Democratization - Knowledge

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the risk of distributive or social policies to the elite because the state has other sources of revenue to finance this kind of policies that is not the elite wealth or income. And in countries plagued with high inequality, which was the case of Ecuador in the 1970s, the result would be a higher likelihood of democratization. In 1972, the military coup had overthrown the government in large part because of the fears of elites that redistribution would take place. That same year oil became an increasing financial source for the country. Although the rents were used to finance the military, the eventual second oil boom of 1979 ran parallel to the country's re-democratization. Ecuador's re-democratization can then be attributed, as argued by Dunning, to the large increase of oil rents, which enabled not only a surge in public spending but placated the fears of redistribution that had grappled the elite circles. The exploitation of Ecuador's resource rent enabled the government to implement price and wage policies that benefited citizens at no cost to the elite and allowed for a smooth transition and growth of democratic institutions.

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time, the country was also living in a state of economic crisis virtually since the first World War (in the 1910s), a crisis which was eventually worsened by the effects of the Great Depression. There is also the general observation that democracy was very rare before the industrial revolution. Empirical research thus led many to believe that economic development either increases chances for a transition to democracy, or helps newly established democracies consolidate. One study finds that economic development prompts democratization but only in the medium run (10–20 years). This is because development may entrench the incumbent leader but make it more difficult for him deliver the state to a son or trusted aide when he exits. However, the debate about whether democracy is a consequence of wealth, a cause of it, or both processes are unrelated, is far from conclusive. Another study suggests that economic development depends on the political stability of a country to promote democracy. Clark, Robert and Golder, in their reformulation of Albert Hirschman's model of

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of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

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may opt for democratization and inclusive institutions. According to a 2020 study, authoritarian-led democratization is more likely to lead to lasting democracy in cases when the party strength of the authoritarian incumbent is high. However, Michael Albertus and Victor Menaldo argue that democratizing rules implemented by outgoing authoritarians may distort democracy in favor of the outgoing authoritarian regime and its supporters, resulting in "bad" institutions that are hard to get rid of. According to Michael K. Miller, elite-driven democratization is particularly likely in the wake of major violent shocks (either domestic or international) which provide openings to opposition actors to the authoritarian regime. Dan Slater and Joseph Wong argue that dictators in Asia chose to implement democratic reforms when they were in positions of strength in order to retain and revitalize their power.

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socioeconomic structures shifted because modernization made the agriculture sector more efficient, bigger investments of time and resources were used for the manufacture and service sectors. In England, for example, members of the gentry began investing more in commercial activities that allowed them to become economically more important for the state. This new kind of productive activities came with new economic power were assets became more difficult for the state to count and hence more difficult to tax. Because of this, predation was no longer possible and the state had to negotiate with the new economic elites to extract revenue. A sustainable bargain had to be reached because the state became more dependent of its citizens remaining loyal and, with this, citizens had now leverage to be taken into account in the decision making process for the country.

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make it more difficult for states to claim sovereignty over a population. These responses can include planting crops that are more difficult for states to count, or tending livestock that are more mobile. In fact, the entire political arrangement of a state is a result of individuals adapting to the environment, and making a choice as to whether or not to stay in a territory. If people are free to move, then the exit, voice, and loyalty model predicts that a state will have to be of that population representative, and appease the populace in order to prevent them from leaving. If individuals have plausible exit options then they are better able to constrain a government's arbitrary behaviour through threat of exit.

2545: 5064: 4579:(1966), argues that the distribution of power among classes – the peasantry, the bourgeoise and the landed aristocracy – and the nature of alliances between classes determined whether democratic, authoritarian or communist revolutions occurred. Moore also argued there were at least "three routes to the modern world" – the liberal democratic, the fascist, and the communist – each deriving from the timing of industrialization and the social structure at the time of transition. Thus, Moore challenged modernization theory, by stressing that there was not one path to the modern world and that economic development did not always bring about democracy. 2742: 4884:

civil society; however, Berman argues that this vibrant civil society eventually weakened democracy within Germany as it exacerbated existing social divisions due to the creation of exclusionary community organizations. Subsequent empirical research and theoretical analysis has lent support for Berman's argument. Yale University political scientist Daniel Mattingly argues civil society in China helps the authoritarian regime in China to cement control. Clark, M. Golder, and S. Golder also argue that despite many believing democratization requires a

4590:(1992), raise questions about Moore's analysis of the role of the bourgeoisie in democratization. Eva Bellin argues that under certain circumstances, the bourgeoise and labor are more likely to favor democratization, but less so under other circumstances. Samuel Valenzuela argues that, counter to Moore's view, the landed elite supported democratization in Chile. A comprehensive assessment conducted by James Mahoney concludes that "Moore's specific hypotheses about democracy and authoritarianism receive only limited and highly conditional support." 4962:, outbid elite rivals, or limit factional violence." His study shows that in many cases, "democratization occurred not because incumbent elites chose it but because, in trying to prevent it, they made mistakes that weakened their hold on power. Common mistakes include: calling elections or starting military conflicts, only to lose them; ignoring popular unrest and being overthrown; initiating limited reforms that get out of hand; and selecting a covert democrat as leader. These mistakes reflect well-known cognitive biases such as 4836: 2726: 4225: 3239:, in November 1975. Initially, "the political elites left over from Francoism" attempted "to reform of the institutions of dictatorship" through existing legal means, but social and political pressure saw the formation of a democratic parliament in the 1977 general election, which had the imprimatur to write a new constitution that was then approved by referendum in December 1978. The following years saw the beginning of the development of the rule of law and establishment of 2684: 2236: 633: 3906: 4770: 801: 4564: 4897:

catalyzed not through foreign invasion, and only rarely through armed revolt or voluntary elite-driven reforms, but overwhelmingly by democratic civil society organizations utilizing nonviolent action and other forms of civil resistance, such as strikes, boycotts, civil disobedience, and mass protests. A 2016 study found that about a quarter of all cases of democracy protests between 1989 and 2011 lead to democratization.

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either the elite or the people, Chile's democratic transition process is known as an intermediate transition – a transition involving both the regime and the civil society. Throughout the transition, though the regime increased repressive violence, it simultaneously supported liberalization – progressively strengthening democratic institutions and gradually weakening those of the military.

6693: 4706: 2281:, enduring democracy advocates succeed almost always through peaceful means when there is a window of opportunity. One major type of opportunity include governments weakened after a violent shock. The other main avenue occurs when autocrats are not threatened by elections, and democratize while retaining power. The path to democracy can be long with setbacks along the way. 5037:

association between the state and its citizens). Herbst writes that in Africa and elsewhere in the non-European world "states are developing in a fundamentally new environment" because they mostly "gained Independence without having to resort to combat and have not faced a security threat since independence." Herbst notes that the strongest non-European states,

5247:(2004), holds that the reason is that the initial patterns of colonization, the subsequent process of economic incorporation of the new colonies, and the wars of independence differ. The divergent histories of Britain and Iberia are seen as creating different cultural legacies that affected the prospects of democracy. A related argument is presented by 2421:, elected the next year, continued the transition to democracy, freeing the last political prisoners in 1980, instituting direct elections in 1982. The 1985 election of a ruling opposition party marked the military dictatorship's end. The process of liberalization ultimately was successful, culminating with the promulgation of the 4926:(1986), argued against the notion that there are structural "big" causes of democratization. These scholars instead emphasize how the democratization process occurs in a more contingent manner that depends on the characteristics and circumstances of the elites who ultimately oversee the shift from authoritarianism to democracy. 4982:

of civilian dictators. A military dictatorship seizes power to act as a caretaker government to replace what they consider a flawed civilian government. Military dictatorships are more likely to transition to democracy because at the onset, they are meant to be stop-gap solutions while a new acceptable government forms.

4697:, Acemoglu and Robinson argue that the nature of the relationship between elites and society determine whether stable democracy emerges. When elites are overly dominant, despotic states emerge. When society is overly dominant, weak states emerge. When elites and society are evenly balance, inclusive states emerge. 4816:

2010 finds no support for the claim that democratization increased access to primary education around the world. It is true that transitions to democracy often coincided with an acceleration in the expansion of primary education, but the same acceleration was observed in countries that remained non-democratic.

4796:, that countries with a "democratic political culture" were more prone for democratization and democratic survival. He also argued that cultural homogeneity and smallness contribute to democratic survival. Other scholars have however challenged the notion that small states and homogeneity strengthen democracy. 6276:

The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch's prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech

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The three dictatorship types, monarchy, civilian and military have different approaches to democratization as a result of their individual goals. Monarchic and civilian dictatorships seek to remain in power indefinitely through hereditary rule in the case of monarchs or through oppression in the case

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have linked Islam to undemocratic outcomes. However, Michael Ross argues that the lack of democracies in some parts of the Muslim world has more to do with the adverse effects of the resource curse than Islam. Lisa Blaydes and Eric Chaney have linked the democratic divergence between the West and the

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Thad Dunning proposes a plausible explanation for Ecuador's return to democracy that contradicts the conventional wisdom that natural resource rents encourage authoritarian governments. Dunning proposes that there are situations where natural resource rents, such as those acquired through oil, reduce

4604:, representative government is "more likely to occur when a society is divided across multiple political cleavages." A 2021 study found that constitutions that emerge through pluralism (reflecting distinct segments of society) are more likely to induce liberal democracy (at least, in the short term). 5087:

and lead to autocracy. This is supported by historical evidence showing that in almost all cases, peace has come before democracy. A number of scholars have argued that there is little support for the hypothesis that democracy causes peace, but strong evidence for the opposite hypothesis that peace

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Scholars have argued that processes of democratization may be elite-driven or driven by the authoritarian incumbents as a way for those elites to retain power amid popular demands for representative government. If the costs of repression are higher than the costs of giving away power, authoritarians

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It is commonly claimed that democracy and democratization were important drivers of the expansion of primary education around the world. However, new evidence from historical education trends challenges this assertion. An analysis of historical student enrollment rates for 109 countries from 1820 to

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It has long been theorized that education promotes stable and democratic societies. Research shows that education leads to greater political tolerance, increases the likelihood of political participation and reduces inequality. One study finds "that increases in levels of education improve levels of

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Sirianne Dahlum and Carl Henrik Knutsen offer a test of the Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel revised version of modernization theory, which focuses on cultural traits triggered by economic development that are presumed to be conducive to democratization. They find "no empirical support" for the

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which is cited as "best suited" to democracy, with other cultures portrayed as containing values which make democracy difficult or undesirable. This argument is sometimes used by undemocratic regimes to justify their failure to implement democratic reforms. Today, however, there are many non-Western

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argued that the mobility of commerce meant that rulers had to bargain with merchants in order to tax them, otherwise they would leave the country or hide their commercial activities. Stasavage argues that the small size and backwardness of European states, as well as the weakness of European rulers,

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The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House

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that foreign interventions contributed to democratic failures, citing Soviet interventions in Central and Eastern Europe and U.S. interventions in Latin America. However, the delegitimization of empires contributed to the emergence of democracy as former colonies gained independence and implemented

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Elizabeth Kier has challenged claims that total war prompts democratization, showing in the cases of the UK and Italy during World War I that the policies adopted by the Italian government during World War I prompted a fascist backlash whereas UK government policies towards labor undermined broader

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dispute that elite-driven democratization produce liberal democracy. They argue that low levels of inequality and weak identity cleavages are necessary for liberal democracy to emerge. A 2020 study by several political scientists from German universities found that democratization through bottom-up

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argues that governments may find it difficult to claim a sovereignty over a population when that population is in motion. Scott additionally asserts that exit may not solely include physical exit from the territory of a coercive state, but can include a number of adaptive responses to coercion that

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The “doomsway view” is that capital mobility is an inherent threat to underdeveloped democracies by worsening the economic inequalities and favoring the interests of powerful elites and external actors over broader societal, which might lead to depending on money from outside, therefore affected by

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argue that while economic development makes democracies less likely to turn authoritarian, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that development causes democratization (turning an authoritarian state into a democracy). Economic development can boost public support for authoritarian regimes in

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O'Donnell and Schmitter proposed a strategic choice approach to transitions to democracy that highlighted how they were driven by the decisions of different actors in response to a core set of dilemmas. The analysis centered on the interaction among four actors: the hard-liners and soft-liners who

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has rebutted Putnam's theory that civil society contributes to democratization, writing that in the case of the Weimar Republic, civil society facilitated the rise of the Nazi Party. According to Berman, Germany's democratization after World War I allowed for a renewed development in the country's

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are able to better build the "norms of trust, reciprocity, and civic engagement" that lead to democratization and well-functioning participatory democracies. By contrasting communities in Northern Italy, which had dense horizontal networks, to communities in Southern Italy, which had more vertical

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and power in a democracy would be so harmful to elites that these would do everything to prevent democratization. Democratization is more likely to emerge somewhere in the middle, in the countries, whose elites offer concessions because (1) they consider the threat of a revolution credible and (2)

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Theories on causes to democratization such as economic development focus rather on the aspect of gaining capital, capital mobility focuses on the movement of money and the across borders of countries and different financial instruments and the corresponding restrictions. Over the past decades they

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correlates with democracy and some claim the wealthiest democracies have never been observed to fall into authoritarianism. The rise of Hitler and of the Nazis in Weimar Germany can be seen as an obvious counter-example, but although in early 1930s Germany was already an advanced economy, by that

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The military regime in Chile led by General Augusto Pinochet ended on 11 March 1990 and was replaced by a democratically elected government. The transition period lasted roughly two years, although some aspects of the process lasted significantly longer. Unlike most democratic transitions, led by

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Some historians suggest an earlier date for the conclusion of the Transition including the 1977 general election, the 1978 Constitution, or the 1981 attempted coup. One writer suggests the Transition only concluded in 2006 with the end of consensus politics and the re-emergence of open debate on

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which influences a democratization process, but rather the changes in the socio-economic structures that come together with the increase of wealth. They explain how these structure changes have been called out to be one of the main reasons several European countries became democratic. When their

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Scholars have discussed whether the order in which things happen helps or hinders the process of democratization. An early discussion occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. Dankwart Rustow argued that "'the most effective sequence' is the pursuit of national unity, government authority, and political

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Huntington presented an influential, but also controversial arguments about Confucianism and Islam. Huntington held that that "In practice Confucian or Confucian-influenced societies have been inhospitable to democracy." He also held that "Islamic doctrine ... contains elements that may be both

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notes that writers that "Meiji leadership embraced constitutional government with some pluralist features for essentially tactical reasons" and that pre-World war II Japanese society was dominated by a "loose coalition" of "landed rural elites, big business, and the military" that was averse to

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that is missing in Africa today." Herbst writes that war and the threat of invasion by neighbors caused European state to more efficiently collect revenue, forced leaders to improve administrative capabilities, and fostered state unification and a sense of national identity (a common, powerful

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Whether and to what extent democratization occurs can be influenced by various factors, including economic development, historical legacies, civil society, and international processes. Some accounts of democratization emphasize how elites drove democratization, whereas other accounts emphasize

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Research indicates that democracy protests are associated with democratization. According to a study by Freedom House, in 67 countries where dictatorships have fallen since 1972, nonviolent civic resistance was a strong influence over 70 percent of the time. In these transitions, changes were

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identified for the year 2023 9 cases of stand-alone democratization in East Timor, The Gambia, Honduras, Fiji, Dominican Republic, Solomon Islands, Montenegro, Seychelles, and Kosovo and 9 cases of U-Turn Democratization in Thailand, Maldives, Tunisia, Bolivia, Zambia, Benin, North Macedonia,

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One of the critiques of Huntington's periodization is that it doesn't give enough weight to universal suffrage. Pamela Paxton argues that once women's suffrage is taken into account, the data reveal "a long, continuous democratization period from 1893–1958, with only war-related reversals."

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theorizes that the process of democratization occurs when elites are unable to reconstitute an autocracy. Olson suggests that this occurs when constituencies or identity groups are mixed within a geographic region. He asserts that this mixed geographic constituencies requires elites to for

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One analysis found that "Compared with other forms of leadership turnover in autocracies—such as coups, elections, or term limits—which lead to regime collapse about half of the time, the death of a dictator is remarkably inconsequential. ... of the 79 dictators who have died in office

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J. Samuel Valenzuela, 2001. "Class Relations and Democratization: A Reassessment of Barrington Moore's Model", pp. 240–86, in Miguel Angel Centeno and Fernando López-Alves (eds.), The Other Mirror: Grand Theory Through the Lens of Latin America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University

4736:(2011). Haber and Menaldo argue that "natural resource reliance is not an exogenous variable" and find that when tests of the relationship between natural resources and democracy take this point into account "increases in resource reliance are not associated with authoritarianism." 4481:

argues that China is a problematic case for the thesis that economic development causes democratization. Michael Miller finds that development increases the likelihood of "democratization in regimes that are fragile and unstable, but makes this fragility less likely to begin with."

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According to a study by political scientist Daniel Treisman, influential theories of democratization posit that autocrats "deliberately choose to share or surrender power. They do so to prevent revolution, motivate citizens to fight wars, incentivize governments to provide

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argue that modernization theory cannot account for various paths of political development "because it posits a link between economics and politics that is not conditional on institutions and culture and that presumes a definite endpoint—for example, an 'end of history'."

