432:
branches, or groupings of branches. Therefore, plasticity that leads to changes in the dendrite structure will affect communication and processing in the cell. During development, dendrite morphology is shaped by intrinsic programs within the cell's genome and extrinsic factors such as signals from other cells. But in adult life, extrinsic signals become more influential and cause more significant changes in dendrite structure compared to intrinsic signals during development. In females, the dendritic structure can change as a result of physiological conditions induced by hormones during periods such as pregnancy, lactation, and following the estrous cycle. This is particularly visible in pyramidal cells of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, where the density of dendrites can vary up to 30%.
268:
199:). Bipolar neurons have two main dendrites at opposing ends of the cell body. Many inhibitory neurons have this morphology. Unipolar neurons, typical for insects, have a stalk that extends from the cell body that separates into two branches with one containing the dendrites and the other with the terminal buttons. In vertebrates, sensory neurons detecting touch or temperature are unipolar. Dendritic branching can be extensive and in some cases is sufficient to receive as many as 100,000 inputs to a single neuron.
117:. Axons can be distinguished from dendrites by several features including shape, length, and function. Dendrites often taper off in shape and are shorter, while axons tend to maintain a constant radius and can be very long. Typically, axons transmit electrochemical signals and dendrites receive the electrochemical signals, although some types of neurons in certain species lack specialized axons and transmit signals via their dendrites. Dendrites provide an enlarged surface area to receive signals from
102:
283:
intracellular cues modulates dendrite development including transcription factors, receptor-ligand interactions, various signaling pathways, local translational machinery, cytoskeletal elements, Golgi outposts and endosomes. These contribute to the organization of the dendrites on individual cell bodies and the placement of these dendrites in the neuronal circuitry. For example, it was shown that β-actin zipcode binding protein 1 (ZBP1) contributes to proper dendritic branching.
34:
255:
Nodes of
Ranvier. Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Spanish anatomist, proposed that axons were the output components of neurons. He also proposed that neurons were discrete cells that communicated with each other via specialized junctions, or spaces, between cells, now known as a synapse. Ramón y Cajal improved a silver staining process known as Golgi's method, which had been developed by his rival,
291:. Important secretory and endocytic pathways controlling the dendritic development include DAR3 /SAR1, DAR2/Sec23, DAR6/Rab1 etc. All these molecules interplay with each other in controlling dendritic morphogenesis including the acquisition of type specific dendritic arborization, the regulation of dendrite size and the organization of dendrites emanating from different neurons.
37:
The neuron contains dendrites that receives information, a cell body called the soma, and an axon that sends information. Schwann cells make activity move faster down the axon. Synapses allow neurons to activate other neurons. The dendrites receive a signal, the axon hillock funnels the signal to the
807:
The nerve cell with its uninterrupted processes was described by Otto
Friedrich Karl Deiters (1834-1863) in a work that was completed by Max Schultze (1825-1874) in 1865, two years after Deiters died of typhoid fever. This work portrayed the cell body with a single chief "axis cylinder" and a number
395:
describes how voltage changes at a particular location on a dendrite transmit this electrical signal through a system of converging dendrite segments of different diameters, lengths, and electrical properties. Based on passive cable theory one can track how changes in a neuron's dendritic morphology
278:
Little is known about the process by which dendrites orient themselves in vivo and are compelled to create the intricate branching pattern unique to each specific neuronal class. One theory on the mechanism of dendritic arbor development is the
Synaptotropic Hypothesis. The synaptotropic hypothesis
286:
Other important transcription factors involved in the morphology of dendrites include CUT, Abrupt, Collier, Spineless, ACJ6/drifter, CREST, NEUROD1, CREB, NEUROG2 etc. Secreted proteins and cell surface receptors include neurotrophins and tyrosine kinase receptors, BMP7, Wnt/dishevelled, EPHB 1–3,
254:
for this work in 1963. The formulas detailing axonal conductance were extended to vertebrates in the
Frankenhaeuser–Huxley equations. Louis-Antoine Ranvier was the first to describe the gaps or nodes found on axons and for this contribution these axonal features are now commonly referred to as the
485:
Perez-Alvarez, Alberto; Fearey, Brenna C.; O’Toole, Ryan J.; Yang, Wei; Arganda-Carreras, Ignacio; Lamothe-Molina, Paul J.; Moeyaert, Benjamien; Mohr, Manuel A.; Panzera, Lauren C.; Schulze, Christian; Schreiter, Eric R.; Wiegert, J. Simon; Gee, Christine E.; Hoppa, Michael B.; Oertner, Thomas G.
