth rate, leading to
427:
114 to 116 °C (237 to 241 °F; 387 to 389 K)
197:
28:
2429:"Peach farmer takes stand in lawsuit against Bayer, BASF"
1877:
10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0164:DRIK]2.0.CO;2
1862:
1800:
1094:
744:
from treated fields onto neighboring crops. In 2011, the
3346:
909:
is Group I (Aus), Group O (Global), Group 4 (numeric).
3305:
2557:
Feeley, Jef; Bross, Tim; Bloomberg (17 February 2020).
1960:
534:
2134:"Monsanto Responds to Arkansas, Missouri Dicamba Bans"
2009:
1057:
Arnold P. Appleby, Franz MĂĽller. "Weed Control, 2" in
902:
developed resistance to dicamba already in the 1990s.
740:
Dicamba came under scrutiny due to its reputation for
2320:"Dicamba Damage Lawsuit - Monsanto Herbicide Lawyers"
2247:"Final Cancellation Order for Three Dicamba Products"
831:
for fish at environmentally relevant concentrations.
2556:
1925:
1630:
1520:
1703:
1701:
1699:
530:
2520:McGlashen, Andy (Winter 2022). "Bitter Harvest".
2086:
2084:
1292:
3612:
2044:
1678:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
947:
230:
2675:EPA Dicamba Reregistration Eligibility Decision
1696:
82:
2200:
2198:
2081:
1624:
1523:"Estimated Agricultural Use for Dicamba, 2019"
1059:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
796:in rats: 757 mg/kg body weight, dermal LD
2695:
2179:
2177:
1665:
1345:
1245:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1202:United States Environmental Protection Agency
842:
750:United States Environmental Protection Agency
643:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2709:
1729:
1366:(3). Agricultural History Society: 243–254.
1089:Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
800:in rats: >2,000 mg/kg, inhalation LC
2195:
1891:"Australia Herbicide Classification Lookup"
2702:
2688:
2174:
2012:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1711:. Pesticide Management Education Program,
1465:
1437:
283:
188:
166:
2670:Monsanto's Xtend Crop System Product Page
2519:
1986:
1709:"Pesticide Information Profile – Dicamba"
1656:
1328:
1318:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
250:
2357:"Bayer/BASF-Dicamba Lawsuit | KDUZ"
2154:
1521:US Geological Survey (12 October 2021).
1391:
1354:"The Discovery and Development of 2,4-D"
1351:
916:
667:
1820:
1818:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1730:Zhu, L; Li, W; Zha, J; Wang, Z (2015).
1564:
1536:
1136:
1134:
1132:
279:
3613:
2615:
2586:. Successful Farming. 26 February 2020
2244:
2047:Environmental Science & Technology
1044:
663:
572:199 °C (390 °F; 472 K)
179:
2683:
2509:. Associated Press. 15 February 2020.
2426:
2388:
2369:
2131:
1913:Herbicide Resistance Action Committee
1901:
1895:Herbicide Resistance Action Committee
1234:
1232:
936:. This conversion is catalyzed by a
921:Pathway for biodegradation of dicamba
912:
766:In 2022 the EPA identified potential
311:Key: IWEDIXLBFLAXBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
146:
126:
2482:
2407:
2336:
2108:
1815:
1778:
1494:
1471:
1443:
1268:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1129:
810:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
681:in pastures, as well as controlling
710:Jealott's Hill Experimental Station
656:dicamba-resistant crops created by
321:Key: IWEDIXLBFLAXBO-UHFFFAOYAV
221:
205:
16:Chemical compound used as herbicide
13:
2483:Ruff, Corinne (15 February 2020).
2155:Nosowitz, Dan (20 February 2018).
1948:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00684.x
1392:Weinraub, Mark (25 October 2016).
1248:. 16 February 2023. Archived from
822:
46:3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid
14:
3652:
2643:Appendix E: Herbicide Information
2636:
2616:Reeves, J.C. (15 December 2020).
2408:Ruff, Corinne (24 January 2020).
2337:Ruff, Corinne (28 January 2020).
1637:Environmental Health Perspectives
1565:Pollack, Andrew (25 April 2012).
1256:
1209:
969:9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
834:
816:for this study at 3 (mg/kg)/day.
