353:, who became one of its co-chairs after leaving the Yeltsin administration, tried to revive the movement by making it adopt a platform focused upon banning former senior CPSU and security services officers from public service. In the 1993 election to the newly created Federal Assembly, DRM participated as a collective founding member of "Russia's Choice", the most pro-Yeltsin bloc, led by Gaidar. However, it was not viewed as a significant partner, and its top leaders ended at the bottom of "Russia's Choice" list of candidates. Thus, Ponomaryov, DRM's preeminent leader after Afanasyev's departure, was listed under no. 67 and ended up without a Duma seat until he was able to fill the slot of a deceased Duma member in 1994. Eventually he and Yakunin left Russia's Choice over Chechnya War. Other DRM founders and former leaders, such as Viktor Sheynis and Vladimir Lysenko, were elected to the Duma as candidates of other formations, such as "Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin" election bloc, the future
189:, association of candidates and their supporters in the 1990 election for the Congress of People's Deputies (CPD), the legislature of RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic, Russia's official name within Soviet Union), and for the regional and municipal Soviets. The bloc was formed in January 1990 at a conference of about 150 candidates for the Congress and local elections and their campaign workers. The conference adopted a Declaration drafted by
272:(DRM) was a political organization formed by October 1990 by Democratic Russia MPs, their allies in the Soviet parliament, grassroots pro-democracy and/or anti-communist organizations and unaffiliated political personalities. It was constituted as an umbrella organization to include both collective and individual members, including political parties. It was the largest and most influential democratic organization in Russia's contemporary history.
42:
232:, or faction, in CPD, formed from the core membership of the bloc upon the opening of the Congress in May 1990. Its initial membership stood at around 60, but it had the support of allied factions ("Democratic Platform" and "Left Center") set up by other deputies elected with the support of the DR bloc; together, they wielded large influence over unaffiliated deputies. It played the key role in the election of
317:
resistance to the abortive August 1991 hardline coup against
Gorbachev and Yeltsin and defeating it. By this time, membership in DRM reached 300,000, which made it the largest nationwide political organization when CPSU ceased to exist in the aftermath of the coup in late August 1991. It was also the closest to Yeltsin's administration and played a significant role in the events that led to the formation of
337:
after 1991. They wanted DRM to present
Yeltsin with conditions of its continued support for his policies, a view that the rest of the leadership opposed. This led to their departure from DRM leadership in early 1992. After a brief struggle to regain control over DRM, Afanasyev and his one-time ally Marina Salye tried to build an alternative nationwide movement, but had to abandon this effort by late 1992.
309:
Gorbachev. It was much more divided over local politics, particularly the high-speed privatization initiated by Moscow and St.Petersburg authorities (including its own former leaders and candidates) that many viewed as rigged in favor of
Communist-era establishment and "the mafia". In foreign policy, DRM was pro-Western, supportive of foreign minister
313:, and advocated closer relations with European institutions. It was neutral or supportive with regard to independence movements in Soviet republics. In November 1991, DRM's 2nd Congress protested against an early attempt to dispatch Russian troops to Chechnya to overthrow its breakaway government, after which this operation was aborted.
457:; Independent Miners' Union; Moscow Voters' Association (MOI); Voters' Club of the Academy of Sciences (KIAN); Moscow Tribune; Shield – Association of Afghan War Veterans; The Holocaust Fund; Moscow Anti-Fascist Committee; Union of Russia's Youth (SMR); Young Russia Union; Association of Ethnic Communities of Moscow; etc.
336:
On the other hand, a number of liberal democrats, such as Yuri
Afanasyev and his Independent Civic Initiative, a team of radical intellectuals (Leonid Batkin, Yury Burtin et al.), developed a critique of Yeltsin's economic policies and what they saw as his excessive authoritarian and nationalist bent
264:
or blocs were also formed in the spring of 1990 in regional and local
Soviets by deputies that won their seats with the support of the DR Election Bloc. These factions controlled the majority of votes in key cities, including Moscow and Leningrad. Their subsequent history mirrored the path of the DR
253:
by parliamentary majority in
December 1992. It remained staunchly in Yeltsin's camp until the destruction of the parliament in September–October 1993. A number of formerly DR deputies won seats in subsequent elections to the new parliament, the Federal Assembly, where they joined new factions across
224:
of seats in the election on 4 March 1990 (about 300 out of 1,068), but many of those elected on its slate initially did not join its caucus in the CPD. The bloc also won majorities in key local
Soviets, including Moscow and Leningrad, as well as Sverdlovsk and other major cities, which enabled it to
324:
At that point, it rapidly began to lose influence and membership. In the fall of 1991, its members of more nationalistic orientation distanced themselves from
Yeltsin's policies that led to the dissolution of the USSR and his encouragement of more autonomy for ethnic republics within Russia proper.
