119:
527:
29:
574:
562:
340:
586:
598:
445:("Brothers"), a Wahhabi religious militia. The demolition included destroying even the simplest gravestones. British convert Eldon Rutter compared the demolition to an earthquake: "All over the cemetery nothing was to be seen but little indefinite mounds of earth and stones, pieces of timber, iron bars, blocks of stone, and a broken rubble of cement and bricks, strewn about."
415:, who visited Medina in 1853 disguised as an Afghan Muslim named "Abdullah", said that there were fifty-five mosques and shrines after the reconstruction by the Ottomans. Another English adventurer visiting Medina in 1877–1878 described the city as a "small beautiful city resembling Istanbul". He mentions its "white walls, golden slender
373:) – both often brought by pilgrims but incompatible with Wahhabi religious standards – and later barred "boys or other beardless persons". In 1805, a year before the destruction, Iraqi and Iranian Muslims were not allowed to perform Hajj. Syrians and Egyptians were refused permission to perform Hajj in 1806 and 1807.
1359:
1345:
840:
326:
It has been suggested that the veneration of
Islamic shrines represented the desire for a united theological approach to God and a political approach to land. Wahhabism also views the destruction of the site as justified on theological and political principles. According to Mohammadi, the destruction
289:
On the other hand, Shia scholars used a number of different verses and traditions to support the practice of building shrines over the graves of
Islamic saints. According to Shia scholar Mohammad Jafar Tabasi, the graves of Shia Imams buried in al-Baqi had been revered for hundreds of years and none
384:
visited the cemetery in 1815 after the first destruction. Seeing the ruins of the domes around the cemetery, he said that people of Medina were "niggardly", paying little attention to honoring "their celebrated countrymen". However, the destruction did not prevent residents from performing their
356:'s nineteenth century (1806) control over Mecca and Medina, they demolished many of the religious buildings, including tombs and mosques, whether inside or outside the Baqi, in accordance with their doctrine. These were razed to the ground and plundered for their decorations and goods.
1363:
502:(The National Consultative Assembly of Iran) and a group of representatives was sent to Hijaz to investigate. In recent years, efforts were made by Iranian religious scholars and political figures to restore the cemetery and its shrines, according to the
518:, prominent Sunni theologians and intellectuals have condemned the "unfit" situation of the al-Baqi cemetery but the Saudi authorities have so far ignored all criticism and rejected any requests for restoration of the tombs and mausoleums.
323:, consisting of the religious authority of Najd, Wahhabi scholars, and the political authority of the Saudi family. Mohammadi argues that by the destruction, "Saudi authorities sought to broadcast their newly acquired political power".
250:
The expansion of the
Wahhabi movement came at the expense of the Ottoman Empire's control over Islam's holy places. Consequently, the Ottoman Empire sent armies and defeated the first Saudi state in the
419:
and green fields". Also, Ibrahim Rifat Pasha, an
Egyptian official travelling between 1901 and 1908, described sixteen domes marking individual and/or a collection of graves.
1550:
1540:
545:
307:
According to
Islamic studies scholar Adeel Mohammadi, the Wahhabis' destruction of al-Baqi also had political roots. The leader of a Muslim community is responsible for
508:. Both Sunni and Shia Muslims protested against the destruction and rallies were held annually in India, Pakistan, Iran, and the United States. The day is regarded as
286:
manufactured idols and prayed to them, causing God to become angry. Some
Muslims see the story as a "blanket prohibition" against the worship of images and shrines.
84:, in current-day Saudi Arabia, was demolished in 1806 and, following reconstruction in the mid-19th century, was destroyed again in 1925 or 1926. An alliance of the
270:
Wahhabis tried to carry out the demolition within a legal religious context, since they regarded the shrines as "idolatrous" and believed that marking graves is
736:
100:, also ruled by the House of Saud and followers of Wahhabism, carried out the second. In both cases, the actors were motivated by the Wahhabi interpretation of
1505:
1500:
1180:
411:
in 1818. By the order of Sultan Mahmud II the
Ottomans built and renovated buildings, domes, and mosques in "splendid aesthetic style" from 1848 to 1860.
