5129:(1732). In this case, the defendant was on trial "for printing a libel reflecting upon the Portuguese Jews". The printing in question claimed that Jews who had arrived in London from Portugal burned a Jewish woman to death when she had a child with a Christian man, and that this act was common. Following Osborne's anti-Semitic publication, several Jews were attacked. Initially, the judge seemed to believe the court could do nothing since no individual was singled out by Osborne's writings. However, the court concluded that "since the publication implied the act was one Jews frequently did, the whole community of Jews was defamed." Though various reports of this case give differing accounts of the crime, this report clearly shows a ruling based on group libel. Since laws restricting libel were accepted at this time because of its tendency to lead to a breach of peace, group libel laws were justified because they showed potential for an equal or perhaps greater risk of violence. For this reason, group libel cases are criminal even though most libel cases are civil torts.
7307:(Chapter 24, Sections 9 and 10), punishable with a fine, or, if aggravated, with up to two years' imprisonment or a fine. Defamation is defined as spreading a false report or insinuation apt to cause harm to a person, or otherwise disparaging someone. Defamation of the deceased may also constitute an offence if apt to cause harm to surviving loved ones. In addition, there is a crime called "dissemination of information violating personal privacy" (Chapter 24, Section 8), which consists in disseminating information, even accurate, in a way that is apt to harm someone's right to privacy. Information that may be relevant with regard to a person's conduct in public office, in business, or in a comparable position, or of information otherwise relevant to a matter of public interest, is not covered by this prohibition. Finnish criminal law has no provisions penalizing the defamation of corporate entities, only of natural persons.
7364:
7253:, the crime of insult prescribes a penalty of up to three months in prison, or a fine of "up to 100 daily incomes" (Criminal Code, Article 199). If the crime is committed in public, penalties are aggravated to up to six months of imprisonment, or a fine of "up to 150 daily incomes" (Article 199–2). Moreover, the crime of defamation occurs when someone affirms or disseminates false facts about other person that can damage his reputation. The maximum penalty is one year in prison, or a fine of up to 150 daily incomes (Article 200–1). If the crime is committed in public, the prison term can reach one year (Article 200–2). On the other hand, according to Article 203, there is an exemption for the application of the aforementioned articles (insult and defamation) when the
3936:. New Zealand law allows for the following remedies in an action for defamation: compensatory damages; an injunction to stop further publication; a correction or a retraction; and in certain cases, punitive damages. Section 28 of the Act allows for punitive damages only when a there is a flagrant disregard of the rights of the person defamed. As the law assumes that an individual suffers loss if a statement is defamatory, there is no need to prove that specific damage or loss has occurred. However, Section 6 of the Act allows for a defamation action brought by a corporate body to proceed only when the body corporate alleges and proves that the publication of the defamation has caused or is likely to cause pecuniary loss to that body corporate.
3513:
defences: opinion and truth. Statements of opinion cannot be regarded as defamatory as they are inherently non-falsifiable. Where a statement has been shown to be one of fact rather than opinion, the most common defence in common law jurisdictions is that of truth. Proving the truth of an allegedly defamatory statement is always a valid defence. Where a statement is partially true, certain jurisdictions in the
Commonwealth have provided by statute that the defence "shall not fail by reason only that the truth of every charge is not proved if the words not proved to be true do not materially injure the claimant's reputation having regard to the truth of the remaining charges". Similarly, the American doctrine of
8134:; up to six months in prison, or a fine of up to 240 days), "injuries" (art. 181; up to three months in prison, or a fine up to 120 days), and "offence to the memory of a deceased person" (art. 185; up to 6 months in prison or a fine of up 240 days). Penalties are aggravated in cases with publicity (art. 183; up to two years in prison or at least 120 days of fine) and when the victim is an authority (art.184; all other penalties aggravated by an extra half). There is yet the extra penalty of "public knowledge of the court decision" (costs paid by the defamer) (art. 189 of Penal Code) and also the crime of "incitement of a crime" (article 297; up to three years in prison, or fine).
5122:(1700). In this case, the jury found that the defendant was guilty of libeling several subjects, though they did not specifically identify who these subjects were. A report of the case told that the jury believed that "where a writing ... inveighs against mankind in general, or against a particular order of men, as for instance, men of the gown, this is no libel, but it must descend to particulars and individuals to make it libel." This jury believed that only individuals who believed they were specifically defamed had a claim to a libel case. Since the jury was unable to identify the exact people who were being defamed, there was no cause to identify the statements were a libel.