248:
In 1992–1993, the faction, led by
Ponomaryov, lost members and allies mostly as a result of growing opposition to economic reforms and the shift of power toward the executive. Many of Yeltsin's erstwhile supporters in the parliament gradually abandoned him, moving either in a more social-democratic
340:
Meanwhile, DRM and all factions within it were rapidly losing activists and economic resources as market reforms progressed and most of DRM and
Yeltsin's grassroots supporters became impoverished and overwhelmed with material concerns. DRM rallies attracted fewer and fewer participants, and it was
236:
as the Congress' Chairman (speaker) by a 4-vote majority in the third round of voting; the adoption of RSFSR Declaration of Sovereignty on 12 June 1990 (officially celebrated in today's Russia as Independence Day); and the passage of key legislation that transformed Russia's political and economic
316:
DRM played the key role in organizing mass rallies in Russia's major cities that pushed forward democratic political reforms and liberal economic agenda, bringing 100,000 people in the streets of Moscow for its largest rally in February 1991. It also played a central role in mobilizing grassroots
216:
In the run-up to the elections, the bloc spearheaded mass rallies in Russia's cities, campaigning for the removal of Article 6 from the Soviet Constitution that codified the CPSU's one-party rule (in spite of the fact that many of its candidates still retained their membership in the CPSU). This
197:, Viktor Sheinis et al. The bloc's platform included a call for equal rights for all forms of property ownership and for the freezing of retail prices during the period of transition to the market (which was directly opposite to the liberalization of prices eventually implemented by Yeltsin and
308:
The overall political orientation of its leadership was liberal and united around the common goal of removing the CPSU from power, but internal factions immediately emerged both on the left and on the right. DRM actively supported Yeltsin in his struggle against Soviet leadership, including
275:
The organizing committee of the movement was set up in June 1990. DRM held its first, constituent congress in Moscow on 20–21 October 1990. It was governed by two bodies, a Council of Representatives, of over 250 people delegated by regional affiliates and collective members; and a smaller
296:
et al. Some of the leaders, like Afanasyev and Popov, were recently senior career members of the CPSU; a few, like Yakunin, came from dissident underground and had never joined CPSU. The movement's leadership established a number of subsidiary organizations carrying its brand, including
240:
In March 1991, it set up an umbrella coalition with allied factions – "Democratic Platform", "Joint Faction of Social Democrats and Republicans" (formerly "Left Center"), "Radical Democrats", "Independents" and "Labor Union". This coalition, under the name of
329:(DPR), that was part of the moderate opposition to Yeltsin in 1992–1995; as well as smaller parties, such as Russian Christian Democratic Movement and Constitutional Democratic Party – Party of People's Freedom, that in 1992 joined the hardline
360:
DRM ceased to exist as an independent political force by 1994. A rump organization, led by Ponomaryov, Starovoitova et al., maintained its presence on the margins of national politics (both as DRM and as its short-lived subsidiary,
276:
Coordinating Council (40-50 members representing functional units, collective members, and popular politicians). It was led by five to six co-chairs, a group that at different times included Ponomaryov,
349:
in the fall of 1993. DRM tried to compensate for its decline by setting up short-lived umbrella associations, such as "Democratic Choice" and "Joint Committee of Democratic Organizations of Russia".
357:. DPR formed its own faction in the Duma, winning 5.5% of the vote, but soon also became split over Yeltsin's economic policies and failed to win seats in the 1995 and subsequent elections.
