194:. This suggests that autapses may play a role in mediating positive feedback. The B31/B32 autapse was unable to play a role in initiating the neuron's activity, although it is believed to have helped sustain the neuron's depolarized state. The extent to which autapses maintain depolarization remains unclear, particularly since other components of the neural circuit (i.e. B63 neurons) are also capable of providing strong synaptic input throughout the depolarization. Additionally, it has been suggested that autapses provide B31/B32 neurons with the ability to quickly
306:(AR) compared to both non-epileptic tissue and other types of synapses involving FS neurons. The study found similar results using a rat model as well. An increase in residual Ca2+ concentration in addition to the action potential amplitude in FS neurons was suggested to cause this increase in AR of epileptic tissue. Anti-epileptic drugs could potentially target this AR of GABA that seems to rampantly occur at FS neuron autapses.
220:
patterns of burst firing without autapses. Upon the introduction of an electrical autapse, the periodic state switches to the chaotic state and displays an alternating behavior that increases in frequency with a greater autaptic intensity and time delay. On the other hand, excitatory chemical
95:
behavior typically found in cerebral neurons. In 2009, autapses were, for the first time, associated with sustained activation. This proposed a possible function for excitatory autapses within a neural circuit. In 2014, electrical autapses were shown to generate stable
176:
step increased following a first depolarization step. This suggests that autapses act by suppressing the second of two closely timed depolarization steps and therefore, they may provide feedback inhibition onto these cells. This mechanism may also potentially explain
221:
autapses enhanced the overall chaotic state. The chaotic state was reduced and suppressed in the neurons with inhibitory chemical autapses. In HR model neurons without autapses, the pattern of firing altered from quiescent to periodic and then to chaotic as
130:
Recently, it has been proposed that autapses could possibly form as a result of neuronal signal transmission blockage, such as in cases of axonal injury induced by poisoning or impeding ion channels. Dendrites from the
198:. Bekkers (2009) has proposed that specifically blocking the contribution of autapses and then assessing the differences with or without blocked autapses could better illuminate the function of autapses.
1354:
Cobb, S.R; Halasy, K; Vida, I; Nyı́ri, G; Tamás, G; Buhl, E.H; Somogyi, P (1997). "Synaptic effects of identified interneurons innervating both interneurons and pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus".
1459:"Frequency and dendritic distribution of autapses established by layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the developing rat neocortex: comparison with synaptic innervation of adjacent neurons of the same class"
603:
Peters, A.; Proskauer, C. C. (April 1980). "Synaptic relationships between a multipolar stellate cell and a pyramidal neuron in the rat visual cortex. A combined Golgi-electron microscope study".
256:, suggesting that the degree of neuron self-innervation is cell-specific. Additionally, dendrite-targeting cell autapses were, on average, further from the soma compared to basket cell autapses.
303:
275:. The dendritic positions of synaptic connections of the same cell type were similar to those of autapses, suggesting that autaptic and synaptic networks share a common mechanism of formation.
101:
97:
346:
Seung, H. Sebastian; Lee, Daniel D.; Reis, Ben Y.; Tank, David W. (2000-09-01). "The
Autapse: A Simple Illustration of Short-Term Analog Memory Storage by Tuned Synaptic Feedback".
108:. This indicated that they played a significant role in stimulating and regulating the collective behavior of neurons in the network. In 2016, a model of resonance was offered.
91:, which was absent in the same model neuron without autapse. More specifically, the neuron oscillated between high firing rates and firing suppression, reflecting the spike
213:
217:
241:
205:
315:
172:
of neocortical slices, they have been shown to impact excitability. Upon using a GABA-antagonist to block autapses, the likelihood of an immediate subsequent second
249:
552:
Preston, R.J.; Bishop, G.A.; Kitai, S.T. (1980-02-10). "Medium spiny neuron projection from the rat striatum: An intracellular horseradish peroxidase study".
322:
microcultures has been shown to significantly increase the number of autapses per neuron compared to a control. This suggests that glia-derived soluble,
185:
291:
discharges has been suggested to be primarily dependent on autaptic activity for solitary excitatory hippocampal rat neurons grown in microculture.
225:
was increased. Generally, HR model neurons with autapses have the ability to swap into any firing pattern, regardless of the prior firing pattern.