2592:, which codified certain rights and liberties for individuals. It set out the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of the rest of Europe, 5141:

with playing a role in democratization. international forces can significantly affect democratization. Global forces like the diffusion of democratic ideas and pressure from international financial institutions to democratize have led to democratization.

5032:, in his paper "War and the State in Africa" (1990), explains how democratization in European states was achieved through political development fostered by war-making and these "lessons from the case of Europe show that war is an important cause of 3068:

became independent between 1810 and 1825, and soon had some early experiences with representative government and elections. All Latin American countries established representative institutions soon after independence, the early cases being those of

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shows that some experiments with representative institutions in Latin America occurred earlier than in most European countries. Mass democracy, in which the working class had the right to vote, become common only in the 1930s and 1940s.

5295:(2021), argue that counter to the state-first thesis, the "starting point of political developments is less important than whether the State–democracy relationship is a virtuous cycle, triggering causal mechanisms that reinforce each." 5298:

In sequences of democratization for many countries, Morrison et al. found elections as the most frequent first element of the sequence of democratization but found this ordering does not necessarily predict successful democratization.

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However, this state-first thesis has been challenged. Relying on a comparison of Denmark and Greece, and quantitative research on 180 countries across 1789–2019, Haakon Gjerløw, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Tore Wig, and Matthew C. Wilson, in

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Research suggests that the threat of civil conflict encourages regimes to make democratic concessions. A 2016 study found that drought-induced riots in Sub-Saharan Africa lead regimes, fearing conflict, to make democratic concessions.

5275:(2014), echoes Huntington's "state-first" argument and holds that those "countries in which democracy preceded modern state-building have had much greater problems achieving high-quality governance." This view has been supported by 4445:. According to Daniel Treisman, there is "a strong and consistent relationship between higher income and both democratization and democratic survival in the medium term (10–20 years), but not necessarily in shorter time windows." 4892:

also asserts that the existence of civil society is not a prerequisite for the transition to democracy, but rather democratization is usually followed by the resurrection of civil society (even if it did not exist previously).

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democracies. Examples include: India, Japan, Indonesia, Namibia, Botswana, Taiwan, and South Korea. Research finds that "Western-educated leaders significantly and substantively improve a country's democratization prospects".

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There is considerable debate about the factors which affect (e.g., promote or limit) democratization. Factors discussed include economic, political, cultural, individual agents and their choices, international and historical.

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identified three waves of democratization that have taken place in history. The first one brought democracy to Western Europe and Northern America in the 19th century. It was followed by a rise of dictatorships during the

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argues that certain characteristics make societies more likely to have cultures of civic engagement that lead to more participatory democracies. According to Putnam, communities with denser horizontal networks of

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equality, in that order." Eric Nordlinger and Samuel Huntington stressed "the importance of developing effective governmental institutions before the emergence of mass participation in politics." Robert Dahl, in

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and Donald Lien, as well as David Stasavage, have argued that rulers' need for taxes gave asset-owning elites the bargaining power to demand a say on public policy, thus giving rise to democratic institutions.

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Morrison, Kelly and Lundstedt, Martin and Sato, Yuko and Boese, Vanessa A. and Markström, Klas and Lindberg, Staffan I., Chains in Episodes of Democratization (June 28, 2023). V-Dem Working Paper No. 2023:141

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argues that a bigger demand for transparency in both the private and public sectors by some investors can contribute to a strengthening of democratic institutions and can encourage democratic consolidation.

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Krauss, Alexander. "The scientific limits of understanding the (potential) relationship between complex social phenomena: the case of democracy and inequality." Journal of Economic Methodology 23.1 (2016):

9592: 2568:(1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament, during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the 4930:

belonged to the incumbent authoritarian regime, and the moderate and radical oppositions against the regime. This book not only became the point of reference for a burgeoning academic literature on

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Cheibub, José Antonio, and James Raymond Vreeland. 2018. "Modernization Theory: Does Economic Development Cause Democratization?" pp. 3–21, in Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle (eds.),

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in January 2011. It eventually led to a thorough democratization of the country and to free and democratic elections, which had led to people believing it was the only successful movement in the

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Let's say no to "jasmine" and stick to the name that was enshrined in our new constitution - the Tunisian Revolution of Dignity -to remind ourselves where our common efforts must remain focused.

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is the sole resource that has "been consistently correlated with less democracy and worse institutions" and is the "key variable in the vast majority of the studies" identifying some type of

5264:(1971), held that the "commonest sequence among the older and more stable polyarchies has been some approximation of the ... path competitive politics preceded expansion in participation." 5279:, who offers a sweeping overview of European history and concludes that "sequencing matters" and that "without strong states...liberal democracy is difficult if not impossible to achieve." 4789:(slave soldiers) by Muslim rulers whereas European rulers had to rely on local elites for military forces, thus giving those elites bargaining power to push for representative government. 10493: 705:

grassroots bottom-up processes. How democratization occurs has also been used to explain other political phenomena, such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows.

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Inglehart and Welzel thesis and conclude that "self-expression values do not enhance democracy levels or democratization chances, and neither do they stabilize existing democracies."

9668:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005; Dahlum, S., & Knutsen, C., "Democracy by Demand? Reinvestigating the Effect of Self-expression Values on Political Regime Type." 9651:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005; Dahlum, S., & Knutsen, C., "Democracy by Demand? Reinvestigating the Effect of Self-expression Values on Political Regime Type." 8112:

James Mahoney, "Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism," pp. 131–74, in James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer (eds.),

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and Lucan Way have argued that close ties to the West increased the likelihood of democratization after the end of the Cold War, whereas states with weak ties to the West adopted

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opposition party's participation in congressional elections. He worked to address human rights violations and began to undo the military dictatorship's founding legislation, the

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A 2024 study linked industrialization to democratization, arguing that large-scale employment in manufacturing made mass mobilization easier to occur and harder to repress.

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was touted as one of the more stable democracies in Africa, with a long tradition of peaceful democratic discourse. Democratization proceeded gradually from 1970s to 1990s.

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Some scholars link the emergence and sustenance of democracies to areas with access to the sea, which tends to increase the mobility of people, goods, capital, and ideas.

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FREEMAN, J. R., & QUINN, D. P. (2012). The Economic Origins of Democracy Reconsidered. American Political Science Review, 106(1), 58–80. doi:10.1017/S0003055411000505

4199:. The details of the event were largely forgotten by the Romans a few centuries later; later Roman historians presented a narrative of the events, traditionally dated to 4154:, was modified several times during the following decades and wholly replaced in 1999. The 1848 constitution represented the first time, other than when the short-lived 8798: 5097:

posits that existential security leads to emancipative cultural values and support for a democratic political organization. This is in agreement with theories based on

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Welzel, Christian. 2009. "Theories of Democratization", pp. 74–91, in Christian W. Haerpfer, Patrick Bernhagen, Ronald F. Inglehart, and Christian Welzel (eds.),

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James A. Robinson, "Critical Junctures and Developmental Paths: Colonialism and Long-Term Economic Prosperity," Ch. 2, in David Collier and Gerardo L. Munck (eds.),

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A 2012 study found that areas in Africa with Protestant missionaries were more likely to become stable democracies. A 2020 study failed to replicate those findings.

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the cost of the concessions is not too high. This expectation is in line with the empirical research showing that democracy is more stable in egalitarian societies.

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Theories of democratization seek to explain a large macro-level change of a political regime from authoritarianism to democracy. Symptoms of democratization include

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Theorists such as Barrington Moore Jr. argued that the roots of democratization could be found in the relationship between lords and peasants in agrarian societies.

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wrote in 2009, "there is a consensus in the literature on Eastern Europe that the EU membership perspective had a huge anchoring effects for the new democracies."

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Girod, Desha M.; Stewart, Megan A.; Walters, Meir R. (2016-07-27). "Mass protests and the resource curse: The politics of demobilization in rentier autocracies".

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of research on Lipset's argument shows that a majority of studies do not support the thesis that higher levels of economic development leads to more democracy.

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Blaydes, Lisa; Chaney, Eric (2013). "The Feudal Revolution and Europe's Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World before 1500 CE".

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substantially realized and the death of Cavour himself in 1861, the Liberal Party was split into at least two major factions or new parties later known as the

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can increase democratization of a country, especially in case of trade with other democracies. A 2020 study found increased trade between democracies reduces

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sometimes facilitated the establishment of democracies that were soon replaced by authoritarian regimes. For example, Syria, after gaining independence from

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and an authoritarian government when people perceive collective danger, while the development in the democratic direction requires collective safety.

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values and a preference for democracy in situations of peace and safety. The consequence of this is that a society will develop in the direction of

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Gibler, Douglas M.; Miller, Steven V. (2021). "The Territorial Peace: Current and Future Research". In McLaughlin, Sara; Vasquez, John A. (eds.).

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was ended through a series of bilateral and multi-party negotiations between 1990 and 1993. The negotiations culminated in the passage of a new

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increased in strength, challenging the traditional liberal and conservative establishment. From 1915 to 1918, the Kingdom of Italy took part in

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Risse, Thomas (2009). "Conclusions: Towards Transatlantic Democracy Promotion?". In Magen, Amichai; Risse, Thomas; McFaul, Michael A. (eds.).

9996: 6786: 6289: 5452: 4453: 3401: 3273: 619: 7123: 12210:

Potter, David. 1997. "Explaining Democratization," pp. 1–40, in David Potter, David Goldblatt, Margaret Kiloh, and Paul Lewis (eds.),

6895:[The 1989–1991 National Liberation Revolution in Ukraine as a product of a social movement and multivector network of structures]. 6648: 4633:'s exit, voice, and loyalty model is that if individuals have plausible exit options, then a government may be more likely to democratize. 4576: 4111:. In this way, he hoped to rejuvenate the party with reform-minded personnel who would carry out his institutional and policy reforms. The 3948: 3386: 614: 9948: 7411:

Traversa, Federico (2014). "Income and the stability of democracy: Pushing beyond the borders of logic to explain a strong correlation?".

6169: 5156:

The European Union has contributed to the spread of democracy, in particular by encouraging democratic reforms in aspiring member states.

674: 13112: 12285: 4877:, Putnam asserts that the latter never built the culture of civic engagement that some deem as necessary for successful democratization. 4367:. In many fields, it was a success ideologically in the sense that a true republic was established that never had a single dictator, but 2769: 661: 6233: 5973: 5287:(2022), "find little evidence to support the stateness-first argument." Based on a comparison of European and Latin American countries, 12813: 11536: 4857:

refers to a collection of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests, priorities and will of citizens.

11342: 6808: 5700: 3336: 836:

Waves of democratization can be followed by waves of de-democratization. Thus, Huntington, in 1991, offered the following depiction.

13001: 4773:

The compatibility of Islam and democracy continues to be a focus of discussion; the image depicts a mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia.

3491: 2979: 2753: 4941:(1991), offered the first analysis of the interaction between rulers and opposition in transitions to democracy using rudimentary 4749:

It is claimed by some that certain cultures are simply more conducive to democratic values than others. This view is likely to be

4861:

refers to features of social life—networks, norms, and trust—that allow individuals to act together to pursue shared objectives.

4626:

after the fall of the Roman Empire meant that European rulers had to obtain consent from their population to govern effectively.

3876: 2954: 1821: 13117: 10639:

Debs, Alexandre (2016-02-18). "Living by the Sword and Dying by the Sword? Leadership Transitions in and out of Dictatorships".

12496: 12433: 8895: 7321:

Rice, Tom W.; Ling, Jeffrey (2002-12-01). "Democracy, Economic Wealth and Social Capital: Sorting Out the Causal Connections".

6555:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 2; Przeworski, Adam, "The Mechanics of Regime Instability in Latin America." 5083:

makes the opposite claim that peace causes democracy. In fact, war and territorial threats to a country are likely to increase

4364: 4323: 4288: 4284: 3792: 3541: 3526: 965: 3993: 3244: 854:

The idea of waves of democratization has also been used and scrutinized by many other authors, including Renske Doorenspleet,

13209: 13041: 13021: 12996: 12898: 12843: 11904: 11820: 11755: 11589: 11554: 11216: 11172: 11057: 10920: 10623: 10435: 10363: 10323: 10097: 9477: 8596: 8420: 8385: 8060:

Bellin, Eva (January 2000). "Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries".

8018: 7784: 7567: 7143: 6848: 6385: 6350: 5998: 5776: 5422: 4375:

male property owners (about 6% of the population). Slavery was not abolished in the Southern states until the constitutional

2900: 2746: 2597: 1972: 1912: 3043:

A referendum on reintroducing multi-party democracy was held in Malawi on 14 June 1993. Over 64% of voters voted to end the

2712:

on 21 May 1998. Since his resignation, the country has been in a period of transition known as the Reform era (Indonesian:

13061: 13051: 6893:"Національно-визвольна революція в Україні 1989–1991 рр. як продукт соціального руху з багатовекторною мережною структурою" 6319: 5793: 4762:

congenial and uncongenial to democracy," but generally thought that Islam was an obstacle to democratization. In contrast,

3566: 3346: 3259: 3011: 3004: 2817: 2045: 10313: 5243:

In seeking to explain why North America developed stable democracies and Latin America did not, Seymour Martin Lipset, in

1962: 13097: 12428: 8957:"How oil income and missing hydrocarbon rents data influence autocratic survival: A response to Lucas and Richter (2016)" 6572:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991; Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, 6085: 5331: 5272: 5075:

that precedes a transition to democracy, but war is mainly a serious obstacle to democratization. While adherents of the

4683: 4597:: as landed elites became less reliant on the repression of agricultural workers, they became less hostile to democracy. 4417: 4104: 3964: 3956: 3935: 3446: 3351: 3251: 2891:(1943–1945). The aftermath of World War II left Italy also with an anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the 2658: 2257: 2115: 1741: 1432: 6731: 821:, but lost steam between 1962 and the mid-1970s. The latest wave began in 1974 and is still ongoing. Democratization of 13066: 12893: 12187:

Mazzuca, Sebastián. 2010. "Macrofoundations of Regime Change: Democracy, State Formation, and Capitalist Development."

11485: 10996: 6975: 5130: 4650:

and democratic transition is complicated: People have less incentive to revolt in an egalitarian society (for example,

4617: 4441:

increases the likelihood of democratization. Initially argued by Lipset in 1959, this subsequently been referred to as

4368: 4352: 4273: 3909: 3476: 3100: 3037: 2520:. Historians continue to debate the reasons why the Weimar Republic's attempt at democratization failed. After Germany 2132: 1942: 1402: 10260:"Autocratic ruling parties during regime transitions: Investigating the democratizing effect of strong ruling parties" 7989:

Chwieroth, J. M. (2010). Capital Ideas: The IMF and the Rise of Financial Liberalization. Princeton University Press.

7607: 7503: 6211: 4978:

peaceful protests led to higher levels of democracy and democratic stability than democratization prompted by elites.

4713:

Research shows that oil wealth lowers levels of democracy and strengthens autocratic rule. According to Michael Ross,

2716:). This period has been characterised by a more open political-social environment and grassroots economic improvement. 12340: 12325: 11882: 11360: 10513: 10203: 10132: 9966: 9198:

Stephen Haber and Victor Menaldo, "Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal of the Resource Curse,"

8454: 8207: 7585: 7014:

Lipset, Seymour Martin (1959). "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy".

6190: 5199: 5134: 5045:, are "largely 'warfare' states that have been molded, in part, by the near constant threat of external aggression." 4728:

The thesis that oil and other natural resources have a negative impact on democracy has been challenged by historian

4344: 3551: 3521: 2801: 2341:

was a wave of protests, demonstrations, nonviolent boycotts, grassroots rallies, opposition campaigns and strikes in

2222: 1687: 1472: 12224:

Wucherpfennig, Julian, and Franziska Deutsch. 2009. "Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited."

12024:

Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy."

7959:

Pronin, Pavel (2020). "International Trade And Democracy: How Trade Partners Affect Regime Change And Persistence".

4998:

democratic and representative institutions to control the region, and to limit the power of competing elite groups.

4888:, empirical evidence produced by several reanalyses of past studies suggest this claim is only partially supported. 4022:

to hold direct presidential elections and institute other democratic reforms, which led to the establishment of the

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There is research to suggest that greater urbanization, through various pathways, contributes to democratization.

3866: 3496: 2789: 2662: 2090: 1761: 731: 571: 471: 31: 11376:

Pevehouse, Jon C. (2002-06-01). "Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization".

8116:

New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 145. For an earlier review of a wide range of critical response to

4187:

that took place between the 6th and 5th centuries BC where a political revolution replaced the then-existing

2796:. This constitution was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of a unified 2002: 13294: 13224: 12975: 12858: 12853: 12459: 12278: 6869: 5267:

In the 2010s, the discussion focused on the impact of the sequencing between state building and democratization.

4327: 4303: 4280: 4180: 4173: 4037: 3856: 3481: 3376: 3240: 3157: 3149: 2824:(Fundamental Statute). However, only King Charles Albert maintained the statute even after the end of the riots. 2513: 2436: 2386: 778:. Democracy indices can be quantitative or categorical. Some disagreements among scholars concern the concept of 654: 17: 11777:[All is almost forgiven. Regarding the Transition, historiographic debate and methodological proposals] 10425: 8695: 6277:

in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from 'cruel or unusual punishment'.