2445:
1715:. September 1993. Archived from
500:
495:
375:
369:
27:
2609:
2598:
2576:
2550:
2513:
2495:
2476:
2458:
2439:
2420:
2401:
2382:
2363:
2349:
2330:
2312:
2286:
2264:
2238:
2216:
2210:Center for Biological Diversity
2148:
2125:
2102:
2038:
2003:
1954:
1919:
1883:
1856:
1844:
1723:
1591:
1558:
1514:
1495:Gray, Bryce (9 November 2016).
1488:
1411:
1385:
1286:
973:Environmental Protection Agency
886:-resistant crops (marketed as '
624:. This chemical compound is a
582:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
2645:, US Department of Agriculture
2132:Pucci, Jackie (10 July 2017).
1794:Charles, Dan (1 August 2016).
1472:Gray, Bryce (14 August 2016).
1282:. University of Hertfordshire.
1189:
1111:
1071:
1026:
746:European Food Safety Authority
381:
363:
1:
2245:US EPA, OCSPP (8 June 2020).
1832:, TakePart.com. 2 August 2016
1444:Gray, Bryce (5 August 2016).
1280:Pesticide Properties DataBase
1019:
948:Use on dicamba-tolerant crops
870:
775:National Institutes of Health
756:
2298:Texas Agricultural Extension
1967:Journal of Molecular Biology
1320:10.1371/journal.pone.0017245
7:
2109:Gray, Bryce (7 July 2017).
1061:2011, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
986:
10:
3657:
1352:Peterson, Gale E. (1967).
1091:, accessed on 2023-12-12.
878:after the introduction of
843:Genetically modified crops
784:
3517:
3475:
3434:Photosystem II inhibitors
3432:
3423:
3348:Photosystem II inhibitors
3337:
3296:
3258:
3233:
3210:
3162:
3153:
3127:
3079:
3070:
3017:
3008:
2960:
2912:
2879:
2823:
2721:
2113:. St. Louis Post-Dispatch
1979:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.021
1276:"Dicamba (Ref: SAN 837H)"
1085:GESTIS Substance Database
761:
689:. In combination with a
576:
476:
471:
350:
330:
295:
66:
52:
40:
35:
26:
3307:Photosystem I inhibitors
1736:Environmental Toxicology
1611:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1965
1476:. St Louis Post-Dispatch
1067:10.1002/14356007.o28_o01
735:
547:Precautionary statements
407:White crystalline solid
342:Clc1ccc(Cl)c(c1OC)C(=O)O
2489:news.stlpublicradio.org
2414:news.stlpublicradio.org
2343:news.stlpublicradio.org
1501:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
1167:10.1126/science.1141596
850:Pseudomonas maltophilia
723:. In October 2016, the
2620:. Southeast Missourian
2226:. Reuters. 4 June 2020
1853:scientificamerican.com
1851:The Rise of Superweeds
1451:St Louis Post-Dispatch
934:dichlorosalicylic acid
922:
673:
2189:Illinois Public Media
1719:on 27 September 2020.
938:dicamba monooxygenase
920:
890:'). The weed species
779:non-Hodgkins lymphoma
671:
1546:. Progressive Farmer
1359:Agricultural History
1252:on 23 December 2023.
1014:Stephen Limbaugh Jr.
927:U.S. Geologic Survey
876:Herbicide resistance
730:US Geological Survey
717:genetically modified
42:Preferred IUPAC name
3641:Systemic herbicides
3535:aminocyclopyrachlor
3500:sulfometuron methyl
2649:Chemical Fact Sheet
2472:. 14 February 2020.
2059:1999EnST...33.1224M
2024:10.1021/jf00086a057
1940:2000GrWat..38..858K
1748:2015EnTox..30..693Z
1649:10.1289/ehp.0901731
1605:. 14 January 2011.
1311:2011PLoSO...617245G
1205:. 16 February 2023.
1159:2007Sci...316.1185B
847:The soil bacterium
829:endocrine disruptor
664:Use as an herbicide
434:Solubility in water
399: g·mol
23:
3621:Auxinic herbicides
3495:metsulfuron-methyl
3164:Nitrophenyl ethers
2507:The New York Times
2274:. EPA. 8 June 2020
2096:ConsumerNotice.org
1713:Cornell University
1603:www.efsa.europa.eu
1572:The New York Times
1265:The Guardian, 2020
1123:Cornell University
967:In June 2020, the
923:
913:Environmental fate
893:Amaranthus palmeri
812:(EPA) has set the
768:occupational risks
674:
586:Infobox references
21:
3608:
3607:
3513:
3512:
3419:
3418:
3333:
3332:
3254:
3253:
3155:Protox inhibitors
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3072:ACCase inhibitors
2300:. 9 November 2020
2191:. 31 August 2019.