468:
Van der Loos, H.; Glaser, E. M. (1972-12-24). "Autapses in neocortex cerebri: synapses between a pyramidal cell's axon and its own dendrites".
299:
154:
Broadly speaking, negative feedback in autapses tends to inhibit excitable neurons whereas positive feedback can stimulate quiescent neurons.
1516:
Segal, M. M. (October 1994). "Endogenous bursts underlie seizurelike activity in solitary excitatory hippocampal neurons in microcultures".
1233:
Wang, Hengtong; Ma, Jun; Chen, Yueling; Chen, Yong (2014). "Effect of an autapse on the firing pattern transition in a bursting neuron".
1693:
111:
Autapses have been used to simulate "same cell" conditions to help researchers make quantitative comparisons, such as studying how
1559:
Jiang, Man; Zhu, Jie; Liu, Yaping; Yang, Mingpo; Tian, Cuiping; Jiang, Shan; Wang, Yonghong; Guo, Hui; Wang, Kaiyan (2012-05-08).
233:
Neurons from several brain regions, such as the neocortex, substantia nigra, and hippocampus have been found to contain autapses.
780:"Autaptic muscarinic excitation underlies a plateau potential and persistent activity in a neuron of known behavioral function"
60:
The term "autapse" was first coined in 1972 by Van der Loos and Glaser, who observed them in Golgi preparations of the rabbit
528:
151:(inhibitory), just like their traditional synapse counterparts. Similarly, autapses can be electrical or chemical by nature.
1119:"Functional autaptic neurotransmission in fast-spiking interneurons: a novel form of feedback inhibition in the neocortex"
2522:
827:
Qin, H.; Ma, J.; Wang, C.; Chu, R. (2014). "Autapse-induced target wave, spiral wave in regular network of neurons".
161:
135:
in addition to an auxiliary axon may develop to form an autapse to help remediate the neuron's signal transmission.
2317:
2247:
654:
DiFiglia, M.; Pasik, P.; Pasik, T. (1976-09-17). "A Golgi study of neuronal types in the neostriatum of monkeys".
2312:
2242:
1857:
1268:
Park, Melburn R.; Lighthall, James W.; Kitai, Stephen T. (1980). "Recurrent inhibition in the rat neostriatum".
2517:
1932:
1082:
Qin, Huixin; Wu, Ying; Wang, Chunni; Ma, Jun (2015). "Emitting waves from defects in network with autapses".
284:
929:"Memantine Preferentially Blocks Extrasynaptic over Synaptic NMDA Receptor Currents in Hippocampal Autapses"
2532:
1927:
1915:
1686:
705:
Scheibel, M.E.; Scheibel, A.B. (1971). "Inhibition and the
Renshaw Cell A Structural Critique; pp. 73–93".
144:
1967:
1905:
158:
1561:"Enhancement of Asynchronous Release from Fast-Spiking Interneuron in Human and Rat Epileptic Neocortex"
1311:
Karabelas, Athanasios B.; Purrura, Dominick P. (1980). "Evidence for autapses in the substantia nigra".
1962:
2472:
2322:
2257:
1885:
84:
2512:
2252:
1978:
201:
984:
Wang, Chunni; Guo, Shengli; Xu, Ying; Ma, Jun; Tang, Jun; Alzahrani, Faris; Hobiny, Aatef (2017).
2527:
1951:
1679:
105:
2419:
1946:
1710:
209:
2277:
2267:
2202:
1620:"Glia-derived signals induce synapse formation in neurones of the rat central nervous system"
319:
148:
263:
in developing rat neocortices contained autaptic connections, which were located more so on
2402:
2299:
2229:
2055:
1910:
1242:
1189:
1091:
1038:
883:
836:
749:
413:
295:
8:
2442:
2287:
2282:
1817:
1750:
178:
119:
1246:
1193:
1095:
1042:
887:
840:
753:
417:
2477:
2447:
2378:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2272:
2048:
1958:
1812:
1652:
1619:
1595:
1560:
1493:
1475:
1458:
1434:
1416:
1399:
1380:
1336:
1293:
1215:
1153:
1135:
1118:
961:
928:
904:
871:
852:
809:
687:
636:
585:
534:
442:
401:
379:
184:
In cell culture, autapses have been shown to contribute to the prolonged activation of
88:
25:
1368:
927:
Xia, Peng; Chen, Huei-sheng
Vincent; Zhang, Dongxian; Lipton, Stuart A. (2010-08-18).