6030: 13417: 13132: 12423: 10944:

Gibler, Douglas M.; Owsiak, Andrew (2017). "Democracy and the Settlement of International Borders, 1919–2001".

7801: 5327: 5109:

form of government in situations of war or perceived collective danger. On the other hand, people will support

4348: 4133: 4126: 4086: 4014:), also known as the June Democracy Movement and the June Uprising, was a nationwide pro-democracy movement in 3546: 2895:

for the previous twenty years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.

2250: 1096: 4242:), also called the Jasmine Revolution and Tunisian Revolution of Dignity, was an intensive 28-day campaign of 3022:

demanding free results of elections, new constitution and shared their dissatisfaction with the government in

2017: 13407: 13304: 12903: 12888: 12019:

Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe

8799:"Resource Curse or Rentier Peace? The Ambiguous Effects of Oil Wealth and Oil Dependence on Violent Conflict" 5248: 4500: 4158:

had been imposed, that the Swiss had a central government instead of being simply a collection of autonomous

3699: 3576: 3561: 3536: 3255: 2914: 2892: 2690: 2676: 2521: 2473: 2410: 2338: 2331: 1387: 426: 12196:

Democracy and Democratization in Comparative Perspective: Conceptions, Conjunctures, Causes and Consequences

9212:

Gift, Thomas; Krcmaric, Daniel (2015). "Who Democratizes? Western-educated Leaders and Regime Transitions".

7916:

Manger, Mark S.; Pickup, Mark A. (2016-02-01). "The Coevolution of Trade Agreement Networks and Democracy".

5346:

on the right-wing, who substantially assembled the Count of Cavour's followers and political heirs; and the

2808:, granted the Constitution, with the general approval of his subjects. The Habsburg example was followed by 2584:

in 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. The

2548:

Magna Carta in the British Library. The document was described as "the chief cause of Democracy in England".

1997: 13214: 13179: 13169: 13127: 12940: 11775:"Todo está casi perdonado. A propósito de la Transición, debate historiográfico y propuestas metodológicas" 10038: 3960: 3841: 3456: 2212: 2175: 2095: 2055: 1957: 1952: 762:

Democracy indices enable the quantitative assessment of democratization. Some common democracy indices are

486: 11633:

Samuel P. Huntington, "The Goals of Development," pp. 3–32, in Myron Weiner and Samuel Huntington (eds.),

3250:

and global economic problems. The Transition is said to have concluded after the landslide victory of the

2544: 13442: 13194: 13107: 12960: 12833: 11832: 10682:

Cheibub, Jose Antonio; Gandhi, Jennifer; Vreeland, James (2010). "Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited".

10114: 8140:"Lord, Peasant … and Tractor? Agricultural Mechanization, Moore's Thesis, and the Emergence of Democracy" 6947: 6892: 6702: 6570:

Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America

5063: 4523:

have been multiple theories as to what the relationship is between capital mobility and democratization.

3714: 3556: 3501: 3411: 3406: 2765: 2367: 2360: 1947: 516: 281: 30:

This article is about the process by which political systems become more democratic. For other uses, see

12176: 12040:

The State-Democracy Nexus. Conceptual Distinctions, Theoretical Perspectives, and Comparative Approaches

11232:

Poast, Paul; Chinchilla, Alexandra (2020). "Good for democracy? Evidence from the 2004 NATO expansion".

9251: 6457: 6263: 13259: 12913: 12908: 12271: 11511: 7482: 6048: 5125:

A number of studies have found that institutional institutions have helped facilitate democratization.

4192: 4147: 4137: 3416: 2809: 2788:

region which were backed by the majority of the intelligentsia of the Kingdom, on 29 January 1848 King

2730: 2050: 1751: 1422: 855: 647: 8481: 7165:"The political sociologist Seymour M. Lipset: Remembered in political science, neglected in sociology" 3744: 13274: 11984:

Political Order and Political Decay. From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy

11661:

Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalisation of Democracy

8648: 6708: 5881: 5191: 5007:(1946–2014)... in the vast majority (92%) of cases, the regime persists after the autocrat's death." 4820: 4536: 4376: 4326:. The protests were ultimately successful, leading to the independence of Ukraine amidst the broader 4291:

on 1 December 1991, a non-violent protest movement worked to achieve Ukrainian independence from the

3968: 3664: 3511: 3506: 3486: 3461: 3441: 3018:: Fihetsiketsehana 1990-1992 teto Madagascar) was a strike movement and popular uprising that rocked 2839:. The new kingdom was governed by a parliamentary constitutional monarchy dominated by liberals. The 2457: 2060: 2027: 1927: 1922: 1592: 1209: 10000: 8715: 7902:

Maxfield, S. (2000). Capital Mobility and Democratic Stability. Journal of Democracy 11(4), 95-106.

5856: 5719:"Waves of autocratization and democratization: A critical note on conceptualization and measurement" 5718: 5583: 13437: 13412: 13289: 13239: 12878: 12868: 12637: 12398: 6758: 5448:"The Matthew effect in political science: head start and key reforms important for democratization" 5371: 5307: 5207: 5080: 5058: 4934:, it was also read widely by political activists engaged in actual struggles to achieve democracy. 4663: 4552: 4544: 4001: 3986: 3851: 3471: 3114: 2085: 2080: 2075: 1977: 1552: 955: 551: 396: 256: 12735: 8540:"Weak, Despotic, or Inclusive? How State Type Emerges from State versus Civil Society Competition" 6293: 5909: 3674: 2950: 1332: 873: 830: 13340: 13279: 13219: 13122: 13046: 13006: 12873: 12863: 12642: 12559: 12491: 12403: 5303: 5098: 5076: 4959: 4885: 4255: 4247: 4023: 4019: 3928: 3881: 3649: 3222: 2876: 2840: 2836: 2529: 2394: 2313: 2110: 2100: 2065: 1781: 1427: 1018: 930: 794:

One way to summarize the outcome theories of democratization seek to account is with the idea of

771: 556: 491: 401: 376: 231: 8007:

Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: lord and peasant in the making of the modern world

7631:

Miller, Michael K. (2012). "Economic Development, Violent Leader Removal, and Democratization".

4492:

to the emergence and sustenance of democracy, whereas others have challenged this relationship.

13244: 13056: 12627: 12474: 11619:

Critical Junctures and Historical Legacies: Insights and Methods for Comparative Social Science

11200: 10880: 10875:

Paxton, P. "Women's suffrage in the measurement of democracy: Problems of operationalization."

10780: 10612:

Lambach, Daniel; Bayer, Markus; Bethke, Felix S.; Dressler, Matteo; Dudouet, Véronique (2020).

9034: 8710: 5366:) were composed of royalist liberals. At the same time, radicals organized themselves into the 4931: 4915: 4594: 4540: 4356: 4315: 4311: 4159: 3581: 3214: 3055:

and most of the dictatorial powers he had held since the institution of one-party rule in 1966.

2905: 2868: 2805: 2706: 2581: 2477: 2422: 2390: 2120: 2105: 1637: 1572: 1121: 1111: 1048: 709: 381: 371: 338: 266: 221: 201: 182: 122: 112: 107: 87: 12257: 12206: 11284: 8446: 8440: 7135: 6375: 6292:. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from 5988: 1234: 13345: 13299: 13284: 13249: 13036: 12980: 12569: 12335: 12201:

Munck, Gerardo L. 2015. "Democratic Transitions," pp. 97–100, in James D. Wright (ed.),

12124:

Making Waves: Democratic Contention in Europe and Latin America since the Revolutions of 1848

11975:

Coppedge, Michael, Amanda Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen, and Staffan I. Lindberg (eds.). 2022.

10221:"Poland's Contentious Elites Enter the Age of Revolution: Extending Social Movement Concepts" 10220: 9997:"Study: Nonviolent Civic Resistance Key Factor in Building Durable Democracies, May 24, 2005" 8002: 6237: 5367: 5188: 5174: 4963: 4919: 4889: 4812:

democracy and that the democratizing effect of education is more intense in poor countries".

4670:

Other approaches to the relationship between inequality and democracy have been presented by

4426: 4388: 4319: 3846: 3836: 3531: 3451: 3396: 3232: 3044: 2910: 2848: 2630: 2557: 2553: 2489: 2165: 1987: 1801: 1682: 1294: 1274: 1184: 1028: 910: 694: 436: 416: 391: 386: 366: 328: 303: 12054:

Democracy and the Market. Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America

11774: 11192: 10494:"The Stickiness of "Bad" Institutions: Constitutional Continuity and Change under Democracy" 10172:

Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America

4721:

effect. A 2014 meta-analysis confirms the negative impact of oil wealth on democratization.

4654:), so the likelihood of democratization is lower. In a highly unequal society (for example, 2385:'political opening') was the 1974–1988 period of liberalization under the country's 13254: 12755: 12750: 12710: 12579: 12564: 12251: 10828: 7710:"Endogenous democracy: causal evidence from the potato productivity shock in the old world" 7674: 5851: 5608: 4572: 4555:(WTO), which can condition financial assistance or trade agreements on democratic reforms. 4442: 4438: 4360: 4299: 3813: 3614: 3571: 3421: 3361: 3218: 3135: 3128: 3110: 2832: 2481: 2346: 2278: 2150: 1892: 1831: 1194: 1116: 1023: 990: 809: 609: 411: 313: 246: 177: 172: 152: 58: 12524: 10469: 10452: 9085: 9068: 8350: 8333: 8280: 7817: 7802:"Non-Modernization: Power–Culture Trajectories and the Dynamics of Political Institutions" 7273: 7238: 7221: 6989: 6970: 6049:"Chile: Period of democratic transition: 1988–1989, Pro-democracy civic movement: present" 5659: 5288: 8: 13432: 13199: 13174: 12970: 12955: 12554: 12294: 11538:

The Deep Roots of Modern Democracy: Geography and the Diffusion of Political Institutions

5755: 5339: 5184: 5167: 5151: 4967: 4630: 4340: 4231: 4217: 4083: 3972: 3891: 2983: 2967: 2922: 2888: 2773: 2589: 2585: 2485: 2469: 2402: 2380: 2371: 2298: 2291: 2125: 2070: 1992: 1902: 1791: 1304: 1086: 1076: 1071: 960: 604: 594: 431: 406: 343: 323: 293: 276: 271: 261: 236: 191: 167: 142: 117: 102: 12685: 12061:

Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990

12059:

Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. 2000.

11298:

Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (2005-07-27). "International Linkage and Democratization".

7678: 7308:

Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990

6578:

Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America

4449:

argued that market economies provided favorable conditions for democratic institutions.

2741: 13427: 13142: 13031: 13026: 13016: 13011: 11857: 11802: 11687:

One Road to Riches?: How State Building and Democratization Affect Economic Development

11560: 11401: 11323: 11257: 11102: 10961: 10926: 10808: 10800: 10761: 10699: 10664: 10519: 10403: 10355: 10086: 10066: 9972: 9929: 9879: 9803: 9630: 9573: 9565: 9522: 9446: 9403: 9360: 9313: 9229: 9133: 9090: 8937: 8887: 8829: 8779: 8736: 8676: 8629: 8567: 8311: 8258: 8167: 8085: 7941: 7690: 7548: 7540: 7463: 7428: 7393: 7346: 7197: 7164: 7090: 7047: 7039: 6778: 6489: 6463: 5937: 5821: 5738: 5690: 5565: 5557: 5510: 5428: 5351: 4384: 4380: 4100: 3921: 3356: 3307: 3052: 2880: 2577: 2414: 2206: 2180: 2022: 2012: 1982: 1937: 1882: 1868: 1731: 1672: 1447: 1362: 1081: 795: 767: 576: 506: 496: 441: 216: 211: 132: 97: 92: 80: 12501: 12150:

Bunce, Valerie. 2000. "Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations."

12047:

Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies

11743: 6525: 4924:

Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies

4018:

that generated mass protests from June 10 to 29, 1987. The demonstrations forced the

3599: 2418: 678:

Since 1900, the number of countries democratizing (yellow) has been higher than those

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Asia's Unknown Uprisings, Volume 1: South Korean Social Movements in the 20th Century

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Ulfelder, Jay (2007-08-01). "Natural-Resource Wealth and the Survival of Autocracy".

8740: 8728: 8668: 8592: 8571: 8559: 8460: 8450: 8416: 8391: 8381: 8355: 8315: 8303: 8262: 8250: 8203: 8191:

Public Debt and the Birth of the Democratic State: France and Great Britain 1688–1789

8171: 8159: 8077: 8014: 7972: 7945: 7933: 7876: 7780: 7731: 7694: 7644: 7581: 7532: 7467: 7432: 7397: 7385: 7350: 7338: 7243: 7202: 7184: 7139: 7082: 7031: 6844: 6782: 6656: 6381: 6356: 6346: 5994: 5941: 5929: 5825: 5813: 5772: 5742: 5695: 5682: 5569: 5549: 5502: 5498: 5432: 5418: 4296: 4155: 4151: 4071: 3802: 3516: 3015: 2963: 2926: 2884: 2813: 2734: 2654: 2593: 2565: 2561: 2453: 2217: 2190: 1967: 1907: 1887: 1771: 1542: 1452: 1204: 1101: 889: 783: 599: 526: 251: 241: 187: 68: 41: 12171:

Geddes, Barbara. 1999. "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?"

11970:

Paths Toward Democracy: Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America

11460: 10930: 10765: 10703: 10407: 9577: 9466: 9450: 9407: 9317: 9035:"The Long-Run Effects of Oil Wealth on Development: Evidence from Petroleum Geology" 8089: 7094: 7051: 6117: 6100: 5414: 1487: 945: 13269: 13137: 12770: 12675: 12622: 12544: 12479: 12360: 11841: 11542: 11432: 11385: 11348: 11307: 11280: 11241: 11204: 11133: 11086: 11043: 11009: 11005: 10953: 10792: 10745: 10691: 10668: 10648: 10592: 10582: 10549: 10501: 10464: 10387: 10351: 10281: 10271: 10232: 10191: 10120: 10050: 9954: 9933: 9913: 9863: 9830: 9795: 9754: 9713: 9612: 9604: 9549: 9506: 9430: 9387: 9344: 9297: 9221: 9117: 9080: 9049: 9013: 9005: 8996:

Wigley, Simon (December 2018). "Is There a Resource Curse for Private Liberties?".

8968: 8921: 8871: 8863: 8813: 8763: 8720: 8660: 8621: 8551: 8345: 8295: 8242: 8195: 8151: 8069: 7964: 7925: 7821: 7813: 7721: 7682: 7640: 7573: 7552: 7524: 7455: 7420: 7377: 7330: 7233: 7192: 7176: 7131: 7074: 7023: 6994: 6984: 6770: 6112: 5921: 5805: 5730: 5674: 5541: 5494: 5461: 5410: 5355: 5268: 5177:"is correlated with transitions to democracy during the period from 1950 to 1992." 5106: 5091: 5084: 4945:. and he emphasizes the interdependence of political and economic transformations. 4869: 4864: 4846:, is conducive to democratization. These volunteers are cleaning up after the 2012 4839: 4508: 4478: 4473: 4243: 4108: 4059: 3754: 3704: 3634: 3236: 3206: 3175: 2971: 2828: 2573: 2465: 2200: 2160: 1877: 1711: 1617: 1517: 1502: 1412: 1342: 1249: 1244: 1219: 1126: 1106: 1091: 950: 751: 743: 739: 536: 531: 481: 308: 196: 157: 147: 127: 12089:

Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World, 1972 -2006

12068:

The Autocratic Middle Class: How State Dependency Reduces the Demand for Democracy

11700:

A Middle-Quality Institutional Trap: Democracy and State Capacity in Latin America

9799: 8680: 7840:

Gerardo L.Munck, "Modernization Theory as a Case of Failed Knowledge Production."

7776:

The Autocratic Middle Class: How State Dependency Reduces the Demand for Democracy

7686: 7504:"Origins and growth of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2015. 7502:"Origins and growth of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2015. 7180: 5734: 5129:

wrote in 2009, "there is a consensus in the literature on Eastern Europe that the

4835: 4766:

was more optimistic about the compatibility of different religions and democracy.

2312:, establishing the almost century-long self-governance of Athens in the form of a 1532: 1442: 13325: 13184: 13092: 12413: 12388: 12365: 12182: 11806: 11579: 11471: 11162: 10859: 10613: 10537: 8633: 8586: 8185: 7851: 7774: 7515:

Przeworski, Adam; Limongi, Fernando (1997). "Modernization: Theories and Facts".

7303: 6838: 6774: 6377:

Nahdlatul Ulama and the Struggle for Power Within Islam and Politics in Indonesia

5163: 5033: 4911: 4847: 4754: 4675: 4647: 4601: 4528: 4469: 4372: 4235: 4005: 3871: 3861: 3371: 3086: 2856: 2793: 2757: 2725: 2702: 2501: 2461: 2240: 1932: 1917: 1557: 1437: 1397: 1372: 1352: 1299: 1284: 1136: 1131: 1000: 995: 985: 915: 814: 775: 637: 461: 206: 12680: 11075:"Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization" 10734:"The Democratic Window of Opportunity Evidence from Riots in Sub-Saharan Africa" 9783: 8525: 7334: 5105:

finds that people develop a psychological preference for a strong leader and an

4582:

Many authors have questioned parts of Moore's arguments. Dietrich Rueschemeyer,

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Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe: From the Ancien Régime to the Present Day

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Orme, John (1988). "Dismounting the Tiger: Lessons from Four Liberalizations".

