465:, patches of neocortex with a diameter of roughly 0.5 mm (and a depth of 2 mm, i.e., spanning all six layers). These columns are often thought of as the basic repeating functional units of the neocortex, but their many definitions, in terms of anatomy, size, or function, are generally not consistent with each other, leading to a lack of consensus regarding their structure or function or even whether it makes sense to try to understand the neocortex in terms of columns.
388:). These folds allow the surface area of the neocortex to be greatly increased. All human brains have the same overall pattern of main gyri and sulci, although they differ in detail from one person to another. The mechanism by which the gyri form during embryogenesis is not entirely clear, and there are several competing hypotheses that explain gyrification, such as axonal tension, cortical buckling or differences in cellular proliferation rates in different areas of the cortex.
397:
454:
36:
408:, named for their effect on other neurons. The human neocortex consists of hundreds of different types of cells. The structure of the neocortex is relatively uniform (hence the alternative names "iso-" and "homotypic" cortex), consisting of six horizontal layers segregated principally by
637:
of neocortex size and group size. The neocortex increased in size in response to pressures for greater cooperation and competition in early ancestors. With the size increase, there was greater voluntary inhibitory control of social behaviors resulting in increased social harmony.
576:, interrupt the transfer of information from the sensory neocortex to the prefrontal neocortex. This disruption of sensory information contributes to the progressive symptoms seen in neurodegenerative disorders such as changes in personality, decline in cognitive abilities, and
1194:
Berg, Jim; Sorensen, Staci A.; Ting, Jonathan T.; Miller, Jeremy A.; Chartrand, Thomas; Buchin, Anatoly; Bakken, Trygve E.; Budzillo, Agata; Dee, Nick; Ding, Song-Lin; Gouwens, Nathan W.; Hodge, Rebecca D.; Kalmbach, Brian; Lee, Changkyu; Lee, Brian R. (October 2021).
444:
from outside the cortex (mostly from thalamus), and themselves make short-range, local connections to other cortical layers. Thus, layer IV is the main recipient of incoming sensory information and distributes it to the other layers for further processing.
677:
and the complexity of social mating behaviors. Humans have a large neocortex as a percentage of total brain matter when compared with other mammals. For example, there is only a 30:1 ratio of neocortical gray matter to the size of the
653:, for instance, there are clear examples of cognitive processes that are thought to be neocortical in nature, despite the lack of the distinctive six-layer neocortical structure. Evidence suggest the
1029:
641:
The six-layer cortex appears to be a distinguishing feature of mammals; it has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals. There is some debate, however, as to the cross-
673:
The neocortex ratio of a species is the ratio of the size of the neocortex to the rest of the brain. A high neocortex ratio is thought to correlate with a number of social variables such as
400:
Neurons form distinct layers in mouse visual cortex. Layer II/III (green), Layer IV (purple), Layer V (red), Layer VI (yellow). 3D reconstructions from the MICrONS cubic millimeter.
457:
The column is the function unit of computation in the cortex. Neurons are color-coded by their layer: Layer II/III (green), Layer IV (purple), Layer V (red), Layer VI (yellow).
1016:
For example, in the human brain, the auditory cortex presents an expansion of cortical surface, with additional gyri and with a much larger inter-individual variability...
767:
The neocortex is the part of the brain responsible for execution of higher-order brain functions, including cognition, sensory perception, and sophisticated motor control.
626:. The cellular organization of the allocortex is different from the six-layered neocortex. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex and 76% of the entire brain is neocortex.
125:
1903:
629:
For a species to develop a larger neocortex, the brain must evolve in size so that it is large enough to support the region. Body size, basal
101:
97:
513:
contains areas devoted to abilities that are enhanced in or unique to our species, such as complex language processing localized to the
2031:
2026:
275:
The neocortex is the most developed in its organisation and number of layers, of the cerebral tissues. The neocortex consists of the
1627:
1951:
1648:
Stacho, Martin; Herold, Christina; Rook, Noemi; Wagner, Hermann; Axer, Markus; Amunts, Katrin; Güntürkün, Onur (2020-09-25).