369:
in the 1999 election. The parties and most of the NGOs that were its collective founders and members also ceased to exist, de facto and in most cases de jure, by the early years of
1290:
436:
325:
Most of them walked out of DRM's 2nd Congress in November 1991 and left the DR Faction by the end of the year. This included DRM's largest constituent member at the time,
546:
Michael McFaul, Sergei Markov. The Troubled Birth of Russian Democracy: Parties, Personalities, Programs. Stanford CA: Hoover Institution Press Publication, Vol 415, 1993
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soon outperformed in this regard by the nationalist and leftist opposition. The rump organization remained one of the most consistently pro-Yeltsin during the
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488:
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Peter Reddaway, Dmitri Glinski. The Tragedy of Russia's Reforms: Market Bolshevism Against Democracy. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 2001
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Boris Yeltsin. The Struggle for Russia / Translated by Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. New York : Belka Publications Corp. : Times Books, c1994
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405:(SDPR), led by Oleg Rumyantsev, Alexander Obolensky, Pavel Kudyukin et al.; withdrew from DRM in April 1993. (Not to be confused with a smaller
170:
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610:
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and socialist or in a more nationalist, anti-Western direction. The faction's biggest defeat was the ousting of Acting Prime Minister
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pressure was a major factor leading to the decision of the USSR Supreme Soviet in March 1990 to drop Article 6 from the Constitution.
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406:
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Michael Urban, with Vyacheslav Igrunov and Sergei Mitrokhin. The Rebirth of Politics in Russia. Cambridge University Press, 1997
205:(subsequently one of the leaders of nationalist opposition to Boris Yeltsin), who insisted upon including "Russia" in its name.
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Brudny, Yitzhak M. "The Dynamics of 'Democratic Russia,' 1990-1993." Post-Soviet Affairs 9, no. 2 (April–June 1993): 141–176.
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at the start of the transition). The authorship of the bloc's name is attributed to one of its founding members and leaders,
365:). Its members remained divided between supporting Yeltsin vs. Yavlinsky, until it was de facto absorbed by the pro-Yeltsin
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Russian Christian Democratic Movement (RKhDD); moderate nationalist; led by Viktor Aksyuchits et al.; withdrew in Nov. 1991
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385:(RPRF); liberal, internationalist; led by Vladimir Lysenko, Igor Chubais et al.; withdrew from DRM in Oct. 1993
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Free Democratic Party of Russia (SvDPR); populist anti-Communist; led by Lev Ponomaryov, Marina Salye et al.
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173:. In 1991–1993, the Democratic Russia Movement was the largest political organization in the country and
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345:. This led to the withdrawal of SDPR that took part, together with RPRF, in the creation of the future
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165:) was the generic name for several political entities that played a transformative role in Russia's
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Richard Sakwa. Russian Politics and Society. London ; New York : Routledge, 1993, 1996
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489:""Liberals" vs. "Democrats": Ideational Trajectories of Russia's Post-Communist Transformation"
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Boris Yeltsin. Three Days That Changed The World. London : Chapmans Publishers, 1993.
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the political spectrum, from pro-Yeltsin "Russia's Choice" (Lev Ponomaryov and
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God posle Avgusta : gorechʹ i vybor : sbornik stateĭ i interʹvi︠u︡
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Party of Constitutional Democrats (PKD); liberal; led by Viktor Zolotarev
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and other names, held sway in the Russian parliament until spring 1992.
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321:'s government in November 1991 and subsequent dissolution of the USSR.
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395:, Georgy Khatsenkov et al., a group that until May 1991 included
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and other radical opposition groups and ceased to exist by 1994.
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899:
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1992–1993 power struggle between Yeltsin and the legislature
513:
Partinform, Istoriia rossiiskoi mnogopartiinosti, chp. 11.
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Constitutional Democratic Party – Party of Popular Freedom
430:(KPR); liberal, internationalist; led by Yury Chernichenko
696:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
675:
449:
Party of Free Labor (PST); liberal; led by Igor Korovikov
578:. Moscow: Izd-vo "Lit-ra i politika", 1992 (in Russian)
559:
http://www.panorama.ru/works/vybory/party/dvizhdr.html
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form municipal governments in Russia's major cities.