8093:. Essentially, this Act provides that libel is criminally punishable and describes it as: "Libel – the unlawful or prohibited act as defined in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future." Professor Harry Roque of the University of the Philippines has written that under this law, electronic libel is punished with imprisonment from six years and one day to up to twelve years. As of 30 September 2012, five petitions claiming the law to be unconstitutional had been filed with the Philippine Supreme Court, one by Senator
2423:. In such a case the truth of the statements was no justification for the public and insulting manner in which they had been made, but, even in public matters, the accused had the opportunity to justify his actions by openly stating what he considered necessary for public safety to be denounced by the libel and proving his assertions to be true. The second head included defamatory statements made in private, and in this case the offense lay in the content of the imputation, not in the manner of its publication. The truth was therefore a sufficient defense, for no man had a right to demand legal protection for a false reputation.
6639:
3895:. Indian courts have endorsed the defences of absolute and qualified privilege, fair comment, and justification. While statutory law in the United Kingdom provides that, if the defendant is only successful in proving the truth of some of the several charges against him, the defence of justification might still be available if the charges not proved do not materially injure the reputation, there is no corresponding provision in India, though it is likely that Indian courts would treat this principle as persuasive precedent. Recently, incidents of defamation in relation to public figures have attracted public attention.
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16783:
16757:
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16705:
16679:
8659:
statement is true. The court ruled that untrue defamatory statements concerning public matters shall not be punished unless they are issued under actual malice. This includes situations where the offender knowingly or under gross negligence issued said defamatory statement. In terms of the burden of proof for actual malice, the court ruled that it shall be on the prosecutor or the accuser. To prevent fake news from eroding the marketplace of ideas, the court pointed out that the media (including mass media, social media, and self-media) shall be more thorough than the general public in fact-checking.
7139:(grave slander), including the imputation of a crime or misdemeanor that cannot lead to public prosecution, and the imputation of a vice or lack of morality, which are capable of harming considerably the reputation, credit or interests of the offended person. "Grave slander" in written form or with publicity are punished with "lower imprisonment" in its minimum to medium degrees plus a fine of eleven to twenty "vital wages". Calumny or slander of a deceased person (Article 424) can be prosecuted by the spouse, children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents, siblings and
6967:, defamation is a crime, which is prosecuted either as "defamation" (three months to a year in prison, plus fine; Article 139 of the Penal Code), "calumny" (six months to two years in prison, plus fine; Article 138 of the PC) or "injury" (one to six months in prison, or fine; Article 140), with aggravating penalties when the crime is practiced in public (Article 141, item III) or against a state employee because of his regular duties. Incitation to hatred and violence is also foreseen in the Penal Code (incitation to a crime, Article 286). Moreover, in situations like
2479:. Article 19 of the ICCPR expressly provides that the right to freedom of opinion and expression may be limited so far as it is necessary "for respect of the rights or reputations of others". Consequently, international human rights law provides that while individuals should have the right to a legal remedy for defamation, this right must be balanced with the equally protected right to freedom of opinion and expression. In general, ensuring that domestic defamation law adequately balances individuals' right to protect their reputation with freedom of expression and of
6593:
75:
11632:, Peter Lang, 2009, p. 190. "A statement can only be defamatory if it is false; therefore true statements of fact about others, regardless of the damage rendered, are not defamatory (although such comments might represent other sorts of privacy or hate speech violations). Defamation may occur when one party (the eventual defendant if a case goes forward) writes or says something that is false about a second party (plaintiff) such that some third party 'receives' the communication, and the communication of false information damages the plaintiff".
6431:
7475:. This section defines defamation and provides ten valid exceptions when a statement is not considered to be defamation. It says that defamation takes place, when someone "by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person". The punishment is simple imprisonment for up to two years, or a fine, or both (Section 500).
5405:
8410:) and has a penalty of up to two years in prison or a fine. In judging if the crime is gross, the court should consider whether the information, because of its content or the scope of its dissemination, is calculated to produce "serious damage". For example, if it can be established that the defendant knowingly conveyed untruths. Article 4 makes it a crime to defame a deceased person according to Article 1 or 2. Most obviously, the paragraph is meant to make it illegal to defame someone's parents as a way to bypass the law.
7569:
Code) refers to any other situation involving offending one's reputation before many persons, and is punishable with a penalty of up to a year in prison or up to €1,032 in fine, doubled to up to two years in prison or a fine of €2,065 if the offence consists in the attribution of a determined fact. When the offence happens by the means of the press or by any other means of publicity, or in a public demonstration, the penalty is of imprisonment from six months to three years, or a fine of at least €516. Both of them were
6455:
5449:
5381:
3975:
subsidiaries); this rule was introduced by the state of New South Wales in 2003, and then adopted nationwide in 2006. By contrast, Canadian law grants private corporations substantially the same right to sue for defamation as individuals possess. Since 2013, English law charts a middle course, allowing private corporations to sue for defamation, but requiring them to prove that the defamation caused both serious harm and serious financial loss, which individual plaintiffs are not required to demonstrate.