435:
Recent experimental observations suggest that adaptation is performed in the neuronal dendritic trees, where the timescale of adaptation was observed to be as low as several seconds. Certain machine learning architectures based on dendritic trees have been shown to simplify the learning algorithm
274:
During the development of dendrites, several factors can influence differentiation. These include modulation of sensory input, environmental pollutants, body temperature, and drug use. For example, rats raised in dark environments were found to have a reduced number of spines in pyramidal cells
282:
This synapse formation is required for the development of neuronal structure in the functioning brain. A balance between metabolic costs of dendritic elaboration and the need to cover the receptive field presumably determine the size and shape of dendrites. A complex array of extracellular and
431:
during the adult life of animals, including invertebrates. Neuronal dendrites have various compartments known as functional units that are able to compute incoming stimuli. These functional units are involved in processing input and are composed of the subdomains of dendrites such as spines,
275:
located in the primary visual cortex and a marked change in distribution of dendrite branching in layer 4 stellate cells. Experiments done in vitro and in vivo have shown that the presence of afferents and input activity per se can modulate the patterns in which dendrites differentiate.
380:, strongly influences how the neuron integrates the input from other neurons. This integration is both temporal, involving the summation of stimuli that arrive in rapid succession, as well as spatial, entailing the aggregation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs from separate branches.
299:
Dendritic arborization, also known as dendritic branching, is a multi-step biological process by which neurons form new dendritic trees and branches to create new synapses. Dendrites in many organisms assume different morphological patterns of branching. The
287:
Semaphorin/plexin-neuropilin, slit-robo, netrin-frazzled, reelin. Rac, CDC42 and RhoA serve as cytoskeletal regulators, and the motor protein includes KIF5, dynein, LIS1. Dendritic arborization has been found to be induced in cerebellum
Purkinje cells by
144:
Synaptic activity causes local changes in the electrical potential across the plasma membrane of the dendrite. This change in membrane potential will passively spread along the dendrite, but becomes weaker with distance without an
157:, propagates down the length of the axon to the axon terminals where it triggers the release of neurotransmitters, but also backwards into the dendrite (retrograde propagation), providing an important signal for
304:
of dendrites such as branch density and grouping patterns are highly correlated to the function of the neuron. Malformation of dendrites is also tightly correlated to impaired nervous system function.
279:
proposes that input from a presynaptic to a postsynaptic cell (and maturation of excitatory synaptic inputs) eventually can change the course of synapse formation at dendritic and axonal arbors.
622:
Eyal, Guy; Verhoog, Matthijs B.; Testa-Silva, Guilherme; Deitcher, Yair; Benavides-Piccione, Ruth; DeFelipe, Javier; de Kock, Christiaan P. J.; Mansvelder, Huibert D.; Segev, Idan (2018-06-29).
1270:
Gidon, Albert; Zolnik, Timothy Adam; Fidzinski, Pawel; Bolduan, Felix; Papoutsi, Athanasia; Poirazi, Panayiota; Holtkamp, Martin; Vida, Imre; Larkum, Matthew Evan (2020-01-03).
869:
López-Muñoz F, Boya J, Alamo C (October 2006). "Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to
Santiago Ramón y Cajal".