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Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe: From the Ancien Régime to the Present Day

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Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village

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Engendering Transitions: Women's Mobilization, Institutions and Gender Outcomes

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Riedl, Rachel Beatty; Slater, Dan; Wong, Joseph; Ziblatt, Daniel (2020-03-04).

8412:

Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village

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Between Tyranny and Anarchy: A History of Democracy in Latin America, 1800–2006

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A wave of democratization refers to a major surge of democracy in history. And

566: 456: 226: 11138: 11121: 10695: 10505: 10339:

Acemoglu, Daron; Naidu, Suresh; Restrepo, Pascual; Robinson, James A. (2015),

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Ahmadov, Anar K. (2014-08-01). "Oil, Democracy, and Context A Meta-Analysis".

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Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America. Emergence, Survival, and Fall

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The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics

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Shock to the system: coups, elections, and war on the road to democratization

5686: 5553: 5545: 5506: 5183:

Democracies have often been imposed by military intervention, for example in

4854: 4824: 4763: 4750: 4729: 4583: 4434: 4347:

established a relatively strong federal national government that included an

3886: 3759: 3709: 3381: 3366: 3296: 3226: 3210: 3065: 2650: 2617: 2610: 2505: 2007: 1841: 1811: 1721: 1627: 1622: 1597: 1577: 1417: 1289: 1264: 1239: 1224: 1214: 1199: 1154: 920: 896: 859: 822: 763: 721: 679: 466: 333: 286: 162: 11998:

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Industrialization was seen by many theorists as a driver of democratization.

2921:

forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the

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Gerring, John; Apfeld, Brendan; Wig, Tore; Tollefsen, Andreas Forø (2022).

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The link between war and democratization has been a focus on some theories.

4994: 4880: 4843: 4781: 4655: 4489: 4430: 4292: 4188: 4184: 4079: 3952: 3787: 3749: 3739: 3729: 3629: 3292: 2918: 2872: 2860: 2821: 2683: 2525: 2517: 2306: 1677: 1657: 1642: 1602: 1587: 1547: 1482: 1467: 1357: 1259: 925: 826: 818: 11711: 11546: 11311: 10195: 9958: 9540:

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Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson argued that the relationship between

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Democracy in Translation: Understanding Politics in an Unfamiliar Culture

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Crowds gather at the state funeral of Lee Han-yeol in Seoul, July 9, 1987

3689: 3684: 3669: 3604: 2975: 2942: 2864: 2844: 2509: 2500:

Germany established its first democracy in 1919 with the creation of the

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Satyanath, Shanker; Voigtländer, Nico; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2017-04-01).

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on the left-wing, who mostly reunited the followers and sympathizers of

5180:

A 2004 study found no evidence that foreign aid led to democratization.

4732:

and political scientist Victor Menaldo in a widely cited article in the

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Warlike and Peaceful Societies: The Interaction of Genes and Culture

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Smyth, Howard McGaw Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946)

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American Political Science Association. Comparative Democratization

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Special issue on "Inequality and Democratization: What Do We Know?"

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which led to elections and the fall of the government in 1990–1992.

2792:

was forced to grant a constitution, using for a pattern the French

2512:. The Weimar Republic lasted only 14 years before it collapsed and 1512: 1269: 1033: 970: 747: 541: 511: 476: 298: 8410: 7222:"Economic Development and Democracy: Predispositions and Triggers" 6840:

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation

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Forging the Franchise: The Political Origins of the Women's Vote

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Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation

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Tosta, Antonio Luciano de Andrade; Coutinho, Eduardo F. (2015).

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its democracy, so it eventually collapsed and was replaced by a

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Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War

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Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War

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Ross, Michael L. (13 June 2011). "Does Oil Hinder Democracy?".

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period (when the industrial modernization of Japan began), the

2871:(1940–1943) and then, as part of its territory was occupied by 2781: 2302: 1189: 804:

The three waves of democracy identified by Samuel P. Huntington

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International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance

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3051:, leader since independence, was stripped of both his post of 2564:

in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The

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Los socialistas europeos y la transición española (1959–1977)

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Numerous scholars and political thinkers have linked a large

3161: 3082: 2986:, Japan adopted a much more vigorous, pluralistic democracy. 2938: 2896: 2797: 2342: 682:(blue), except in the late 1920s through 1940s and since 2010 11685:

Gjerløw, H., Knutsen, C., Wig, T., & Wilson, M. (2022).

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The Causes of War and the Spread of Peace: Will War Rebound?

6649:"Mandela and de Klerk Receive Liberty Medal in Philadelphia" 6587: 5948: 5483:"Domestic and Transnational Perspectives on Democratization" 4461:, explain how it is not the increase of wealth in a country 2768:, which were put down by the military. On 12 January 1848 a 11750:. Translated by Douch, Martin. Cambridge University Press. 9821:

Putnam, Robert (March 1993). "What makes democracy work?".

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According to Clark, Golder, and Golder, an application of

4314:. Later, the protests grew in size and scope, leading to a 4112: 2772:

spread throughout the island and served as a spark for the

11991:

Dictators and Democrats: Elites, Masses, and Regime Change

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Ghosts of Spain. Travels through Spain and its silent past

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European socialists and the Spanish transition (1959–1977)

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Forced to Be Good: Why Trade Agreements Boost Human Rights

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Andrea Kendall-Taylor; Erica Frantz (September 10, 2015).

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Gerring, John; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Berge, Jonas (2022).

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Us indonesia diplomatic and political cooperation handbook

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can lead to increased education on politics and increased

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all over Europe. After similar revolutionary outbursts in

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Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

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Waves of Democracy: Social Movements and Political Change

5530:"Measures of Democratization: From Degree to Type to War" 5409:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–7. 2855:. In 1922, following a period of crisis and turmoil, the 865:

According to Seva Gunitsky, from the 18th century to the

12110:

Democratization: A Comparative Analysis of 170 Countries

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State Formation, Regime Change, and Economic Development

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in "Critical Junctures and Developmental Paths" (2022).

4146:. The constitution, which was heavily influenced by the 3047:'s 27-year monopoly on power. Soon afterwards President 2941:, limited democratic reforms were introduced during the 2820:

and remained in force, with changes, until 1948) and by

2588:

in 1688 established a strong Parliament that passed the

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O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter. 1986.

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for African-Americans to overcome post-Reconstruction

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Møller, Jørgen and Svend-Erik Skaaning (eds.). 2016.

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6732:"Tunisia Dossier: The Tunisian Revolution of Dignity" 6542:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 47. 4310:

that led to the removal of longtime communist leader

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that had swept through Athens and the rest of Greece.

12049:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 12021:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 9495:"Is Small Really Beautiful?: The Microstate Mistake" 8847:

Andersen, Jørgen J.; Ross, Michael L. (2014-06-01).

8651:(2015-04-01). "Oil and Autocratic Regime Survival". 7169:

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segregation in the South was achieved in the 1960s.

2953:

period. Despite pro-democracy movements such as the

2480:

had universal male suffrage but was followed by the

869:(2011–2012), 13 democratic waves can be identified. 11935:

Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy

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Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy

8911: 6968: 5405:Arugay, Aries A. (2021). "Democratic Transitions". 4830: 4558: 4136:began on 12 September 1848, with the creation of a 2635: 11742: 11676:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019, p. 394. 11464: 11119: 10913:War and Democracy: Labor and the Politics of Peace 10827: 10615:Nonviolent Resistance and Democratic Consolidation 10085: 10039:"Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model" 9593:"Conversionary Protestants Do Not Cause Democracy" 9465: 8694:Jensen, Nathan; Wantchekon, Leonard (2004-09-01). 8646: 6610: 5398: 4709:The abundance of oil is sometimes seen as a curse. 3262:. Democracy was on the road to being consolidated. 848:• Second wave of de-democratization, 1958–75 693:, is the structural government transition from an 12031:Mainwaring, Scott, and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. 2014. 11122:"Democratization and International Organizations" 8696:"Resource Wealth and Political Regimes in Africa" 7514: 7480: 6459:Damage Foreshadows A-Bomb Test, 1946/06/06 (1946) 5146:Promotion, and foreign influence and intervention 3291:in July 1993, near the close of negotiations, in 2504:, a parliamentary republic created following the 842:• First wave of de-democratization, 1922–42 13399: 11120:Mansfield, Edward D.; Pevehouse, Jon C. (2006). 10897:Herbst, Jeffrey. "War and the State in Africa." 10877:Studies in Comparative International Development 10218: 9590: 9261:Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy's Third Wave." 9246:Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy's Third Wave." 9069:"What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse?" 8693: 8584: 8537: 8375: 8278: 7799: 7657: 7122:Geddes, Barbara (2011). Goodin, Robert E (ed.). 6584:. Redwood City: Stanford University Press, 2009. 6345:. International Business Publication USA. 2007. 6031:"Transition to democracy in Chile | two factors" 5771:. Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press. 3963:of 1996; and in South Africa's first non-racial 839:• First wave of democratization, 1828–1926 12409:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 12205:2nd edn., Vol. 6. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science. 12194:Møller, Jørgen, and Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2013. 12138:Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy 11928:Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. 11663:. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2014, p 30. 11466:"The rule of capital and the rise of democracy" 11231: 10491: 10183: 6897:Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 6086:"Chileans overthrow Pinochet regime, 1983–1988" 4948: 4343:(1765–1783) created the United States. The new 2401:began the process of liberalization (nicknamed 845:• Second wave of democratization, 1943–62 13190:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 12159:Oxford Handbook of the Politics of Development 11996:Inglehart, Ronald and Christian Welzel. 2005. 11926:Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. 2006. 11702:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. i. 11689:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. i. 10500:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–97. 9781: 8500:Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 8137: 6183:"Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th Century" 5306:claims that democracy causes peace, while the 5001: 4901:Theories based on political agents and choices 4254:, and led to the ousting of longtime dictator 3109:'s redemocratization process started with the 2800:confederation of states. On 11 February 1848, 757: 12279: 12096:Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650–2000 12077:. 1998. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 11772: 11621:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022. 11160: 10350:, vol. 2, Elsevier, pp. 1885–1966, 10112: 9666:Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy 9649:Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy 9492: 9420: 8434: 8432: 7298: 7296: 7294: 6863: 6756: 6593: 6068: 5986: 5962:. Princeton University Press. pp. 32–52. 5756:Democracy Report 2024, Varieties of Democracy 5453:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 5338:(Italian Liberal Party). From 1860, with the 5133:perspective had a huge anchoring effects for 5120: 4906:Elite-opposition negotiations and contingency 4607: 4413:Economic development and modernization theory 4074:in January 1987 calling for the infusion of " 4049: 4043: 3929: 3274:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa 3190: 3165: 2456:(1789) briefly allowed a wide franchise. The 2258: 695:authoritarian government to a more democratic 655: 12144: 12084:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 12070:. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press. 11993:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 11933:Albertus, Michael and Victor Menaldo. 2018. 11868: 11722: 11698:Sebastián Mazzuca and Gerardo Munck (2021). 10943: 10571:"The Political Economy of Liberal Democracy" 10568: 9464:Dahl, Robert Alan; Tufte, Edward R. (1973). 9211: 8955:Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica (2017-07-01). 8954: 8846: 8585:Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. (2019). 8538:Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. (2022). 8122:Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 7915: 7707: 6622: 6069:Clark, William; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona. 5660:"Democratic Waves in Historical Perspective" 5645:, Second Edition. New York: Routledge, 2015. 5024: 4612: 4577:Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 4115:would retain sole custody of the ballot box. 4026:, the present-day government of South Korea. 4009: 2879:, a co-belligerent of the Allies during the 2301:(508–507 BCE) was a revolt by the people of 851:• Third wave of democratization, 1974– 12168:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 12091:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 12063:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 12056:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 12014:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 11989:Haggard, Stephen and Robert Kaufman. 2016. 11979:. 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Robinson (2006). 6866:"How Tunisia's revolution began – Features" 6679: 6553:Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government 6540:Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government 6488:vol. 1 no. 3 (pp. 205–222), September 1948. 5254: 4989: 4641: 4593:A 2020 study linked democratization to the 4527:the economic situation in other countries. 4334: 4283:on 1 July 1989 to the formalisation of the 2929:, and coming into force on 1 January 1948. 2661:to the transition period shortly after the 789: 12286: 12272: 12010:Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2010. 11650:. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 36. 10893: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10377: 10311: 9700:Alemán, Eduardo; Kim, Yeaji (2015-10-01). 9154:. Cambridge University Press. Ch. 1.Pp. 3. 8796: 8605: 8429: 8138:Samuels, David J.; Thomson, Henry (2020). 7302: 7291: 7064: 6910: 6422: 5844:"How Democracy Works: Lessons from Europe" 5607: 3936: 3922: 2982:, did not. After World War II, during the 2978:, other pluralistic institutions, such as 2903:held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as 2600:did a majority of the males get the vote. 2265: 2251: 662: 648: 11930:New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 11498: 11436: 11375: 11137: 11072: 11047: 10781:"Dictatorship, Democracy and Development" 10596: 10586: 10553: 10468: 10285: 10275: 10257: 10015: 9946: 9758: 9717: 9699: 9616: 9591:Nikolova, Elena; Polansky, Jakub (2020). 9539: 9463: 9084: 9017: 8972: 8714: 8491: 8349: 8331: 8184: 7862: 7842:The Annals of Comparative Democratization 7825: 7800:Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James (2022). 7772: 7725: 7237: 7196: 6998: 6988: 6918:The Radicalism of the American Revolution 6763:The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 6568:Collier, Ruth Berins, and David Collier. 6526:"Analysis: Madagascar's massive protests" 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6290:"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond" 6130: 6128: 6116: 5694: 5601: 5465: 5079:believe that democracy causes peace, the 2917:formed by the representatives of all the 12161:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 12017:Linz, Juan J., and Alfred Stepan. 1996. 11891: 11459: 11341:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010). 11031: 10866:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 10731: 10569:Mukand, Sharun W.; Rodrik, Dani (2020). 10536: 10219:Konieczny, Piotr; Markoff, John (2015). 10083: 10026:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10021: 9782:Germann, Micha; Gemenis, Kostas (2019). 9740: 9681: 8753: 8502:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7708:Barceló, Joan; Rosas, Guillermo (2020). 7608:"The Puzzle of the Chinese Middle Class" 7565: 7410: 7366:"Income, Democracy, and Leader Turnover" 7363: 7320: 7310:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7219: 7128:The Oxford Handbook of Political Science 6646: 6634: 6380:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 5907: 5882:"Democratization and Political Violence" 5716: 5657: 5613:Democratization in the Late 20th century 5576: 5527: 5330:had formed a parliamentary group in the 5062: 5019: 4834: 4768: 4704: 4562: 4416: 4223: 3992: 3279: 2988: 2740: 2724: 2682: 2543: 799: 782:and how to measure democracy – and what 725: 673: 12814:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 12293: 12140:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 12119:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 12105:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 12098:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 12035:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 12005:Institutions and Democratic Citizenship 12000:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 11937:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 11648:Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition 11604:Seymour Martin Lipset and Jason Lakin, 11577: 11285:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.013.0029 11186: 11184: 10884: 10113:O'Donnell, Guillermo (September 1986). 9846: 9844: 9741:Paglayan, Agustina S. (February 2021). 9702:"The democratizing effect of education" 9664:Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, 9647:Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, 9107: 9032: 8519: 8408: 8037:. London: Routledge Press, 2017, Ch. 6. 7136:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001 6944:Online Exhibit: The Charters of Freedom 5615:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 5480: 5262:Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition 4140:in response to a 27-day civil war, the 3877:Music in the movement against apartheid 2816:; later became the constitution of the 2522:was militarily defeated in World War II 2464:lasted for more than twenty years. The 2349:, unpaid salaries, and new budget laws. 1822:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 14: 13400: 12497:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 12434:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 12221:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 12126:. New York: Cambridge University Press 11986:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 11972:. New York: Cambridge University Press 11958:. New York: Cambridge University Press 11951:. 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The British Library. Archived from 6028: 5879: 5653: 5651: 5233: 5225: 4398: 4279:From the formal establishment of the 4272:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 4125:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 4058: 3174: 3113:. It ended with the enactment of the 2993:Voting in Valparaíso, Chile, in 1888. 2901:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2859:dictatorship was established. During 2747:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2644: 2598:Representation of the People Act 1884 1973:1946 Italian institutional referendum 1913:Spanish American wars of independence 12166:Democratization and Research Methods 11944:. New York: Oxford University Press. 11829: 11637:. Boston: Little Brown, 1987, p. 19. 11181: 10910: 10638: 9841: 9670:British Journal of Political Science 9653:British Journal of Political Science 9597:British Journal of Political Science 9377: 9287: 9066: 8989: 8653:British Journal of Political Science 8611: 7952: 7566:Magaloni, Beatriz (September 2006). 7448:British Journal of Political Science 7445: 7111:. University Of Chicago Press. 1992. 7109:Capitalist Development and Democracy 6836: 6574:Capitalist Development and Democracy 6557:Journal of Politics in Latin America 6373: 6187:The Society of Antiquaries of London 6088:. Global Nonviolent Action Database. 6083: 6013: 5954: 5798:British Journal of Political Science 5767:Miller, Michael K. (2021). "Ch. 2". 5637: 5635: 5310:claims that peace causes democracy. 4700: 4588:Capitalist Development and Democracy 4302:, the protests began as a series of 3260:peaceful transfer of executive power 2955:Freedom and People's Rights Movement 11977:Why Democracies Develop and Decline 11773:Colomer Rubio, Juan Carlos (2012). 11635:Understanding Political Development 11453: 11037: 10993: 10978: 10453:"Authoritarian-Led Democratization" 10414: 10302: 10155:Transitions From Authoritarian Rule 10116:Transitions from Authoritarian Rule 9690: 9060: 8471: 8366: 8322: 8269: 6946:. National Archives. Archived from 6136:European Democratization since 1800 6071:Foundations of Comparative Politics 5898: 5832: 5293:A Middle-Quality Institutional Trap 5273:Political Order and Political Decay 5010: 4739: 4517: 4407: 4239: 3352:Coloured vote constitutional crisis 2962:pluralism and reformism. While the 2659:Ioannides military junta of 1973–74 2476:restored more autocratic rule. The 1742:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 24: 12173:Annual Review of Political Science 12007:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11915: 11748:Twentieth-century Spain. A History 10997:Annual Review of Political Science 10457:Annual Review of Political Science 10356:10.1016/b978-0-444-59429-7.00022-4 10312:Slater, Dan; Wong, Joseph (2022). 10119:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 9073:Annual Review of Political Science 8338:Annual Review of Political Science 7806:Annual Review of Political Science 7254: 7226:Annual Review of Political Science 6976:Annual Review of Political Science 6815:from the original on 14 April 2023 6789:from the original on 14 April 2023 6260:"Britain's unwritten constitution" 6212:"Origins and growth of Parliament" 6105:Annual Review of Political Science 5976:. NewYorkTimes. December 14, 1989. 5706:from the original on Dec 26, 2022. 5648: 3101:Portuguese transition to democracy 3038:1993 Malawian democracy referendum 2949:period (1912–1926), and the early 2754:violent riots inspired by Liberals 25: 13454: 12341:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 12326:Criticism of communist party rule 12234: 12026:American Political Science Review 11161:Hafner-Burton, Emilie M. (2011). 10785:American Political Science Review 9747:American Political Science Review 9423:American Political Science Review 9380:American Political Science Review 9200:American Political Science Review 8544:American Political Science Review 8235:American Political Science Review 7865:"Industrialization and Democracy" 6929:Greene and Pole (1994) chapter 70 6890: 6864:Ryan, Yasmine (26 January 2011). 6551:Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune, 6538:Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune, 6440:Dizionario enciclopedico italiano 6425:Modern Italy: A Political History 6262:. British Library. Archived from 5792:Miller, Michael K. (April 2021). 5632: 4734:American Political Science Review 4695:American Political Science Review 4600:According to political scientist 4322:against the falsification of the 4246:. It included a series of street 4166: 2909:. Italy has a written democratic 2697:) is the contemporary history in 2596:would not prevail. Only with the 2539: 2524:, democracy was reestablished in 708:The opposite process is known as 13387:Human rights in the Soviet Union 12346:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 11716: 11705: 11692: 11679: 11666: 11653: 11640: 11611: 11598: 11571: 11528: 11501:"The Fall of Democracy in Syria" 11492: 11479: 11438:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00299.x 11412: 11369: 11334: 11291: 11268: 11225: 11154: 11113: 11066: 11016: 10987: 10972: 10937: 10904: 10869: 10853: 10840: 10819: 10772: 10725: 10710: 10675: 10632: 10605: 10562: 10530: 10485: 10444: 10371: 10332: 10258:Kavasoglu, Berker (2021-01-05). 10251: 10212: 10177: 10164: 10147: 10106: 10077: 10030: 9989: 9940: 9890: 9814: 9775: 9734: 9675: 9658: 9641: 9584: 9533: 9486: 9457: 9414: 9371: 9324: 9281: 9268: 9255: 9240: 9205: 9192: 9157: 9144: 9101: 9026: 8948: 8905: 8840: 8790: 8747: 8687: 8640: 8578: 8531: 8506: 8402: 8222: 8178: 8131: 8106: 7645:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00595.x 7413:Constitutional Political Economy 7271: 7152:from the original on 2014-05-30. 6691: 5499:10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00423.x 5052: 4831:Social capital and civil society 4559:Classes, cleavages and alliances 4216:This section is an excerpt from 4172:This section is an excerpt from 4095:meant the introduction of multi- 4036:This section is an excerpt from 3985:This section is an excerpt from 3905: 3904: 3867:Internal resistance to apartheid 3322: 3272:This section is an excerpt from 3252:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 3148:This section is an excerpt from 3127:This section is an excerpt from 3099:This section is an excerpt from 3059: 3036:This section is an excerpt from 3012:1990–1992 movement in Madagascar 3005:1990–1992 movement in Madagascar 3003:This section is an excerpt from 2790:Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies 2675:This section is an excerpt from 2609:This section is an excerpt from 2435:This section is an excerpt from 2359:This section is an excerpt from 2330:This section is an excerpt from 2290:This section is an excerpt from 2234: 1762:Discourses Concerning Government 732:Bertelsmann Transformation Index 631: 32:Democratization (disambiguation) 27:Society becoming more democratic 13295:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 13225:Fall of the inner German border 11783:Stvdivm. Revista de Humanidades 11425:International Studies Quarterly 11275:Geddes, Barbara (7 July 2011). 10641:International Studies Quarterly 10348:Handbook of Income Distribution 9331:Barro, Robert J. (1999-12-01). 8998:International Studies Quarterly 8647:Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica; 8332:Stasavage, David (2016-05-11). 8096: 8053: 8040: 8027: 7995: 7983: 7909: 7896: 7887: 7856: 7834: 7793: 7766: 7742: 7701: 7651: 7624: 7600: 7559: 7508: 7496: 7474: 7439: 7404: 7364:Treisman, Daniel (2015-10-01). 7357: 7314: 7213: 7156: 7115: 7101: 7058: 7007: 6962: 6932: 6923: 6857: 6830: 6801: 6750: 6724: 6640: 6562: 6545: 6532: 6518: 6486:The Western Political Quarterly 6478: 6450: 6431: 6416: 6394: 6367: 6333: 6312: 6282: 6252: 6226: 6204: 6154: 6141: 6118:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115 6092: 6077: 6062: 6041: 5966: 5873: 5842:Berman, Sherri (January 2007). 5785: 5760: 5710: 5415:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_190-1 5377: 5320: 4785:Middle-East to the reliance on 4495:In "Non-Modernization" (2022), 4437:, and John Stephens argue that 4359:that represented states in the 4328:dissolution of the Soviet Union 4181:overthrow of the Roman monarchy 4174:Overthrow of the Roman monarchy 4038:Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union) 4030: 3377:Church Street, Pretoria bombing 3266: 3243:, amidst ongoing terrorism, an 3158:Spanish transition to democracy 3150:Spanish transition to democracy 2913:, resulting from the work of a 2554:renewed interest in Magna Carta 2437:Chilean transition to democracy 2409:) in 1974, by allowing for the 2028:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 615:Latin America and the Caribbean 13285:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 12424:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 12133:. 2003. New York: W.W. Norton. 11584:. Princeton University Press. 11541:. Cambridge University Press. 11347:. Cambridge University Press. 11010:10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.27 10946:Journal of Conflict Resolution 10738:Journal of Conflict Resolution 10430:. Princeton University Press. 10318:. Princeton University Press. 10190:. Cambridge University Press. 9953:. Cambridge University Press. 9214:Journal of Conflict Resolution 8415:. Princeton University Press. 