872:"Autapse-induced multiple coherence resonance in single neurons and neuronal networks"
402:"Autapse-induced multiple coherence resonance in single neurons and neuronal networks"
2462:
2452:
2437:
2342:
2207:
1988:
1940:
1745:
1740:
1657:
1639:
1635:
1600:
1582:
1541:
1533:
1498:
1480:
1439:
1421:
1372:
1328:
1324:
1285:
1281:
1207:
1158:
1140:
1064:
1056:
1007:
966:
948:
909:
856:
801:
722:
679:
671:
667:
628:
620:
577:
569:
565:
524:
493:
485:
481:
447:
429:
371:
363:
260:
1384:
1340:
1297:
1219:
813:
691:
640:
538:
2429:
2392:
2387:
1735:
1647:
1631:
1590:
1572:
1525:
1488:
1470:
1429:
1411:
1364:
1320:
1277:
1250:
1197:
1148:
1130:
1099:
1046:
997:
956:
944:
940:
899:
891:
844:
791:
757:
714:
663:
612:
589:
561:
516:
477:
437:
421:
355:
268:
61:
21:
383:
2197:
2166:
2161:
2043:
2038:
1862:
1577:
513:
Neurons and
Interneuronal Connections of the Central Visual System | SpringerLink
272:
69:
1254:
1103:
2487:
2457:
2414:
2234:
2192:
2170:
2090:
1973:
1797:
1702:
264:
253:
222:
195:
173:
132:
1529:
1202:
1177:
1051:
1026:
848:
796:
779:
761:
740:
Herrmann, Christoph S. (August 2004). "Autapse Turns Neuron Into
Oscillator".
520:
359:
2506:
2136:
2121:
1802:
1643:
1586:
1537:
1484:
1425:
1400:"Massive autaptic self-innervation of GABAergic neurons in cat visual cortex"
1144:
1060:
1011:
952:
726:
675:
624:
573:
489:
433:
367:
245:
112:
2382:
2304:
2217:
2098:
2028:
1807:
1730:
1661:
1604:
1211:
1162:
1068:
1002:
985:
970:
913:
805:
451:
375:
326:-sensitive factors induce autapse formation in rat retinal ganglion cells.
323:
1545:
1502:
1443:
1376:
1332:
1289:
632:
581:
497:
68:
circuitry. Also in the 1970s, autapses have been described in dog and rat
2397:
2212:
2116:
2074:
2006:
2001:
1822:
1760:
1755:
1725:
683:
237:
165:
77:
73:
236:
Autapses have been observed to be relatively more abundant in GABAergic
2467:
2156:
2033:
1996:
616:
986:"Formation of Autapse Connected to Neuron and Its Biological Function"
895:
718:
425:
400:
Yilmaz, Ergin; Ozer, Mahmut; Baysal, Veli; Perc, Matjaž (2016-08-02).
2482:
2016:
1867:
1840:
1832:
65:
37:
2146:
2131:
2126:
1850:
1845:
1772:
1767:
1117:
Bacci, Alberto; Huguenard, John R.; Prince, David A. (2003-02-01).
92:
48:
2370:
2262:
1671:
1457:
Lübke, J.; Markram, H.; Frotscher, M.; Sakmann, B. (1996-05-15).
190:
169:
42:
32:
onto itself. It can also be described as a synapse formed by the
1618:
Nägler, Karl; Mauch, Daniela H; Pfrieger, Frank W (2001-06-15).
2069:
2024:
1789:
157:
Although the stimulation of inhibitory autapses did not induce
29:
83:
In 2000, they were first modeled as supporting persistence in
1178:"Synaptic Transmission: Excitatory Autapses Find a Function?"
294:
More recently, in human neocortical tissues of patients with
288:
1456:
1235:
Communications in
Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation
1084:
Communications in
Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation
870:
Yilmaz, E.; Ozer, M.; Baysal, V.; Perc, M. (2 August 2016).
778:
Saada, R.; Miller, N.; Hurwitz, I.; Susswein, A. J. (2009).
2108:
188:, which significantly contribute food-response behavior in
33:
777:
64:
while originally conducting a quantitative analysis of
1353:
1116:
869:
399:
1617:
1398:Tamás, G.; Buhl, E. H.; Somogyi, P. (1997-08-15).