1392:
882:
478:
1342:
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phase and are firing briefly at a high rate, a period of excitation occurs during a slow oscillation, called the up state.
1351:
1263:
1078:
Richman DP, Stewart RM, Hutchinson JW, Caviness VS (July 1975). "Mechanical model of brain convolutional development".
907:
691:
1113:
Ronan L, Voets N, Rua C, Alexander-Bloch A, Hough M, Mackay C, Crow TJ, James A, Giedd JN, Fletcher PC (August 2014).
1466:
1367:
1178:
858:
589:
416:
connections. However, there are many exceptions to this uniformity; for example, layer IV is small or missing in the
428:
to other areas of neocortex, while those in the deeper layers V and VI often project out of the cortex, e.g. to the
509:. Further subdivisions or areas of neocortex are responsible for more specific cognitive processes. In humans, the
132:
514:
298:. This is a very thin layer though, about 2–4 mm thick. There are two types of cortex in the neocortex, the
1915:
1832:
Semendeferi K, Lu A, Schenker N, Damasio H (March 2002). "Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex".
181:
120:
1877:
702:
609:
569:
549:
1944:
528:
The neocortex has also been shown to play an influential role in sleep, memory and learning processes.
20:
831:
699:, a project to produce a computer simulation of a neocortical column and eventually a whole neocortex
537:
302:
and the true isocortex. The pro-isocortex is a transitional area between the true isocortex and the
72:
2078:
1911:
540:; responsible for transmitting sensory information and information about plans for movement to the
485:. The neocortex is divided into regions demarcated by the cranial sutures in the skull above, into
55:
44:
of neocortex. Cell body layers are labeled on the left, and fiber layers are labeled on the right.
506:
353:
573:
108:
92:
1482:
Jarvis ED, Güntürkün O, Bruce L, Csillag A, Karten H, Kuenzel W, et al. (February 2005).
1937:
502:
381:
342:
1763:
1708:
665:, have primary sensory cortices. A consistent, alternative name has yet to be agreed upon.
522:
1030:"A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system"
744:
8:
1805:
Dunbar RI (1995). "Neocortex size and group size in primates: A test of the hypothesis".
593:
1767:
1712:
1531:
Reiner A, Perkel DJ, Bruce LL, Butler AB, Csillag A, Kuenzel W, et al. (May 2004).
1414:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1285:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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lobes, which perform different functions. For example, the occipital lobe contains the
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Social cognition, inhibition, and theory of mind: The evolution of human intelligence
1439:
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1095:
1052:
1007:
956:
903:
878:
854:
813:
758:
679:
585:
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521:). In humans and other primates, social and emotional processing is localized to the
421:
923:
Mortensen HS, Pakkenberg B, Dam M, Dietz R, Sonne C, Mikkelsen B, Eriksen N (2014).
1861:
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2010:
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1582:"Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (Pica pica): evidence of self-recognition"
615:
597:
556:, called the down state. When the neurons of the neocortex are in the excitatory
545:
518:
461:
The neocortex is often described as being arranged in vertical structures called
349:
212:
204:
169:
85:
60:
41:
1533:"Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei"
705:, a theory of the neocortex function by Jeff Hawkins and related software models
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1115:"Differential tangential expansion as a mechanism for cortical gyrification"
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1443:
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1197:"Human neocortical expansion involves glutamatergic neuron diversification"
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of this area. If damage is sustained to this area, patients do not develop
557:
510:
486:
417:
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193:
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976:"An anatomical and functional topography of human auditory cortical areas"
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to be broadly equivalent to the mammalian neocortex. In a similar manner,
396:
2001:
1996:
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553:
437:
276:
200:
580:. Damage to the neocortex of the anterolateral temporal lobe results in
1991:
696:
623:
307:
208:
67:
1695:
Nieder, Andreas; Wagener, Lysann; Rinnert, Paul (September 25, 2020).
