1087:
1151:
1707:
985:
1746:
1080:
1751:
1587:
1426:
1166:
1571:
1542:
1161:
617:
1243:
87:, the local headmen could be caught between them and their superiors in the Chinese hierarchy, for instance during the construction of the
782:
1124:
1231:
1216:
918:
2016:
1954:
1293:
1985:
1226:
575:
Peasants and
Revolution in Rural China: Rural Political Change in the North China Plain and the Yangzi Delta, 1850–1949
1455:
1206:
1119:
843:
1028:
858:
1671:
1040:
913:
737:
1960:
1801:
1676:
1033:
610:
587:
544:
503:
161:
54:
1771:
1888:
1131:
818:
704:
17:
1472:
1338:
1106:
853:
792:
762:
752:
261:
1906:
1681:
1537:
1221:
1211:
1196:
1191:
1023:
973:
953:
893:
727:
253:
1665:
1443:
1310:
1176:
1070:
680:
670:
603:
24:
1582:
1565:
1075:
1050:
1013:
923:
883:
635:
520:
Henriot, Christian. "Invisible Deaths, Silent Deaths: 'Bodies without
Masters' in Republican Shanghai".
1965:
1411:
1975:
1694:
1623:
1416:
948:
873:
742:
660:
72:
on a commission basis and collected the land tax, as well as overseeing minor punishment such as the
98:
administered villages under the ordinary
Chinese administrative system. A similar office called the
1896:
1716:
1450:
1421:
1171:
1492:
958:
943:
777:
675:
560:
237:
2021:
1873:
1761:
1642:
1467:
685:
60:, typically selected from among the prominent landowners. Working in communities of around 100
494:
1947:
1806:
1766:
1433:
1395:
1283:
1263:
1181:
980:
963:
828:
797:
732:
574:
535:
80:
1878:
1845:
1811:
1756:
1636:
1618:
1328:
1258:
1065:
848:
8:
1931:
1781:
1721:
1653:
1333:
1186:
1141:
888:
767:
747:
655:
1816:
1527:
1522:
1348:
1288:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1092:
938:
757:
1826:
1821:
1796:
1741:
1736:
1659:
1607:
1512:
1343:
1248:
1146:
1045:
1008:
933:
863:
833:
787:
583:
540:
499:
1980:
1863:
1786:
1726:
1532:
1253:
1114:
1060:
903:
868:
772:
697:
665:
413:
375:
337:
299:
201:
84:
1995:
1941:
1791:
1776:
1600:
1055:
1018:
968:
928:
878:
823:
692:
173:
418:
380:
342:
304:
266:
206:
1858:
1731:
1497:
1460:
908:
898:
838:
433:
395:
357:
319:
281:
221:
2010:
1970:
1936:
1901:
1517:
1507:
1323:
714:
183:
107:
1990:
1687:
1629:
1318:
1300:
1156:
626:
178:
140:
133:
88:
50:
1926:
1647:
1368:
1363:
129:
122:
118:
1594:
1438:
1388:
1358:
1201:
595:
1383:
1373:
471:
Confucian
Patriotism and the Destruction of the Woosung Railway, 1877
65:
64:, they were charged with overseeing boundaries and land disputes. He
61:
83:
and businessmen gained the right to hold property in China from the
1868:
1613:
1560:
1502:
1378:
1353:
470:
1853:
536:
State, Peasant, and
Merchant in Qing Manchuria, 1644–1862
423:
385:
347:
309:
271:
211:
73:
1136:
57:
1747:
Convention
Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
1236:
69:
156:
After 1900, they began to be replaced by less autonomous
556:
160:, although this transition was not completed until the
106:) was established under the Qing in 1725 to manage the
477:, Vol. VII, No. 4. Cambridge University Press, 1973.
1752:
Convention for the
Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2008:
1152:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
539:, pp. 63 ff. Stanford University Press, 2007.