1294:
363:(annual pilgrimage). In the next few years, they gradually increased the Hajj duty. They also banned pilgrims from bringing musical instruments and
1461:
327:
could be carried out with the purpose of indicating victory over Shia, as al-Baqi is the burial place of a number of Shia Imams and members of
1520:
1515:
448:
The workers destroying the buildings received 1,000 Majidi Riyal, the unit of currency at the time. The destroyed domes included those of
315:) and he can fulfill this responsibility only by having political power. The destruction by the Wahhabis was a political act to establish
1560:
1407:
1029:
298:. Weeks before the second demolition, at the request of Ibn Bulayhid, a group of fifteen scholars from Medina unanimously issued a
623:
359:
After taking control of the holy cities, the Saudis tried to create obstacles to prevent non-Wahhabi
Muslims from performing the
1570:
1265:
469:
123:
1449:
1157:
976:
937:
903:
633:
798:
173:. Many narrations say that Muhammad visited this cemetery regularly to pray for God's forgiveness for those buried there.
1555:
308:
1530:
1147:
927:
755:
208:, were also buried there, making it an important location for Shia Muslims. Historical records show that there were
893:
118:
1063:
1187:
929:
Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-first
Century: The political, foreign policy, economic, and energy dimensions
1096:
498:
449:
552:
224:
260:
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473:
381:
189:
1323:
1242:
488:; four Shia Imams; and 7,000 people who were said to have ties with the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
540:
400:
256:
252:
968:
504:
412:
404:
166:
1525:
1384:
811:
396:
181:
1003:
477:
461:
185:
170:
220:
in Jannat al-Baqi before the 20th century; today it is a bare land without any buildings.
8:
1545:
1216:
1033:
578:
264:
158:
1535:
961:
866:
465:
232:
93:
243:
was under Ibn Saud's control by the time
Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765. By 1806, the
1445:
1266:"Mapping the Saudi State, Chapter 7: The Destruction of Religious and Cultural Sites"
1153:
972:
933:
899:
747:
694:
678:
629:
590:
408:
228:
201:
97:
690:
1435:
816:
806:
686:
485:
113:
89:
77:
1360:"راهپیمایی مردم جیرفت در سالروز تخریب بقیع – نمایش محتوای خبر – صدا و سیمای کرمان"
674:
670:
526:
28:
1510:
1439:
1408:"Saudi Arabia's confused stance on Shiites results in both praise and executions"
1030:"Ziyarah and building mosques and graves from the viewpoint of Shia and Wahhbism"
304:(an Islamic legal ruling) condemning the making of mausoleums around the graves.
146:
134:
435:
granted permission to destroy the site with religious authorization provided by
802:
602:
481:
439:
Abd Allah ibn Bulayhid; the demolition began on 21 April 1926 (or 1925) by the
236:
205:
197:
1494:
1476:
1463:
751:
698:
510:
193:
162:
85:
80:, the oldest and one of the two most important Islamic graveyards located in
61:
1385:"Gathering of Shi'a Muslim in Washington condemning destruction of al-Baqi"
566:
399:, to retake the territories controlled by the Wahhabi rebels, starting the
328:
279:
235:(also known as the Emirate of Diriyah), challenging the authority of the
16:
Destruction of al-Baqi cemetery in Medina by Wahhabis in 1806 and 1925/26
153:, "garden of tree stumps"), was used as a cemetery before the advent of
295:
283:
1071:
392:
370:
278:
verses regarding graves and shrines. They drew from the story of the
217:
1186:. The Center for Academic Shi'a Studies. August 2015. Archived from
457:
432:
374:
271:
737:"The destruction of Jannat al-Baqi': A case of Wahhabi Iconoclasm"
247:, including Mecca and Medina, was under the control of the Sauds.
