610:, and applauded the disestablishment of German, Jewish or other schools, noting that they overrepresented their respective minority groups. This, and the complete lack of Polish representation in the 1920 Parliament, created tensions between Nistor's supporters and the Polish community. In May 1920, the National Polish Council presented King Ferdinand with a memorandum. Although stating that the administration had been beyond reproach as far as the Poles were concerned, the document noted that the unwillingness to create a Polish constituency was an "injustice" on Nistor's part, "which may lead to Polish
695:, who urged him not to align himself with Romania's traditional partisan politics, and especially not with Brătianu's men. The anti-Liberal nationalist Iorga was bitter about the PDU's political choices, and privately called Nistor "a nullity". From his new home in Transylvania, Sextil Pușcariu also watched with concern as Nistor became Brătianu's man of confidence; he was himself a supporter of Iorga. While its nationalist basis was threatened, the PDU was again able to list minority representatives as its candidates. This category includes Kipper and even the PDU's former rival
324:, some of the various competing factions, who supported the preservation of integral Bukovina, came to an understanding. Bukovina's preservation and its union with Romania was sealed on November 28, 1918, although only the region's Romanians, Germans and Poles agreed that this should be unconditional. The Congress, which opened with a greeting to the Romanian Army, was boycotted by the Ukrainian and Jewish representatives. The Congress also renewed tensions between the two leaders of Bukovina's Romanian nationalist revival:
1730:
209:. These together formed a relative majority of Bukovina's population, and Nistor's agenda met with sustained opposition from all sides of the region's political spectrum, although the PDU was successful in rallying to its cause some individuals from all these communities. In addition, the PDU clashed with the moderate or autonomist Bukovinian Romanians, whose leaders were
543:
leadership have won seats everywhere, in Cernăuți as well as in the other parts of
Bukovina. The elections were carried out in the most profound peacefulness." All of the PDU's ethnic minority candidates had been elected to either Senate of Assembly, but the others' boycott was still effectively sending the message of Bukovinian disobedience.
420:
Romanian
Bukovinians; its aim, he argued, was: "to erase all traces of the past and to smother the national consciousness of the native population." In his view: "Provincial politics have vanished on the very day of union." The Glas-ists were thus supportive of the new electoral law. Passed in August 1919, it dissolved the
396:. Flondor, who regretted his earlier vote for unconditional union, threatened to call in international arbiters, and demanded that Romania cease its occupation of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. He was by then conceiving of a Bukovinian autonomous region extending out of the former Austro-Hungarian province and into
531:
attempts, refused to sign for an alliance with Nistor. In this case as well, the PDU was able to enlist a dissident German, Norbert Kipper (Chiper), among its own candidates for the
Assembly. The party was even able to affiliate two Ukrainians, Vasily Snyatynchuk of Orășeni (Coțmani) and the Mayor of
463:
The PDU was confrontational on the national issue, as noted in Nistor's letter to Pușcariu: "As soon as the external threats cease, internal political struggles will break out with unprecedented vehemence. The new will triumph." Their position was initially supported by the Polish community, who, at
514:
campaigning. In the 1919 suffrage, Nistor enlisted (or, according to
Flondor's supporters, coerced) Jewish inspector Heini Teller into registering in as a traveling companion of the PDU, but Teller eventually withdrew from the race when faced with his coreligionists' indignant reaction. The PDU list
419:
group alone stood by the governing authority. Nistor supported centralism on principle, as a legalist, and (in agreement with the
Romanian central authorities) viewed Flondor's compromise option as unsound. As early a December 1918, Nistor had tied the cause of autonomism with the marginalization of
530:
There was a similar disagreement between the PDU and
Bukovina's Germans. The Romanian party claimed that it had supported the creation of a German constituency, but that the Germans, being spread out between villages, were ungroupable. The National German Council, resentful of early Romanianization
347:
was recognized as sovereign; a
Ministry of Bukovina, with Ion Nistor and Iancu Flondor at its helm, took over the actual administration under a Brătianu premiership. Flondor resigned soon after, and, although Nistor took over his office in Cernăuți, the region experienced an acute political crisis.