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138:
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appear to be stored in the neocortex, specifically the anterolateral
433:
166:
1499:
1484:"Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution"
682:
in the brainstem of chimpanzees, while the ratio is 60:1 in humans.
544:. The firing rate of neurons in the neocortex also has an effect on
420:. There is some canonical circuitry within the cortex; for example,
404:
The neocortex contains both excitatory (~80%) and inhibitory (~20%)
348:
Of all the mammals studied to date (including humans), a species of
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429:
373:
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295:
185:
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211:, respectively taking up 90% and 10%. The neocortex is made up of
658:
642:
441:
405:
377:
1580:
Prior H, Schwarz A, Güntürkün O (August 2008). De Waal F (ed.).
1168:
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729:"Generating neuronal diversity in the mammalian cerebral cortex"
662:
633:
and life history are factors affecting brain evolution and the
413:
365:
288:
280:
1697:"A neural correlate of sensory consciousness in a corvid bird"
851:
Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function
425:
385:
228:
173:
1831:
1112:
16:
Mammalian structure involved in higher-order brain functions
1481:
1358:
Braak H, Del-Tredici K, Bohl J, Bratzke H, Braak E (2000).
1357:
1169:
Noback CR, Strominger NL, Demarest RJ, Ruggiero DA (2005).
922:
650:
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meaning new); the other part of the cerebral cortex is the
291:
1881:
1256:
How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human
Thought Revealed
35:
973:
1650:"A cortex-like canonical circuit in the avian forebrain"
877:(32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. 2012. p. 1238.
853:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 417.
1530:
473:
The neocortex is derived embryonically from the dorsal
1647:
1193:
584:, which is the loss of memory of factual information (
1579:
1461:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate Publishers.
1281:"The cortical column: a structure without a function"
356:
has been found to have the most neocortical neurons.
1694:
1360:
Annals of the New York academy of sciences, Vol. 911
925:"Quantitative relationships in delphinid neocortex"
781:
1628:"Mirror test shows magpies aren't so bird-brained"
1626:
1362:. New York, NY, US: New York Academy of Sciences.
784:"Development and evolution of the human neocortex"
440:. Neurons in layer IV receive the majority of the
902:(5th ed.). Appleton and Lange: McGraw Hill.
207:consists of the larger neocortex and the smaller
172:involved in higher-order brain functions such as
2070:
1749:
1171:The Human Nervous System: Structure and Function
215:, labelled from the outermost inwards, I to VI.
1750:Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (September 25, 2020).
1328:
1326:
1324:
733:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
188:. The neocortex is further subdivided into the
782:Lui JH, Hansen DV, Kriegstein AR (July 2011).
552:, a period of inhibition occurs during a slow
380:and other larger mammals it has deep grooves (
1945:
1624:
1456:
1021:
726:
424:in the upper layers II and III project their
1959:
1407:
1401:
1321:
1173:(Sixth ed.). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
1071:
974:Moerel M, De Martino F, Formisano E (2006).
588:). These symptoms can also be replicated by
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536:of the neocortex. It is also involved in
1752:"Birds do have a brain cortex—and think"
1258:. New York: Viking Penguin. p. 36.
1253:
875:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
614:The neocortex is the newest part of the
563:
452:
395:
1410:"Understanding primate brain evolution"
1382:
1332:
848:
772:
610:Pallium (neuroanatomy) § Evolution
548:. When the neurons are at rest and are
2071:
1804:
897:
1933:
745:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125353
505:, and the temporal lobe contains the
1537:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
368:and other small mammals, whereas in
448:
13:
1408:Dunbar RI, Shultz S (April 2007).
1279:Horton JC, Adams DL (April 2005).
727:Lodato S, Arlotta P (2015-11-13).