416:
353:
177:
453:
441:
389:
365:
339:
213:
81:
50:
585:
1319:
530:
Panoramic view of the Jannat al-Baqi' before its destruction.
428:
320:
300:
275:
244:
154:
101:
71:
Mass destruction of the buildings, and domes of the cemetery
546:
Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia
436:
360:
343:
How al-Baqi cemetery appears in 2008 after the demolitions.
316:
240:
209:
1324:"Shiites protest demolition of Muslim graveyard in Medina"
1243:"The Historical Framework of the Currency of Saudi Arabia"
1217:"Destruction of Baqi from the viewpoint of the documents"
33:
Jannat al-Baqi in the 1910s, before its second demolition
1004:"Why ISIS is destroying Syrian and Iraqi heritage sites"
797:
Bahramian, Ali; Gholami, Tr. Rahmani (4 December 2013).
1064:"The Destruction Of The Holy Sites in Mecca and Medina"
104:, which prohibits the building of monuments on graves.
550:
377:
Muslims were not prevented from performing the hajj.
255:(1811–1818). Years later in 1924–1925, the Saud clan
1551:
Attacks on buildings and structures in Saudi Arabia
1541:
Demolished buildings and structures in Saudi Arabia
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
960:
514:("Day of Sorrow") by many Shias. According to the
1032:. Wahhbism review research center. Archived from
1492:
1346:"راهپیمایی محکومیت سالروز تخریب بقیع در پاکستان"
1271:. American For Democracy & Rights in Bahrain
1149:The Politics of Truth Management in Saudi Arabia
1048:
843:. Cultural Department Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly
796:
625:Crossing the Kingdom: Portraits of Saudi Arabia
734:
141:, "the field of thorny trees"), also known as
331:("People of the House") – Muhammad's family.
744:Undergraduate Journal of Middle East Studies
730:
728:
176:It gained further attention after the first
1506:Buildings and structures demolished in 1925
1501:Buildings and structures demolished in 1806
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1097:"History of the Cemetery Of Jannat Al-Baqi"
1091:
1089:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
313:al ʿamr bi-l maʿrūf wa-n nahy ʿan al munkar
274:(heresy), based on their interpretation of
1214:
1181:"The Destruction Heritage in Saudi Arabia"
1131:, "The end of Ottoman control of the hajj"
963:Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
27:
1434:
1295:"Protests at Saudi Embassy in Washington"
1288:
1286:
1263:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1001:
925:
895:Shi'i Islam: Origins, Faith and Practices
1210:
1208:
1115:
1086:
919:
835:
833:
705:
621:
525:
338:
117:
891:
773:
521:
496:The second demolition was discussed in
1493:
1405:
1399:
1332: – via General OneFile
1292:
1283:
1134:
860:
858:
668:
427:The House of Saud regained control of
96:carried out the first demolition. The
1205:
1145:
864:
830:
622:Danforth, Loring M. (29 March 2016).
1521:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
1257:
1173:
1027:
995:
967:. Marshall Cavendish. 2011. p.
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
460:'s father and mother, respectively;
431:in 1924 or 1925. The following year
422:
157:. People buried at al-Baqīʿ include
1516:Battles involving the House of Saud
855:
347:
309:enjoining good and forbidding wrong
150:
138:
122:Mausoleum of four Imams along with
13:
1561:Cemetery vandalism and desecration
1406:Husayn, Rahat (18 November 2014).
1002:Beauchamp, Zack (19 August 2015).
407:, defeated the rebel clans at the
14:
1582:
1146:Shahi, Afshin (4 December 2013).
1061:
649:
188:), was buried there in 625. Four
841:"Why Wahhbis destructed al-Baqi"
677:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
596:
584:
572:
560:
1428:
1377:
1352:
1338:
1312:
1235:
1021:
691:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23494
395:ordered the governor of Egypt,
953:
932:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
926:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003).
885:
871:The Great Islamic Encyclopedia
735:Mohammadi, Adeel (2014–2015).
685:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
615:
334:
161:, his daughters, his grandson
1:
1571:Controversies in Saudi Arabia
1293:Hassan, Sara (27 July 2015).
1070:. No. 15. Archived from
892:Shomali, Mohammad A. (2003).
609:
107:
1028:Ibrahimi, Mohammad Hossein.
628:. Univ of California Press.
491:
403:. Muhammad Ali Pasha's son,
7:
1441:The History of Saudi Arabia
534:
476:, both uncles of Muhammad;
450:Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib
257:regained control over Hijaz
10:
1587:
1556:Attacks on mosques in Asia
413:Sir Richard Francis Burton
294:) regarded the shrines as
282:found in the Qur'an where
225:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
111:
1531:Attacks on Shiite mosques
470:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
261:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
231:led to the formation the
124:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
88:and the followers of the
67:
57:
46:
38:
26:
1215:Qazi Askar, Ali (2003).
474:Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib
382:Johann Ludwig Burckhardt
352:At the beginning of the
1334:(subscription required)
541:Wahhabi sack of Karbala
499:Majles-e Shora-ye Melli
290:of the Sunni scholars (
42:1806 and 1925 (or 1926)
683:Encyclopaedia of Islam
531:
516:Encyclopaedia Islamica
505:Encyclopaedia Islamica
344:
167:Companions of Muhammad
127:
812:Encyclopedia Islamica
669:Werner, Ende (2010).
529:
342:
178:companion of Muhammad
169:, and his infant son
121:
22:Demolition of al-Baqi
746:(8). Canada: 47–56.
522:Panoramic photograph
478:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad
464:, the eldest son of
223:An alliance between
1473: /
1299:American al-Jazeera
401:Ottoman–Wahhabi War
265:Abdul Aziz ibn Saud
253:Ottoman–Wahhabi War
23:
1477:24.4672°N 39.616°E
1103:. 23 December 2013
673:. In Fleet, Kate;
671:"Baqīʿ al-Gharqad"
532:
480:, Muhammad's son;
397:Muhammad Ali Pasha
380:European traveler
369:(richly decorated
345:
182:'Uthman ibn Maz'un
128:
94:Emirate of Diriyah
21:
1451:978-0-86356-779-7
1436:Vassiliev, Alexei
1159:978-1-134-65319-5
1068:Islamica Magazine
978:978-0-7614-7929-1
939:978-0-275-97998-0
905:978-1-904063-11-7
807:Madelung, Wilferd
635:978-0-520-29028-0
462:Isma'il ibn Jafar
423:Second demolition
409:Battle of Diriyah
319:authority in the
263:was formed under
233:first Saudi State
229:Muhammad ibn Saud
202:Muhammad al-Baqir
186:As'ad ibn Zurarah
98:Sultanate of Nejd
75:
74:
1578:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1455:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1412:Washington Times
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1362:. Archived from
1356:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1290:
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1252:
1250:
1239:
1233:
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1228:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1193:on 10 April 2019
1192:
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1177:
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948:
946:
923:
917:
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912:
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883:
882:
880:
878:
865:Bahramian, Ali.
862:
853:
852:
850:
848:
837:
828:
827:
825:
823:
817:Brill Publishers
794:
771:
770:
768:
766:
761:on 2 August 2019
760:
754:. Archived from
741:
732:
703:
702:
666:
647:
646:
644:
642:
619:
601:
600:
599:
589:
588:
577:
576:
575:
565:
564:
563:
556:
486:Uthman ibn Affan
348:First demolition
159:Muhammad's wives
152:
140:
114:Al-Baqi Cemetery
90:Wahhabi movement
78:Al-Baqi Cemetery
31:
24:
20:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1566:Looting in Asia
1491:
1490:
1482:24.4672; 39.616
1481:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1460:
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1452:
1431:
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1416:
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1301:
1291:
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1274:
1272:
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1264:Staff writers.