542:
The PDU sent twenty
Bukovinians, its leader included, to Parliament—Nistor himself was to be reelected for successive terms, until 1938. A Bukovinian telegram, published by the central and regional press on November 7, informed: "The candidates of the Democratic Union Party under Mr. Nistor's
702:
Eventually, in
January 1923, the PDU was absorbed into the PNL. In so doing, Brătianu's Bukovinian allies helped the PNL overcome a crisis of confidence: the National Liberal group was strengthened by arrivals from the PDU and the Bessarabian Peasantists. When the PNL-endorsed
285:, the region faced an uncertain future. Early on, the Romanians and the Ukrainians created rival representative bodies, which, in late October-early November 1918, voted each for its union project: Romanians for union with Romania, Ukrainians for merger into the
599:(PP). The PP successfully signed up some prominent supporters of conditional union. Elected to Parliament as an ethnic German PP candidate, Kohlruss rekindled the campaign for cultural autonomy, and received virulent replies from the PDU, through
645:, Nistor and his party were committed partners of the PNL, Romania's main centralist movement. Shortly before the election date was set, the PDU was co-opted in Brătianu's new cabinet, created through an understanding with King Ferdinand.
308:) renounced power in favour of the Romanian and Ukrainian committees, the Ukrainian militias gained control of the province, and established a provisional government. The National Romanian Council reacted by demanding help from the
356:
a year before. He argued: "I have avoided fast and radical changes in the belief that their consequences would be compromised, perhaps beyond repair, and that the same would go for the good cause of the people, as has happened in
590:
dissolved
Parliament on March 25, 1920. After April 5, 1920, a Unification Commission deposed all that remained of Bukovina's autonomous administration, and Nistor resigned from his Bukovina Minister post. However, in the
711:"). As Minister of State for Bukovina (between 1924 and 1926), Nistor signed up to the PNL's Romanianization agenda. His term saw the closure of more minority schools, especially Jewish, German and Ukrainian ones.
361:, haunted to this day by deep resentments versus the national ideal." By contrast, Nistor saw his government mission as being the Romanianization of the provincial administrative, judicial and schooling systems.
688:. More controversially, Nistor adhered to the PNL's philosophy on elections, and in particular the notion that election results needed to be corrected in areas where the electorate was hostile or inexperienced.
373:
348:
Flondor sent his complaints to the king in April 1919, implying that centralization was alienating everyone, including Romanians. The outgoing Minister-Delegate found a cautionary example in the neighboring
657:, legality and justice." Reportedly, the National Liberals had tried to co-opt all unionist parties into this new cartel, but only Nistor and the Bessarabian Peasantists could be persuaded to join.
2228:
523:. Hecht spoke in favor of complete and unconditional union, in statements which, at the time, infuriated the Jewish Council. The Senate list was completed by another Jew, Iosif Vihovici of
2536:
491:. As a countering measure to this abstentionist bloc, the PDU suggested co-opting individual politicians from minority groups into alliances with the Romanian parties.
2446:
1659:
Florin-Răzvan Mihai, "Dinamica electorală a candidaților minoritari din Bucovina la alegerile generale din România interbelică", in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.),
484:
536:
471:). By contrast, the PDU was in conflict with the more sizable minorities. The Ukrainians tended to view Romanian rule as accidental, and expected assistance from the
2076:
660:
The PDU was part of a cartel with the PNL and the Bessarabian Peasants' Party, which faced three other alliances: the Citizens' Bloc of Democratic Nationalists and
305:
1428:
1399:
603:. The PDU's own ethnic minority candidate was Vihovici, elected to the Assembly in Coțmani. Overall, the PDU had three elected representatives in the Assembly.
2531:
2410:
1437:
1408:
1379:
480:
476:
1711:
440:
364:
Over the next months, as the Romanian provisional military administration withdrew, Bukovina's civil society began expressing discontent. In June, General
1592:"Divergences politiques entre Iancu Flondor et Ion Nistor concernant le probleme du rythme de l'integration de la Bucovine dans le Royaume de la Roumanie"
1795:
439:
In September 1919, Nistor and his supporters founded the PDU as the political instrument of Romanian centralists. Its leading militants were folklorist
2233:
421:
294:
174:
90:
617:
Around 1920, the party was taking an interest into various other problems specific to Bukovina's rural society. The PDU took a stance on the issue of
2806:
2425:
1790:
385:
381:
614:". Nistor issued a formal reply, arguing that the number of Poles was too small to validate the preservation of Austro-Hungarian electoral customs.
2213:
2208:
1760:
1689:
1489:
1800:
621:
rights, giving support to peasants who complained that the PP had been arbitrarily handing out major grants of forest terrain to its clientele.