149:. To generate an action potential, many excitatory synapses have to be active at the same time, leading to strong depolarization of the dendrite and the cell body (
852:
387:
changes measured at the cell body are the result of activation of distal synapses propagating the electric signal towards the cell body without the aid of
396:
impact the membrane voltage at the cell body, and thus how variation in dendrite architectures affects the overall output characteristics of the neuron.
1557:
1111:""Intraventricular Administration of Substance P Increases the Dendritic Arborisation and the Synaptic Surfaces of Purkinje Cells in Rat's Cerebellum""
808:
of smaller "protoplasmic processes" (see figure 3.19). The latter would become known as "dendrites", a term coined by
Wilhelm His (1831-1904) in 1889.
1552:
246:(1939) and by 1952 they had obtained a full quantitative description of the ionic basis of the action potential, leading to the formulation of the
38:
initial segment and the initial segment triggers the activity (action potential) that is sent along the axon towards the synapse. Please see
312:
structure (not having a branching structure, or not tree-like), or a tree-like radiation structure. Tree-like arborization patterns can be
1174:
1062:"The regulation of dendritic arbor development and plasticity by glutamatergic synaptic input: a review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis"
105:
The extensive dendritic tree of two hippocampal pyramidal neurons (magenta) with all incoming synapses genetically labeled (green spots).
1359:
Michmizos D, Koutsouraki E, Asprodini E, Baloyannis S. 2011. Synaptic
Plasticity: A Unified Model to Address Some Persisting Questions.
1588:
415:. Furthermore, in certain types of neurons, a train of back-propagating action potentials can induce a calcium action potential (a
195:
are multipolar cortical neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies and large dendrites that extend towards the surface of the cortex (
230:
and Howard J. Curtis. Swiss Rüdolf Albert von Kölliker and German Robert Remak were the first to identify and characterize the
78:
from which the dendrites project. Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto dendrites by upstream neurons (usually via their
1254:
718:
693:
606:
821:
1229:
1204:
792:
158:
383:
Dendrites were once thought to merely convey electrical stimulation passively. This passive transmission means that
2212:
2142:
2207:
2137:
1752:
969:
Borges S, Berry M (July 1978). "The effects of dark rearing on the development of the visual cortex of the rat".
412:
336:(where dendrites can either radiate planarly, offset from cell body by one or more stems, or multi-planarly, see
545:"Receptive fields, geometry and conduction block of sensory neurones in the central nervous system of the leech"
1827:
407:
action potentials depolarize the dendritic membrane and provide a crucial signal for synapse modulation and
1822:
1810:
1581:
89:
Dendrites play a critical role in integrating these synaptic inputs and in determining the extent to which
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1800:
220:
1857:
388:
2367:
2217:
2152:
1780:
377:
134:
27:
2412:
2147:
1873:
1364:
247:
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The structure and branching of a neuron's dendrites, as well as the availability and variation of
2407:
1846:
1574:
914:"Stress, sex, and neural adaptation to a changing environment: mechanisms of neuronal remodeling"
328:
169:
1134:"Zipcode binding protein 1 regulates the development of dendritic arbors in hippocampal neurons"
1110:
109:
Dendrites are one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a
2314:
1841:
1605:
408:
404:
337:
231:
51:
1133:
226:
Some of the first intracellular recordings in a nervous system were made in the late 1930s by
223:
is generally credited with the discovery of the axon by distinguishing it from the dendrites.
2172:
2162:
2097:
1435:"Adaptive nodes enrich nonlinear cooperative learning beyond traditional adaptation by links"
341:
2297:
2194:
2124:
1950:
1805:
1446:
1389:
925:
301:
458:
Urbanska M, Blazejczyk M, Jaworski J (2008). "Molecular basis of dendritic arborization".
8:
2337:
2182:
2177:
1712:
1645:
1542:
428:
411:. Back-propagation is not completely passive, but modulated by the presence of dendritic
138:
1450:
1393:
929:
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1943:
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994:
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623:
569:
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520:
487:
126:
1109:
Baloyannis, Stavros; Costa, Vassiliki; Deretzi, Georgia; Michmizos, Dimitrios (1999).