1572:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
1543:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
611:
498:, p. 117. Stanford University Press, 1999.
443:
231:
618:
604:
1232:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1081:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
580:Routledge Studies in the Chinese Economy
465:
463:
1688:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
625:
485:
483:
438:
400:
362:
324:
286:
226:
146:. They were occasionally also known as
2009:
516:
514:
512:
495:Civil Law in Qing and Republican China
25:Guaranteed minimum income § China
23:For China's anti-poverty program, see
1986:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
1227:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
599:
460:
1207:Ministry of Posts and Communications
480:
1955:History of Qing (People's Republic)
509:
13:
1672:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1041:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1034:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
914:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
738:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
14:
2033:
1961:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
1802:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
1677:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
829:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1772:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1088:Articles of Favourable Treatment
844:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
819:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
705:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
566:
550:
407:
236:'land guarantor'; also
18:Dibao (ancient Chinese gazette)
2017:Government of the Qing dynasty
1473:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
763:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
527:
428:
390:
369:
352:
331:
314:
293:
276:
265:
257:
247:
216:
195:
1:
1907:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
1682:Islam during the Qing dynasty
1538:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1222:Provincial military commander
1212:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1197:Imperial Household Department
1024:Preparative Constitutionalism
728:Sino-Russian border conflicts
454:
16:For the ancient gazette, see
1666:Researches on Manchu Origins
1071:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
681:Transition from Ming to Qing
671:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
582:, vol. 25. Routledge, 2007.
7:
1566:Changzhou School of Thought
1076:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1051:Railway Protection Movement
1029:1909 Parliamentary election
1014:British expedition to Tibet
924:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
884:Self-Strengthening Movement
859:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
167:
117:were the successors of the
10:
2038:
1966:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
854:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
793:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
783:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
753:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
533:Isett, Christopher Mills.
49:, were local officials in
22:
15:
1976:Names of the Qing dynasty
1919:
1887:
1844:
1837:
1706:
1624:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
1551:
1483:
1404:
1309:
1105:
996:
954:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
949:Gongche Shangshu movement
894:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
806:
743:Chinese Rites controversy
713:
643:
634:
522:Journal of Social History
417:
379:
341:
303:
205:
1897:Great Qing Treasure Note
1717:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
1427:Administrative divisions
1244:Administrative divisions
1172:Flag of the Qing dynasty
189:
1493:Chengde Mountain Resort
1294:Three Eastern Provinces
944:First Sino-Japanese War
919:Northern Chinese Famine
778:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
676:Qing invasion of Joseon
563:." Accessed 4 Nov 2011.
448:'village head'.
1874:Great Qing Copper Coin
1762:Convention of Tientsin
1695:Annotated Bibliography
1643:Qing official headwear
686:Battle of Shanhai Pass
590:. Accessed 4 Nov 2011.
547:. Accessed 4 Nov 2011.
524:, Winter 2009, p. 433.
506:. Accessed 4 Nov 2011.