2801:
2380:
2238:
1296:
1459:
2791:
1266:
520:
389:
2658:
2334:
2041:
1775:
1765:
1677:
971:
555:, which awarded it formal recognition. The PDU briefly parted with the PNL and supported the opposition. After negotiations, the PDU, the
2750:
2526:
2451:
2097:
1815:
2816:
263:
and fled to Romania, where they organized a Committee of Bukovinian Refugees, nucleus of the future PDU groups and first publisher of
2796:
2071:
1216:
259:, it had a Romanian plurality of 42 to 48% before 1918. Early in the war, a nationalist faction headed by Nistor refused to join the
2597:
2587:
2304:
2223:
2132:
2127:
1704:
1681:
665:
290:
1602:
494:
The PDU was especially critical of the National Jewish Council, a triumvirate of Jewish politicians in Bukovina: Ebner, Pistiner,
2811:
2781:
2461:
2314:
1770:
1497:
2693:
2663:
2551:
2456:
2309:
2198:
2056:
2000:
1835:
1780:
556:
552:
475:. They were therefore apathetic when it came to the electoral battle, and some of the leading Ukrainian nationalist militants (
232:
65:
2066:
2061:
2786:
2476:
1750:
1668:
1594:
933:
539:, the first Bukovina Pole to serve in Parliament, was also close to Nistor and, after taking his seat, became a PDU member.
2299:
2122:
1755:
1720:
596:
668:. The PDU's own Bukovina list of candidates featured three PNL members, all of them based outside the region—Brătianu for
2683:
2248:
2218:
2168:
2112:
1906:
1785:
1697:
286:
2471:
2420:
2263:
2183:
1885:
1745:
1425:
595:, the PDU, which ran together with its former electoral bloc colleagues, faced significant opposition from Averescu's
2718:
2713:
2511:
2400:
1855:
1643:
1396:
1719:
316:). The Romanian troops swiftly occupied the region, with little armed resistance from the Ukrainians, and installed
2607:
2602:
2582:
2577:
2364:
2268:
1825:
353:
2163:
2258:
1961:
2708:
2653:
2572:
2294:
1820:
811:
783:
755:
673:
642:
592:
560:
503:
488:
472:
487:) even left the region in protest. The Ukrainian, Jewish, German and socialist political groups boycotted the
2612:
2481:
2102:
2020:
1870:
1865:
1860:
738:
661:
349:
256:
235:(PNL), helping it return to power with a nationwide centralist agenda, consolidated by the adoption of a new
2051:
281:
Bukovinians of all nationalities emancipated themselves as the Austro-Hungarian regime collapsed and, after
2776:
2501:
2359:
2339:
2046:
704:
564:
467:
236:
98:
1618:"Integrarea minorităților naționale din Bucovina în Regatul României Mari (1918–1928). Unele considerații"
220:
Democratic Union politicians helped organize the administration of Bukovina, speeding its absorption into
2628:
2506:
2491:
2486:
2344:
2329:
925:
653:
gave positive coverage to the new governing alliance. Brătianu's platform, it argued, was one of "order,
433:
1575:
Gafița, p.108; Hrenciuc, p.165-166, 169, 171-172, 173; Livezeanu, p.63sqq; Michelson, p.124-128, 132-134
1486:
193:
in public life, and was generally hostile to the centrifugal tendencies of other communities, primarily
2678:
2648:
2354:
2253:
2188:
2173:
2117:
1936:
1926:
1617:
275:
1467:
1224:
2496:
2405:
2284:
2243:
2015:
1956:
1946:
1901:
1880:
1875:
1840:
1810:
576:
368:
heard numerous groups expressing support for the autonomist option: Flondor's Romanian moderates and
268:
225:
1293:
2546:
2415:
2395:
2203:
2193:
2010:
1635:
2688:
2324:
2137:
1374:
568:
429:
298:
2703:
2556:
2521:
2516:
2466:
2385:
2142:
1921:
580:
572:
344:
282:
228:
186:
112:
629:, which the peasants had bought in good faith during the 1910s, and issued warnings about the
2673:
2668:
2643:
2178:
2158:
1966:
1941:
1916:
1911:
425:
260:
194:
271:
2723:
2638:
2592:
2349:
2319:
2289:
2025:
607:
309:
107:
1271:
8:
2755:
1649:
980:
917:
630:
499:
1845:
1805:
664:; the Peasants' Party-Romanian National Party group; and the PP's common list with the
587:
377:
369:
252:
153:
119:
103:
79:
1678:"Integrarea Bucovinei în cadrul României întregite (1918 - 1940). Aspecte legislative"
681:
452:
397:
168:, between 1919 and 1923, having for its leader the historian and nationalist militant
2698:
1830:
1664:
1639:
929:
743:
516:
137:
267:. Over the following years, Nistor and his men became conjectural allies of the PNL
172:. It was formed by Nistor and other activists who wrote for the regional periodical
2633:
329:
202:
198:
1591:
976:. Premiul III. Polonii în Bucovina: Un memoriu al polonezilor bucovineni din 1920"
691:
By then, Nistor had come to a disagreement with the Democratic Nationalist leader
2745:
1627:
1598:
1493:
1432:
1403:
1300:
708:
696:
654:
495:
341:
328:, who supported regional autonomy and minority rights; and Nistor, who stood for
248:
221:
206:
190:
1951:
669:
2430:
1850:
1501:
Buletinul Cercurilor Științifice Studențești, Arheologie - Istorie - Muzeologie