2357:
2347:
2332:
2237:
2102:
1883:
1835:
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1635:
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602:
574:
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467:
180:
67:
998:
898:
176:
is a synapse in which the axon of one neuron transmits signals to its own dendrite.
101:
19:"Dendritic branch" redirects here. For the dendritic cell of the immune system, see
2324:
2287:
2282:
1630:
1511:
1503:
1462:
1454:
1405:
1397:
1332:
1283:
1156:
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1148:
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978:
941:
933:
878:
836:
755:
747:
653:
635:
564:
560:
556:
515:
499:
316:(where two dendrites radiate from opposite poles of a cell body with few branches,
243:
215:
to describe the number of smaller "protoplasmic processes" that were attached to a
212:
146:
90:
1378:"Efficient dendritic learning as an alternative to synaptic plasticity hypothesis"
267:
2092:
2061:
2056:
1938:
1933:
1757:
1272:"Dendritic action potentials and computation in human layer 2/3 cortical neurons"
1193:
1077:
416:
353:
227:
196:
192:
188:
130:
1492:"Learning on tree architectures outperforms a convolutional feedforward network"
2382:
2352:
2309:
2129:
2087:
2065:
1985:
1868:
1692:
1597:
1507:
1458:
1401:
840:
503:
361:
318:
184:
150:
122:
71:
20:
2401:
2031:
2016:
1697:
1297:
649:
640:
511:
365:
352:(where dendrites radiate in all directions in a cylinder, disk-like fashion,
345:
256:
239:
191:
types. Multipolar neurons are composed of one axon and many dendritic trees.
118:
1321:"The Guide to Dendritic Spikes of the Mammalian Cortex In Vitro and In Vivo"
1288:
1271:
802:
785:
Origins of neuroscience : a history of explorations into brain function
168:
are axodendritic, involving an axon signaling to a dendrite. There are also
2277:
2199:
2112:
1993:
1923:
1702:
1625:
1525:
1476:
1419:
1346:
1319:
Larkum, Matthew E.; Wu, Jiameng; Duverdin, Sarah A.; Gidon, Albert (2022).
1305:
1170:
1095:
1038:
955:
890:
848:
769:
667:
529:
471:
400:
392:
235:
154:
1132:
Perycz M, Urbanska AS, Krawczyk PS, Parobczak K, Jaworski J (April 2011).
982:
578:
326:(where dendrites radiate in a part or in all directions from a cell body,
2292:
2107:
2011:
1969:
1901:
1896:
1717:
1655:
1650:
1620:
1546:
1433:
Sardi S, Vardi R, Goldental A, Sheinin A, Uzan H, Kanter I (March 2018).
1222:
Biophysics of computation : information processing in single neurons
990:
288:
251:
26:
This article is about neuronal dendrites in biology. For other uses, see
1376:
Hodassman S, Vardi R, Tugendhaft Y, Goldental A, Kanter I (April 2022).
2362:
2051:
1928:
1891:
1030:
179:
The general structure of the dendrite is used to classify neurons into
63:
39:
820:
Debanne D, Campanac E, Bialowas A, Carlier E, Alcaraz G (April 2011).
2377:
1911:
1762:
1735:
1727:
751:
624:"Human Cortical Pyramidal Neurons: From Spines to Spikes via Models"
33:
2026:
2021:
1745:
1740:
1667:
1662:
1490:
Meir Y, Ben-Noam I, Tzach Y, Hodassman S, Kanter I (January 2023).
86:
which are located at various points throughout the dendritic tree.
2304:
2265:
2157:
1566:
1375:
384:
173:
165:
83:
1545:
at the
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "Slide 3
1365:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00207454.2011.556283
1964:
1919:
1684:
1131:
1108:
1017:
Tavosanis G (January 2012). "Dendritic structural plasticity".