1267:
926:
653:
551:
467:
2504:
1397:
1310:
829:Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy
704:
510:
345:
1558:
602:
1232:
742:International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos
302:(FS) neurons have been shown to have stronger
87:. In 2004, they were modeled as demonstrating
1687:
1025:Ikeda, Kaori; Bekkers, John M. (2006-05-09).
773:
771:
122:affect synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDARs.
1024:
826:
733:
1081:
983:
244:of the cat visual cortex compared to spiny
1694:
1680:
820:
768:
1651:
1594:
1576:
1492:
1474:
1433:
1415:
1201:
1152:
1134:
1050:
1001:
960:
903:
863:
795:
441:
138:
739:
1175:
511:Shkol’nik-Yarros, Ekaterina G. (1971).
278:
2505:
1675:
1515:
348:Journal of Computational Neuroscience
204:(HR) model neurons have demonstrated
463:
461:
395:
393:
341:
339:
309:
298:, the GABAergic output autapses of
162:inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
13:
1701:
1476:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-10-03209.1996
1417:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-16-06352.1997
1136:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00859.2003
14:
2544:
458:
390:
336:
1636:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00665.x
318:to treat glia-free purified rat
1858:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
1611:
1552:
1509:
1450:
1391:
1347:
1304:
1261:
1226:
1169:
1110:
1075:
1018:
977:
920:
945:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2488-10.2010
698:
647:
596:
545:
504:
1:
1369:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00055-9
707:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
329:
285:paroxysmal depolarizing shift
1578:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001324
1325:10.1016/0006-8993(80)90935-x
1282:10.1016/0006-8993(80)91217-2
668:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90669-7
566:10.1016/0006-8993(80)90462-X
482:10.1016/0006-8993(72)90189-8
125:
116:-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
7:
1968:Postganglionic nerve fibers
1463:The Journal of Neuroscience
1404:The Journal of Neuroscience
1255:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.02.018
1123:The Journal of Neuroscience
1104:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.11.008
228:
10:
2549:
2523:Computational neuroscience
1963:Preganglionic nerve fibers
1518:Journal of Neurophysiology
55:
2473:Olfactory receptor neuron
2428:
2369:
2362:
2298:
2228:
2185:
2145:
2137:Neurofibril/neurofilament
2107:
2089:
2082:
2068:
2015:
1987:
1893:
1884:
1831:
1788:
1781:
1718:
1709:
1624:The Journal of Physiology
1530:10.1152/jn.1994.72.4.1874
1203:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.010
1176:Bekkers, John M. (2009).
1052:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.085
849:10.1007/s11433-014-5466-5
797:10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.060
762:10.1142/S0218127404009338
521:10.1007/978-1-4684-0715-0
85:recurrent neural networks
605:Journal of Neurocytology
242:dendrite-targeting cells
933:Journal of Neuroscience
360:10.1023/A:1008971908649
316:glia-conditioned medium
289:interictal epileptiform
143:Autapses can be either
36:of a neuron on its own
2420:Neuromuscular junction
2283:III or Aδ or fast pain
139:Structure and function
2518:Cellular neuroscience
2438:Meissner's corpuscle
2403:Postsynaptic density
2300:Efferent nerve fiber
2288:IV or C or slow pain
2230:Afferent nerve fiber
2056:Satellite glial cell
1003:10.1155/2017/5436737
304:asynchronous release
296:intractable epilepsy
279:Disease implications
106:neural model network
89:oscillatory behavior
2533:Signal transduction
2443:Merkel nerve ending
1247:2014CNSNS..19.3242W
1194:2009CBio...19.R296B
1096:2015CNSNS..23..164Q
1043:2006CBio...16.R308I
939:(33): 11246–11250.
888:2016NatSR...630914Y
841:2014SCPMA..57.1918Q
754:2004IJBC...14..623H
418:2016NatSR...630914Y
179:shunting inhibition
145:glutamate-releasing
2478:Photoreceptor cell
2448:Pacinian corpuscle
2379:Electrical synapse
2333:Lower motor neuron
2328:Upper motor neuron
2049:Internodal segment
1989:Connective tissues
1959:Autonomic ganglion
876:Scientific Reports
617:10.1007/bf01205156
406:Scientific Reports
26:electrical synapse
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2463:Free nerve ending
2430:Sensory receptors
2358:
2357:
2273:Ib or Golgi or Aα
2181:
2180:
2064:
2063:
1941:Ramus communicans
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1746:Commissural fiber
1741:Association fiber
1736:Projection fibers
1630:(Pt 3): 665–679.