1019:
Gafița, p.107; Michelson, p.120-121, 124; Sîiulescu (2007), p.145, 147-148, 151
646:
409:
401:
393:
365:
304:
After the Austro-Hungarian administration had dissolved and the last governor (
2770:
2541:
692:
464:
4.2% of Bukovina's population, did not take issue with Romanian nationalism (
340:
On January 2, a hybrid and transitional regime was instituted in the region:
325:
321:
214:
75:
852:
Livezeanu, p.57; Michelson, p.121, 129; Mihai, p.81; Sîiulescu (2007), p.145
1971:
511:
448:
444:
405:
210:
34:
707:
was finally adopted, Bukovina became an integral part of the Kingdom (or "
606:
By then, the PDU and it paper were primarily supporters of the centralist
551:
The 1919 legislature ratified the act of union and saw the signing of the
2092:
1931:
1650:"Ion I. Nistor in Romanian Politics, Scholarship, and Culture, 1919-1933"
611:
317:
313:
165:
178:, and, as a consequence, the party members were commonly referred to as
2390:
677:
358:
169:
124:
39:
1605:
1294:"Primele alegerile parlamentare de după Marea Unire în județul Sălaj"
532:
157:
2728:
685:
626:
161:
1661:
Partide politice și minorități naționale din România în secolul XX
2107:
1729:
1724:
618:
524:
289:. A partition agreement was mediated between Aurel Onciul of the
1557:
Gafița, p.107-108; Michelson, p.122-123; Sîiulescu (2007), p.152
239:, in 1923. The same year, Nistor merged his party into the PNL.
224:, and, in 1919, formed part of the government coalition backing
1470:
1227:
156:, one of the political forces which claimed to represent the
1028:
Gafița, p.107; Michelson, p.120-121; Sîiulescu (2007), p.151
633:
which posed threats on the lives of agricultural workers.
498:. When the council, reacting against Romania's failure to
887:
885:
458:
1487:"Alegerile parlamentare din anul 1922 în județul Vâlcea"
2532:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
2411:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
974:
Eseu despre cultura și istoria poloneză a secolului XX
882:
563:
were included in the parliamentary bloc formed by the
1663:, Vol. V, TechnoMedia, Sibiu, 2010, p. 77-102.
861:
Hrenciuc, p.160. See also Sîiulescu (2007), p.149-150
1316:
Gafița, p.105, 106-107; Sîiulescu (2007), p.145, 148
247:Bukovina met World War I as an eastern province of
1460:"Noul guvern și programul său. Cronica săptămânei"
1217:"Informațiuni. Rezultatul alegerilor. In Bucovina"
424:while giving the region 40 representatives in the
636:
2768:
1036:
1034:
1801:Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania
699:, who had since lost Jewish community backing.
451:(d. 1920), and, before December 1919, linguist
1258:
1256:
1254:
922:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples
320:. Through a Congress of Nationalities held at
293:, who claimed to represent all Romanians, and
146:
1761:Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party
1705:
1031:
579:, but King Ferdinand's refusal to accept its
519:candidates then included Jewish entrepreneur
2659:Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania
2214:Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001)
2209:Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)
1776:Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
1766:Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania
1451:
1449:
1447:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
899:
897:
297:of the Ukrainian movement. This allowed the
164:province. The PDU was active in the wake of
2527:National Democratic Hungarian-Szekler Party
2452:Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania
1816:Justice and Respect in Europe for All Party
1251:
943:
941:
231:. The PDU was later allied to the dominant
1712:
1698:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1079:Gafița, p.106; Sîiulescu (2007), p.144-145
625:discussed the issue of worthless Austrian
1444:
1200:
1198:
1109:Michelson, p.120; Sîiulescu (2007), p.152
1087:
1085:
950:
913:
911:
909:
894:
2807:Political parties disestablished in 1923
2583:Union of Patriots/National Popular Party
1796:Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1066:
1064:
938:
891:Livezeanu, p.58; Sîiulescu (2007), p.143
719:
1466:, Nr. 40/1922, p.7-8 (digitized by the
1278:
2769:
2664:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy
1791:Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs
1781:Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
1223:, Nr. 154/1919, p.3 (digitized by the
1195:
1082:
1010:; Sîiulescu (2007), p.144-145, 151-152
906:
506:, called for international sanctions,
459:Nationalist clashes and 1919 elections
301:to organize incursions into Bukovina.
