31:
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ships guns. I should be grateful if you would please convey to all ranks of the Royal
Observer Corps, and in particular to the Seaborne observers themselves, how grateful I, and all pilots in the Allied Expeditionary Air Force, are for their assistance, which has contributed in no small measure to the safety of our own aircraft, and also to the efficient protection of the ships at sea. The work of the Royal Observer Corps is quite often unjustly overlooked, and receives little recognition, and I therefore wish that the service they rendered on this occasion be as widely advertised as possible, and all units of the Air Defence of Great Britain are therefore to be informed of the success of this latest venture of the Royal Observer Corps.
402:
25, rising to 1,749 by
September 1916 and 2,899 by February 1917. The effect of this was that around half of ships attacked during 1916 (with U-boat attacks occurring mainly in the latter part of that year) had defensive armament and were sunk at much lower rates. When guns were not available, fake guns were sometimes used to deter attack. The ships created problems with neutrals, so in late 1915 the Admiralty issued orders that ships equipped with defensive guns must not do anything to disguise themselves or the presence of the weapons, until 1917 when the German Admiralty announced that defensively armed ships would be sunk without warning on sight.
38:
485:
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224:. She was due to carry naval guns from December 1912, but within the British Government and Admiralty there was uncertainty as to how foreign countries and ports would react. Many merchant ships had been armed in the 18th century and it had never been made illegal, but Britain feared that foreign authorities might refuse to let armed British merchant ships enter port, or might intern them. In January 1913 Rear Admiral
389:
to attack with warning, crews preferred otherwise, sinking the majority of ships on the surface in accordance with cruiser rules up until the end of 1916. Thus, armaments on merchant ships were useful: they aided escape, even if only a minimal number of submarines were sunk by gunfire from these vessels.
712:
on 24 January 1942; and approximately 145,000 USN armed guards ultimately sailed aboard 6,236 merchant ships. United States policy was stated by the Vice Chief of Naval
Operations on 19 August 1942: "Ships sailing independently should be armed. Ships sailing in regularly made-up convoys, other than
643:
I have read reports from both pilots and naval officers regarding the
Seaborne volunteers on board merchant vessels during recent operations. All reports agree that the Seaborne volunteers have more than fulfilled their duties and have undoubtedly saved many of our aircraft from being engaged by our
572:
433:
While submarines were still scoring a high number of kills on the surface, the rising number of armed merchant ships was cited as a factor (alongside the more major point that they anticipated a swift victory by starving
Britain) in the German Admiralty Staff's December 1916 Holtzendorff Memorandum,
401:
mounted on submarines. Nevertheless, the guns were mounted on the stern of vessels, transferred from one ship to another to ensure maximum use, and civilian captains were encouraged to flee while shooting back. 149 civilian ships had been so armed on May 14 1915, 219 by
September 24, 766 by December
388:
attacks made without warning, in comparison to 54% escaping from conventional surface attempts to stop the ship. However submarines can carry much more ammunition for the deck gun and thus can sink more ships. For that reason, despite pressure from naval authorities and public declarations of intent
392:
Of the over 12,000 steam ships
Britain had at the start of the war, only around 40 were armed. While the February 1915 German declaration created an impetus to arm ships, there was a shortage of suitable weapons and ammunition, resulting in a diverse array of guns being used, with often only single
615:
The general impression amongst the
Spitfire wings, covering our land and naval forces over and off the beach-head, appears to be that in the majority of cases the fire has come from warships and not from the merchant ships. Indeed I personally have yet to hear a single pilot report that a merchant
269:, Secretary to the Committee of Imperial Defence, warned that the policy undermined Britain's objection to the arming of German merchant ships. Domvile predicted that arming merchant ships would be ineffective, and would lead only to a second maritime arms race alongside the naval one.
469:
at this point, but now the Navy had to provide a two-week course on combating the "Submarine Menace" to ship masters. By
November 1918, 4,203 vessels were armed, the vast majority of ships operating in the danger area. Guns were removed at the end of the war.
236:
was at the meeting and recorded "If nothing happens, it may be possible and easy, after a time, to place ammunition on board." To emphasize the defensive nature of the guns, they were to be mounted aft, so that they could be used only while making an escape.
497:
Old naval guns had been stored since 1918 in ports for possible use. In the Second World War the objective was to equip each ship with a low-angle gun mounted aft as defence against surfaced submarines and a high-angle gun and rifle-calibre
606:
observers were allocated to each of the defensively equipped
British and American merchant vessels. The ROC volunteers were given direct control of each ship's anti-aircraft batteries, immediately reducing the previously high level of
277:, told Churchill that were a merchant ship ever to fire its guns it could be accused of piracy. Churchill replied by drawing a distinction between merchant ships armed as auxiliary cruisers and those armed only for self-defence.
1096:
280:
Privately Churchill was more concerned, and in June 1913 he directed Admiralty staff to "do everything in our power to reconcile this new departure with the principles of international law". However, the policy continued.
626:
Twenty two seaborne observers survived their ships being sunk, two lost their lives and several more were injured during the landings. The "seaborne" operation was an unqualified success and in recognition,
380:
followed customs originated by surface ships. International maritime law required the naval vessel to make adequate provisions for the safety of the merchant crew and passengers before sinking their ship.
676:
established several shipping artillery units during World War II. These units provided detachments to protect Army-operated transports and chartered merchant ships from air or submarine attack. The
341:
U-boats could attack from underwater without warning, or attack on the surface, typically with warning. The latter method was how the first merchant ship lost to U-boats was sunk: This, the
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there was deep concern over the danger to Allied aircraft from the large number of DEMS involved in the landings. A request for volunteer aircraft recognition experts from the
3409:
457:
Later in 1917, guns for merchant ships became more available, and the British continued to arm ships with heavier guns even as the number of surface attacks reduced. The 76mm
186:
that "the Germans were arming their merchant ships, nominally for the protection of their own trade, but more probably in order to attack ours." The ships being armed by the
594:
before the volunteers temporarily joined the Royal Navy with the rank of petty officer (aircraft identifier). The volunteers continued to wear their ROC uniforms, but wore
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recommended that the Admiralty should send a merchant ship to sea with naval guns, but without ammunition, to test foreign governments' reaction. A meeting chaired by
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class of ships were constructed from the keel up with defence in mind, with their heavy armament making some of the most powerful examples equivalent to naval
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1986:
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registry had been armed earlier. Guns were manned by United States Navy Armed Guard. The United States began equipping ships of other nations with guns and
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17:
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5"/38 calibre dual-purpose Mark 37 gun mount used on American merchant ships. This example is preserved at the National Museum of the Pacific War.