216:
110:
75:
819:
621:
484:
364:), or fanned (where dendrites radiate like a flat fan as in
133:, tiny protrusions from the dendrite with a high density of
2003:
1269:
114:
79:
1489:
1432:
488:"Freeze-frame imaging of synaptic activity using SynTagMA"
457:
125:
receives signals from about 30,000 presynaptic neurons.
153:). The action potential, which typically starts at the
70:
received from other neural cells to the cell body, or
1318:
736:"Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization"
172:
synapses, signaling from one dendrite to another. An
868:
360:(dendrites radiate like a cone away from cell body,
1192:
16:Small projection on a neuron that receives signals
1249:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2399:
403:propagate back into the dendritic arbor. These
679:
677:
592:
590:
588:
294:
250:. Hodgkin and Huxley were awarded jointly the
66:extension of a nerve cell that propagates the
1582:
427:Dendrites themselves appear to be capable of
1238:
1012:
1010:
1008:
968:
713:(8th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
674:
601:(3rd ed.). New York: Garland Science.
585:
121:of other neurons. The dendrite of a large
1589:
1575:
918:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
453:
451:
449:
1515:
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1409:
1336:
1287:
1213:
1160:
1085:
1059:
1016:
1005:
945:
759:
657:
639:
568:
519:
96:
1199:(4th ed.). Cambridge: McGraw Hill.
371:
266:
100:
32:
1553:Dendritic Tree - Cell Centered Database
1244:
787:. Oxford University Press. p. 44.
683:
596:
446:
262:
2400:
1190:
1125:
911:
782:
733:
141:directly contact the dendritic shaft.
1570:
1361:International Journal of Neuroscience
1115:International Journal of Neuroscience
708:
308:Branching morphologies may assume an
1558:Stereo images of dendritic trees in
1219:
971:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
542:
399:Action potentials initiated at the
13:
1596:
1338:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.009
1121:(1–4): 89–107 – via Pub Med.
883:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.010
688:(11th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
628:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
536:
460:Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
14:
2424:
1536:
1224:. New York : Oxford Univ. Press.
419:) at dendritic initiation zones.
159:spike-timing-dependent plasticity
1180:from the original on 2017-09-22.
938:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05568.x
858:from the original on 2020-05-05.
413:voltage-gated potassium channels
1753:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
1483:
1426:
1369:
1353:
1312:
1263:
1184:
1102:
1053:
962:
905:
862:
813:
436:without affecting performance.
1153:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2387-10.2011
1060:Cline H, Haas K (March 2008).
776:
727:
702:
615:
561:10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011643
478:
1:
439:
422:
378:voltage-gated ion conductance
1195:Principles of neural science
1078:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.150029
912:McEwen BS (September 2010).
740:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
329:see cerebellar granule cells
93:are produced by the neuron.
7:
1863:Postganglionic nerve fibers
1141:The Journal of Neuroscience
734:Jan YN, Jan LY (May 2010).
295:Types of dendritic patterns
221:Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters
68:electrochemical stimulation
10:
2429:
1858:Preganglionic nerve fibers
1508:10.1038/s41598-023-27986-6
1459:10.1038/s41598-018-23471-7
1402:10.1038/s41598-022-10466-8
1019:Developmental Neurobiology
841:10.1152/physrev.00048.2009
504:10.1038/s41467-020-16315-4
389:voltage-gated ion channels
211:was first used in 1889 by
202:
135:neurotransmitter receptors
113:, the other type being an
25:
18:
2368:Olfactory receptor neuron
2323:
2264:
2257:
2193:
2123:
2080:
2040:
2032:Neurofibril/neurofilament
2002:
1984:
1977:
1963:
1910:
1882:
1788:
1779:
1726:
1683:
1676:
1613:
1604:
1066:The Journal of Physiology
549:The Journal of Physiology
28:Dendrite (disambiguation)
641:10.3389/fncel.2018.00181
543:Yau KW (December 1976).
338:retinal horizontal cells
42:for interactive version.