1948:Draft History of Qing
1807:Treaty of Shimonoseki
1588:performance criticism
1192:Imperial Commissioner
1182:Great Qing Legal Code
981:Eight-Nation Alliance
964:Third plague pandemic
874:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
798:White Lotus Rebellion
1879:Great Qing Gold Coin
1812:Treaty of Tarbagatai
1757:Convention of Peking
1637:Pentaglot Dictionary
1619:Literary inquisition
1329:Ever Victorious Army
1162:Deliberative Council
1066:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1019:1905 Batang uprising
959:Hundred Days' Reform
849:Small Swords Society
475:Modern Asian Studies
41:), sometimes called
1932:Anti-Qing sentiment
1782:Treaty of the Bogue
1722:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1654:Complete Tang Poems
1334:Green Standard Army
1217:Provincial governor
1187:Imperial Clan Court
1167:Diplomatic missions
1142:Consultative Bureau
889:Tongzhi Restoration
768:Afaqi Khoja revolts
748:Ten Great Campaigns
656:Jurchen unification
489:Bernhardt, Kathryn
262:traditional Chinese
1817:Treaty of Tientsin
1528:Western Qing tombs
1523:Eastern Qing tombs
1349:Peking Field Force
1093:Manchu Restoration
986:Declaration of war
939:Jindandao incident
758:Lhasa riot of 1750
254:simplified Chinese
2004:
2003:
1915:
1914:
1827:Treaty of Whampoa
1822:Treaty of Wanghia
1797:Treaty of Nanking
1767:Li–Lobanov Treaty
1742:Chefoo Convention
1737:Burlingame Treaty
1608:Kangxi Dictionary
1513:Old Summer Palace
1344:Firearm Battalion
1147:Cup of Solid Gold
1101:
1100:
1046:Manchurian plague
1009:Late Qing reforms
1000:(1901–1912)
934:Sikkim expedition
864:Panthay Rebellion
834:Taiping Rebellion
810:(1801–1900)
788:Sino-Nepalese War
733:Dzungar–Qing Wars
719:(1683–1799)
647:(1616–1683)
446:
234:
2029:
1981:New Qing History
1864:Qianlong Tongbao
1842:
1841:
1787:Treaty of Canton
1727:Unequal treaties
1533:Fuling Mausoleum
1132:Advisory Council
1061:Wuchang Uprising
1001:
904:Tianjin Massacre
869:Second Opium War
811:
773:Sino-Burmese War
720:
698:Battle of Penghu
666:Seven Grievances
648:
641:
640:
620:
613:
606:
597:
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259:
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209:
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85:unequal treaties
68:all real estate
55:early Republican
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:Willow Palisade
1942:Chuang Guandong
1911:
1883:
1833:
1792:Treaty of Kulja
1777:Treaty of Aigun
1710:
1702:
1601:History of Ming
1553:
1547:
1485:
1479:
1405:Special regions
1400:
1339:Imperial Guards
1305:
1097:
1056:1911 Revolution
1002:
999:
992:
969:Boxer Rebellion
929:Sino-French War
879:Amur Annexation
824:First Opium War
812:
809:
802:
721:
718:
709:
693:Great Clearance
649:
646:
630:
624:
594:
571:
567:
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551:
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336:
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298:
294:
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200:
196:
192:
174:village (China)
170:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1859:Kangxi Tongbao
1856:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:Boxer Protocol
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Forbidden City
1495:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1461:General of Ili
1458:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:List of ambans
1441:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1005:
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991:
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989:
988:
978:
977:
976:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
909:Margary Affair
906:
901:
899:Mudan incident
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
839:Nian Rebellion
836:
831:
826:
821:
815:
813:
808:
804:
803:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
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770:
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760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
724:
722:
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710:
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707:
702:
701:
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689:
688:
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673:
668:
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652:
650:
645:
638:
632:
631:
623:
622:
615:
608:
600:
593:
592:
565:
549:
526:
508:
479:
469:Pong, David. "
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:
406:
368:
330:
292:
246:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
169:
166:
162:Republican era
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2034:
2023:
2022:Eight Banners
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
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1974:
1972:
1971:Manchu people
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:
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1949:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Canton System
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
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1918:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Hubu Guanpiao
1900:
1898:
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1880:
1877:
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1872:
1870:
1867:
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1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:Society &
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Summer Palace
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Mukden Palace
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1484:Palaces &
1482:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1428:
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1424:
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1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1403:
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1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
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1380:
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1376:
1375:
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1367:
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1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Eight Banners
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
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1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
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1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Grand Council
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
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1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
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997:20th century
995:
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588:0-415-42176-4
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545:0-8047-5271-0
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184:notary public
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108:Banner system
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52:
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33:
26:
19:
1991:Treaty ports
1953:
1946:
1920:Other topics
1693:
1686:
1664:
1652:
1635:
1630:Peiwen Yunfu
1628:
1606:
1599:
1577:
1570:
1319:Beiyang Army
1301:Zongli Yamen
1157:Da-Qing Bank
974:Red Lanterns
627:Qing dynasty
579:
573:
572:Liu, Chang.