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produced 1,094 highly qualified candidates, from which 796 were selected to perform valuable aircraft recognition duties as seaborne volunteers.
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Graph showing the increasing numbers of British defensively armed merchant ships. Shaded areas are periods of unrestricted submarine warfare.
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1628:"DEMS? What's DEMS?": The Story of the Men of the Royal Australian Navy who manned Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships during World War II
524:
Untrained gunners posed significant risk to friendly aircraft in the absence of efficient communications. DEMS guns were manned by 24,000
434:
leading to a second campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare. The United States responded to unrestricted submarine warfare by severing
199:
The British Admiralty intended to have armed merchant cruisers of its own through the potential wartime conversion of vessels such as the
142:
that, in theory, could outrun any threat when blockade running or carrying smaller quantities of the most valuable cargoes long distance.
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2279:
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on the bow, 20 mm machine gun tubs port and starboard between the first and second holds; a second pair of 20 mm guns on the
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Uboat.net's listing of U-boat losses can identify only one submarine definitely sunk by gunfire alone from armed merchantmen, though
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1938:
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to outright warships. A second plan was to experiment with having civilian ships armed for their own protection, starting with the
64:
DEMS was used to describe the ships carrying the guns, the guns aboard the ships, the military personnel manning the guns, and the
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1145:
Steffen, Dirk (2004). "The Holtzendorff Memorandum of 22 December 1916 and Germany's Declaration of Unrestricted U-boat Warfare".
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1979:
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The United States followed the British practice of a single large gun aft. Early United States installations included low-angle
536:, loading and replacing casualties. Initially, Royal Artillery personnel provided anti-aircraft protection by bringing their own
229:
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232:, Civil Lord of the Admiralty agreed to put guns without ammunition on a number of merchant ships "and see what happens." Sir
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approved the wearing of the "seaborne" flash as a permanent feature of the uniform. In addition, ten "seaborne" members were
30:
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322:, while Germany in turn attempted to blockade the UK with submarines. After the British intensified the blockade with a
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in 1815, these were replaced for some of the balance of the 19th century with faster and lighter unarmed ships such as
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was made the next DAMS, and in the following months further RMSP "A-liners" were armed. They included the newly built
166:, proposed that the utility or otherwise of arming British merchant ships "for their own defence" be ascertained. The
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prevented arming of United States flagged merchant ships until 17 November 1941, although American-owned ships under
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The low-angle guns were typically in the 3-inch to 6-inch range (75–150 mm) depending on the size of the ship.
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similarly if the reaction were favourable. Governments, newspapers and the public in South American countries that
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incidents. Their success is measured by a signal from Wing Commander P. B. Lucas, air staff officer who reported:
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The Royal Navy and the German Threat 1901–1914: Admiralty Plans to Protect British Trade in a War Against Germany
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for defence against air attack. 3,400 ships had been armed by the end of 1940; and all ships were armed by 1943.
451:
214:
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334:. The "war zone" had a different meaning to the British military area: within that zone, Germany was to conduct
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As of 2010 there is a Seaborne Observers’ Association for the dwindling number of survivors. Air Vice-Marshal
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2019:
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These Seaborne Observers were organised by Group Commandant C. G. Cooke and trained at the Royal Bath Hotel
119:
when they conducted overseas trade. The most heavily armed were ships carrying valuable cargo back from the
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450:'s proposal on 26 February 1917 to arm United States merchant ships, but arming started in March under an
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against merchant ships from 18 February 1915, without warning and without regard to safety of their crew.
196:, and they would indeed be used as raiders in WWI, though there were not as many as the British expected.
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544:. DEMS gunners were often retired military personnel and young Hostilities Only ratings, commanded by a
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1951:
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1083:(disguised armed vessels intended as offensive decoys) did sink around 12-15 U-boats, mostly in 1915.
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identified mariners aboard United States flagged merchant ships as military personnel in time of war.
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The two procedures for sinking merchant ships were compared in 1915. Merchant ships escaped 42% of
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History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1943
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45:, in 1942. A merchant seaman (in knit cap) is ready to pass a shell to the Royal Navy gunners.
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preferred. Around 3000 additional guns were mounted in 1917. Guns had been manned mostly by
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In March the policy was made public, and in April it was implemented. On 25 April 1913
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555:. Large ships sometimes embarked a junior naval officer to command the DEMS gunners.
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with a cargo of coal, iron plate, and oil. She was stopped by the German submarine
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also formed air defence squads from April 1944 that were deployed on board ships.
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low-angle gun on a DEMS in 1943, an obsolete WWI gun typical of WWII DEMS armament
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being used. Such guns were much inferior, in particular in range, to the 88 and
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that threatened the security of merchant shipping. In December 1911 a memo from
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Maritime Regiment. 150,000 merchant sailors were trained to assist by passing
425:, using her 4.7 inch gun. Defensive armaments also offered protection against
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program, which were warships converted from civilian vessels, operated by the
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298:, that in the First World War did indeed serve as an armed merchant cruiser.
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4.7-inch (120 mm) naval guns on her stern. The Admiralty planned to arm
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725:, may sail unarmed if the urgency of delivery of their cargo warrants it."
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shoulder flashes and a Royal Navy brassard with the letters RN. During the
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was the most common anti-aircraft gun and later ships sometimes received
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326:"military area" declaration in November 1914, on 4 February 1915 Admiral
315:
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before sinking the ship by opening valves to flood holds with seawater.
56:
Trade Division programme established in June 1939, to arm 5,500 British
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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European countries such as
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The gun crew of a defensively equipped merchant ship during a drill at
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and Clemson-class destroyers. The first installations of dual-purpose
68:
supporting the system. This followed a similar World War I program of
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From the turn of the 20th century, growing tensions between Europe's
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created a Committee on the Arming of British Merchant Vessels under
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with an adequate defence against enemy submarines and aircraft. The
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published a notice declaring a "war zone" in all waters around the
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British Admiralty Trade Division programme established in June 1939
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385:
139:
61:
5224:
3822:
806:
714:
705:
579:
In 1944, during preparations for the invasion of France called
556:
108:
96:
1686:
566:
563:
provided gun crews for 375 Australian and other Allied ships.
5412:
3481:
1009:"The German Naval Critique of the U-Boat Campaign, 1915-1918"
800:
763:
599:
506:
92:
1250:
658:(Rtd.), a former Commandant ROC, is the honorary president.
1165:
966:
964:
951:
949:
639:
wrote the following to be circulated to all ROC personnel:
924:
922:
920:
907:
905:
903:
1209:
1126:
1066:
The Merchant Navy, Volume 3, Spring 1917 to November 1918
1383:
The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II
1273:
976:
961:
946:
746:
began in September 1942, on new ships over 10,000 tons.