1469:(10): 3209–3218.
1410:(16): 6352–6364.
896:10.1038/srep30914
835:(10): 1918–1926.
719:10.1159/000125425
530:978-1-4684-0717-4
426:10.1038/srep30914
271:rather than main
269:oblique dendrites
261:pyramidal neurons
2540:
2393:Synaptic vesicle
2388:Chemical synapse
2367:
2366:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2079:
1891:
1890:
1786:
1785:
1716:
1715:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1580:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1524:(4): 1874–1884.
1513:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1478:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1419:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1241:(9): 3242–3254.
1230:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1188:(7): R296–R298.
1173:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1138:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1090:(1–3): 164–174.
1079:
1073:
1072:
1054:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1005:
981:
975:
974:
964:
924:
918:
917:
907:
867:
861:
860:
824:
818:
817:
799:
775:
766:
765:
737:
731:
730:
702:
696:
695:
651:
645:
644:
600:
594:
593:
549:
543:
542:
508:
502:
501:
465:
456:
455:
445:
397:
388:
387:
343:
320:retinal ganglion
310:Effects of drugs
273:apical dendrites
147:(excitatory) or
62:occipital cortex
2548:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2513:Neurophysiology
2503:
2502:
2501:
2492:
2424:
2354:
2303:
2294:
2278:II or Aβ and Aγ
2233:
2224:
2177:
2167:Apical dendrite
2162:Dendritic spine
2141:
2103:
2073:
2060:
2044:Node of Ranvier
2039:Myelin incisure
2011:
1983:
1872:
1863:Oligodendrocyte
1846:Ependymal cells
1827:
1777:
1705:
1700:
1670:
1669:
1616:
1612:
1571:(5): e1001324.
1557:
1553:
1514:
1510:
1455:
1451:
1396:
1392:
1352:
1348:
1309:
1305:
1266:
1262:
1231:
1227:
1182:Current Biology
1174:
1170:
1115:
1111:
1080:
1076:
1031:Current Biology
1023:
1019:
982:
978:
925:
921:
868:
864:
825:
821:
784:Current Biology
776:
769:
738:
734:
703:
699:
652:
648:
601:
597:
550:
546:
531:
509:
505:
466:
459:
398:
391:
344:
337:
332:
312:
281:
265:basal dendrites
259:80% of layer V
254:pyramidal cells
231:
186:B31/B32 neurons
159:hyperpolarizing
141:
128:
70:cerebral cortex
58:
12:
11:
5:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2528:Cell signaling
2525:
2520:
2515:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2488:Taste receptor
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:Muscle spindle
2455:
2453:Ruffini ending
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2415:Ribbon synapse
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2235:Sensory neuron
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2203:Pseudounipolar
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2171:Basal dendrite
2164:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Axon terminals
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2077:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:Nerve fascicle
1971:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1897:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1703:Nervous tissue
1699:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1610:
1551:
1508:
1449:
1390:
1363:(3): 629–648.
1346:
1319:(2): 467–473.
1313:Brain Research
1303:
1276:(2): 359–369.
1270:Brain Research
1260:
1225:
1168:
1129:(3): 859–866.
1109:
1074:
1017:
976:
919:
862:
819:
790:(6): 479–484.
767:
748:(2): 623–633.
732:
697:
662:(2): 245–256.
656:Brain Research
646:
611:(2): 163–183.
595:
560:(2): 253–263.
554:Brain Research
544:
529:
503:
470:Brain Research
457:
389:
354:(2): 171–185.