2802:Political parties established in 1919
2477:General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania
2335:National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu
1984:
1693:
1603:Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava
1498:1st December University of Alba Iulia
1130:
1061:
2792:Defunct political parties in Romania
1632:Cultural Politics in Greater Romania
714:
2684:National Liberal Ecologist Alliance
2229:Social Democratic Party of Bukovina
2219:Romanian Socialist Democratic Party
2169:Democratic National Salvation Front
2113:National Democratic Christian Party
1907:Alliance for the Union of Romanians
1836:Renewing Romania's European Project
13:
2042:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
537:Stanisław (Stanislaus) Kwiatkowski
489:November 1919 legislative election
251:, on the empire's border with the
14:
2828:
2817:1923 disestablishments in Romania
2714:Social Democratic Pole of Romania
2401:National-Christian Defense League
546:
2797:National Liberal Party (Romania)
2578:Ecologist Union of Romania Party
2315:Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere
2249:Social Protection People's Party
2239:Social Democratic Workers' Party
2072:National Liberal Party–Tătărescu
1756:Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania
1728:
1624:, Nr. 12 (2006), p. 159-177
1610:, Nr. 11 (2005), p. 103-108
1334:Hrenciuc, p.167; Mihai, p.84, 86
287:West Ukrainian People's Republic
152:, PDU) was a political group in
2310:Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu
2259:Socialist Party of Transylvania
2199:People's Party – Dan Diaconescu
2067:National Liberal Party–Câmpeanu
2062:National Liberal Party–Brătianu
1686:, Nr. 5 (2007), p. 142-154
1656:, Nr. 1 (2011), p. 117-148
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1530:Gafița, p.108; Michelson, p.120
1524:
1515:
1506:
1476:
1415:
1386:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1242:
1233:
1207:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1073:
1052:
1043:
1022:
1013:
996:
987:
870:Gafița, p.107; Michelson, p.120
332:and welcomed centralized rule.
2812:1919 establishments in Romania
2782:Nationalist parties in Romania
2709:Romanian Democratic Convention
2654:Democratic Group of the Centre
2512:Jewish National People's Party
2133:Progressive Conservative Party
1680:, in the Vâlcea County Museum
1424:Tiberiu Cosovan, Florin Paiu,
1395:Tiberiu Cosovan, Florin Paiu,
1373:Tiberiu Cosovan, Florin Paiu,
1006:; Hrenciuc, p.160; Michelson,
873:
864:
855:
846:
674:Alexandru Constantinescu-Porcu
637:1922 elections and 1923 merger
1:
2598:Party of Young Free Democrats
2588:National Reconstruction Party
2482:Group of Transylvanian Saxons
2365:Transylvanian Peasants' Party
2164:Communist Party (Nepeceriști)
2103:Conservative-Democratic Party
2021:Romanian National Unity Party
1861:Social Liberal Humanist Party
1581:
1471:Transsylvanica Online Library
1228:Transsylvanica Online Library
350:Moldavian Democratic Republic
2787:Romanian nationalist parties
2608:Republican Party (1990–1993)
2603:Republican Party (1993–2004)
2462:Democratic Union of the Roma
2047:Free and Independent Faction
2001:Democratic Nationalist Party
1771:Cultural Union of Ruthenians
1192:Hrenciuc, p.167; Mihai, p.83
1165:Hrenciuc, p.162; Mihai, p.83
705:1923 Constitution of Romania
571:. The bloc held power, with
557:Democratic Nationalist Party
7:
2629:Alliance for Romanian Unity
2507:Jewish Democratic Committee
2457:Cultural Union of Albanians
2295:Bessarabian Peasants' Party
1985:
1676:Flavius Cătălin Sîiulescu,
1248:Sîiulescu (2007), p.151-152
970:Flavius Cătălin Sîiulescu,
926:University of Toronto Press
561:Bessarabian Peasants' Party
473:Ukrainian People's Republic
434:proportional representation
335:
257:Romanian traditional region
189:administration, pushed for
148:Partidul Democrat al Unirii
142:Partidul Democrat al Unirei
27:Partidul Democrat al Unirei
10:
2833:
2679:Justice and Truth Alliance
2649:Christian Liberal Alliance
2305:Democratic Peasants' Party
2189:Party of Social Solidarity
2174:Democratic Party of Labour
2128:People's Party (2005–2006)
2118:National Renaissance Front
1751:Association of Macedonians
1503:, Nr. 10 (2004), p.158-159
583:brought down the cabinet.