192:
were passenger liners that were fast enough to serve as
1309:
1182:
1180:
934:
917:
900:
888:
854:
842:
830:
4484:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1297:
1285:
1119:
The Merchant Navy, Volume 2, Summer 1915 to early 1917
988:
265:
There was more criticism in Britain, where Commander
262:
visited took little notice and expressed no concern.
1343:
1327:
1238:
1177:
818:
509:-calibre machine guns were augmented or replaced by
1569:
1489:
1380:
107:armed their merchant ships to prevent capture by
7115:
1644:
881:The Merchant Navy, Volume 1, 1914 to Spring 1915
2663:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1199:
1197:
1195:
635:. After the invasion and just before his death
347:, was an 866-ton British steamer outbound from
1602:
3838:
1702:
1630:. Bowen Hills, Qld.: Boolarong Publications.
1228:
1226:
1224:
174:, that reported in May 1912. In October 1912
1480:
1192:
1171:
3146:
1670:Fourth Service: Merchantmen at War, 1939–45
1564:
1428:
1256:
1215:
1203:
567:D-day landings and the Royal Observer Corps
332:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
3845:
3831:
1709:
1695:
1221:
1518:
1039:
1006:
970:
955:
940:
928:
911:
894:
860:
848:
836:
668:Imperial Japanese Army shipping artillery
513:as they became available. The high-angle
2945:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
1378:
1355:
1315:
1303:
1058:
1056:
1054:
758:, a third pair on the after edge of the
687:
637:Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory
570:
483:
404:
305:
182:, and that October Bridgeman warned the
36:
29:
3322:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1541:
1454:
1291:
1279:
1232:
1144:
1132:
1085:https://uboat.net/wwi/fates/losses.html
1045:
994:
982:
873:
871:
869:
14:
7116:
5692:
5670:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
1667:
1647:Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945
1625:
1603:Hughes, Terry; Costello, John (1977).
1349:Marine Engineering and Shipping Review
145:
6541:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
5973:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
5619:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
5575:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
4680:Rape during the occupation of Germany
3826:
3275:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
2618:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
1690:
1405:
1244:
1186:
1051:
824:
393:small obsolete weapons like the 47mm
5663:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
4695:Rape during the liberation of France
3679:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
866:
559:placed guns on 713 ships, while the
540:aboard ships operating close to the
3608:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
2409:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
438:with Germany on 3 February 1917. A
24:
18:Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships
5889:German invasion of the Netherlands
4169:Weather events during World War II
2348:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
1596:
1408:The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945
461:were to be used as a minimum, and
50:Defensively equipped merchant ship
25:
7155:
6520:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
1645:Rohwer, J; Hummelchen, G (1992).
7080:
3852:
2711:Second Battle of the Piave River
2333:Russian invasion of East Prussia
1115:
1062:
877:
683:
528:personnel and 14,000 men of the
70:defensively armed merchant ships
3775:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
2975:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1716:
1672:. New York: Brick Tower Press.
1347:(April 1944). "Victory Ships".
1262:
1147:The Journal of Military History
1138:
1109:
1102:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1089:
1073:
1000:
473:
215:Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
6767:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
4477:Territorial changes of Germany
4385:Indonesian National Revolution
3598:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
3457:Deportations from East Prussia
3254:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1544:The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945
1358:Naval Weapons of World War Two
710:United States Navy Armed Guard
446:temporarily delayed President
372:s crew time to disembark into
336:unrestricted submarine warfare
301:
244:left Southampton carrying two
75:The program was distinct from
13:
1:
6167:Japanese invasion of Thailand
6118:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
5882:German invasion of Luxembourg
4263:Mediterranean and Middle East
3509:Ukrainian Canadian internment
1519:Seligmann, Matthew S (2012).
1336:
1105:. Vol. 65. 30 July 1914.
1007:Lundeberg, Philip K. (1963).
616:vessel had opened fire on him
575:ROC "seaborne" shoulder flash
184:Committee of Imperial Defence
176:Admiral Sir Francis Bridgeman
86:
6074:Invasion of the Soviet Union
5763:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
5081:Independent State of Croatia
3664:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
2963:Estonian War of Independence
2638:Southern Palestine offensive
1379:Cressman, Robert J. (2000).
812:
156:Anglo-German naval arms race
7:
7058:End of World War II in Asia
6898:Western invasion of Germany
6405:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
6382:Second Battle of El Alamein
5952:Hundred Regiments Offensive
5924:Battle of the Mediterranean
5777:Italian invasion of Albania
3951:Air warfare of World War II
3618:USA against Austria-Hungary
3017:Turkish War of Independence
2969:Latvian War of Independence
2701:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
2292:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
803:– ships taken up from trade
769:
698:Merchant Marine Act of 1936
164:First Lord of the Admiralty
10:
7160:
6984:Naval bombardment of Japan
6352:First Battle of El Alamein
6271:Battle of Christmas Island
6216:Japanese invasion of Burma
5980:Italian invasion of Greece
5896:German invasion of Belgium
5868:German invasion of Denmark
5841:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
5710:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
3974:Comparative military ranks
3701:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3249:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
2716:Second Battle of the Marne
2603:Second battle of the Aisne
2472:Second Battle of Champagne
2313:German invasion of Belgium
1605:The Battle of the Atlantic
1438:William Morrow and Company
732:(Mark 9) removed from old
665:
629:His Majesty King George Vl
477:
361:on 20 October 1914; and a
7139:History of the Royal Navy
7073:
6905:Bratislava–Brno offensive
6845:
6836:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
6573:
6460:Allied invasion of Sicily
6414:
6320:Aleutian Islands campaign
6292:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
6239:
6230:Greek famine of 1941–1944
6125:Second Battle of Changsha
6030:German invasion of Greece
5998:
5875:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
5850:
5788:
5683:
5564:
5290:
5200:
5048:
4751:
4742:
4500:
4325:
4217:North and Central Pacific
4178:
3940:
3933:
3860:
3807:
3766:
3687:
3626:
3588:
3532:
3521:
3482:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3425:
3397:
3345:
3267:
3241:
3193:
3086:
3079:
3011:Irish War of Independence
2907:
2789:
2761:Armistice of Villa Giusti
2746:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
2671:
2573:
2500:
2401:
2358:First Battle of the Marne
2305:
2267:
2202:
2193:
2136:
2010:
1999:
1965:
1937:
1899:
1851:
1804:
1797:
1724:
1464:Little, Brown and Company
1462:. Vol. I. New York:
1328:Babcock & Wilcox 1944
6497:Allied invasion of Italy
6474:Solomon Islands campaign
6223:Third Battle of Changsha
5820:First Battle of Changsha
5726:Second Sino-Japanese War
4666:German military brothels
4532:United States war crimes
3634:Constantinople Agreement
2927:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
2790:Co-belligerent conflicts
2766:Second Romanian campaign
2736:Third Transjordan attack
2447:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
2353:Battle of Grand Couronné
1172:Potter & Nimitz 1960
661:
162:, recently appointed as
6919:Second Guangxi campaign
6774:Philippines (1944–1945)
6278:Battle of the Coral Sea
6181:Fall of the Philippines
5827:Battle of South Guangxi
5733:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
5139:Italian Social Republic
3697:Modus vivendi of Acroma
3649:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
2957:Greater Poland Uprising
2857:National Protection War
2741:Meuse–Argonne offensive
2691:German spring offensive
2686:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2462:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
2437:Second Battle of Artois
2318:Battle of the Frontiers
1525:Oxford University Press
1356:Campbell, John (1985).