1289:10.1126/science.aax6239
871:Brain Research Bulletin
2315:Neuromuscular junction
2178:III or Aδ or fast pain
1562:electroreceptor organs
686:Physiology of Behavior
599:Essential Cell Biology
409:long-term potentiation
346:retinal amacrine cells
342:retinal ganglion cells
271:
232:axonal initial segment
106:
97:Structure and function
43:
1543:Histology image: 3_09
983:10.1002/cne.901800207
829:Physiological Reviews
492:Nature Communications
372:Electrical properties
270:
104:
36:
2333:Meissner's corpuscle
2298:Postsynaptic density
2195:Efferent nerve fiber
2183:IV or C or slow pain
2125:Afferent nerve fiber
1951:Satellite glial cell
393:Passive cable theory
354:see pallidal neurons
263:Dendrite development
248:Hodgkin–Huxley model
2338:Merkel nerve ending
1451:2018NatSR...8.5100S
1394:2022NatSR..12.6571H
1363:, 121(6): 289-304.
930:2010NYASA1204...38M
684:Carlson NR (2013).
362:see pyramidal cells
319:see bipolar neurons
219:. German anatomist
139:inhibitory synapses
127:Excitatory synapses
2373:Photoreceptor cell
2343:Pacinian corpuscle
2274:Electrical synapse
2228:Lower motor neuron
2223:Upper motor neuron
1944:Internodal segment
1884:Connective tissues
1854:Autonomic ganglion
1496:Scientific Reports
1439:Scientific Reports
1382:Scientific Reports
1245:Häusser M (2008).
1191:Kandel ER (2003).
1031:10.1002/dneu.20951
924:(Suppl): E38–E59.
597:Alberts B (2009).
272:
242:also employed the
107:
44:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2358:Free nerve ending
2325:Sensory receptors
2253:
2252:
2168:Ib or Golgi or Aα
2076:
2075:
1959:
1958:
1836:Ramus communicans
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1641:Commissural fiber
1636:Association fiber
1631:Projection fibers
1256:978-0-19-856656-4
1147:(14): 5271–5285.
822:"Axon physiology"
783:Finger S (1994).
720:978-0-205-83256-9
709:Pinel JP (2011).
695:978-0-205-23939-9
608:978-0-8153-4129-1
91:action potentials
2420:
2288:Synaptic vesicle
2283:Chemical synapse
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2261:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1974:
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1179:
1164:
1138:
1129:
1123:
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1100:
1099:
1089:
1072:(6): 1509–1517.
1057:
1051:
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1002:
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949:
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903:
902:
877:(4–6): 391–405.
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475:
455:
405:back-propagating
244:squid giant axon
147:action potential
131:dendritic spines
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2413:Neuroplasticity
2398:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2319:
2249:
2198:
2189:
2173:II or Aβ and Aγ
2128:
2119:
2072:
2062:Apical dendrite
2057:Dendritic spine
2036:
1998:
1968:
1955:
1939:Node of Ranvier
1934:Myelin incisure
1906:
1878:
1767:
1758:Oligodendrocyte
1741:Ependymal cells
1722:
1672:
1600:
1595:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1488:
1484:
1431:
1427:
1374:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1317:
1313:
1282:(6473): 83–87.
1268:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1220:Koch C (1999).
1218:
1214:
1207:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1107:
1103:
1058:
1054:
1015:
1006:
967:
963:
910:
906:
867:
863:
855:
824:
818:
814:
795:
781:
777:
752:10.1038/nrn2836
732:
728:
721:
707:
703:
696:
682:
675:
620:
616:
609:
595:
586:
541:
537:
483:
479:
456:
447:
442:
429:plastic changes
425:
417:dendritic spike
374:
348:respectively),
297:
265:
228:Kenneth S. Cole
205:
197:apical dendrite
193:Pyramidal cells
170:dendrodendritic
99:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:Neurohistology
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2383:Taste receptor
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Muscle spindle
2350:
2348:Ruffini ending
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2310:Ribbon synapse
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2130:Sensory neuron
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2098:Pseudounipolar
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2066:Basal dendrite
2059:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Axon terminals
2014:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1869:Nerve fascicle
1866:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1598:Nervous tissue
1594:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1550:
1538:
1537:External links
1535:
1532:
1531:
1482:
1425:
1368:
1352:
1311:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1230:
1212:
1205:
1183:
1124:
1101:
1052:
1004:
977:(2): 277–300.