8380:. Princeton University Press. 8194:. Cambridge University Press. 7918:Journal of Conflict Resolution 7779:. Princeton University Press. 6647:Olmstead, Larry (1993-07-05). 6611:Casanova & Gil Andrés 2014 6151:(Yale University Press, 1995). 5914:Scandinavian Political Studies 5880:Hegre, Håvard (May 15, 2014). 5619: 5439: 5328:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 4387:(1861–1865). The provision of 4274:1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution 4134:Switzerland as a federal state 4127:Switzerland as a federal state 4119: 4010: 3979: 2863:, Italy was first part of the 2391:the country's new constitution 1963:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 1943:German Revolution of 1918–1919 817:. The second wave began after 715: 13: 1: 13305:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 12904:Inter-regional Deputies Group 12889:National League for Democracy 12152:Comparative Political Studies 11746:; Gil Andrés, Carlos (2014). 11499:Krokowska, Katarzyna (2011). 11419:Knack, Stephen (2004-03-01). 11027:. Cambridge University Press. 10315:From Development to Democracy 10092:. Columbia University Press. 9947:Mattingly, Daniel C. (2019). 9800:10.1080/10584609.2018.1526237 9472:. Stanford University Press. 9110:Comparative Political Studies 9067:Ross, Michael L. (May 2015). 8856:Comparative Political Studies 8756:Comparative Political Studies 8703:Comparative Political Studies 7687:10.1080/00343404.2016.1262020 7181:10.1080/23254823.2019.1570859 7124:"What Causes Democratization" 6757:Aleya-Sghaier, Amira (2012). 6528:. BBC News. February 5, 2002. 5735:10.1080/13510347.2020.1799194 5717:Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2020). 5391: 5137:." Scholars have also linked 4537:preferential trade agreements 4433:, and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, 4371:were initially restricted to 4200: 4067:) was a slogan introduced by 4060:[dʲɪməkrətʲɪˈzatsɨjə] 2997: 2677:Post-Suharto era in Indonesia 2411:Brazilian Democratic Movement 880: 427:Democracy and economic growth 13215:Alexanderplatz demonstration 13180:Polish Round Table Agreement 12854:People's Movement of Ukraine 11968:Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999. 11949:Democracy and Redistribution 11920: 11869:Ortuño Anaya, Pilar (2005). 11167:. Cornell University Press. 10915:. Cornell University Press. 10879:35(3): 2000: 92–111, p. 102. 10850:52(3) 2000: 384–406, p. 385. 10546:NBER Working Paper No. 23944 10161:Vol. 9, Nº 2 (2011): 333–43. 10084:Anderson, Lisa, ed. (1999). 10037:Rustow, Dankwart A. (1970). 9906:Journal of Political Economy 9337:Journal of Political Economy 6868:. Al Jazeera. Archived from 6775:10.1080/21520844.2012.675545 6442:(in Italian), vol. VI, 5534:Political Research Quarterly 5487:International Studies Review 5481:Schmitz, Hans Peter (2004). 4949:Elite-driven democratization 4806: 4595:mechanization of agriculture 4281:People's Movement of Ukraine 3959:in 1993, a precursor to the 3842:Apartheid in popular culture 3295:wait to jointly receive the 3111:Carnation Revolution of 1974 2899:became a republic after the 2867:until it surrendered to the 2669: 2552:In Great Britain, there was 2213:Republic without republicans 1958:11 September 1922 Revolution 1953:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 620:Middle East and North Africa 487:Peaceful transition of power 7: 13260:January Events in Lithuania 13195:Hungarian Round Table Talks 12834:Democratic Party of Albania 12226:Living Reviews in Democracy 11833:Political Science Quarterly 11578:Deudney, Daniel H. (2007). 11277:What Causes Democratization 10424:Miller, Michael K. (2021). 9333:"Determinants of Democracy" 8409:Deudney, Daniel H. (2010). 7335:10.1080/1356257022000031995 6843:. Oxford University Press. 5528:Bogaards, Matthijs (2010). 5362:) and the Historical Left ( 5071:Wars may contribute to the 5002:Death or ouster of dictator 4586:, and John D. Stephens, in 4320:widespread student protests 4091: 4044: 3412:Saint James Church massacre 3407:Assassination of Chris Hani 3093: 2766:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2636: 2423:1988 Brazilian Constitution 2368:redemocratization of Brazil 2361:Redemocratization in Brazil 1948:Turkish War of Independence 1870: 862:, and Svend-Erik Skaaning. 758:Measures of democratization 517:Proportional representation 10: 13459: 12914:Hungarian Democratic Forum 12909:Alliance of Free Democrats 12899:Union of Democratic Forces 12258:Podcast: Democracy Paradox 12080:Teele, Dawn Langan. 2018. 11735: 11725:What do we know about War? 11390:10.1162/002081802760199872 11378:International Organization 11246:10.1057/s41311-020-00236-6 11126:International Organization 11091:10.1162/002081802760199872 11079:International Organization 11073:Pevehouse, Jon C. (2002). 11023:Welzel, Christian (2013). 10983:. Oxford University Press. 10721:. Oxford University Press. 10719:Democracy in Latin America 9672:47(2)(2017): 437–61, p 437 9250:2(2)(1991): 12–34, p. 24. 8300:10.1177/003232928501400102 6423:Mack Smith, Denis (1997). 5467:10.1057/s41599-020-00596-7 5149: 5121:International institutions 5056: 4821:voting advice applications 4608:Political-economic factors 4477:the short-to-medium term. 4363:and the population in the 4271: 4266: 4215: 4210: 4193:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 4171: 4148:United States Constitution 4124: 4035: 3984: 3417:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis 3293:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 3271: 3217:to the consolidation of a 3147: 3126: 3121: 3098: 3035: 3002: 2810:Charles Albert of Sardinia 2804:, first cousin of Emperor 2731:Charles Albert of Sardinia 2674: 2663:1974 legislative elections 2653:") was a period in modern 2608: 2495: 2488:(1870–71) resulted in the 2434: 2358: 2345:against the government of 2329: 2305:that overthrew the ruling 2289: 2003:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 1752:The Commonwealth of Oceana 719: 29: 13379: 13313: 13275:1991 protests in Belgrade 13155: 13080: 12989: 12931: 12922: 12804: 12666: 12613: 12510: 12442: 12379: 12301: 12164:Coppedge, Michael. 2012. 12145:Overviews of the research 12115:Welzel, Christian. 2013. 11982:Fukuyama, Francis. 2014. 11961:Carothers, Thomas. 1999. 11139:10.1017/S002081830606005X 10696:10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2 10506:10.1017/9781108776608.003 9760:10.1017/S0003055420000647 9682:Friedman, Milton (1962). 9609:10.1017/S0007123420000174 9554:10.1017/S0003055412000093 9435:10.1017/S0003055412000561 9392:10.1017/S0003055408080040 9265:2(2)(1991): 12–34, p. 24. 9033:Cassidy, Traviss (2019). 8806:Journal of Peace Research 8665:10.1017/S0007123413000252 8556:10.1017/S0003055422000740 8376:Stasavage, David (2020). 8247:10.1017/S0003055420001069 8156:10.1017/S1537592720002303 8074:10.1017/S0043887100002598 7460:10.1017/S0007123497000197 7425:10.1007/s10602-014-9175-x 7220:Treisman, Daniel (2020). 6709:Federal Research Division 5993:. ABC-CLIO. p. 353. 5810:10.1017/S0007123419000012 5679:10.1017/S1537592718001044 5370:and republicans into the 5336:Partito Liberale Italiano 5168:competitive authoritarian 5025:War and national security 4613:Rulers' need for taxation 4050: 3969:African National Congress 3665:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 3235:began after the death of 3030: 2625: 2603: 2556:in the 17th century. The 2468:was more oligarchic. The 2458:French Revolutionary Wars 2447: 2353: 2339:1989-1990 unrest in Benin 2332:1989–1990 unrest in Benin 2284: 2176:The Emperor's New Clothes 1928:5 October 1910 revolution 1923:French Revolution of 1848 946:Liberty as non-domination 13265:January Events in Latvia 13255:Reunification of Germany 13240:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 13170:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 12894:National Salvation Front 12879:Belarusian Popular Front 12869:Popular Front of Estonia 12638:Polish underground press 12399:List of socialist states 12228:Vol. 1, p. 1–9. 9p. 12198:. London, UK: Routledge. 12052:Przeworski, Adam. 1991. 11646:Dahl, Robert A. (1971). 11353:10.1017/CBO9780511781353 11042:. Open Book Publishers. 10958:10.1177/0022002717708599 10911:Kier, Elizabeth (2021). 10750:10.1177/0022002714564014 10277:10.1177/1354068820985280 10159:Perspectives on Politics 10088:Transitions to Democracy 9719:10.1177/2053168015613360 9226:10.1177/0022002715590878 9122:10.1177/0010414013495358 8974:10.1177/2053168017719794 8926:10.1177/0738894216651826 8868:10.1177/0010414013488557 8818:10.1177/0022343309340500 8768:10.1177/0010414006287238 8725:10.1177/0010414004266867 8439:Scott, James C. (2010). 8200:10.1017/cbo9780511510557 8144:Perspectives on Politics 7930:10.1177/0022002714535431 7773:Rosenfeld, Bryn (2020). 7578:10.1017/CBO9780511510274 6971:"Does Democracy Matter?" 6427:. Yale University Press. 5908:Andersen, David (2021). 5667:Perspectives on Politics 5546:10.1177/1065912909358578 5372:Italian Republican Party 5358:. The Historical Right ( 5313: 5308:territorial peace theory 5255:Sequencing and causality 5202:at the beginning of the 5200:French mandatory control 5095:human empowerment theory 5081:territorial peace theory 5059:Territorial peace theory 4990:Scrambled constituencies 4939:Democracy and the Market 4693:and a 2022 study in the 4678:and Robert Kaufman, and 4664:redistribution of wealth 4642:Inequality and democracy 4553:World Trade Organization 4545:International Money Fund 4535:A 2016 study found that 4365:House of Representatives 4335:United States of America 4002:June Democratic Struggle 3987:June Democratic Struggle 3852:Cape Qualified Franchise 3142: 3115:Constitution of Portugal 2966:survived the impacts of 2932: 2818:unified Kingdom of Italy 2745:Electoral ballot of the 2720: 2646:[metapoˈlitefsi] 2429: 2324: 2018:1987 Fijian coups d'état 1978:1952 Egyptian revolution 956:Political representation 796:waves of democratization 790:Waves of democratization 572:Wars between democracies 552:Territorial peace theory 397:Democratic confederalism 13341:Economic liberalization 13280:1991 Belarusian strikes 13220:Fall of the Berlin Wall 12874:Public Against Violence 12864:Popular Front of Latvia 12643:Political demonstration 12492:Chinese economic reform 12404:People Power Revolution 12136:Ziblatt, Daniel. 2017. 12066:Rosenfeld, Bryn. 2020. 11209:10.1057/9780230244528_9 10022:Brancati, Dawn (2016). 9788:Political Communication 9712:(4): 2053168015613360. 9706:Research & Politics 8967:(3): 2053168017719794. 8961:Research & Politics 7961:SSRN Electronic Journal 7863:Van Noort, Sam (2024). 7280:. Yale University Press 7163:Korom, Philipp (2019). 6322:. The National Archives 6214:. The National Archives 6099:Geddes, Barbra (1999). 5960:The Athenian Revolution 5926:10.1111/1467-9477.12178 5658:Gunitsky, Seva (2018). 5304:democratic peace theory 5099:evolutionary psychology 5077:democratic peace theory 4875:patron-client relations 4792:Robert Dahl argued, in 4459:Exit, Voice and Loyalty 4318:across the country and 4256:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 3882:Nostalgia for apartheid 3223:constitutional monarchy 3176:[latɾansiˈθjon] 2841:Italian Socialist Party 2837:constitutional monarchy 2572:of 1647. Subsequently, 2395:transition to democracy 2314:participatory democracy 1998:1969 Libyan coup d'état 1782:Discourse on Inequality 931:Consent of the governed 772:V-Dem Democracy indices 557:Tyranny of the majority 492:Political demonstration 402:Democratic peace theory 377:Deliberative referendum 12475:New political thinking 12250:Muno, Wolfgang. 2012. 12108:Vanhanen, Tatu. 2003. 12101:Tilly, Charles. 2007. 12094:Tilly, Charles. 2004. 12073:Schaffer, Frederic C. 12003:Hadenius, Axel. 2001. 11954:Brancati, Dawn. 2016. 11606:The Democratic Century 11234:International Politics 10899:International Security 10779:Olson, Mancur (1993). 10618:. Palgrave Macmillan. 10542:"Democracy by mistake" 10125:10.56021/9780801831904 9835:10.1002/ncr.4100820204 9684:Capitalism and Freedom 8445:. NUS Press. pp. 8288:Politics & Society 7490:Unpublished Manuscript 7306:; et al. (2000). 5291:and Gerardo Munck, in 5245:The Democratic Century 5217:Robert Dahl argued in 5212:Ba'athist dictatorship 5175:regional organizations 5068: 4932:democratic transitions 4851: 4774: 4710: 4568: 4541:democratic backsliding 4422: 4312:Volodymyr Shcherbytsky 4228: 4069:CPSU General Secretary 3998: 3857:Disinvestment campaign 3582:State Security Council 3300: 3215:Francoist dictatorship 3207:modern Spanish history 3200:the Spanish Transition 3192:la Transición española 3191: 3166: 2994: 2906:Festa della Repubblica 2806:Ferdinand I of Austria 2749: 2738: 2713: 2694: 2687: 2549: 2478:French Second Republic 2406: 2375: 874:V-Dem Democracy Report 805: 735: 710:democratic backsliding 683: 382:Democratic backsliding 372:Criticism of democracy 13418:Political terminology 13346:Post-Soviet conflicts 13300:Tajikistani Civil War 13250:Revolution on Granite 13210:Monday Demonstrations 12736:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 12570:Mengistu Haile Mariam 12336:Eastern Bloc politics 12122:Weyland, Kurt. 2014. 11940:Berman, Sheri. 2019. 11547:10.1017/9781009115223 11312:10.1353/jod.2005.0048 10717:Smith, Peter (2005). 10196:10.1017/9781108185950 9959:10.1017/9781108662536 9823:National Civic Review 9511:10.1353/jod.2014.0054 8003:Moore, Barrington Jr. 7844:16, 3 (2018): 37–41. 6402:"AUTONOMISMO E UNITÀ" 5609:Huntington, Samuel P. 5334:Parliament named the 5066: 5020:International factors 4920:Philippe C. Schmitter 4890:Philippe C. Schmitter 4838: 4772: 4708: 4575:, in his influential 4566: 4427:Seymour Martin Lipset 4420: 4227: 4150:and the ideas of the 4107:(CPSU) officials and 4103:—elections for local 3996: 3847:Apartheid legislation 3837:Afrikaner nationalism 3397:Cape Town peace march 3387:Trojan Horse Incident 3347:1948 general election 3283: 3256:1982 general election 3233:democratic transition 3045:Malawi Congress Party 2992: 2877:fascist collaboration 2802:Leopold II of Tuscany 2744: 2728: 2686: 2657:from the fall of the 2558:Parliament of England 2547: 2490:French Third Republic 2166:Criticism of monarchy 1988:North Yemen civil war 1802:The Federalist Papers 1097:Federal parliamentary 877:Lesotho, and Brazil. 803: 729: 720:Further information: 677: 437:Electoral competition 417:Democratic transition 392:Democratic centralism 387:Democratic capitalism 13408:Comparative politics 12756:Vytautas Landsbergis 12751:Viacheslav Chornovil 12580:Denis Sassou Nguesso 12189:Comparative Politics 12087:Teorell, Jan. 2010. 12042:. London: Routledge. 11947:Boix, Carles. 2003. 11300:Journal of Democracy 10931:10.7591/j.ctv16pn3kw 10829:"When Dictators Die" 10575:The Economic Journal 10392:10.1353/wp.2003.0019 10043:Comparative Politics 10003:on December 23, 2011 9868:10.1353/wp.1997.0008 9655:47(2)(2017): 437–61. 9499:Journal of Democracy 9302:10.1353/wp.2003.0004 9276:Journal of Democracy 9263:Journal of Democracy 9248:Journal of Democracy 9185:Thad Dunning. 2008. 9163:Thad Dunning. 2008. 9150:Thad Dunning. 2008. 9042:The Economic Journal 8626:10.1353/wp.2001.0011 7969:10.2139/ssrn.3717614 7727:10.1017/psrm.2019.62 7612:Journal of Democracy 7529:10.1353/wp.1997.0004 7079:10.1353/wp.2003.0019 6374:Bush, Robin (2009). 6320:"Rise of Parliament" 6147:Richard L. Merritt, 6073:. p. Chapter 7. 5852:Journal of Democracy 5629:52(3) 2000: 384–406. 5340:Unification of Italy 5088:leads to democracy. 4937:Adam Przeworski, in 4573:Barrington Moore Jr. 4443:modernization theory 4439:economic development 4300:Viacheslav Chornovil 4250:which took place in 4138:federal constitution 4078:" elements into the 3967:in 1994, won by the 3957:interim Constitution 3745:Eugène Terre'Blanche 3615:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 3422:Shell House massacre 3392:Khotso House bombing 3362:Sharpeville massacre 3219:parliamentary system 3213:that moved from the 3136:Democracy in Senegal 3129:Democracy in Senegal 2915:Constituent Assembly 2833:unification of Italy 2532:which undertook the 2482:Second French Empire 2279:history of democracy 2151:Classical radicalism 1893:Republic of Florence 1832:Democracy in America 991:Separation of powers 966:Public participation 810:Samuel P. Huntington 730:Global trend report 712:or autocratization. 412:Democratic socialism 13200:Pan-European Picnic 13175:1988 Polish strikes 12555:Wojciech Jaruzelski 12295:Revolutions of 1989 11803:Katsiaficas, George 11659:Fukuyama, Francis. 11038:Fog, Agner (2017). 10427:Shock to the System 7679:2017RegSt..51...58G 7454:(3): 416, 391–418. 6837:Wolf, Anne (2023). 6446:, 1970, p. 456 6240:on 22 December 2016 6166:The British Library 6084:Plaistad, Shandra. 6029:Scott, Sam (2001). 6016:, pp. 247–248. 5332:Kingdom of Sardinia 5285:One Road to Riches? 5239:Historical legacies 5152:Democracy promotion 5135:the new democracies 4968:illusion of control 4916:Guillermo O'Donnell 4753:. Typically, it is 4745:Values and religion 4691:The Narrow Corridor 4689:In their 2019 book 4631:Albert O. Hirschman 4507:A meta-analysis by 4341:American Revolution 4232:Tunisian revolution 4218:Tunisian revolution 3973:liberation movement 3892:Sullivan Principles 3241:regional government 2968:Japanese militarism 2923:liberation of Italy 2889:liberation of Italy 2883:and the subsequent 2847:on the side of the 2774:Revolutions of 1848 2752:In September 1847, 2701:, which began with 2590:Bill of Rights 1689 2586:Glorious Revolution 2578:English Restoration 2530:U.S.-led occupation 2486:Franco-Prussian War 2474:Bourbon Restoration 2470:First French Empire 2417:, in 1978. General 2299:Athenian Revolution 2292:Athenian Revolution 2241:Politics portal 2046:Antigua and Barbuda 1993:Zanzibar Revolution 1903:American Revolution 1792:The Social Contract 961:Popular sovereignty 638:Politics portal 432:Democracy promotion 407:Democratic republic 13443:Types of democracy 12560:Slobodan Milošević 12429:Vatican Opposition 12241:International IDEA 12181:2022-05-22 at the 10979:Gat, Azar (2017). 10653:10.1093/isq/sqv014 10588:10.1093/ej/ueaa004 10237:10.1111/socf.12163 10225:Sociological Forum 9468:Size and Democracy 9278:11(4) 2000: 37–57. 9202:105(1) 2011: 1–26. 9048:(623): 2745–2778. 9010:10.1093/isq/sqy031 8128:15 (1976), 146–75. 8126:History and Theory 7850:2019-08-13 at the 7572:. Cambridge Core. 7382:10.1111/ajps.12135 7278:yalebooks.yale.edu 6872:on 3 February 2011 6653:The New York Times 6594:Colomer Rubio 2012 6464:Universal Newsreel 6296:on 24 October 2014 6266:on 8 December 2015 5584:"Global Dashboard" 5352:Giuseppe Garibaldi 5234:Historical factors 5226:Geographic factors 5194:. In other cases, 5192:after World War II 5092:Christian Welzel's 5069: 4973:Sharun Mukand and 4912:Dankwart A. Rustow 4852: 4819:Wider adoption of 4775: 4711: 4569: 4429:; Carles Boix and 4423: 4399:Causes and factors 4385:American Civil War 4381:Reconstruction era 4355:, and a bicameral 4353:national judiciary 4229: 4162:bound by treaties. 3999: 3477:Conservative Party 3357:1956 Treason Trial 3301: 3205:), is a period of 3053:President for life 2995: 2881:Italian resistance 2750: 2739: 2688: 2576:(1653–59) and the 2550: 2415:Institutional Acts 2207:Primus inter pares 2023:Nepalese Civil War 2013:Iranian Revolution 1983:14 July Revolution 1938:Russian Revolution 1933:Chinese Revolution 1883:Republic of Venice 1732:Discourses on Livy 806: 768:Polity data series 736: 684: 577:Waves of democracy 537:Right to candidacy 507:Popular referendum 497:Political equality 367:Citizens' assembly 13395: 13394: 13321:Colour revolution 13151: 13150: 13118:Congo-Brazzaville 12839:Democratic Russia 12796:Pope John Paul II 12791:George H. W. Bush 12741:Vladimir Bukovsky 12530:Mikhail Gorbachev 12525:Nicolae Ceaușescu 12311:Era of Stagnation 12252:"Democratization" 12129:Zakaria, Fareed. 11906:978-0-8027-1674-3 11822:978-1-60486-457-1 11757:978-1-107-60267-0 11591:978-1-4008-3727-4 11556:978-1-009-10037-3 11463:(May–June 1977). 11218:978-0-230-24452-8 11174:978-0-8014-5746-3 11059:978-1-78374-403-9 11049:10.11647/OBP.0128 10922:978-1-5017-5640-5 10625:978-3-030-39370-0 10437:978-0-691-21700-0 10365:978-0-444-59430-3 10325:978-0-691-16760-2 10170:Adam Przeworski, 10099:978-0-231-50247-4 9479:978-0-8047-0834-0 9343:(S6): S158–S183. 9054:10.1093/ej/uez009 8598:978-0-241-31431-9 8591:. Penguin Books. 8422:978-1-4008-3727-4 8387:978-0-691-17746-5 8020:978-0-8070-5073-6 7786:978-0-691-20977-7 7145:978-0-19-960445-6 6850:978-0-19-286850-3 6623:Ortuño Anaya 2005 6387:978-981-230-876-4 6352:978-1-4330-5330-6 6000:978-1-61069-258-8 5778:978-0-691-21701-7 5424:978-3-319-74336-3 5354:and other former 5289:Sebastián Mazzuca 5249:James A. Robinson 5049:democratization. 