156:
439:(KDP-NS); nationalist; led by Mikhail Astafyev and
280:(head of Russian State University for Humanities),
66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1724:
734:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
1515:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
604:
377:Political parties – collective members of DRM
1738:Defunct political party alliances in Russia
475:"IGRUNOV.RU :: Демократическая Россия"
399:; joined DRM in Jan., withdrew in Nov. 1991
213:were elected as coordinators of the bloc.
611:
597:
383:Republican Party of the Russian Federation
515:http://www.partinform.ru/ros_mn/rm_11.htm
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
1748:Organizations of the Revolutions of 1989
1139:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
618:
258:) to the pro-Communist Agrarian Party.
1725:
822:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
759:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
527:"Российская многопартийность. Глава 4"
1169:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
592:
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564:http://partinform.ru/ros_mn/rm_4.htm
243:Democratic Russia Parliamentary Bloc
64:adding citations to reliable sources
35:
13:
265:caucus in the federal parliament.
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666:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
651:Criticism of communist party rule
574:Yu.G.Burtin, E.D.Molchanov, eds.
415:Russian Party of Social Democracy
407:Social Democratic Party of Russia
403:Social Democratic Party of Russia
1712:Human rights in the Soviet Union
671:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
40:
1743:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1620:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1550:Fall of the inner German border
363:Federal Party Democratic Russia
187:Democratic Russia Election Bloc
51:needs additional citations for
1610:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
749:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
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481:
467:
419:Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev
177:'s base of political support.
1:
1630:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1229:Inter-regional Deputies Group
1214:National League for Democracy
460:
409:(United) led in 2001-2004 by
1540:Alexanderplatz demonstration
1505:Polish Round Table Agreement
1179:People's Movement of Ukraine
7:
1763:Russian democracy movements
1758:Political history of Russia
1585:January Events in Lithuania
1520:Hungarian Round Table Talks
1159:Democratic Party of Albania
161:; abbreviation: ДемРоссия,
157:
25:Democratic Choice of Russia
10:
1784:
1239:Hungarian Democratic Forum
1234:Alliance of Free Democrats
1224:Union of Democratic Forces
537:
453:Other collective members:
389:Democratic Party of Russia
327:Democratic Party of Russia
270:Democratic Russia Movement
262:Democratic Russia caucuses
21:Democratic Party of Russia
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1600:1991 protests in Belgrade
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158:Demokraticheskaya Rossiya
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1768:Soviet opposition groups
1590:January Events in Latvia
1580:Reunification of Germany
1565:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
1495:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
1219:National Salvation Front
1204:Belarusian Popular Front
1194:Popular Front of Estonia
963:Polish underground press
724:List of socialist states
367:Union of Rightist Forces
331:National Salvation Front
230:Democratic Russia Caucus
209:, Sergei Stankevich and
19:Not to be confused with
1666:Economic liberalization
1605:1991 Belarusian strikes
1545:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1199:Public Against Violence
1189:Popular Front of Latvia
968:Political demonstration
817:Chinese economic reform
729:People Power Revolution
443:; withdrew in Nov. 1991
428:Peasant Party of Russia
301:and a weekly newspaper
800:New political thinking
299:Democratic Russia Fund
147:Демократическая Россия
1671:Post-Soviet conflicts
1625:Tajikistani Civil War
1575:Revolution on Granite
1535:Monday Demonstrations
1061:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
895:Mengistu Haile Mariam
661:Eastern Bloc politics
413:or with even smaller
237:system in 1990–1992.