961:
904:
861:
835:(2): 555–602.
812:
793:
775:
746:(5): 316–328.
726:
719:
701:
694:
673:
614:
607:
584:
555:(3): 513–538.
535:
486:(2020-05-18).
477:
466:(2): 264–288.
444:
443:
441:
438:
424:
421:
373:
370:
366:Purkinje cells
296:
293:
264:
261:
204:
201:
123:pyramidal cell
119:axon terminals
98:
95:
62:is a branched
21:Dendritic cell
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2244:
2243:γ motorneuron
2241:
2239:
2238:β motorneuron
2236:
2234:
2233:α motorneuron
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1231:0-19-510491-9
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1206:0-8385-7701-6
1202:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
957:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
816:
809:
804:
800:
796:
794:9780195146943
790:
786:
779:
771:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
722:
716:
712:
711:Biopsychology
705:
697:
691:
687:
680:
678:
669:
665:
660:
655:
651:
647:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:
610:
604:
600:
593:
591:
589:
580:
576:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:
531:
527:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
481:
473:
469:
465:
461:
454:
452:
450:
445:
437:
433:
430:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
306:
303:
292:
290:
284:
280:
276:
269:
260:
258:
257:Camillo Golgi
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Andrew Huxley
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
142:
140:
136:
132:
129:terminate on
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
103:
94:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:, "tree") or
57:
53:
49:
41:
35:
29:
22:
2278:Gap junction
2200:Motor neuron
2041:
1994:Axon hillock
1970:nerve fibers
1924:Schwann cell
1834:
1817:
1795:
1713:Medium spiny
1626:White matter
1614:Tissue Types
1560:Kryptopterus
1559:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1360:
1355:
1328:
1325:Neuroscience
1324:
1314:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1246:
1240:
1221:
1215:
1194:
1186:
1144:
1140:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1025:(1): 73–86.
1022:
1018:
974:
970:
964:
921:
917:
907:
874:
870:
864:
832:
828:
815:
806:
784:
778:
743:
739:
729:
710:
704:
685:
631:
627:
617:
598:
552:
548:
538:
495:
491:
480:
463:
459:
434:
426:
401:axon hillock
398:
382:
375:
357:
349:
333:
327:
323:
317:
313:
309:
307:
298:
285:
281:
277:
273:
236:Alan Hodgkin
225:
208:
206:
178:
163:
155:axon hillock
143:
108:
88:
64:protoplasmic
59:
55:
47:
45:
40:learnbio.org
2293:Active zone
2258:Termination
2108:Interneuron
2012:Telodendron
1920:Myelination
1902:Endoneurium
1897:Perineurium
1718:Interneuron
1708:Von Economo
1656:Decussation
1651:Nerve tract
1621:Grey matter
1547:Spinal cord
1445:(1): 5100.
1388:(1): 6571.
498:(1): 2464.
350:cylindrical
289:substance P
252:Nobel Prize
213:Wilhelm His
2402:Categories
2363:Nociceptor
2103:Multipolar
2052:Nissl body
1929:Neurilemma
1892:Epineurium
1677:Cell Types
1502:(1): 962.
440:References
423:Plasticity
310:adendritic
302:morphology
217:nerve cell
181:multipolar
2378:Hair cell
1912:Neuroglia
1874:Funiculus
1763:Microglia
1736:Astrocyte
1693:Pyramidal
1646:Lemniscus
1331:: 15–33.