692:List of regions in the human brain
668:
14:
2090:
1871:
590:transcranial magnetic stimulation
1625:Alison Motluk (19 August 2008).
247:is a similar hybrid, from Latin
133:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
1825:
1798:
1743:
1688:
1641:
1573:
1524:
1475:
1450:
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515:ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
283:fibers, surrounding the deeper
1337:(Eleventh ed.). Pearson.
916:
891:
867:
842:
824:
720:
279:, or neuronal cell bodies and
1:
1028:Van Essen DC (January 1997).
836:braininfo.rprc.washington.edu
714:
1892:Brain Engineering Laboratory
1599:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202
1488:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1457:Bjorklund D, Kipp K (2002).
900:Principles of neural science
618:to evolve (hence the prefix
603:
218:
165:, is a set of layers of the
7:
703:Memory-prediction framework
685:
570:neurodegenerative disorders
468:
364:The neocortex is smooth in
359:
235:" or "rind", combined with
176:, cognition, generation of
10:
2095:
1807:Journal of Human Evolution
1214:10.1038/s41586-021-03813-8
800:10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.030
607:
270:
21:Neocortex (disambiguation)
18:
2040:
2019:
1968:
929:Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
538:instrumental conditioning
391:
131:
119:
107:
91:
78:
66:
54:
49:
33:
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1912:University of Washington
1888:"Model of the neocortex"
1878:Comparative Neuroscience
1335:Physiology of Psychology
993:10.3389/fnins.2014.00225
942:10.3389/fnana.2014.00132
568:Lesions that develop in
2032:External granular layer
2027:Internal granular layer
1776:10.1126/science.abe0536
1721:10.1126/science.abb1447
1666:10.1126/science.abc5534
1092:10.1126/science.1135626
596:and are able to recall
507:primary auditory cortex
354:long-finned pilot whale
259:are hybrids with Greek
1819:10.1006/jhev.1995.1021
1426:10.1098/rstb.2006.2001
1385:Physiology of Behavior
1297:10.1098/rstb.2005.1623
458:
401:
310:). It is found in the
1131:10.1093/cercor/bht082
564:Clinical significance
503:primary visual cortex
456:
399:
343:parahippocampal gyrus
598:episodic information
523:orbitofrontal cortex
442:synaptic connections
418:primary motor cortex
19:For other uses, see
1834:Nature Neuroscience
1768:2020Sci...369.1567H
1762:(6511): 1567–1568.
1713:2020Sci...369.1626N
1707:(6511): 1626–1629.
1254:Kurzweil R (2012).
849:Saladin, K (2012).
594:anterograde amnesia
574:Alzheimer's disease
1978:True isocortex or
1383:Carlson N (2013).
1333:Carlson N (2013).
459:
402:
174:sensory perception
163:six-layered cortex
153:, also called the
2066:
2065:
1896:Dartmouth College
1549:10.1002/cne.20118
1394:978-0-205-23948-1
1207:(7879): 151–158.
898:Kandel E (2006).
884:978-1-4160-6257-8
680:medulla oblongata
645:nomenclature for
586:semantic memories
582:semantic dementia
530:Semantic memories
422:pyramidal neurons
223:The term is from
182:spatial reasoning
147:
146:
142:
40:A representative
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1914:. Archived from
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1420:(1480): 649–58.
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1348:
1344:978-0-205-239481
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1291:(1456): 837–62.
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463:cortical columns
449:Cortical columns
320:Brodmann's areas
312:cingulate cortex
139:edit on Wikidata
136:
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2079:Cerebral cortex
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2011:Line of Gennari
1969:Structure types
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1119:Cerebral Cortex
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1086:(4196): 18–21.
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980:Front. Neurosci
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669:Neocortex ratio
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550:hyperpolarizing
546:slow-wave sleep
477:, which is the
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350:oceanic dolphin
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170:cerebral cortex
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1872:External links
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384:) and ridges (
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178:motor commands
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534:temporal lobe
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316:limbic system
314:(part of the
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1985:Proisocortex
1979:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1907:
1891:
1840:(3): 272–6.