633:mentioned in despatches
134:. After the end of the
6504:Armistice of Cassibile
6306:Battle of Dutch Harbor
6257:Battle of the Java Sea
6160:Attack on Pearl Harbor
6060:Syria–Lebanon campaign
6053:Battle of South Shanxi
6023:Invasion of Yugoslavia
5806:Battle of the Atlantic
5420:Korean Liberation Army
5133:(until September 1943)
5090:(until September 1944)
5068:(until September 1944)
3722:Paris Peace Conference
3710:Ukraine–Central Powers
3504:Massacres of Albanians
3472:Late Ottoman genocides
3279:Bulgarian occupations
2987:Third Anglo-Afghan War
2951:Hungarian–Romanian War
2776:Naval Victory Bulletin
2771:Armistice with Germany
2721:Hundred Days Offensive
2648:Battle of La Malmaison
2598:Second battle of Arras
2565:Battle of Transylvania
2419:Second Battle of Ypres
2287:Sarajevo assassination
2176:South African Republic
1542:Tarrant, V.E. (1989).
1498:Upper Saddle River, NJ
1406:Hague, Arnold (2000).
693:
678:Imperial Japanese Navy
674:Imperial Japanese Army
652:
624:
576:
494:
480:Battle of the Atlantic
430:
395:QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss
311:
172:Captain Alexander Duff
77:armed merchant cruiser
46:
34:
7144:British Merchant Navy
6668:Second Battle of Guam
6564:Bengal famine of 1943
6534:Second Battle of Kiev
6490:Battle of the Dnieper
6195:Battle of Wake Island
6067:East African campaign
6009:Battle of South Henan
5654:atrocities by Germans
5427:Korean Volunteer Army
4408:Occupation of Germany
4162:Music in World War II
3732:Treaty of St. Germain
3705:Russia–Central Powers
3659:Sykes–Picot Agreement
3487:Pontic Greek genocide
3462:Destruction of Kalisz
3438:Eastern Mediterranean
2999:Polish–Lithuanian War
2781:Armistice of Belgrade
2751:Armistice of Salonica
2681:Operation Faustschlag
2628:Third Battle of Oituz
2550:Baranovichi offensive
2518:Lake Naroch offensive
2492:Battle of Robat Karim
2467:Vistula–Bug offensive
2442:Battles of the Isonzo
2373:First Battle of Ypres
1668:Slader, John (2009).
1651:Naval Institute Press
1626:Marcus, Alex (1986).
1572:The Atlantic Campaign
1523:. London and Oxford:
1456:Morison, Samuel Eliot
1412:Naval Institute Press
1389:Naval Institute Press
1362:Naval Institute Press
1159:10.1353/jmh.2003.0412
713:ships bound to North
691:
641:
613:
574:
561:Royal Australian Navy
511:Oerlikon 20 mm cannon
487:
408:
309:
40:
33:
6954:Surrender of Germany
6432:Battle of West Hubei
6389:Guadalcanal campaign
6359:Battle of Stalingrad
6285:Battle of Madagascar
5059:Albania protectorate
4846:(formerly Swaziland)
4555:Wehrmacht war crimes
4371:Expulsion of Germans
4155:Art and World War II
4053:British contribution
4002:Governments in exile
3727:Treaty of Versailles
3443:Mount Lebanon famine
3358:in the United States
3326:Russian occupations
3040:Turkish–Armenian War
2981:Polish–Ukrainian War
2921:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2868:Central Asian Revolt
2658:Armistice of Focșani
2388:Battle of Sarikamish
2338:Battle of Tannenberg
1734:Military engagements
1345:Babcock & Wilcox
585:Royal Observer Corps
515:QF 12-pdr Mk V mount
444:United States Senate
436:diplomatic relations
275:Admiral of the Fleet
43:Halifax, Nova Scotia
7044:Potsdam Declaration
6933:Italy (Spring 1945)
6696:Liberation of Paris
6153:Siege of Sevastopol
5171:(until August 1944)
5074:Wang Jingwei regime
4896:from September 1943
4856:from September 1944
4794:from September 1944
4654:Romanian war crimes
4645:Persecution of Jews
4631:Croatian war crimes
4601:Japanese war crimes
4415:Occupation of Japan
4364:First Indochina War
4076:Military production
3988:Declarations of war
3794:They shall not pass
3717:Treaty of Bucharest
3674:Treaty of Bucharest
3613:USA against Germany
3590:Declarations of war
3294:German occupations
3207:British casualties
3066:Soviet–Georgian War
2993:Egyptian Revolution
2933:Armeno-Georgian War
2797:Somaliland campaign
2756:Armistice of Mudros
2633:Battle of Caporetto
2623:Battle of Mărășești
2593:Zimmermann telegram
2588:February Revolution
2533:Battle of the Somme
2457:Bug-Narew Offensive
2432:Battle of Gallipoli
2424:Sinking of the RMS
2216:Scramble for Africa
2210:Franco-Prussian War
1866:Sinai and Palestine
1548:Sterling Publishing
1430:Middlebrook, Martin
1097:"Armed Merchantmen"
791:Hired armed vessels
230:Sir Francis Hopwood
178:became Churchill's
146:Prewar preparations
66:shore establishment
7037:Surrender of Japan
6870:Battle of Iwo Jima
6719:Belgrade offensive
6132:Siege of Leningrad
6016:Battle of Shanggao
5945:British Somaliland
5910:Dunkirk evacuation
5861:Norwegian campaign
5799:Invasion of Poland
5626:Japanese prisoners
4594:Italian war crimes
4525:British war crimes
4440:Soviet occupations
4224:South-West Pacific
4111:Allied cooperation
4069:Military equipment
3754:Treaty of Lausanne
3669:Paris Economy Pact
3603:UK against Germany
3533:Entry into the war
3499:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3218:Ottoman casualties
3028:Franco-Turkish War
2908:Post-War conflicts
2892:Russian Revolution
2874:Invasion of Darfur
2839:Kelantan rebellion
2827:Kurdish rebellions
2803:Mexican Revolution
2643:October Revolution
2608:Kerensky offensive
2583:Capture of Baghdad
2560:Monastir offensive
2545:Brusilov offensive
2383:Battle of Kolubara
2222:Russo-Japanese War
1486:Nimitz, Chester W.