2067:10.1021/es981117e
1756:10.1002/tox.21947
1579:on 4 January 2013
1425:. 25 October 2016
691:phenoxy herbicide
594:Chemical compound
592:
591:
525:Hazard statements
264:CompTox Dashboard
108:Interactive image
3648:
3636:Salicylyl ethers
3430:
3429:
3344:
3343:
3303:
3302:
3212:Pyrimidinediones
3160:
3159:
3077:
3076:
3015:
3014:
2962:Organophosphorus
2704:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2613:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2526:. New York, NY:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2053:(8): 1224–1229.
2042:
2036:
2035:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1791:
1776:
1775:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1643:(8): 1117–1125.
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1575:. Archived from
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1236:
1207:
1206:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1153:(5828): 1185–8.
1138:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1075:
1069:
1055:
1042:
1037:, 11th Edition,
1030:
1003:punitive damages
907:resistance class
705:and cell death.
562:
558:
554:
540:
536:
532:
504:
499:
398:
383:
377:
371:
365:
358:Chemical formula
288:
287:
272:
270:
254:
234:
223:
209:
192:
181:
170:
150:
130:
110:
86:
31:
24:
20:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3509:
3471:
3415:
3329:
3292:
3250:
3229:
3206:
3141:
3123:
3066:
3004:
2956:
2922:flurochloridone
2908:
2894:copper arsenate
2875:
2819:
2717:
2708:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2555:
2551:
2528:Audubon Society
2518:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2481:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2444:
2440:
2425:
2421:
2406:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2335:
2331:
2324:ClassAction.com
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2043:
2039:
2008:
2004:
1959:
1955:
1924:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1792:
1779:
1728:
1724:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1670:
1666:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1350:
1346:
1291:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1238:
1237:
1210:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1139:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1076:
1072:
1056:
1045:
1031:
1027:
1022:
989:
950:
915:
905:Dicamba's HRAC
899:Bassia scoparia
880:resistant crops
873:
845:
837:
825:
823:Aquatic animals
803:
799:
794:
787:
764:
759:
738:
699:synthetic auxin
666:
595:
588:
583:
549:
527:
513:
492:
436:
396:
386:
380:
374:
368:
360:
346:
343:
338:
337:
326:
323:
322:
319:
313:
312:
309:
303:
302:
291:
273:
266:
257:
237:
224:
212:
173:
153:
133:
113:
100:
89:
76:
62:
60:
48:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3477:ALS inhibitors
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3401:terbuthylazine
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3129:DIM herbicides
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3081:FOP herbicides
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2914:HPPD inhbitors
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:cacodylic acid
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2638:
2637:External links
2635:
2632:
2631:
2608:
2597:
2575:
2549:
2512:
2494:
2475:
2457:
2438:
2419:
2400:
2381:
2362:
2348:
2329:
2311:
2285:
2263:
2237:
2215:
2194:
2173:
2147:
2124:
2101:
2080:
2037:
2018:(2): 534–538.
2002:
1973:(2): 498–510.
1953:
1934:(6): 858–863.
1918:
1900:
1882:
1855:
1843:
1814:
1777:
1742:(6): 693–703.
1722:
1695:
1664:
1623:
1590:
1557:
1535:
1513:
1487:
1464:
1436:
1410:
1384:
1344:
1285:
1267:
1255:
1208:
1188:
1128:
1110:
1107:. 8 June 2006.
1093:
1070:
1043:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1018:
988:
985:
949:
946:
942:conjugate base
914:
911:
872:
869:
856:In the 2000s,
844:
841:
836:
835:Birds and bees
833:
824:
821:
801:
797:
792:
786:
783:
763:
760:
758:
755:
737:
734:
665:
662:
593:
590:
589:
584:
580:standard state
577:
574:
573:
570:
564:
563:
561:P305+P351+P338
550:
545:
542:
541:
528:
523:
520:
519:
514:
509:
506:
505:
493:
488:
485:
484:
474:
473:
469:
468:
465:
455:
454:
451:
441:
440:
437:
432:
429:
428:
425:
419:
418:
415:
409:
408:
405:
401:
400:
394:
388:
387:
384:
378:
372:
366:
361:
356:
353:
352:
348:
347:
345:
344:
341:
333:
332:
331:
328:
327:
325:
324:
320:
317:
316:
314:
310:
307:
306:
298:
297:
296:
293:
292:
290:
289:
276:
274:
262:
259:
258:
256:
255:
247:
245:
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225:
217:
214:
213:
211:
210:
202:
200:
194:
193:
183:
175:
174:
172:
171:
163:
161:
155:
154:
152:
151:
143:
141:
135:
134:
132:
131:
123:
121:
115:
114:
112:
111:
103:
101:
94:
91:
90:
88:
87:
79:
77:
72:
69:
68:
64:
63:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3653:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:Benzoic acids
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:flazasulfuron
3488:
3486:
3485:chlorsulfuron
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
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3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3246:sulfentrazone
3244:
3242:
3241:carfentrazone
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:Triazolinones
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:leptospermone
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
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2795:pendimethalin
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2446:Gray, Bryce.