1837:
1833:
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558:depolarizing
527:
519:Broca's area
511:frontal lobe
481:part of the
472:
460:
403:
363:
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300:proisocortex
285:white matter
281:unmyelinated
274:
264:
260:
256:
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248:
244:
236:
224:
222:
198:
194:proisocortex
189:
162:
158:
154:
150:
148:
102:A14.1.09.307
98:A14.1.09.304
86:birnlex_2547
2002:Archicortex
1997:Paleocortex
1882:Wikiversity
1592:(8): e202.
1387:. Pearson.
832:"BrainInfo"
635:coevolution
554:oscillation
438:spinal cord
277:grey matter
267:, "other".
251:, "cloak".
201:human brain
50:Identifiers
1992:Allocortex
1975:Isocortex
1922:2014-06-17
1908:Brain Info
715:References
697:Blue Brain
675:group size
661:, such as
624:allocortex
608:See also:
572:, such as
308:allocortex
289:myelinated
257:allocortex
245:Neopallium
213:six layers
209:allocortex
155:neopallium
68:NeuroNames
2048:Betz cell
1980:Neocortex
1960:Types of
1784:0036-8075
1729:0036-8075
1674:0036-8075
1223:1476-4687
709:Claustrum
647:neocortex
604:Evolution
495:occipital
483:forebrain
434:brainstem
412:type and
370:elephants
294:) in the
253:Isocortex
243:, "new".
219:Etymology
167:mammalian
161:, or the
159:isocortex
151:neocortex
29:Neocortex
2073:Category
1854:11850633
1792:32973020
1737:32973028
1682:32973004
1660:(6511).
1618:18715117
1567:15116397
1518:15685220
1444:17301028
1315:15937015
1241:34616067
1149:23542881
1012:25120426
961:25505387
818:21729779
763:26359774
686:See also
659:reptiles
578:dementia
499:temporal
491:parietal
469:Function
430:thalamus
414:neuronal
378:primates
374:dolphins
360:Geometry
341:and the
296:cerebrum
192:and the
186:language
80:NeuroLex
1862:5921065
1764:Bibcode
1756:Science
1709:Bibcode
1701:Science
1654:Science
1609:2517622
1558:2518311
1509:2507884
1435:2346523
1306:1569491
1232:8494638
1140:4089386
1100:1135626
1080:Science
1065:4355025
1057:9002514
1003:4114190
952:4244864
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809:3610574
754:4778709
663:turtles
643:species
487:frontal
479:rostral
406:neurons
366:rodents
271:Anatomy
249:pallium
199:In the
61:D019579
2020:Layers
1860:
1852:
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1735:
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651:avians
497:, and
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392:Layers
339:insula
337:, the
318:), in
225:cortex
203:, the
42:column
2041:Cells
1858:S2CID
1061:S2CID
1033:(PDF)
649:. In
426:axons
382:sulci
292:axons
265:allos
241:Greek
229:Latin
137:[
126:62429
1850:PMID
1788:PMID
1780:ISSN
1733:PMID
1725:ISSN
1678:PMID
1670:ISSN
1614:PMID
1563:PMID
1514:PMID
1463:ISBN
1440:PMID
1389:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1339:ISBN
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1260:ISBN
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1145:PMID
1096:PMID
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1008:PMID
957:PMID
904:ISBN
879:ISBN
855:ISBN
814:PMID
788:Cell
759:PMID
410:cell
386:gyri
376:and
333:and
261:isos
255:and
237:neo-
233:bark
184:and
149:The
114:5532
93:TA98
56:MeSH
1880:at
1842:doi
1815:doi
1772:doi
1760:369
1717:doi
1705:369
1662:doi
1658:369
1604:PMC
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