334:
333:
331:
328:
311:
308:
283:In the 1990s,
280:
277:
250:double bouquet
230:
227:
202:Hindmarsh–Rose
174:depolarization
149:GABA-releasing
140:
137:
127:
124:
57:
54:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2545:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2349:
2348:γ motorneuron
2346:
2344:
2343:β motorneuron
2341:
2339:
2338:α motorneuron
2336:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
915:
911:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
772:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
701:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
599:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
548:
540:
536:
532:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
464:
462:
453:
449:
444:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
396:
394:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
342:
340:
335:
327:
325:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
226:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
197:
193:
192:
187:
182:
180:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
155:
152:
150:
146:
136:
134:
123:
121:
117:
115:
109:
107:
103:
99:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
53:
51:
50:
45:
44:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2409:
2383:Gap junction
2305:Motor neuron
2099:Axon hillock
2075:nerve fibers
2029:Schwann cell
1939:
1922:
1900:
1818:Medium spiny
1731:White matter
1719:Tissue Types
1627:
1623:
1613:
1568:
1565:PLOS Biology
1564:
1554:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1360:
1357:Neuroscience
1356:
1349:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1034:
1030:
1020:
993:
989:
979:
936:
932:
922:
879:
875:
865:
832:
828:
822:
787:
783:
745:
741:
735:
713:(1): 73–93.
710:
706:
700:
659:
655:
649:
608:
604:
598:
557:
553:
547:
512:
506:
473:
469:
412:(1): 30914.
409:
405:
351:
347:
324:proteinase K
313:
300:fast-spiking
293:
282:
258:
235:
232:
200:
189:
183:
166:interneurons
156:
153:
142:
129:
113:
110:
102:spiral waves
82:
59:
47:
41:
17:
15:
2398:Active zone
2363:Termination
2213:Interneuron
2117:Telodendron
2025:Myelination
2007:Endoneurium
2002:Perineurium
1823:Interneuron
1813:Von Economo
1761:Decussation
1756:Nerve tract
1726:Grey matter
1037:(9): R308.
476:: 355–360.
267:and apical
120:antagonists
78:spinal cord
74:neostriatum
2507:Categories
2468:Nociceptor
2208:Multipolar
2157:Nissl body
2034:Neurilemma
1997:Epineurium
1782:Cell Types
1027:"Autapses"
990:Complexity
330:References
223:DC current
208:, regular
196:repolarize
76:, and cat
2483:Hair cell
2017:Neuroglia
1979:Funiculus
1868:Microglia
1841:Astrocyte
1798:Pyramidal
1751:Lemniscus
1644:0022-3751
1587:1545-7885
1538:0022-3077
1485:0270-6474
1426:0270-6474
1145:1529-2401
1061:0960-9822
1012:1076-2787
953:0270-6474
882:: 30914.
857:120661751
727:0006-8977
676:0006-8993
625:0300-4864
574:0006-8993
490:0006-8993
434:2045-2322
368:0929-5313
214:quiescent
126:Formation
72:, monkey
66:neocortex
38:dendrites
2268:Ia or Aα
2198:Unipolar
2147:Dendrite
2132:Axolemma
2127:Axoplasm
1911:Ganglion
1851:Tanycyte
1803:Purkinje
1790:Neuronal
1773:Meninges
1768:Neuropil
1662:11410625
1605:22589699
1385:15479304
1341:35517474
1298:29451737
1220:15821336
1212:19368875
1163:12574414
1069:16682332
971:20720132
914:27480120
814:15990017
806:19269179
692:40311354
641:34203892
539:37317913
452:27480120
376:11030520
314:Using a
246:stellate
229:Location
218:periodic
118:(NMDAR)
93:bursting
49:in vitro
22:chemical
2410:Autapse
2371:Synapse
2218:Renshaw
2193:Bipolar
2070:Neurons
1923:Ventral
1894:General
1808:Granule
1653:2278670
1596:3348166
1546:7823106
1503:8627359
1494:6579140
1444:9236244
1435:6568358
1377:9219929
1333:6158366
1290:7388619
1243:Bibcode
1190:Bibcode
1154:6741939
1092:Bibcode
1039:Bibcode
996:: 1–9.