1081:Vytautas Landsbergis
1076:Viacheslav Chornovil
905:Denis Sassou Nguesso
60:improve this article
1525:Pan-European Picnic
1500:1988 Polish strikes
880:Wojciech Jaruzelski
620:Revolutions of 1989
583:Rossiia na rasputie
351:Galina Starovoitova
290:Galina Starovoitova
75:"Democratic Russia"
29:Elections in Russia
885:Slobodan Milošević
754:Vatican Opposition
181:Political entities
1720:
1719:
1646:Colour revolution
1476:
1475:
1443:Congo-Brazzaville
1164:Democratic Russia
1121:Pope John Paul II
1116:George H. W. Bush
1066:Vladimir Bukovsky
855:Mikhail Gorbachev
850:Nicolae Ceaușescu
636:Era of Stagnation
411:Mikhail Gorbachev
303:Democratic Russia
220:The bloc won the
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139:Democratic Russia
136:
135:
128:
110:
1775:
1595:Transnistria War
1254:
1253:
1096:Aung San Suu Kyi
1011:Alexander Dubček
948:Civil resistance
805:Sinatra Doctrine
785:Demokratizatsiya
686:Shortage economy
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581:Yuri Afanasiev,
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203:Mikhail Astafyev
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495:. 30 June 2020
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441:Dmitry Rogozin
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397:Garry Kasparov
391:(DPR), led by
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311:Andrey Kozyrev
278:Yury Afanasyev
195:Sergei Kovalev
191:Lev Ponomaryov
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1560:Black January
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983:Strike action
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744:Soviet Empire
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282:Gavriil Popov
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207:Gavriil Popov
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77: –
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72:
71:Find sources:
65:
61:
55:
54:
49:This article
47:
43:
38:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1639:Later events
1555:Malta Summit
1387:Turkmenistan
1315:Soviet Union
1301:Soviet Union
1281:East Germany
1163:
1101:Meles Zenawi
1056:Sali Berisha
1006:Václav Havel
953:Human chains
860:Károly Grósz
790:Khozraschyot
681:Nomenklatura
656:Eastern Bloc
585:(in Russian)
521:
509:
497:. Retrieved
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483:
469:
452:
362:
359:
339:
335:
323:
319:Yegor Gaidar
315:
307:
302:
298:
294:Marina Salye
286:Gleb Yakunin
274:
269:
267:
261:
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256:Gleb Yakunin
251:Yegor Gaidar
247:
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199:Yegor Gaidar
186:
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162:
138:
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122:
116:October 2010
113:
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96:
89:
82:
70:
58:Please help
53:verification
50:
33:
1753:Perestroika
1615:August Coup
1468:South Yemen
1413:Afghanistan
1257:Central and
1250:by location
1154:Civic Forum
1041:Feng Congde
1016:Ion Iliescu
1001:Lech Wałęsa
958:Magnitizdat
920:Zhao Ziyang
910:Heng Samrin
870:Miloš Jakeš
780:Perestroika
1727:Categories
1656:Lustration
1530:Baltic Way
1481:Individual
1458:Mozambique
1397:Uzbekistan
1382:Tajikistan
1367:Kyrgyzstan
1362:Kazakhstan
1327:Azerbaijan
1306:Yugoslavia
1184:Solidarity
1144:Charter 77
1130:Opposition
1026:Wu'erkaixi
992:Opposition
939:Opposition
930:Siad Barre
875:Egon Krenz
845:Ramiz Alia
836:Government
775:Uskoreniye
707:background
629:background
499:10 October
461:References
167:transition
163:DemRossiya
86:newspapers
1696:Pink tide
1490:Jeltoqsan
1406:Elsewhere
1357:Lithuania
1209:Rastokhez
1149:New Forum
1132:movements
1031:Chai Ling
641:Communism
222:plurality
152:romanized
1453:Mongolia
1448:Ethiopia
1433:Cambodia
1337:Chechnya
1271:Bulgaria
1046:Tank Man
1036:Wang Dan
1021:Liu Gang
978:Samizdat
973:Protests
812:Glasnost
795:500 Days
719:Cold War
627:Internal
1705:Related
1463:Somalia
1392:Ukraine
1372:Moldova
1347:Georgia
1342:Estonia
1332:Belarus
1322:Armenia
1296:Romania
1286:Hungary
1266:Albania
1174:Sąjūdis
994:leaders
941:methods
838:leaders
827:Đổi Mới
768:Reforms
538:Sources
417:led by
355:Yabloko
347:Yabloko
154::
143:Russian
100:scholar
1483:events
1418:Angola
1377:Russia
1352:Latvia
1291:Poland
1248:Events
900:Ne Win
102:
95:
88:
81:
73:
1438:China
1428:Burma
1423:Benin
169:from
107:JSTOR
93:books
27:, or
501:2021
79:news
676:KGB
268:3)
228:2)
185:1)
62:by
1729::
491:.
421:.)
305:.
292:,
288:,
193:,
149:,
145::
23:,
612:e
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598:v
529:.
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141:(
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123:(
118:)
114:(
104:·
97:·
90:·
83:·
56:.
31:.
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