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1308:
1305:(3): e17245.
1304:
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888:Roundup Ready
885:
881:
877:
868:
865:
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852:
851:
840:
832:
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515:
512:
508:
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498:
494:
491:
487:
486:
482:
480:
475:
470:
467:922 g/L
466:
464:
460:
457:
456:
453:810 g/L
452:
450:
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
431:
430:
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423:Melting point
421:
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180:ECHA InfoCard
177:
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149:
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65:
58:
55:3,6-Dichloro-
51:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3631:Chloroarenes
3595:pyribenzoxim
3590:prosulfocarb
3580:metam sodium
3442:chlortoluron
3225:saflufenacil
2927:isoxaflutole
2850:
2836:aminopyralid
2800:pretilachlor
2770:dimethenamid
2765:diflufenican
2711:Pest control
2622:. Retrieved
2611:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2552:
2521:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2452:stltoday.com
2451:
2441:
2433:stltoday.com
2432:
2422:
2413:
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2395:stltoday.com
2394:
2384:
2376:stltoday.com
2375:
2365:
2351:
2342:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2297:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
2188:
2164:. Retrieved
2160:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2104:
2095:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1868:
1865:Weed Science
1864:
1858:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1805:. Retrieved
1799:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1717:the original
1686:. Retrieved
1681:
1677:
1667:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1570:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1363:
1357:
1347:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1258:
1250:the original
1243:
1200:
1191:
1150:
1146:
1122:
1113:
1096:
1079:
1073:
1058:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1011:
1007:
994:
990:
981:
977:
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951:
931:
924:
904:
897:
891:
874:
866:
855:
848:
846:
838:
826:
818:
806:
788:
772:
765:
739:
714:
707:
675:
651:
640:
636:-anisic acid
633:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
596:
516:
478:
148:ChEMBL476936
67:Identifiers
59:-anisic acid
56:
53:Other names
18:
3467:tebuthiuron
3462:monolinuron
3220:butafenacil
3202:oxyfluorfen
3182:fluorodifen
3172:acifluorfen
3089:chlorazifop
3037:dichlorprop
2990:glufosinate
2952:sulcotrione
2861:pyrithiobac
2815:trifluralin
2785:metolachlor
2780:metazachlor
2750:benfluralin
2624:15 December
2568:17 December
2563:fortune.com
2136:. Crop Life
1928:Groundwater
1616:23 December
1528:27 December
1377:10 November
1034:Merck Index
647:spray drift
626:chlorinated
568:Flash point
511:Signal word
404:Appearance
351:Properties
186:100.016.033
128:CHEBI:81856
3615:Categories
3585:metribuzin
3565:indaziflam
3545:bromoxynil
3505:tribenuron
3411:metamitron
3371:hexazinone
3298:Quaternary
3273:fluroxypyr
3137:sethoxydim
3119:quizalofop
3104:fenoxaprop
3000:piperophos
2995:glyphosate
2947:sethoxydim
2942:nitisinone
2937:mesotrione
2881:Arsenicals
2866:quinclorac
2846:clopyralid
2841:chloramben
2805:propachlor
2735:acetochlor
2715:herbicides
1871:(2): 164.