291:Democratic Peasants' Party
242:
16:Political party in Romania
2751:List of political parties
2741:
2694:People's Democratic Front
2621:
2613:Transylvania–Banat League
2565:
2439:
2406:National Fascist Movement
2373:
2360:Socialist Peasants' Party
2300:Democratic Agrarian Party
2277:
2244:Socialist Party of Labour
2151:
2123:People's Party (1918–1938
2085:
2034:
2016:National Union from Banat
1993:
1980:
1957:Romanian Nationhood Party
1947:National Rebirth Alliance
1902:Alliance for the Homeland
1894:
1841:Romanian Nationhood Party
1738:
1539:Michelson, p.120, 130-131
1049:Michelson, p.124, 125-130
666:Progressive Conservatives
118:
97:
85:
71:
61:
53:
45:
33:
21:
2552:Ukrainian Workers' Party
2547:Ukrainian National Party
2492:Hungarian People's Union
2487:Hungarian People's Party
2447:Autonomous Swabian Party
2421:National Socialist Party
2416:National Romanian Fascio
2396:National Christian Party
2330:National Peasants' Party
2224:Romanian Socialist Party
2204:Romanian Communist Party
2184:National Salvation Front
1962:Romanian Socialist Party
1786:Democratic Turkish Union
1636:Cornell University Press
984:, Nr. 245, November 2004
928:, Toronto, 2010, p.553.
840:
586:Newly appointed Premier
485:Volodymyr Zalozetsky-Sas
468:Polish–Romanian alliance
2719:Social Democratic Union
2355:Radical Peasants' Party
2325:National Agrarian Party
2264:Socialist Workers Party
2234:Social Democratic Party
2138:Romanian National Party
1927:People's Movement Party
1886:Union of the Ukrainians
1856:Social Democratic Party
1746:Association of Italians
1468:Babeș-Bolyai University
1225:Babeș-Bolyai University
903:Sîiulescu (2007), p.143
569:Romanian National Party
430:universal male suffrage
299:Ukrainian Galician Army
283:war ended on all fronts
276:declared war on Austria
120:Political position
2704:Right Romania Alliance
2689:National Union PSD+PUR
2557:Union of Romanian Jews
2537:People's Council Party
2386:Crusade of Romanianism
2269:United Socialist Party
2057:National Liberal Party
2052:Liberal Union–Brătianu
2006:Democratic Union Party
1922:Nation People Together
1826:National Liberal Party
662:Conservative-Democrats
649:'s government gazette
573:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
352:, which had also been
306:Josef Graf von Etzdorf
233:National Liberal Party
229:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
147:
141:
134:Democratic Union Party
66:National Liberal Party
24:Democratic Union Party
2674:Hungarian German Bloc
2669:Green Ecologist Party
2644:Centre Right Alliance
2472:German People's Party
2194:Peasant Workers' Bloc
2159:Banat Socialist Party
1967:The Right Alternative
1942:Greater Romania Party
1912:Greater Romania Party
720:Legislative elections
261:Austro-Hungarian Army
237:Romanian Constitution
2724:Social Liberal Union
2639:Centre Left Alliance
2593:Party of Free Change
2345:Peasants' Party–Lupu
2320:League Against Usury
2290:Agrarian Union Party
2108:Constitutional Party
2026:United Romania Party
1566:Michelson, p.122-123
1521:Michelson, p.123-124
1438:Monitorul de Suceava
1409:Monitorul de Suceava
1383:, September 29, 2010
1380:Monitorul de Suceava
1267:"Negocieri politice"
1118:Michelson, p.120-121
553:Saint-Germain Treaty
481:Stepan Smal-Stotskyi
310:Romanian Land Forces
2777:History of Bukovina
2756:Politics of Romania
2573:Ecological Movement
1821:League of Albanians
1648:Paul E. Michelson,
1275:, November 21, 2004
1183:Hrenciuc, p.166-167
981:Observator Cultural
947:Hrenciuc, p.160-161
918:Paul Robert Magocsi
631:unexploded ordnance
608:policy on education
581:land reform project
477:Hierotheus Pihuliak
426:Romanian Parliament
374:Romanian Socialists
354:united with Romania
2098:Conservative Party
1895:Extraparliamentary
1871:Union of Croatians
1866:Union of Armenians
1846:Save Romania Union
1806:Force of the Right
1597:2012-04-25 at the
1492:2012-04-25 at the
1431:2012-04-25 at the
1402:2012-04-25 at the
1307:, January 14, 2009
1299:2012-04-25 at the
588:Alexandru Averescu
504:Jewish communities
441:Dimitrie Marmeliuc
436:of ethnic groups.