4922:in their classic 4910:Scholars such as 4870:civic association 4701:Natural resources 4501:James A. Robinson 4425:Scholars such as 4156:Helvetic Republic 4152:French Revolution 4072:Mikhail Gorbachev 4020:ruling government 3946: 3945: 3803:South-West Africa 3221:, in the form of 3209:encompassing the 2984:Allied occupation 2980:political parties 2927:Italian Civil War 2885:Italian Civil War 2814:Albertine Statute 2770:rising in Palermo 2735:Albertine Statute 2705:of authoritarian 2695:Era pasca-Suharto 2634: 2582:Habeas Corpus Act 2566:English Civil War 2562:Petition of Right 2518:Nazi dictatorship 2454:French Revolution 2397:. Then-president 2384: 2376:abertura política 2275: 2274: 2218:Republican empire 2191:List of republics 2040:National variants 1968:Spanish Civil War 1908:French Revolution 1888:Republic of Genoa 1772:The Spirit of Law 1705:Theoretical works 1049:Neo-republicanism 784:democracy indices 672: 671: 527:Right to petition 16:(Redirected from 13450: 13270:Transnistria War 12929: 12928: 12771:Aung San Suu Kyi 12686:Alexander Dubček 12623:Civil resistance 12480:Sinatra Doctrine 12460:Demokratizatsiya 12361:Shortage economy 12288: 12281: 12274: 12265: 12264: 12154:33(6–7): 703–34. 11910: 11888: 11865: 11826: 11798: 11780: 11769: 11744:Casanova, Julián 11729: 11728: 11720: 11714: 11709: 11703: 11696: 11690: 11683: 11677: 11670: 11664: 11657: 11651: 11644: 11638: 11631: 11622: 11615: 11609: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11522: 11516: 11510:. 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Archived from 6728: 6722: 6719:Demokratizatsiya 6712: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6680:Katsiaficas 2012 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6566: 6560: 6559:1(1) 2009: 5–36. 6549: 6543: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6516: 6509: 6496: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6234:"Putney debates" 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6189:. Archived from 6179: 6178: 6177: 6168:. Archived from 6158: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6053: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6026: 6017: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5886:ourworld.unu.edu 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5861: 5855:. Archived from 5848: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5764: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5729:(8): 1533–1542. 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5698: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5639: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5540:(2). : 475–488. 5525: 5519: 5518: 5493:(3). : 403–426. 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5402: 5385: 5384:divisive issues. 5381: 5375: 5364:Sinistra Storica 5348:Sinistra Storica 5324: 5269:Francis Fukuyama 5101:. The so-called 5085:authoritarianism 5011:Women's suffrage 4840:Civic engagement 4740:Cultural factors 4584:Evelyne Stephens 4518:Capital Mobility 4509:Gerardo L. Munck 4479:Andrew J. Nathan 4474:Fernando Limongi 4435:Evelyne Stephens 4408:Economic factors 4297:Soviet dissident 4244:civil resistance 4241: 4205: 4202: 4183:was an event in 4143:Sonderbundskrieg 4094: 4092:Demokratizatsiya 4062: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4045:Demokratizatsiya 4013: 4012: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3908: 3907: 3705:Albertina Sisulu 3700:Benjamin Moloise 3635:Arthur Goldreich 3326: 3303: 3302: 3237:Francisco Franco 3204: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 2972:Great Depression 2851:and against the 2829:Kingdom of Italy 2691:Post-Suharto era 2648: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2594:royal absolutism 2574:the Protectorate 2466:French Directory 2379: 2267: 2260: 2253: 2239: 2238: 2223:Republican Party 2201:Peasant republic 2161:Communitarianism 1878:Classical Athens 1873: 1847: 1837: 1827: 1817: 1807: 1797: 1787: 1777: 1767: 1757: 1747: 1737: 1727: 1717: 951:Mixed government 885: 884: 829:is part of this 786:should be used. 752:political apathy 744:electoral system 664: 657: 650: 636: 635: 532:Right to protest 482:Nomination rules 37: 36: 21: 13458: 13457: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13448: 13447: 13438:Global politics 13413:Democratization 13398: 13397: 13396: 13391: 13375: 13336:Democratization 13326:Decommunization 13309: 13245:Helsinki Summit 13185:April 9 tragedy 13157: 13147: 13076: 12985: 12933: 12924: 12918: 12806: 12800: 12668: 12662: 12615: 12609: 12565:Mathieu Kérékou 12512: 12506: 12438: 12414:Reagan Doctrine 12389:Active measures 12381: 12375: 12366:Totalitarianism 12303: 12297: 12292: 12237: 12219:Democratization 12212:Democratization 12183:Wayback Machine 12147: 11923: 11918: 11916:Further reading 11913: 11907: 11893:Tremlett, Giles 11885: 11846:10.2307/2151183 11823: 11778: 11758: 11738: 11733: 11732: 11721: 11717: 11710: 11706: 11697: 11693: 11684: 11680: 11672:Berman, Sheri, 11671: 11667: 11658: 11654: 11645: 11641: 11632: 11625: 11616: 11612: 11603: 11599: 11592: 11576: 11572: 11557: 11533: 11529: 11520: 11518: 11514: 11503: 11497: 11493: 11487:The Independent 11484: 11480: 11472:New Left Review 11461:Therborn, Göran 11458: 11454: 11417: 11413: 11374: 11370: 11363: 11339: 11335: 11296: 11292: 11273: 11269: 11230: 11226: 11219: 11189: 11182: 11175: 11159: 11155: 11118: 11114: 11071: 11067: 11060: 11036: 11032: 11021: 11017: 10992: 10988: 10977: 10973: 10942: 10938: 10923: 10909: 10905: 10896: 10885: 10874: 10870: 10860:Georgina Waylen 10858: 10854: 10845: 10841: 10824: 10820: 10797:10.2307/2938736 10777: 10773: 10730: 10726: 10715: 10711: 10690:(1–2): 67–101. 10680: 10676: 10637: 10633: 10626: 10610: 10606: 10567: 10563: 10535: 10531: 10516: 10490: 10486: 10449: 10445: 10438: 10422: 10415: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10343: 10337: 10333: 10326: 10310: 10303: 10256: 10252: 10217: 10213: 10206: 10182: 10178: 10169: 10165: 10152: 10148: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10111: 10107: 10100: 10082: 10078: 10035: 10031: 10020: 10016: 10006: 10004: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9981: 9979: 9969: 9945: 9941: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9849: 9842: 9819: 9815: 9780: 9776: 9739: 9735: 9698: 9691: 9680: 9676: 9663: 9659: 9646: 9642: 9589: 9585: 9538: 9534: 9491: 9487: 9480: 9462: 9458: 9419: 9415: 9376: 9372: 9329: 9325: 9286: 9282: 9273: 9269: 9260: 9256: 9245: 9241: 9210: 9206: 9197: 9193: 9184: 9171: 9162: 9158: 9149: 9145: 9106: 9102: 9065: 9061: 9037: 9031: 9027: 8994: 8990: 8953: 8949: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8862:(7): 993–1021. 8851: 8845: 8841: 8801: 8795: 8791: 8762:(8): 995–1018. 8752: 8748: 8716:10.1.1.607.9710 8698: 8692: 8688: 8649:Geddes, Barbara 8645: 8641: 8610: 8606: 8599: 8583: 8579: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8520: 8511: 8507: 8496: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8472: 8457: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8407: 8403: 8388: 8374: 8367: 8330: 8323: 8283: 8277: 8270: 8227: 8223: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8183: 8179: 8136: 8132: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8097: 8058: 8054: 8045: 8041: 8033:Jørgen Møller, 8032: 8028: 8021: 8013:. p. 430. 8000: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7963:. Elsevier BV. 7957: 7953: 7914: 7910: 7901: 7897: 7892: 7888: 7861: 7857: 7852:Wayback Machine 7839: 7835: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7771: 7767: 7758: 7756: 7754:www.iep.utm.edu 7748: 7747: 7743: 7706: 7702: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7629: 7625: 7616: 7614: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7564: 7560: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7485: 7479: 7475: 7444: 7440: 7409: 7405: 7362: 7358: 7319: 7315: 7301: 7292: 7283: 7281: 7270: 7255: 7218: 7214: 7161: 7157: 7146: 7120: 7116: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7063: 7059: 7028:10.2307/1951731 7012: 7008: 6967: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6950:on July 6, 2016 6938: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6915: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6889: 6885: 6875: 6873: 6862: 6858: 6851: 6835: 6831: 6818: 6816: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6790: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6704:Country Studies 6701: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6665: 6663: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6609: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6567: 6563: 6550: 6546: 6537: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6510: 6499: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6372: 6368: 6353: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6325: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6299: 6297: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6269: 6267: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6196: 6194: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6146: 6142: 6133: 6126: 6097: 6093: 6082: 6078: 6067: 6063: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6027: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5985: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5953: 5949: 5906: 5899: 5890: 5888: 5878: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5723:Democratization 5715: 5711: 5703: 5662: 5656: 5649: 5640: 5633: 5624: 5620: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5526: 5522: 5479: 5475: 5444: 5440: 5425: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5257: 5241: 5236: 5228: 5164:Steven Levitsky 5154: 5148: 5123: 5103:regality theory 5061: 5055: 5034:state formation 5027: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4992: 4951: 4908: 4903: 4848:Hurricane Sandy 4833: 4809: 4755:Western culture 4747: 4742: 4703: 4676:Stephan Haggard 4648:social equality 4644: 4615: 4610: 4602:David Stasavage 4561: 4529:Sylvia Maxfield 4520: 4470:Adam Przeworski 4415: 4410: 4401: 4337: 4332: 4331: 4277: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4240:الثورة التونسية 4221: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4177: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4130: 4122: 4117: 4116: 4105:Communist Party 4089:. Gorbachev's 4065:democratization 4055: 4041: 4033: 4028: 4027: 3990: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3942: 3897: 3896: 3872:Kairos Document 3862:Freedom Charter 3832: 3824: 3823: 3807: 3778: 3770: 3769: 3600:Vernon Berrangé 3595: 3587: 3586: 3547:Security Branch 3437: 3427: 3426: 3372:Soweto uprising 3342: 3341: 3277: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3171: 3153: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3104: 3096: 3087:Adam Przeworski 3062: 3057: 3056: 3041: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3008: 3000: 2935: 2857:Italian fascist 2835:in 1861, was a 2794:Charter of 1830 2758:Reggio Calabria 2737:, 4 March 1848. 2723: 2718: 2717: 2703:the resignation 2680: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2641: 2614: 2606: 2542: 2502:Weimar Republic 2498: 2462:Napoleonic Wars 2450: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2419:João Figueiredo 2387:military regime 2364: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2347:Mathieu Kérékou 2335: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2295: 2287: 2277:Throughout the 2271: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2041: 2033: 2032: 1918:Trienio Liberal 1859: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1835: 1825: 1815: 1805: 1795: 1785: 1775: 1765: 1755: 1745: 1735: 1725: 1715: 1706: 1698: 1697: 1433:Flynn (Stephen) 1318: 1310: 1309: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1014: 1006: 1005: 1001:Social equality 996:Social contract 986:Self-governance 941:Democratization 916:Anti-corruption 911:Anti-monarchism 906: 890:Politics series 883: 825:and the former 815:Interwar period 792: 776:Democracy Index 760: 724: 718: 691:democratisation 687:Democratization 668: 630: 625: 624: 590: 582: 581: 462:Majoritarianism 422:Democratization 357: 349: 348: 83: 73: 42:Politics series 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Democratisation 15: 12: 11: 5: 13456: 13446: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13389: 13383: 13381: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13361:Post-communism 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13317: 13315: 13311: 13310: 13308: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13161: 13159: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13148: 13146: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13084: 13082: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12993: 12991: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12951:Czechoslovakia 12948: 12943: 12937: 12935: 12934:Eastern Europe 12926: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12810: 12808: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12781:Isaias Afwerki 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12761:Zianon Pazniak 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12672: 12670: 12664: 12663: 12661: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12619: 12617: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12540:Erich Honecker 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12516: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12452: 12446: 12444: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12385: 12383: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12321:Anti-communism 12318: 12313: 12307: 12305: 12299: 12298: 12291: 12290: 12283: 12276: 12268: 12262: 12261: 12255: 12248: 12236: 12235:External links 12233: 12232: 12231: 12222: 12215: 12208: 12199: 12192: 12185: 12169: 12162: 12155: 12146: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12134: 12127: 12120: 12113: 12106: 12099: 12092: 12085: 12078: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12050: 12043: 12036: 12029: 12028:53(1): 69–105. 12022: 12015: 12008: 12001: 11994: 11987: 11980: 11973: 11966: 11959: 11952: 11945: 11938: 11931: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11911: 11905: 11899:. Bloomsbury. 11889: 11883: 11866: 11840:(2): 245–265. 11827: 11821: 11799: 11785:(in Spanish). 11770: 11756: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11715: 11704: 11691: 11678: 11665: 11652: 11639: 11623: 11610: 11597: 11590: 11570: 11555: 11527: 11491: 11478: 11452: 11431:(1): 251–266. 11411: 11384:(3): 515–549. 11368: 11361: 11333: 11290: 11267: 11240:(3): 471–490. 11224: 11217: 11180: 11173: 11153: 11132:(1): 137–167. 11112: 11085:(3): 515–549. 11065: 11058: 11030: 11015: 10986: 10971: 10936: 10921: 10903: 10883: 10868: 10852: 10848:World Politics 10839: 10834:Foreign Policy 10818: 10791:(3): 567–576. 10771: 10744:(4): 694–717. 10724: 10709: 10674: 10631: 10624: 10604: 10561: 10555:10.3386/w23944 10529: 10514: 10484: 10443: 10436: 10413: 10386:(4): 517–549. 10380:World Politics 10370: 10364: 10331: 10324: 10301: 10270:(2): 377–388. 10264:Party Politics 10250: 10231:(2): 286–304. 10211: 10204: 10176: 10163: 10146: 10133: 10105: 10098: 10076: 10055:10.2307/421307 10049:(3): 337–363. 10029: 10014: 9988: 9967: 9939: 9918:10.1086/690949 9912:(2): 478–526. 9889: 9862:(3): 401–429. 9856:World Politics 9840: 9829:(2): 101–107. 9813: 9774: 9753:(1): 179–198. 9733: 9689: 9674: 9657: 9640: 9583: 9548:(2): 244–274. 9532: 9505:(3): 135–148. 9485: 9478: 9456: 9413: 9386:(1): 107–123. 9370: 9349:10.1086/250107 9323: 9290:World Politics 9280: 9267: 9254: 9239: 9220:(3): 671–701. 9204: 9191: 9169: 9156: 9143: 9100: 9059: 9025: 9004:(4): 834–844. 8988: 8947: 8920:(5): 503–522. 8904: 8901:on 2018-07-23. 8839: 8812:(6): 757–776. 8789: 8746: 8709:(7): 816–841. 8686: 8659:(2): 287–306. 8639: 8620:(3): 325–361. 8614:World Politics 8604: 8597: 8577: 8550:(2): 407–420. 8530: 8518: 8505: 8490: 8470: 8455: 8428: 8421: 8401: 8386: 8365: 8344:(1): 145–162. 8321: 8268: 8241:(2): 522–536. 8221: 8208: 8177: 8150:(3): 739–753. 8130: 8118:Social Origins 8105: 8095: 8068:(2): 175–205. 8062:World Politics 8052: 8039: 8026: 8019: 7994: 7982: 7951: 7924:(1): 164–191. 7908: 7895: 7886: 7875:(3): 457–498. 7869:World Politics 7855: 7833: 7792: 7785: 7765: 7741: 7720:(3): 650–657. 7700: 7650: 7623: 7599: 7586: 7558: 7523:(2): 155–183. 7517:World Politics 7507: 7495: 7473: 7438: 7419:(2): 121–136. 7403: 7376:(4): 927–942. 7356: 7329:(3): 307–325. 7313: 7290: 7274:"On Democracy" 7272:Dahl, Robert. 7253: 7212: 7175:(4): 448–473. 7155: 7144: 7114: 7100: 7073:(4): 517–549. 7067:World Politics 7057: 7006: 6961: 6931: 6922: 6909: 6883: 6856: 6849: 6829: 6800: 6749: 6723: 6684: 6682:, p. 277. 6672: 6639: 6637:, p. 379. 6627: 6615: 6613:, p. 291. 6598: 6596:, p. 260. 6586: 6561: 6544: 6531: 6517: 6497: 6477: 6449: 6430: 6415: 6393: 6386: 6366: 6351: 6332: 6311: 6281: 6251: 6225: 6203: 6153: 6140: 6124: 6091: 6076: 6061: 6040: 6018: 6006: 5999: 5979: 5965: 5947: 5897: 5872: 5831: 5804:(2): 559–583. 5784: 5777: 5759: 5748: 5709: 5673:(3): 634–651. 5647: 5641:John Markoff, 5631: 5627:World Politics 5618: 5600: 5575: 5520: 5473: 5438: 5423: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5376: 5360:Destra Storica 5344:Destra Storica 5318: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5256: 5253: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5224: 5196:decolonization 5150:Main article: 5147: 5144: 5139:NATO expansion 5122: 5119: 5073:state-building 5057:Main article: 5054: 5051: 5030:Jeffrey Herbst 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4991: 4988: 4964:overconfidence 4950: 4947: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4859:Social capital 4832: 4829: 4808: 4805: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4719:resource curse 4702: 4699: 4643: 4640: 4635:James C. Scott 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4560: 4557: 4519: 4516: 4497:Daron Acemoglu 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4383:following the 4336: 4333: 4278: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4248:demonstrations 4222: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4189:Roman monarchy 4178: 4170: 4168: 4167:Roman Republic 4165: 4131: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4051:демократизация 4048:(Russian: 4042: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4024:Sixth Republic 3991: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3831:Related topics 3830: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3755:H. F. Verwoerd 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3735:Adelaide Tambo 3732: 3727: 3725:Robert Sobukwe 3722: 3717: 3715:J. G. Strijdom 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3695:Raymond Mhlaba 3692: 3687: 3682: 3680:Nelson Mandela 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3660:Albert Luthuli 3657: 3655:Ahmed Kathrada 3652: 3647: 3645:Bantu Holomisa 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3620:F. W. de Klerk 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3537:National Party 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3289:Nelson Mandela 3285:F. W. de Klerk 3278: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3258:and the first 3254:(PSOE) in the 3184:the Transition 3154: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3105: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3061: 3058: 3049:Hastings Banda 3042: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3009: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2959:Kent E. Calder 2934: 2931: 2893:Fascist regime 2853:Central Powers 2722: 2719: 2681: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2615: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2570:Putney Debates 2541: 2540:United Kingdom 2538: 2534:denazification 2497: 2494: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2399:Ernesto Geisel 2365: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2336: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2296: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2255: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2171:Egalitarianism 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2147: 2145:Related topics 2144: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2116:United Kingdom 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1898:Dutch Republic 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1866: 1864:Roman Republic 1860: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1828: 1818: 1808: 1798: 1788: 1778: 1768: 1758: 1748: 1738: 1728: 1718: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1305:Wollstonecraft 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 907: 904: 903: 900: 899: 893: 892: 882: 879: 791: 788: 759: 756: 717: 714: 670: 669: 667: 666: 659: 652: 644: 641: 640: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 574: 569: 567:War referendum 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 457:Libertarianism 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 358: 356:Related topics 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 259: 257:Representative 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 84: 79: 78: 75: 74: 72: 71: 66: 61: 55: 52: 51: 45: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13455: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13388: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13378: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13366:Yugoslav Wars 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13356:Neo-Stalinism 13354: 13352: 13351:Neo-Sovietism 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13312: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13235:Black January 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13154: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13079: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12988: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12930: 12927: 12921: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12803: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12786:Ronald Reagan 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12766:Zhelyu Zhelev 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12746:Boris Yeltsin 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12726:Joachim Gauck 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12665: 12659: 12658:Strike action 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12612: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12600:Todor Zhivkov 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12590:Deng Xiaoping 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12509: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12441: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12419:Soviet Empire 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12380:International 12378: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12300: 12296: 12289: 12284: 12282: 12277: 12275: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12259: 12256: 12253: 12249: 12246: 12242: 12239: 12238: 12230: 12227: 12223: 12220: 12216: 12213: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12200: 12197: 12193: 12190: 12186: 12184: 12180: 12177: 12175:2:1, 115–144. 