744:5"/38 calibre guns
730:4"/50 calibre guns
694:
581:Operation Overlord
577:
495:
431:
418:the German raider
312:
288:s sister ship RMS
194:auxiliary cruisers
189:Kaiserliche Marine
47:
35:
7129:Military strategy
7111:
7110:
7069:
7068:
6912:Battle of Okinawa
6811:Burma (1944–1945)
6645:Mariana and Palau
6425:Tunisian campaign
6250:Fall of Singapore
6174:Fall of Hong Kong
5917:Battle of Britain
5770:Operation Himmler
5679:
5678:
5343:Dutch East Indies
4986:Southern Rhodesia
4738:
4737:
4638:Genocide of Serbs
4541:German war crimes
4518:Soviet war crimes
4511:Allied war crimes
4357:Division of Korea
4336:Chinese Civil War
4134:Strategic bombing
4046:Manhattan Project
3820:
3819:
3803:
3802:
3787:The Golden Virgin
3781:Mutilated victory
3762:
3761:
3742:Treaty of Trianon
3737:Treaty of Neuilly
3644:Damascus Protocol
3517:
3516:
3477:Armenian genocide
3434:Allied blockades
3406:Belgian refugees
3189:
3188:
3099:Strategic bombing
3075:
3074:
3060:Franco-Syrian War
3034:Greco-Turkish War
3022:Anglo-Turkish War
3005:Polish–Soviet War
2939:German Revolution
2915:Russian Civil War
2898:Finnish Civil War
2731:Battle of Megiddo
2706:Battle of Goychay
2653:Battle of Cambrai
2613:Battle of Mărăști
2528:Battle of Jutland
2508:Erzurum offensive
2363:Siege of Przemyśl
2343:Siege of Tsingtao
2328:Battle of Galicia
2258:Second Balkan War
2246:Italo-Turkish War
2203:Pre-War conflicts
2189:
2188:
2079:Portuguese Empire
1995:
1994:
1957:German New Guinea
1939:Asian and Pacific
1679:978-1-899694-45-7
1649:. Annapolis, MD:
1534:978-0-19-957403-2
1410:. Annapolis, MD:
1387:. Annapolis, MD:
1282:, pp. 296–7.
1259:, pp. 138–9.
1135:, p. 17, 37.
1116:Hurd, Archibald.
1063:Hurd, Archibald.
985:, pp. 13–14.
878:Hurd, Archibald.
776:Armed merchantmen
519:Bofors 40 mm guns
320:blockaded Germany
160:Winston Churchill
132:ships of the line
16:(Redirected from
7151:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7087:World portal
7085:
7084:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6963:
6956:
6949:
6947:Prague offensive
6942:
6940:Battle of Berlin
6935:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6884:Vienna offensive
6879:
6872:
6865:
6863:Battle of Manila
6858:
6838:
6829:
6820:
6813:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6753:
6744:
6737:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6647:
6640:
6631:
6622:
6613:
6606:
6604:Korsun–Cherkassy
6599:
6588:
6566:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6446:Bombing of Gorky
6441:
6434:
6427:
6407:
6400:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6313:Battle of Midway
6308:
6301:
6299:Battle of Gazala
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6209:Battle of Borneo
6204:
6202:Malayan campaign
6197:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6146:Bombing of Gorky
6141:
6139:Battle of Moscow
6134:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6011:
5991:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5903:Battle of France
5898:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5756:Munich Agreement
5751:
5744:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5712:
5705:
5690:
5689:
5672:
5665:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5641:Soviet prisoners
5635:
5628:
5621:
5612:
5605:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5581:German prisoners
5577:
5557:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5119:
5117:French Indochina
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5061:
5041:
5032:
5025:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4964:from August 1944
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4847:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4749:
4748:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4690:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4608:Nanjing Massacre
4603:
4596:
4587:
4585:Nuremberg trials
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4318:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4189:Asia and Pacific
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4120:
4118:Mulberry harbour
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3960:
3953:
3938:
3937:
3926:
3919:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3747:Treaty of Sèvres
3639:Treaty of London
3530:
3529:
3308:Northeast France
3239:
3238:
3211:Parliamentarians
3144:
3143:
3106:Chemical weapons
3084:
3083:
2845:Senussi campaign
2815:Muscat rebellion
2809:Maritz rebellion
2726:Vardar offensive
2555:Battle of Romani
2523:Battle of Asiago
2513:Battle of Verdun
2477:Kosovo offensive
2252:First Balkan War
2200:
2199:
2099:Russian Republic
2008:
2007:
1802:
1801:
1744:Economic history
1711:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1664:
1641:
1622:
1591:
1578:Harper & Row
1575:
1566:van der Vat, Dan
1561:
1538:
1515:
1495:
1477:
1451:
1425:
1402:
1386:
1375:
1352:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1269:ROC Seaborne Ops
1266:
1260:
1257:van der Vat 1988
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1216:Middlebrook 1976
1213:
1207:
1204:van der Vat 1988
1201:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1093:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1013:Military Affairs
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
959:
953:
944:
938:
932:
926:
915:
909:
898:
892:
886:
885:
875:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
781:Commerce raiding
721:en route to the
650:
622:
490:BL 4-inch Mk VII
427:merchant raiders
371:
287:
250:Houlder Brothers
217:passenger liner
113:commerce raiders
21:
7159:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7079:
7077:
7065:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7035:
7026:
7019:
7012:
7003:
6998:Atomic bombings
6996:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6959:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6917:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6841:
6834:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6756:
6747:
6740:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6701:
6694:
6689:Eastern Romania
6687:
6682:Warsaw Uprising
6680:
6675:Tannenberg Line
6673:
6666:
6661:Western Ukraine
6659:
6650:
6643:
6634:
6625:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6591:
6582:
6569:
6562:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6453:Battle of Kursk
6451:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6410:
6403:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6341:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6264:St Nazaire Raid
6262:
6255:
6248:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6088:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6046:Anglo-Iraqi War
6044:
6037:Battle of Crete
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6007:
5994:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5966:Eastern Romania
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5784:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5708:
5701:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5652:
5645:
5640:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5608:
5601:
5592:
5585:
5580:
5573:
5560:
5553:
5544:
5537:
5532:
5527:Western Ukraine
5525:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5471:Northeast China
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5177:Slovak Republic
5175:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5148:Empire of Japan
5146:
5137:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5057:
5044:
5037:
5028:
5021:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4850:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4734:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4693:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4660:Sexual violence
4659:
4652:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4390:
4383:
4378:Greek Civil War
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4321:
4314:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4203:South-East Asia
4201:
4194:
4187:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4062:Military awards
4060:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3949:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3887:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3851:
3821:
3816:
3799:
3758:
3690:
3683:
3654:Treaty of Darin
3622:
3584:
3540:Austria-Hungary
3526:
3513:
3494:Rape of Belgium
3421:
3393:
3341:
3335:Western Armenia
3330:Eastern Galicia
3263:
3237:
3201:
3200:Civilian impact
3199:
3185:
3142:
3071:
2903:
2833:Ovambo Uprising
2785:
2667:
2569:
2496:
2414:Battle of Łomża
2397:
2393:Christmas truce
2368:Race to the Sea
2301:
2263:
2185:
2156:Austria-Hungary
2132:
2067:Empire of Japan
2004:
2002:
1991:
1975:U-boat campaign
1961:
1933:
1895:
1847:
1793:
1774:Popular culture
1720:
1715:
1680:
1661:
1638:
1619:
1599:
1597:Further reading
1594:
1588:
1558:
1535:
1512:
1488:, eds. (1960).