378:Kassian Bogatyrets
370:George Grigorovici
272:Ion I. C. Brătianu
253:Kingdom of Romania
185:The PDU favored a
104:Ethnic nationalism
80:Kingdom of Romania
2764:
2763:
2737:
2736:
2699:Red Quadrilateral
2502:Italian Community
2350:Ploughmen's Front
2143:Vlad Țepeș League
1831:Party of the Roma
1721:Political parties
1669:978-973-739-261-9
1654:Codrul Cosminului
1622:Codrul Cosminului
1616:Daniel Hrenciuc,
1607:Codrul Cosminului
1464:Cultura Poporului
1272:Jurnalul Național
1265:Monica Iordache,
934:978-1-4426-1021-7
879:Gafița, p.107-108
838:
837:
715:Electoral history
651:Cultura Poporului
130:
129:
2824:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1733:
1732:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1675:
1638:, Ithaca, 2000.
1615:
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1412:, March 20, 2006
1394:
1390:
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1372:
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1362:
1359:
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1344:
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1332:
1326:
1325:Michelson, p.122
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1291:
1287:
1276:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1204:Michelson, p.120
1202:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
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1166:
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1157:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:Michelson, p.121
1089:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
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1000:
994:
991:
985:
969:
965:
948:
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936:
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904:
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889:
880:
877:
871:
868:
862:
859:
853:
850:
830:
823:
802:
795:
774:
767:
724:
723:
623:Glasul Bucovinei
601:Glasul Bucovinei
508:Glasul Bucovinei
447:, schoolteacher
432:, and ended the
422:Diet of Bukovina
417:Glasul Bucovinei
330:ethnonationalism
295:Omelian Popovych
265:Glasul Bucovinei
175:Glasul Bucovinei
150:
91:Glasul Bucovinei
62:Merged into
19:
18:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2746:Portal:Politics
2733:
2634:Alliance PSD+PC
2617:
2561:
2497:Hungarian Union
2440:Ethnic minority
2435:
2426:Romanian Action
2369:
2340:Peasants' Party
2285:Agrarian League
2273:
2254:Socialist Party
2147:
2081:
2030:
1989:
1986:
1976:
1937:Ecologist Party
1890:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1673:
1628:Irina Livezeanu
1613:
1599:Wayback Machine
1587:
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1494:Wayback Machine
1485:Adrian Simion,
1482:
1481:
1477:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1441:, April 6, 2006
1433:Wayback Machine
1421:
1420:
1416:
1404:Wayback Machine
1392:
1391:
1387:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1361:Hrenciuc, p.163
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:Hrenciuc, p.167
1342:
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1156:Hrenciuc, p.162
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1058:Hrenciuc, p.161
1057:
1053:
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1039:
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1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1001:
997:
993:Livezeanu, p.59
992:
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831:
828:
824:
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796:
793:
775:
772:
768:
765:
722:
717:
709:Greater Romania
697:Benno Straucher
682:Artur Văitoianu
655:good governance
639:
565:Peasants' Party
549:
496:Benno Straucher
461:
453:Sextil Pușcariu
415:Meanwhile, the
386:Rudolf Gaidosch
382:Albert Kohlruss
338:
249:Austria-Hungary
245:
222:Greater Romania
191:Romanianization
182:("Glas-ists").
158:ethnic Romanian
111:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2830:
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2434:
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2431:Romanian Front
2428:
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2403:
2398:
2393:
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2377:
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2256:
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2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
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2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:National Party
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1881:Union of Serbs
1878:
1876:Union of Poles
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:S.O.S. Romania
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1811:Hellenic Union
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
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1778:
1773:
1768:
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1625:
1611:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1548:Mihai, p.86-87
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1475:
1443:
1414:
1385:
1363:
1354:
1352:Mihai, p.85-86
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1305:Caiete Silvane
1277:
1250:
1241:
1239:Mihai, p.83-84
1232:
1221:Românul (Arad)
1206:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1129:
1127:Mihai, p.82-83
1120:
1111:
1102:
1100:Mihai, p.80-81
1093:
1081:
1072:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1030:
1021:
1012:
995:
986:
949:
937:
905:
893:
881:
872:
863:
854:
844:
842:
839:
836:
835:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
816:
814:
808:
807:
804:
799:
797:
792:
790:
788:
786:
780:
779:
776:
771:
769:
764:
762:
760:
758:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
733:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
647:Nicolae Petala
638:
635:
597:People's Party
577:Prime Minister
548:
547:1920 elections
545:
460:
457:
394:Iacob Pistiner
366:Nicolae Petala
337:
334:
269:Prime Minister
244:
241:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
101:
95:
94:
87:
83:
82:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
37:
31:
30:
26:
23:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2829:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
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2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2757:
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2744:
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2725:
2722:
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2717:
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2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
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2677:
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2672:
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2657:
2655:
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2647:
2645:
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2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Swabian Group
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
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2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
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2402:
2399:
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2333:
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2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
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2291:
2288:
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2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2077:Radical Party
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:Parliamentary
1737:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:(in Romanian)
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:0-8014-8688-2
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1614:(in Romanian)
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:Vlad Gafița,
1586:
1585:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
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1426:"Presa veche"
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1398:
1397:"Presa veche"
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1070:Gafița, p.106
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693:Nicolae Iorga
689:
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643:1922 election
634:
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593:1920 election
589:
584:
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412:territories.