1423:KTIC Radio
1403:29 October
1078:Record of
1020:References
884:glyphosate
871:Resistance
757:Toxicology
719:plants by
703:senescence
629:derivative
490:Pictograms
459:Solubility
445:Solubility
392:Molar mass
252:SJG3M6RY6H
159:ChemSpider
95:3D model (
74:CAS Number
3575:methazole
3550:clomazone
3530:aclonifen
3406:terbutryn
3386:propazine
3381:prometryn
3366:cyanazine
3339:Triazines
3315:cyperquat
3288:triclopyr
3283:thiazopyr
3268:dithiopyr
3260:Pyridines
3187:fomesafen
3114:haloxyfop
3109:fluazifop
3094:cyhalofop
2975:bialaphos
2970:bensulide
2871:quinmerac
2760:diethatyl
2755:butachlor
2536:0004-7694
2075:0013-936X
2032:0021-8561
1480:16 August
1457:16 August
1429:4 October
1240:"Dicamba"
1197:"Dicamba"
602:herbicide
481:labelling
84:1918-00-9
3540:Bentazon
3396:simetryn
3391:simazine
3376:prometon
3361:atrazine
3325:paraquat
3278:imazapyr
3197:nitrofen
3192:lactofen
3099:diclofop
3057:mecoprop
3042:fenoprop
2985:fosamine
2980:ethephon
2856:picloram
2825:Aromatic
2810:propanil
2790:oryzalin
2775:flamprop
2740:alachlor
2727:anilines
2723:Anilides
2590:11 March
1997:19616011
1836:3 August
1807:1 August
1772:45373092
1764:24420721
1688:13 April
1583:1 August
1339:21408147
1299:PLOS ONE
1175:17525337
987:Lawsuits
961:Missouri
957:Arkansas
858:Monsanto
781:in men.
742:drifting
721:Monsanto
658:Monsanto
622:Vanquish
472:Hazards
22:Dicamba
3570:juglone
3560:dinoseb
3457:monuron
3452:linuron
3356:ametryn
3177:bifenox
3062:2,4,5-T
3010:Phenoxy
2851:dicamba
2544:6823366
2523:Audubon
2278:11 June
2256:11 June
2230:11 June
2166:7 March
2140:10 July
2117:10 July
2055:Bibcode
1988:3109874
1936:Bibcode
1744:Bibcode
1658:2920083
1550:10 July
1506:24 June
1398:Reuters
1372:3740338
1330:3050828
1307:Bibcode
1183:7093076
1155:Bibcode
1147:Science
1087:of the
1083:in the
1080:Dicamba
862:soybean
785:Mammals
695:conifer
683:legumes
679:bracken
598:Dicamba
463:ethanol
449:acetone
413:Density
219:PubChem
3518:Others
3320:diquat
3032:2,4-DB
3019:Auxins
2745:asulam
2542:
2534:
2530:: 45.
2304:26 May
2251:US EPA
2073:
2030:
1995:
1985:
1770:
1762:
1655:
1370:
1337:
1327:
1181:
1173:
762:Humans
618:Oracle
614:Diablo
610:Banvel
606:Dianat
517:Danger
439:"low"
397:221.03
335:SMILES
207:C18597
139:ChEMBL
61:Dianat
36:Names
3600:Ziram
3425:Ureas
3027:2,4-D
2828:acids
1830:Yahoo
1768:S2CID
1368:JSTOR
1179:S2CID
1105:(PDF)
814:NOAEL
736:Drift
687:cacti
417:1.57
300:InChI
119:ChEBI
97:JSmol
3555:DCBN
3525:3-AT
3447:DCMU
3052:MCPB
3047:MCPA
2904:MSMA
2899:DSMA
2626:2020
2592:2020
2570:2020
2540:OCLC
2532:ISSN
2306:2021
2280:2020
2258:2020
2232:2020
2168:2018
2142:2017
2119:2017
2071:ISSN
2028:ISSN
1993:PMID
1838:2016
1809:2016
1760:PMID
1690:2021
1684:(11)
1618:2023
1585:2016
1552:2020
1530:2021
1508:2017
1482:2016
1459:2016
1431:2017
1405:2016
1379:2020
1335:PMID
1171:PMID
1039:3026
998:BASF
959:and
896:and
685:and
620:and
557:P280
553:P273
539:H412
535:H318
531:H302
243:UNII
232:3030
198:KEGG
168:2922
2063:doi
2020:doi
1983:PMC
1975:doi
1971:392
1944:doi
1873:doi
1801:NPR
1752:doi
1653:PMC
1645:doi
1641:118
1607:doi
1325:PMC
1315:doi
1163:doi
1151:316
1063:doi
725:EPA
654:GMO
631:of
479:GHS
461:in
447:in
269:EPA
222:CID
3617::
2713::
2561:.
2538:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