568:
552:
534:
529:
521:
493:
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474:
437:
427:
409:
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389:
371:
361:
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295:
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197:
179:village head
157:
155:
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147:
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136:
125:
114:
112:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:Woosung Road
81:missionaries
78:
46:
42:
37:
36:
31:
30:
29:
1927:Aisin Gioro
1889:Paper money
1648:Qing poetry
1369:Wuwei Corps
1364:Shuishiying
1125:Family tree
473:", p. 649.
439:ts'un-cheng
287:t'ing-chang
79:As foreign
2011:Categories
1595:Four Wangs
1486:mausoleums
1439:Golden Urn
1412:Inner Asia
1389:Xiang Army
1359:Hushenying
1284:Liangguang
1264:Liangjiang
1202:Lifan Yuan
1107:Government
455:References
434:Wade–Giles
396:Wade–Giles
358:Wade–Giles
320:Wade–Giles
282:Wade–Giles
222:Wade–Giles
62:households
47:constables
1417:Manchuria
1384:Huai Army
1374:Yong Ying
1259:Shaan-Gan
715:High Qing
661:Later Jin
578:, p. 58.
557:Nciku.com
363:pao-cheng
277:tíngzhǎng
238:romanized
126:tingzhang
66:notarized
1869:Hongqian
1838:Currency
1708:Treaties
1614:Kaozheng
1561:Booi Aha
1503:Hetu Ala
1456:Timeline
1451:Xinjiang
1422:Mongolia
1379:Chu Army
1354:New Army
1311:Military
1249:Viceroys
429:cūnzhèng
353:bǎozhèng
325:li-cheng
168:See also
158:cunzheng
148:baozheng
144:baozheng
104:shou-pao
1854:Zhiqian
1846:Coinage
1583:Economy
1554:culture
1289:Yun-Gui
1279:Min-Zhe
1274:Sichuan
1269:Huguang
1115:Emperor
636:History
414:Chinese
401:ti-chia
376:Chinese
338:Chinese
315:lǐzhèng
300:Chinese
202:Chinese
137:lizheng
100:shoubao
43:headmen
1468:Taiwan
644:Early
629:topics
586:
543:
502:
491:et al.
436::
426::
424:pinyin
416::
398::
388::
386:pinyin
378::
360::
350::
348:pinyin
340::
322::
312::
310:pinyin
302::
284::
274::
272:pinyin
264::
256::
227:ti-pao
224::
214::
212:pinyin
204::
150:or as
139:, and
128:, the
74:cangue
38:ti-pao
1660:Queue
1578:Dibao
1434:Tibet
1254:Zhili
1137:Amban
391:dìjiǎ
242:tepao
217:dìbǎo
190:Notes
152:dijia
115:dibao
96:dibao
70:deeds
58:China
32:Dibao
1396:Navy
1237:Ejen
1120:List
584:ISBN
541:ISBN
500:ISBN
445:lit.
233:lit.
141:Song
134:Tang
132:and
121:and
113:The
94:The
53:and
51:Qing
559:. "
240:as
130:Sui
123:Han
119:Qin
45:or
2013::
561:地保
511:^
482:^
462:^
442:;
432:;
422:;
419:村正
394:;
384:;
381:地甲
356:;
346:;
343:保正
318:;
308:;
305:里正
280:;
270:;
267:亭長
260:;
258:亭长
230:;
220:;
210:;
207:地保
164:.
110:.
91:.
76:.
619:e
612:t
605:v
404:.
366:.
328:.
290:.
244:.
102:(
35:(
27:.
20:.
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