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342:Romanian King
333:
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326:Iancu Flondor
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215:Iancu Flondor
212:
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64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
38:
36:
32:
20:
2522:Magyar Party
2517:Jewish Party
2467:German Party
2381:Citizen Bloc
2086:Conservative
2005:
1972:Volt Romania
1952:Noua Dreaptă
1682:
1660:
1653:
1631:
1621:
1606:
1571:
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1500:
1478:
1463:
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1407:
1388:
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622:
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541:
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510:resorted to
507:
493:
465:
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449:George Tofan
445:Vasile Grecu
443:, historian
438:
416:
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376:; Ukrainian
363:
339:
303:
280:
264:
246:
219:
211:Aurel Onciul
184:
179:
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145:
133:
131:
89:
72:Headquarters
57:January 1923
2179:Labor Party
2093:Civic Force
1994:Nationalist
1932:PRO Romania
1917:Green Party
1588:(in French)
1512:Mihai, p.86
1292:Marin Pop,
1174:Mihai, p.82
1147:Mihai, p.83
972:"Concursul
641:Before the
612:irredentism
521:Jakob Hecht
512:antisemitic
390:Mayer Ebner
345:Ferdinand I
318:martial law
314:Iacob Zadig
166:World War I
2771:Categories
2391:Iron Guard
1582:References
500:emancipate
380:; Germans
359:Bessarabia
195:Ukrainians
187:centralist
170:Ion Nistor
125:Right-wing
113:Centralism
49:April 1919
40:Ion Nistor
2622:Alliances
2374:Far-right
2152:Left-wing
1601:, in the
1496:, in the
727:Election
627:war bonds
312:(General
278:in 1916.
86:Newspaper
54:Dissolved
2729:USR PLUS
2278:Agrarian
1683:Buridava
1595:Archived
1490:Archived
1458:Bucium,
1429:Archived
1400:Archived
1297:Archived
1002:Gafița,
822:15 / 372
766:20 / 568
749:Position
739:Assembly
686:Zastavna
567:and the
559:and the
398:Botoșani
336:Creation
322:Cernăuți
180:Glasiști
162:Bukovina
138:Romanian
108:Romanian
99:Ideology
76:Cernăuți
2035:Liberal
1987:Defunct
1725:Romania
829:0 / 148
801:0 / 166
794:1 / 366
773:7 / 216
678:Vijnița
670:Rădăuți
619:logging
525:Coțmani
410:Suceava
402:Dorohoi
388:; Jews
372:of the
243:Origins
226:Premier
199:Germans
154:Romania
46:Founded
1667:
1642:
1008:passim
1004:passim
932:
744:Senate
517:Senate
274:, who
35:Leader
2566:Other
1652:, in
1620:, in
1462:, in
1435:, in
1406:, in
1377:, in
1303:, in
1269:, in
1219:, in
978:, in
841:Notes
806:12th
731:Votes
406:Hotin
203:Poles
1665:ISBN
1640:ISBN
930:ISBN
834:5th
812:1922
784:1920
778:6th
756:1919
684:for
676:for
533:Ocna
502:its
466:see
408:and
392:and
384:and
255:. A
213:and
207:Jews
205:and
132:The
1723:in
575:as
515:of
144:or
2773::
1634:,
1630:,
1446:^
1280:^
1253:^
1197:^
1132:^
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1033:^
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940:^
924:,
920:,
908:^
896:^
884:^
735:%
680:,
672:,
535:.
527:.
483:,
479:,
455:.
404:,
400:,
217:.
201:,
197:,
140::
78:,
1713:e
1706:t
1699:v
1473:)
1230:)
136:(
110:)
106:(
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