1474:
1448:
1422:
1399:
1372:
1339:
1334:
1330:, pp. 6–7.
1326:
1322:
1318:, pp. 143.
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1193:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1110:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1061:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1025:10.2307/1984204
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
962:
954:
947:
939:
935:
927:
918:
910:
901:
893:
889:
876:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
827:, p. VIII.
823:
819:
815:
796:Merchant raider
772:
702:Neutrality Acts
686:
670:
664:
651:
648:
623:
620:
569:
530:Royal Artillery
493:
482:
476:
452:executive order
399:105mm deck guns
369:
316:First World War
304:
285:
148:
136:Napoleonic Wars
89:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7157:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7054:
7047:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7017:
7014:South Sakhalin
7010:
7009:
7008:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6851:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6814:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6754:
6745:
6738:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6648:
6641:
6632:
6623:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6589:
6579:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6551:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6493:
6486:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6439:Battle of Attu
6435:
6428:
6420:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6401:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6348:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6330:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6188:Battle of Guam
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6111:Battle of Kiev
6107:
6100:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5856:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5729:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5698:
5696:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5650:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5622:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:United Kingdom
5606:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5578:
5570:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5423:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:British Empire
5007:United Kingdom
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4848:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4823:Czechoslovakia
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4755:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4720:Rape of Manila
4716:
4709:
4702:
4691:
4676:
4669:
4657:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4597:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4558:
4551:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4491:United Nations
4487:
4480:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4436:
4427:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4350:Decolonization
4346:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4296:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4042:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4023:United Kingdom
4019:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3869:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3689:Peace treaties
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3575:United Kingdom
3572:
3567:
3565:Ottoman Empire
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3467:Sack of Dinant
3464:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3415:United Kingdom
3412:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3375:
3369:POW locations
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3169:United Kingdom
3166:
3164:Ottoman Empire
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3138:Trench warfare
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2851:Volta-Bani War
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Zeebrugge Raid
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2487:Battle of Loos
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Black Sea raid
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2280:Historiography
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2234:Bosnian Crisis
2231:
2228:Tangier Crisis
2225:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Ottoman Empire
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2138:Central Powers
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:British Empire
2116:United Kingdom
2113:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2094:Russian Empire
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2012:Entente Powers
2005:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:North Atlantic
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1891:Central Arabia
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1853:Middle Eastern
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:Historiography
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1665:
1659:
1642:
1636:
1623:
1617:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1562:
1556:
1539:
1533:
1516:
1510:
1478:
1472:
1452:
1446:
1426:
1420:
1403:
1397:
1376:
1370:
1353:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1294:, p. 297.
1284:
1272:
1261:
1249:
1247:, p. 102.
1237:
1220:
1208:
1191:
1189:, p. 101.
1176:
1174:, p. 465.
1164:
1137:
1125:
1108:
1088:
1072:
1050:
1038:
1019:(3): 105–118.
999:
987:
975:
973:, p. 145.
971:Seligmann 2012
960:
958:, p. 144.
956:Seligmann 2012
945:
943:, p. 140.
941:Seligmann 2012
933:
931:, p. 132.
929:Seligmann 2012
916:
914:, p. 141.
912:Seligmann 2012
899:
897:, p. 139.
895:Seligmann 2012
887:
865:
863:, p. 135.
861:Seligmann 2012
853:
851:, p. 137.
849:Seligmann 2012
841:
839:, p. 136.
837:Seligmann 2012
829:
816:
814:
811:
810:
809:
804:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
771:
768:
760:superstructure
723:United Kingdom
685:
682:
666:Main article:
663:
660:
646:
618:
600:D-day landings
568:
565:
488:
478:Main article:
475:
472:
448:Woodrow Wilson
416:in combat with
363:boarding party
303:
300:
226:Henry Campbell
180:First Sea Lord
147:
144:
123:. Notably the
88:
85:
58:merchant ships
52:(DEMS) was an
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7156:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7124:Naval warfare
7122:
7121:
7119:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7034:
7029:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:Kuril Islands
7018:
7015:
7011:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6892:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6837:
6833:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6788:Syrmian Front
6785:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:Market Garden
6730:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6593:Monte Cassino
6590:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6561:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5959:Baltic states
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5603:United States
5600:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5539:Quốc dân Đảng
5536:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5239:Liechtenstein
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:United States
5020:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:Comfort women
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4697: /
4696:
4692:
4689:
4686: /
4685:
4682: /
4681:
4677:
4674:
4673:Camp brothels
4670:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:The Holocaust
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:forced labour
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:Marshall Plan
4398:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4254:Eastern Front
4251:
4248:
4247:Western Front
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:Puppet states
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:Naval history
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4030:United States
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
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3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
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3591:
3587:
3581:
3580:United States
3578:
3576:
3573:
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3333:
3331:
3328:
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3325:
3323:
3320:
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3311:
3309:
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3304:
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3284:
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3260:
3257:
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3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
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3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3181:United States
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:Convoy system
3129:
3128:
3127:
3126:Naval warfare
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
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3078:
3067:
3064:
3061:
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3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
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2967:
2964:
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2937:
2934:
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2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2886:Kaocen revolt
2884:
2881:
2880:Easter Rising
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
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2699:
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2670:
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2536:
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2534:
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2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Great Retreat
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2417:
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2412:
2410:
2407:
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2404:
2400:
2394:
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2369:
2366:
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2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Battle of Cer
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:Agadir Crisis
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2128:United States
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2045:French Empire
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
1998:
1988:
1987:Mediterranean
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1967:Naval warfare
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1843:Italian Front
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:Eastern Front
1829:
1827:
1826:Western Front
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:Puppet states
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1660:1-55750-105-X
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1637:0-86439-012-2
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1618:0-385-27012-7
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1589:
1587:0-06-015967-7
1583:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:1-85409-520-X
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1511:9780137968701
1507:
1503:
1502:Prentice Hall
1499:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1482:Potter, E. B.