962:2932667
905:4969620
884:Bibcode
837:Bibcode
750:Bibcode
633:6160209
590:1827091
582:7353139
498:4645210
443:4969620
414:Bibcode
210:spiking
206:chaotic
191:Aplysia
170:layer V
56:History
43:in vivo
28:from a
18:autapse
2263:fibers
1901:Dorsal
1660:
1650:
1642:
1603:
1593:
1585:
1544:
1536:
1501:
1491:
1483:
1442:
1432:
1424:
1383:
1375:
1339:
1331:
1296:
1288:
1218:
1210:
1161:
1151:
1143:
1067:
1059:
1010:
969:
959:
951:
912:
902:
855:
812:
804:
725:
690:
684:822916
682:
674:
639:
631:
623:
588:
580:
572:
537:
527:
496:
488:
450:
440:
432:
384:547421
382:
374:
366:
287:-type
252:, and
238:basket
216:, and
98:target
30:neuron
2186:Types
2083:Parts
1952:White
1933:Ramus
1916:Ramus
1833:Glial
1381:S2CID
1337:S2CID
1294:S2CID
1216:S2CID
853:S2CID
810:S2CID
688:S2CID
637:S2CID
586:S2CID
535:S2CID
380:S2CID
104:in a
20:is a
2109:Axon
2091:Soma
1947:Gray
1928:Root
1906:Root
1658:PMID
1640:ISSN
1601:PMID
1583:ISSN
1542:PMID
1534:ISSN
1499:PMID
1481:ISSN
1440:PMID
1422:ISSN
1373:PMID
1329:PMID
1286:PMID
1208:PMID
1159:PMID
1141:ISSN
1065:PMID
1057:ISSN
1008:ISSN
994:2017
967:PMID
949:ISSN
910:PMID
802:PMID
723:ISSN
680:PMID
672:ISSN
629:PMID
621:ISSN
578:PMID
570:ISSN
525:ISBN
494:PMID
486:ISSN
448:PMID
430:ISSN
372:PMID
364:ISSN
240:and
133:soma
100:and
34:axon
2323:SVE
2318:GVE
2313:GSE
2258:SVA
2253:SSA
2248:GVA
2243:GSA
1886:PNS
1711:CNS
1648:PMC
1632:doi
1628:533
1591:PMC
1573:doi
1526:doi
1489:PMC
1471:doi
1430:PMC
1412:doi
1365:doi
1321:doi
1317:200
1278:doi
1274:194
1251:doi
1198:doi
1149:PMC
1131:doi
1100:doi
1047:doi
998:doi
957:PMC
941:doi
900:PMC
892:doi
845:doi
792:doi
758:doi
715:doi
664:doi
660:114
613:doi
562:doi
558:183
517:doi
478:doi
438:PMC
422:doi
356:doi
168:of
164:in
46:or
24:or
16:An
2509::
2027::
1656:.
1646:.
1638:.
1626:.
1622:.
1599:.
1589:.
1581:.
1569:10
1567:.
1563:.
1540:.
1532:.
1522:72
1520:.
1497:.
1487:.
1479:.
1467:16
1465:.
1461:.
1438:.
1428:.
1420:.
1408:17
1406:.
1402:.
1379:.
1371:.
1361:79
1359:.
1335:.
1327:.
1315:.
1292:.
1284:.
1272:.
1249:.
1239:19
1237:.
1214:.
1206:.
1196:.
1186:19
1184:.
1180:.
1157:.
1147:.
1139:.
1127:23
1125:.
1121:.
1098:.
1088:23
1086:.
1063:.
1055:.
1045:.
1035:16
1033:.
1029:.
1006:.
992:.
988:.
965:.
955:.
947:.
937:30
935:.
931:.
908:.
898:.
890:.
878:.
874:.
851:.
843:.
833:57
831:.
808:.
800:.
788:19
786:.
782:.
770:^
756:.
744:.
721:.
709:.
686:.
678:.
670:.
658:.
635:.
627:.
619:.
607:.
584:.
576:.
568:.
556:.
533:.
523:.
515:.
492:.
484:.
474:48
472:.
460:^
446:.
436:.
428:.
420:.
408:.
404:.
392:^
378:.
370:.
362:.
350:.
338:^
248:,
212:,
181:.
80:.
52:.
40:,
2381:/
2302:/
2232:/
2169:/
2072:/
1970:)
1961:(
1695:e
1688:t
1681:v
1664:.
1634::
1607:.
1575::
1548:.
1528::
1505:.
1473::
1446:.
1414::
1387:.
1367::
1343:.
1323::
1300:.
1280::
1257:.
1253::
1245::
1222:.
1200::
1192::
1165:.
1133::
1106:.
1102::
1094::
1071:.
1049::
1041::
1014:.
1000::
973:.
943::
916:.
894::
886::
880:9
859:.
847::
839::
816:.
794::
764:.
760::
752::
746:4
729:.
717::
711:4
694:.
666::
643:.
615::
609:9
592:.
564::
541:.
519::
500:.
480::
454:.
424::
416::
410:6
386:.
358::
352:9
114:N
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.