1298:0036-8075
1247:Dendrites
650:1662-5102
512:2041-1723
324:spherical
209:dendrites
207:The term
161:(STDP).
74:, of the
2163:Ia or Aα
2093:Unipolar
2042:Dendrite
2027:Axolemma
2022:Axoplasm
1806:Ganglion
1746:Tanycyte
1698:Purkinje
1685:Neuronal
1668:Meninges
1663:Neuropil
1526:36717568
1477:29572466
1420:35484180
1347:35182699
1306:31896716
1175:Archived
1171:21471362
1096:18202093
1039:21761575
999:42749947
956:20840167
899:11273256
891:17027775
853:Archived
849:21527732
803:27151391
770:20404840
668:30008663
530:32424147
472:18511961
314:spindled
189:unipolar
166:synapses
84:synapses
54:δένδρον
48:dendrite
2305:Autapse
2266:Synapse
2113:Renshaw
2088:Bipolar
1965:Neurons
1818:Ventral
1789:General
1703:Granule
1517:9886946
1468:5865176
1447:Bibcode
1411:9051213
1390:Bibcode
1276:Science
1162:6622686
1087:2375708
1047:2055017
947:2946089
926:Bibcode
761:3079328
659:6034553
634:: 181.
579:1018277
570:1307715
521:7235013
385:voltage
358:conical
334:laminar
203:History
185:bipolar
174:autapse
137:. Most
60:dendron
56:déndron
2158:fibers
1796:Dorsal
1524:
1514:
1475:
1465:
1418:
1408:
1345:
1304:
1296:
1253:
1228:
1203:
1169:
1159:
1094:
1084:
1045:
1037:
997:
991:659662
989:
954:
944:
897:
889:
847:
801:
791:
768:
758:
717:
692:
666:
656:
648:
605:
577:
567:
528:
518:
510:
470:
111:neuron
82:) via
76:neuron
50:(from
2081:Types
1978:Parts
1847:White
1828:Ramus
1811:Ramus
1728:Glial
1178:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
1043:S2CID
995:S2CID
895:S2CID
856:(PDF)
825:(PDF)
164:Most
80:axons
52:Greek
2004:Axon
1986:Soma
1842:Gray
1823:Root
1801:Root
1522:PMID
1473:PMID
1416:PMID
1343:PMID
1302:PMID
1294:ISSN
1251:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1167:PMID
1092:PMID
1035:PMID
987:PMID
952:PMID
922:1204
887:PMID
845:PMID
799:OCLC
789:ISBN
766:PMID
715:ISBN
690:ISBN
664:PMID
646:ISSN
603:ISBN
575:PMID
526:PMID
508:ISSN
468:PMID
238:and
187:and
151:soma
115:axon
72:soma
2218:SVE
2213:GVE
2208:GSE
2153:SVA
2148:SSA
2143:GVA
2138:GSA
1781:PNS
1606:CNS
1512:PMC
1504:doi
1463:PMC
1455:doi
1406:PMC
1398:doi
1333:doi
1329:489
1284:doi
1280:367
1157:PMC
1149:doi
1119:101
1082:PMC
1074:doi
1070:586
1027:doi
979:doi
975:180
942:PMC
934:doi
879:doi
837:doi
756:PMC
748:doi
654:PMC
636:doi
565:PMC
557:doi
553:263
516:PMC
500:doi
368:).
356:),
332:),
322:),
2404::
1922::
1520:.
1510:.
1500:13
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1080:.
1068:.
1064:.
1041:.
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1023:72
1021:.
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985:.
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950:.
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932:.
920:.
916:.
893:.
885:.
875:70
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851:.
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764:.
754:.
744:11
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676:^
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644:.
632:12
630:.
626:.
587:^
573:.
563:.
551:.
547:.
524:.
514:.
506:.
496:11
494:.
490:.
464:68
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448:^
391:.
344:,
340:,
259:.
234:.
183:,
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1856:(
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1209:.
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1029::
1001:.
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750::
723:.
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