1479:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:0-7139-0927-7
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1421:1-55750-019-3
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1398:1-55750-149-1
1394:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1371:0-87021-459-4
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1316:Campbell 1985
1312:
1306:, p. 58.
1305:
1304:Cressman 2000
1300:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1235:, p. 301
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1218:, p. 30.
1217:
1212:
1206:, p. 124
1205:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
997:, p. 12.
996:
991:
984:
979:
972:
967:
965:
957:
952:
950:
942:
937:
930:
925:
923:
921:
913:
908:
906:
904:
896:
891:
883:
882:
874:
872:
870:
862:
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
826:
821:
817:
808:
805:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
786:East Indiaman
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:Victory ships
745:
741:
738:
736:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
690:
684:United States
681:
679:
675:
669:
659:
657:
649:Leigh-Mallory
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
617:
612:
610:
609:friendly fire
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
573:
564:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
546:petty officer
543:
542:British Isles
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
491:
486:
481:
471:
468:
467:Royal Marines
464:
463:4.7-inch guns
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
428:
424:
423:
417:
414:
413:
407:
403:
400:
396:
390:
387:
382:
379:
378:The procedure
375:
368:
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
346:
345:
339:
337:
333:
329:
328:Hugo von Pohl
325:
321:
317:
308:
299:
297:
296:
291:
284:
278:
276:
272:
268:
267:Barry Domvile
263:
261:
257:
256:
255:La Correntina
251:
247:
243:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:
216:
212:
211:
205:
204:
197:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
143:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
125:East Indiamen
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
84:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
39:
32:
19:
7095:Bibliography
7078:
6891:Project Hula
6856:Vistula–Oder
6825:
6758:
6749:
6733:
6703:
6652:
6636:
6627:
6618:
6584:
6481:
6396:
6372:
6342:
6093:
5986:
5931:North Africa
5633:Soviet Union
5587:Soviet Union
5513:Soviet Union
5281:Vatican City
5191:Vichy France
5096:German Reich
4993:Soviet Union
4979:South Africa
4972:Sierra Leone
4925:Newfoundland
4744:Participants
4727:Marocchinate
4431:
4422:
4392:
4270:North Africa
4231:Indian Ocean
4090:Nazi plunder
3981:Cryptography
3854:World War II
3792:
3785:
3773:
3380: /
3312:
3147:Conscription
3111:Cryptography
3048:Iraqi Revolt
2482:Siege of Kut
2425:
2003:participants
1952:German Samoa
1886:South Arabia
1669:
1646:
1627:
1607:. New York:
1604:
1576:. New York:
1571:
1546:. New York:
1543:
1520:
1491:
1459:
1433:
1407:
1382:
1357:
1348:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1292:Morison 1975
1287:
1280:Morison 1975
1275:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1233:Morison 1975
1211:
1167:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1133:Tarrant 1989
1128:
1118:
1111:
1100:
1091:
1075:
1065:
1048:, p. 22
1046:Tarrant 1989
1041:
1016:
1012:
1002:
995:Tarrant 1989
990:
983:Tarrant 1989
978:
936:
890:
880:
856:
844:
832:
820:
756:bridge wings
734:
727:
695:
671:
656:George Black
653:
642:
625:
614:
603:
595:
589:
578:
550:Royal Marine
538:machine-guns
523:
504:
500:machine guns
496:
474:World War II
456:
432:
421:
411:
391:
383:
366:
357:
343:
340:
313:
294:
289:
282:
279:
264:
259:
254:
241:
239:
220:
209:
202:
198:
187:
154:included an
152:Great Powers
149:
90:
74:
69:
49:
48:
6826:Bodenplatte
6712:Gothic Line
5938:West Africa
5485:Philippines
5464:Netherlands
5329:Czech lands
5267:Switzerland
5211:Afghanistan
5162:Philippines
5030:Puerto Rico
4946:Philippines
4932:New Zealand
4918:Netherlands
4871:Free France
4622:Prosecution
4423:Osoaviakhim
4293:West Africa
4277:East Africa
3924:Conferences
3410:Netherlands
3387:Switzerland
3268:Occupations
3259:Spanish flu
3036:(1919–1922)
3030:(1918–1921)
3024:(1918–1923)
3013:(1919–1921)
3007:(1919–1921)
3001:(1919–1920)
2977:(1918–1920)
2971:(1918–1920)
2965:(1918–1920)
2947:(1918–1920)
2929:(1918–1920)
2923:(1917–1921)
2917:(1917–1921)
2864:(1916-1918)
2862:Arab Revolt
2853:(1915–1917)
2847:(1915–1917)
2835:(1914-1917)
2829:(1914–1917)
2823:(1914–1921)
2817:(1913–1920)
2805:(1910–1920)
2799:(1900–1920)
2297:July Crisis
2218:(1880–1914)
1881:Mesopotamia
1759:Home fronts
1718:World War I
1153:: 215–224.