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1246:
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1160:
1144:
1135:
1127:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1074:on 13 July 2011
1060:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1036:on 9 March 2017
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1000:
996:
990:jannat al-baqi.
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821:
819:
803:Daftary, Farhad
795:
774:
764:
762:
758:
739:
733:
706:
679:Rowson, Everett
667:
650:
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616:
612:
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583:
573:
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561:
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537:
524:
494:
466:Ja'far al-Sadiq
425:
350:
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131:Baqi al-Gharqad
116:
110:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1574:
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1543:
1538:
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1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1444:. Saqi Books.
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1398:
1376:
1351:
1337:
1328:Times of India
1311:
1282:
1256:
1234:
1204:
1172:
1158:
1133:
1129:Vassiliev 2013
1114:
1085:
1062:Ahmed, Irfan.
1047:
1020:
994:
977:
952:
938:
918:
904:
898:. ICAS Press.
884:
854:
829:
772:
704:
675:Krämer, Gudrun
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605:
593:
581:
569:
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523:
520:
493:
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482:Malik ibn Anas
424:
421:
349:
346:
336:
333:
239:. Most of the
237:Ottoman Empire
206:Jafar al-Sadiq
198:Ali ibn Husayn
143:Jannat al-Baqi
112:Main article:
109:
106:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
53:, Saudi Arabia
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1453:
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1413:
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1402:
1386:
1380:
1366:on 2017-01-15
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1347:
1341:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1267:
1260:
1245:. sama.gov.sa
1244:
1238:
1223:(45): 115–142
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1161:
1155:
1152:. Routledge.
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1417:13 September
1415:. Retrieved
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1391:12 September
1389:. Retrieved
1387:(in Persian)
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1364:the original
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1197:14 September
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1188:the original
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1165:14 September
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1105:. Retrieved
1101:Al-Islam.org
1100:
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1072:the original
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1034:the original
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1304:7 September
1107:9 September
1078:7 September
911:4 September
877:9 September
641:28 February
511:Yaum-e Gham
335:Demolitions
329:Ahl al-Bayt
280:golden calf
139:بقیع الغرقد
1546:Iconoclasm
1495:Categories
1468:39°36′58″E
1465:24°28′02″N
1370:2016-09-09
822:10 October
799:"al-Baqīʿ"
610:References
591:Shia Islam
371:palanquins
296:innovation
284:Israelites
218:mausoleums
190:Shia Imams
151:جنة البقیع
108:Background
1536:Wahhabism
1221:Haj Miqat
752:1710-4920
699:1873-9830
492:Reactions
393:Mahmud II
385:rituals.
267:'s rule.
1438:(2013).
809:(eds.).
681:(eds.).
535:See also
458:Muhammad
433:Ibn Saud
417:minarets
375:Maghrebi
276:Qur'anic
259:and the
47:Location
1330:. 2011.
1040:8 March
945:7 March
847:9 March
765:30 July
603:History
553:Portals
214:cupolas
171:Ibrahim
68:Outcome
1511:Medina
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390:Sultan
366:mahmal
292:ulamas
216:, and
204:, and
147:Arabic
135:Arabic
82:Medina
51:Medina
1320:India
1269:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
1184:(PDF)
801:. In
759:(PDF)
740:(PDF)
567:Islam
429:Hijaz
321:Hijaz
317:Najdi
301:fatwa
272:Bid'a
245:Hijaz
210:domes
163:Hasan
155:Islam
102:Islam
1446:ISBN
1419:2016
1393:2016
1306:2016
1277:2016
1251:2016
1229:2016
1199:2016
1167:2016
1154:ISBN
1109:2016
1080:2016
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986:2016
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947:2017
934:ISBN
913:2016
900:ISBN
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824:2016
767:2016
748:ISSN
695:ISSN
643:2017
630:ISBN
472:and
452:and
437:Qadi
361:Hajj
241:Najd
227:and
184:(or
39:Date
1318:in
1008:Vox
969:154
687:doi
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