12174: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12156: 12153: 12149: 12148: 12139: 12135: 12132: 12128: 12125: 12121: 12118: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12100: 12097: 12093: 12090: 12086: 12083: 12079: 12076: 12072: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12058: 12055: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12037: 12034: 12030: 12027: 12023: 12020: 12016: 12013: 12009: 12006: 12002: 11999: 11995: 11992: 11988: 11985: 11981: 11978: 11974: 11971: 11967: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11953: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11924: 11908: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11884:84-95379-88-0 11880: 11876: 11872: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11834: 11828: 11824: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11809: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11776: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11740: 11726: 11719: 11713: 11708: 11701: 11695: 11688: 11682: 11675: 11669: 11662: 11656: 11649: 11643: 11636: 11630: 11628: 11620: 11614: 11607: 11601: 11593: 11587: 11583: 11582: 11574: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11531: 11517:on 2017-03-12 11513: 11509: 11502: 11495: 11489: 11488: 11482: 11474: 11473: 11467: 11462: 11456: 11448: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11415: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11372: 11364: 11362:9780511781353 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11345: 11337: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11294: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11271: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11228: 11220: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11196: 11187: 11185: 11176: 11170: 11166: 11165: 11157: 11149: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11116: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11069: 11061: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11041: 11034: 11026: 11019: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10998: 10990: 10982: 10975: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10881: 10878: 10872: 10865: 10861: 10856: 10849: 10843: 10835: 10830: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10775: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10728: 10720: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10684:Public Choice 10678: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10635: 10627: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10608: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10565: 10556: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10515:9781108776608 10511: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10488: 10480: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10447: 10439: 10433: 10429: 10428: 10420: 10418: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10342: 10335: 10327: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10308: 10306: 10297: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10215: 10207: 10205:9781108185950 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10188: 10180: 10173: 10167: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10136: 10134:9780801831904 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10117: 10109: 10101: 10095: 10090: 10089: 10080: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10033: 10025: 10018: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9968:9781108662536 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9951: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9852:Berman, Sheri 9847: 9845: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9778: 9770: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9737: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9696: 9694: 9686:. p. 86. 9685: 9678: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9654: 9650: 9644: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9536: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9481: 9475: 9470: 9469: 9460: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9374: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9327: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9271: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9249: 9243: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9208: 9201: 9195: 9188: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9166: 9160: 9153: 9147: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9104: 9096: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9020: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8608: 8600: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8581: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8515: 8509: 8501: 8494: 8483: 8477: 8475: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8456:9780300152289 8452: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8435: 8433: 8424: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8379: 8372: 8370: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8328: 8326: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8273: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8211: 8209:9780521809672 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8043: 8036: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7899: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7837: 7828: 7827:1721.1/144425 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7769: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7589: 7587:9780521862479 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7022:(1): 69–105. 7021: 7017: 7010: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6965: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6926: 6919: 6913: 6898: 6894: 6891:Sappa, M. M. 6887: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6826: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6699: 6698:public domain 6688: 6681: 6676: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6635:Tremlett 2008 6631: 6625:, p. 22. 6624: 6619: 6612: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6541: 6535: 6527: 6521: 6514: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6419: 6403: 6397: 6389: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6336: 6321: 6315: 6308: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6278: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6213: 6207: 6193:on 2018-09-25 6192: 6188: 6184: 6172:on 2017-10-18 6171: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6150: 6144: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6080: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6050: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6023: 6015: 6010: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5983: 5975: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5902: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5862:on 2012-02-11 5858: 5854: 5853: 5845: 5838: 5836: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5757: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5652: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5397: 5380: 5373: 5369: 5368:Radical Party 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5231: 5223: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5131:EU membership 5128: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5107:authoritarian 5104: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5065: 5060: 5053:War and peace 5050: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5017: 5008: 4999: 4996: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4886:civic culture 4882: 4878: 4876: 4873:networks and 4871: 4866: 4865:Robert Putnam 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855:Civil society 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4828: 4826: 4825:voter turnout 4822: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4764:Alfred Stepan 4759: 4756: 4752: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4730:Stephen Haber 4726: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4684:David Samuels 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4405: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4369:voting rights 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4204: 509 BC 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4046: 4039: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3988: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887:Project Coast 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3793:Robben Island 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3760:B. J. Vorster 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3710:Walter Sisulu 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3435:Organisations 3431: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3382:Vaal uprising 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3367:Rivonia Trial 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3298: 3297:Liberty Medal 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3227:Juan Carlos I 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211:regime change 3208: 3193: 3177: 3168: 3167:la Transición 3163: 3159: 3151: 3137: 3130: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3081:in 1811, and 3080: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3066:Latin America 3064:Countries in 3060:Latin America 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964:Imperial Diet 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:Allied powers 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784:, and in the 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2756:broke out in 2755: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2715: 2714:Era Reformasi 2711: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2693:(Indonesian: 2692: 2685: 2678: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:Greek history 2652: 2651:regime change 2647: 2638: 2637:Metapolítefsi 2632: 2626:Μεταπολίτευση 2623: 2619: 2618:Metapolitefsi 2612: 2611:Metapolitefsi 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508:'s defeat in 2507: 2506:German Empire 2503: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2438: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2282: 2280: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2133:United States 2131: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2008:Metapolitefsi 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1844: 1843: 1842:On Revolution 1839: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1812:Rights of Man 1809: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1722:De re publica 1719: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1528:Jones (Lynne) 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323:Adams (Gerry) 1321: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1122:Revolutionary 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1112:Parliamentary 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 921:Civil society 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 908: 902: 901: 898: 897:Republicanism 895: 894: 891: 887: 886: 878: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 860:Seva Gunitsky 857: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 832: 828: 824: 823:Latin America 820: 816: 811: 802: 798: 797: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 764:Freedom House 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 733: 728: 723: 722:Hybrid regime 713: 711: 706: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 681: 680:autocratizing 676: 665: 660: 658: 653: 651: 646: 645: 643: 642: 639: 634: 629: 628: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 586: 585: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 542:Right to vote 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 467:Majority rule 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 353: 352: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 334:Supermajority 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 232:Participatory 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 163:Hybrid regime 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 85: 82: 77: 76: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 13335: 13314:Later events 13230:Malta Summit 13062:Turkmenistan 12990:Soviet Union 12976:Soviet Union 12956:East Germany 12776:Meles Zenawi 12731:Sali Berisha 12681:Václav Havel 12628:Human chains 12535:Károly Grósz 12465:Khozraschyot 12356:Nomenklatura 12331:Eastern Bloc 12225: 12218: 12211: 12202: 12195: 12191:43(1): 1–19. 12188: 12172: 12165: 12158: 12151: 12137: 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F. Malan 3670:Mac Maharaj 3605:P. W. 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Led by 4097:candidate 3965:elections 3949:apartheid 3819:Vlakplaas 3783:Bantustan 3720:Joe Slovo 3316:Apartheid 3085:in 1818. 3079:Venezuela 3073:in 1810, 2707:president 2699:Indonesia 2670:Indonesia 2631:romanized 2407:distensão 2310:oligarchy 2051:Australia 1683:Venizelos 1673:Spadolini 1663:Slaughter 1608:McDonnell 1573:Mackenzie 1518:Jefferson 1473:Griffiths 1453:de Gaulle 1448:Garibaldi 1408:Drakeford 1300:Warburton 1220:Jefferson 1215:Honderich 1195:Condorcet 1082:Christian 1044:Nasserism 1019:Classical 936:Democracy 780:democracy 547:Sortition 502:Polyarchy 362:Anarchism 344:Workplace 324:Sovereign 314:Socialist 294:Sectarian 272:Christian 262:Religious 237:Pluralist 192:Illiberal 168:Inclusive 143:Empowered 118:Defensive 103:Consensus 49:Democracy 13423:Politics 13128:Mongolia 13123:Ethiopia 13108:Cambodia 13012:Chechnya 12946:Bulgaria 12721:Tank Man 12711:Wang Dan 12696:Liu Gang 12653:Samizdat 12648:Protests 12487:Glasnost 12470:500 Days 12394:Cold War 12302:Internal 12179:Archived 11895:(2008). 11813:PM Press 11805:(2012). 10766:29658309 10704:45234838 10408:18745191 10007:June 18, 9578:54677100 9570:41495078 9451:33455840 9408:54825180 9318:44555086 8188:(2003). 8090:54044493 7848:Archived 7545:25053996 7207:32309461 7150:Archived 7095:18745191 7052:53686238 6819:14 April 6813:Archived 6793:14 April 6787:Archived 6742:14 April 6444:Treccani 5958:(1996). 5701:Archived 5611:(1991). 5588:BTI 2022 5562:20721505 5204:Cold War 4966:and the 4393:Jim Crow 4357:Congress 4197:republic 4011:6월 민주 항쟁 3910:Category 3814:Sun City 3308:a series 3306:Part of 3117:in 1976. 3107:Portugal 3094:Portugal 3075:Paraguay 3071:Colombia 3016:Malagasy 2925:and the 2472:and the 2460:and the 2121:Scotland 2061:Barbados 1712:Republic 1628:Prescott 1598:Naysmith 1588:McKechin 1548:La Malfa 1543:Khomeini 1503:Iorwerth 1468:Griffith 1443:Gambetta 1438:Galloway 1423:Ferguson 1403:Davidson 1398:Cromwell 1393:Connolly 1373:Campbell 1290:Sunstein 1275:Rousseau 1270:Polybius 1205:Franklin 1185:Chappell 1180:Cattaneo 1117:People's 1102:Imperial 1034:Kemalism 971:Republic 905:Concepts 748:suffrage 512:Populism 267:Buddhist 212:Monitory 133:Economic 98:Cellular 93:Athenian 13380:Related 13138:Somalia 13067:Ukraine 13047:Moldova 13022:Georgia 13017:Estonia 13007:Belarus 12997:Armenia 12971:Romania 12961:Hungary 12941:Albania 12849:Sąjūdis 12669:leaders 12616:methods 12513:leaders 12502:Đổi Mới 12443:Reforms 11862:2151183 11736:Sources 10805:2938736 10669:8989565 9934:3827369 8527:97–109. 7675:Bibcode 7553:5981579 7198:7099882 7044:1951731 6218:7 April 5593:Apr 17, 5515:3699697 5460:(106). 5189:Germany 4787:mamluks 4662:), the 4547:(IMF), 4379:of the 4306:in the 4304:strikes 4267:Ukraine 4252:Tunisia 4211:Tunisia 4195:with a 4160:cantons 4109:Soviets 3122:Senegal 2849:Entente 2798:Italian 2786:Cilento 2778:Salerno 2764:in the 2762:Messina 2760:and in 2710:Suharto 2633:: 2496:Germany 2383: 2318:tyranny 2086:Morocco 2076:Jamaica 2071:Ireland 2056:Bahamas 1858:History 1678:Taverne 1653:Skinner 1633:Ritchie 1578:Madison 1558:Lincoln 1508:Jackson 1498:Huppert 1493:Hopkins 1418:Fabiani 1378:Chapman 1363:Bolívar 1353:Bennett 1343:Bartley 1333:Atatürk 1245:Mazzini 1240:Madison 1170:Bentham 1160:Baggini 1127:Secular 1107:Islamic 1092:Federal 1029:Federal 1013:Schools 742:of the 277:Islamic 252:Radical 242:Popular 188:Liberal 69:Indices 59:History 13158:events 13093:Angola 13052:Russia 13027:Latvia 12966:Poland 12923:Events 12575:Ne Win 11903: 11881: 11860: 11852: 11819: 11793: 11764: 11754: 11588: 11563: 11553: 11445: 11404: 11396: 11359: 11326: 11318: 11260: 11252: 11215: 11203:–271. 11171: 11146: 11105: 11097: 11056: 10964: 10929: 10919: 10811: 10803: 10764: 10756: 10702: 10667: 10659: 10622: 10522: 10512: 10477: 10434: 10406: 10398: 10362: 10322: 10294: 10243: 10202: 10131: 10096: 10071:421307 10069: 10061: 9975: 9965: 9932: 9924: 9882: 9874: 9806: 9767: 9726: 9633: 9625: 9576: 9568: 9560: 9525: 9517: 9476: 9449: 9441: 9406: 9398: 9363: 9355: 9316: 9308: 9232: 9136: 9128: 9093: 8981: 8940: 8932: 8890: 8882: 8832: 8824: 8782: 8774: 8739: 8731: 8713: 8681:988090 8679: 8671: 8632: 8595: 8570: 8562: 8463: 8453: 8419: 8394: 8384: 8358: 8314: 8306: 8261: 8253: 8206: 8170: 8162: 8103:Press. 8088: 8080: 8017: 7975: 7944: 7936: 7879: 7783: 7734: 7693: 7584: 7551: 7543: 7535: 7466: 7431: 7396: 7388: 7349: 7341: 7246: 7205: 7195: 7187: 7142: 7093: 7085: 7050: 7042: 7034: 6920:(1992) 6916:Wood, 6847: 6781: 6715:Russia 6700:. 6659: 6494:442274 6492: 6466:. 1946 6384: 6359: 6349: 5997: 5990:Brazil 5940: 5932: 5824: 5816: 5775: 5741: 5693: 5685: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5513: 5505: 5431: 5421: 5043:Taiwan 4914:, and 4658:under 4551:, and 4463:per se 4361:Senate 4308:Donbas 4236:Arabic 4191:under 4006:Korean 3971:(ANC) 3809:Soweto 3777:Places 3594:People 3542:COSATU 3492:FOSATU 3402:CODESA 3337:Events 3225:under 3031:Malawi 2970:, the 2947:Taishō 2782:Naples 2604:Greece 2484:. The 2448:France 2354:Brazil 2303:Athens 2285:Athens 2111:Sweden 2101:Norway 2066:Canada 1846:(1963) 1826:(1794) 1816:(1791) 1796:(1762) 1786:(1755) 1776:(1748) 1766:(1698) 1756:(1656) 1746:(1649) 1736:(1531) 1688:Wilson 1658:Slater 1648:Skates 1603:Mannin 1593:Mullin 1568:Mackay 1533:Juárez 1488:Hébert 1483:Hatton 1478:Harvie 1368:Burgon 1285:Sidney 1280:Sandel 1265:Pettit 1190:Cicero 1155:Arendt 1137:Soviet 1132:Sister 1024:Modern 740:reform 699:regime 605:Europe 595:Africa 589:Region 562:Voting 472:Motion 309:Social 287:Mormon 282:Jewish 197:Liquid 158:Guided 148:Ethnic 128:Direct 64:Theory 13113:China 13103:Burma 13098:Benin 11873:[ 11858:JSTOR 11779:(PDF) 11561:S2CID 11515:(PDF) 11504:(PDF) 11402:S2CID 11324:S2CID 11258:S2CID 11103:S2CID 10962:S2CID 10927:JSTOR 10809:S2CID 10801:JSTOR 10762:S2CID 10700:S2CID 10665:S2CID 10520:S2CID 10404:S2CID 10344:(PDF) 10067:JSTOR 9973:S2CID 9930:S2CID 9902:(PDF) 9880:S2CID 9804:S2CID 9631:S2CID 9574:S2CID 9566:JSTOR 9523:S2CID 9447:S2CID 9404:S2CID 9361:S2CID 9314:S2CID 9230:S2CID 9134:S2CID 9091:S2CID 9038:(PDF) 8938:S2CID 8899:(PDF) 8888:S2CID 8852:(PDF) 8830:S2CID 8802:(PDF) 8780:S2CID 8737:S2CID 8699:(PDF) 8677:S2CID 8634:18404 8630:S2CID 8568:S2CID 8485:(PDF) 8312:S2CID 8284:(PDF) 8259:S2CID 8168:S2CID 8086:S2CID 7942:S2CID 7691:S2CID 7663:(PDF) 7549:S2CID 7541:JSTOR 7486:(PDF) 7464:S2CID 7429:S2CID 7394:S2CID 7347:S2CID 7091:S2CID 7048:S2CID 7040:JSTOR 6779:S2CID 6490:JSTOR 6111:: 7. 6052:(PDF) 6037:: 12. 5938:S2CID 5860:(PDF) 5847:(PDF) 5822:S2CID 5739:S2CID 5704:(PDF) 5691:S2CID 5663:(PDF) 5566:S2CID 5558:JSTOR 5511:JSTOR 5429:S2CID 5314:Notes 5271:, in 5185:Japan 4373:white 3189:) or 3162:Spain 3143:Spain 3083:Chile 2951:Shōwa 2943:Meiji 2939:Japan 2933:Japan 2897:Italy 2875:with 2729:King 2721:Italy 2622:Greek 2430:Chile 2343:Benin 2325:Benin 2126:Wales 2106:Spain 2081:Japan 1668:Smith 1643:Sayed 1623:Pound 1618:Nehru 1613:Nandy 1583:Magid 1563:Lucas 1553:Lewis 1463:Grévy 1458:Greer 1358:Black 1338:Azaña 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