592:Bournemouth
459:12 pounders
349:Grangemouth
314:During the
302:World War I
273:, a former
271:Gerard Noel
129:Fourth-rate
101:Netherlands
7134:Ship types
7118:Categories
6926:West Hunan
6759:Pointblank
6095:Silver Fox
6081:Summer War
5834:Winter War
5813:Phoney War
5594:Azerbaijan
5555:Yugoslavia
5450:Luxembourg
5292:Resistance
5039:Yugoslavia
4904:Luxembourg
4706:Sook Ching
4502:War crimes
4104:Technology
4097:Opposition
4039:Lend-Lease
4016:Australian
4009:Home front
3967:Blitzkrieg
3917:Casualties
3908:Commanders
3880:Operations
3627:Agreements
3427:War crimes
3303:Luxembourg
3196:Casualties
2074:Montenegro
1909:South West
1789:Technology
1779:Propaganda
1769:Opposition
1609:Dial Press
1473:0316583014
1337:References
1245:Hague 2000
1187:Hague 2000
825:Hague 2000
752:3-inch gun
750:carried a
740:destroyers
706:Panamanian
534:ammunition
526:Royal Navy
440:filibuster
234:Eyre Crowe
210:Mauretania
117:privateers
87:Background
81:Royal Navy
6991:Manchuria
6877:Indochina
6653:Bagration
6104:Lithuania
5749:Anschluss
5546:Viet Minh
5443:Lithuania
5385:Hong Kong
5155:Manchukuo
5110:Azad Hind
4769:Australia
4569:Aftermath
4432:Paperclip
4327:Aftermath
4127:Total war
3995:Diplomacy
3958:In Europe
3524:Diplomacy
3231:Olympians
3154:Australia
3121:Logistics
3054:Vlora War
2983:(1918–19)
2959:(1918–19)
2953:(1918–19)
2941:(1918–19)
2888:(1916–17)
2870:(1916–17)
2821:Zaian War
2811:(1914–15)
2538:first day
2426:Lusitania
2254:(1912–13)
2248:(1911–12)
2236:(1908–09)
2230:(1905–06)
2212:(1870–71)
2001:Principal
1861:Gallipoli
1764:Memorials
1749:Geography
1739:Aftermath
1492:Sea Power
1458:(1975) .
813:Footnotes
420:SMS
374:lifeboats
353:Stavanger
324:North Sea
318:, the UK
295:Alcantara
208:RMS
203:Lusitania
201:RMS
168:Admiralty
54:Admiralty
7102:Category
7051:document
6961:document
6818:Ardennes
6802:Budapest
6750:Crossbow
6628:Overlord
6467:Smolensk
5685:Timeline
5520:Slovakia
5506:Thailand
5357:Ethiopia
5322:Bulgaria
5246:Portugal
5184:Thailand
5066:Bulgaria
4844:Eswatini
4837:Ethiopia
4790:Bulgaria
4615:Unit 731
4576:Response
4393:Keelhaul
4343:Cold War
4316:Americas
4307:timeline
4300:Atlantic
4180:Theaters
3812:Category
3399:Refugees
3365:Italians
3354:Germans
3314:Ober Ost
3094:Aviation
2195:Timeline
2166:Bulgaria
1947:Tsingtao
1924:Togoland
1871:Caucasus
1806:European
1798:Theatres
1568:(1988).
1432:(1976).
770:See also
647:—
619:—
604:seaborne
596:seaborne
553:sergeant
140:clippers
121:Far East
111:, enemy
83:itself.
72:(DAMS).
7028:Shumshu
6795:Hungary
6742:Estonia
6726:Lapland
6704:Dragoon
6637:Neptune
6619:Ichi-Go
6585:Tempest
6527:Changde
6482:Cottage
6374:Jubilee
6090:Finland
5988:Compass
5694:Prelude
5647:Finland
5533:Vietnam
5499:Romania
5371:Germany
5350:Estonia
5336:Denmark
5315:Belgium
5308:Austria
5301:Albania
5232:Ireland
5218:Andorra
5202:Neutral
5169:Romania
5103:Hungary
5088:Finland
4960:Romania
4852:Finland
4830:Denmark
4776:Belgium
4762:Algeria
4468:Romania
4454:Hungary
4210:Pacific
3934:General
3888:Leaders
3873:Battles
3866:Outline
3550:Germany
3450:Germany
3378:Germany
3298:Belgium
3283:Albania
3242:Disease
3222:Sports
3174:Ireland
3087:Warfare
3080:Aspects
2275:Origins
2268:Prelude
2171:Senussi
2151:Germany
2146:Leaders
2084:Romania
2025:Belgium
2020:Leaders
1919:Kamerun
1901:African
1836:Romania
1814:Balkans
1729:Outline
1081:Q-ships
1033:1984204
719:tankers
442:in the
386:torpedo
109:pirates
105:Britain
62:acronym
7005:Debate
6977:Taipei
6970:Borneo
6548:Tarawa
5742:Europe
5703:Africa
5492:Poland
5478:Norway
5457:Malaya
5436:Latvia
5378:Greece
5364:France
5260:Sweden
5225:Bhutan
4953:Poland
4939:Norway
4911:Mexico
4878:Greece
4864:France
4802:Canada
4783:Brazil
4753:Allies
4699:Serbia
4688:Poland
4461:Poland
4447:Baltic
4240:Europe
3942:Topics
3894:Allied
3570:Russia
3545:France
3373:Canada
3288:Serbia
3159:Canada
3116:Horses
3068:(1921)
3062:(1920)
3056:(1920)
3050:(1920)
3042:(1920)
2995:(1919)
2989:(1919)
2935:(1918)
2900:(1918)
2894:(1917)
2882:(1916)
2876:(1916)
2841:(1915)
2260:(1913)
2242:(1911)
2224:(1905)
2181:Darfur
2106:Serbia
2089:Russia
2052:Greece
2040:France
2030:Brazil
1876:Persia
1819:Serbia
1676:
1657:
1634:
1615:
1584:
1554:
1531:
1508:
1470:
1444:
1434:Convoy
1418:
1395:
1368:
1031:
807:Q-ship
737:-class
735:Wickes
715:Russia
557:Canada
367:Glitra
344:Glitra
290:Amazon
283:Aragon
260:Aragon
242:Aragon
221:Aragon
99:, the
97:France
6781:Leyte
6611:Narva
6597:Anzio
6555:Makin
6513:Burma
6397:Torch
6366:Rzhev
6327:Kiska
5413:Korea
5399:Japan
5392:Italy
5274:Tibet
5253:Spain
5131:Italy
4892:Italy
4885:India
4809:China
4684:Japan
4284:Italy
4196:China
4148:Women
3767:Other
3560:Japan
3555:Italy
3382:camps
3226:Rugby
2062:Japan
2057:Italy
2035:China
1929:North
1029:JSTOR
801:STUFT
764:stern
662:Japan
621:Lucas
507:Rifle
412:Otaki
370:'
365:gave
286:'
93:Spain
6847:1945
6575:1944
6416:1943
6344:Blue
6334:Attu
6241:1942
6000:1941
5852:1940
5790:1939
5719:Asia
5566:POWs
5406:Jews
5124:Iraq
5050:Axis
5000:Tuva
4816:Cuba
3901:Axis
3347:POWs
2673:1918
2575:1917
2501:1916
2402:1915
2306:1914
2111:Siam
1914:East
1674:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1366:ISBN
696:The
672:The
602:two
422:Möwe
409:The
358:U-17
219:RMS
206:and
115:and
103:and
1155:doi
1021:doi
717:or
548:or
351:to
7120::
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1194:^
1179:^
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1053:^
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963:^
948:^
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902:^
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521:.
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246:QF
95:,
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