6708:
or that are not assertive (see
Article 113). When calumny or injury are committed through the press, a possible extra penalty is the publication of the judicial decision at the expenses of the guilty (Article 114). He who passes to someone else information about a person that is included in a personal database and that one knows to be false, is punished with six months to three years in prison. When there is harm to somebody, penalties are aggravated by an extra half (Article 117 bis, §§ 2nd and 3rd).
5520:
7909:
if the defamation happens in print, in broadcasting or through an especially aggravating circumstance, imprisonment may have reached two years (§ 247). When the offender acts "against his better judgment", he was liable to a maximum prison term of three years (§ 248). According to § 251, defamation lawsuits must be initiated by the offended person, unless the defamatory act was directed to an indefinite group or a large number of persons, when it may also have been prosecuted by public authorities.
3559:: A more limited, or 'qualified', form of privilege may be available to journalists as a defence in circumstances where it is considered important that the facts be known in the public interest; an example would be public meetings, local government documents, and information relating to public bodies such as the police and fire departments. Another example would be that a professor – acting in good faith and honesty – may write an unsatisfactory letter of reference with unsatisfactory information.
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6171:
6126:
6102:
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6526:
10596:
3367:
8377:, and is only applicable if the offence, by its nature, effects and circumstances, is considered by the general public as strong. Injury has a penalty of fine from three to seven months-fine, or from six to fourteen months-fine when it is strong and with publicity. According to Article 216, an additional penalty to calumny or injury may be imposed by the judge, determining the publication of the judicial decision (in a newspaper) at the expenses of the defamer.
7403:
increased penalties for offending against paras 186 and 187), §189 (denigration of a deceased person), §192 ("insult" with true statements). Other sections relevant to prosecution of these offences are §190 (criminal conviction as proof of truth), §193 (no defamation in the pursuit of rightful interests), §194 (application for a criminal prosecution under these paragraphs), §199 (mutual insult allowed to be left unpunished), and §200 (method of proclamation).
19533:
6883:", public work for up to 240 hours, correctional work for up to one year, or imprisonment of up to six months. Penalties are aggravated to up to three years of prison if the victim is falsely accused of having committed a crime "of grave or very grave nature" (Article 147.2). The crime of insult (Article 148) can lead to a fine of up to 1,000 times the minimum wage, or to the same penalties of defamation for public work, correctional work or imprisonment.
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6479:
6079:
5872:
5848:
5333:
6288:
5963:
5940:
5182:
7116:) are covered by Articles 412 to 431 of the Penal Code. Calumny is defined as "the false imputation of a determined crime and that can lead to a public prosecution" (Article 412). If the calumny is written and with publicity, penalty is "lower imprisonment" in its medium degree plus a fine of 11 to 20 "vital wages" when it refers to a crime, or "lower imprisonment" in its minimum degree plus a fine of six to ten "vital wages" when it refers to a
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4095:
243:
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5136:, false statements in connection with elections, and the use of profanity in public, are also often used in contexts similar to criminal libel actions. The boundaries of a court's power to hold individuals in "contempt of court" for what amounts to alleged defamatory statements about judges or the court process by attorneys or other people involved in court cases is also not well established in many common law countries.
6407:
6195:
6264:
5614:
9374:
speech or publications critical of heads of state, public officials, state bodies, and the state itself. The report noted that blasphemy and religious insult laws existed in around one third of OSCE participating states; many of these combined blasphemy and/or religious insult with elements of hate speech legislation. A number of countries continued to include harsh punishments for blasphemy and religious insult.
5800:
3918:
information was published "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not". Later the
Supreme Court held that statements that are so ridiculous to be clearly not true are protected from libel claims, as are statements of opinion relating to matters of public concern that do not contain a provably false factual connotation. Subsequent state and federal cases have addressed defamation law and the Internet.
6383:
5824:
5755:
6700:, the crimes of calumny and injury are foreseen in the chapter "Crimes Against Honor" (Articles 109 to 117-bis) of the Penal Code. Calumny is defined as "the false imputation to a determined person of a concrete crime that leads to a lawsuit" (Article 109). However, expressions referring to subjects of public interest or that are not assertive do not constitute calumny. Penalty is a fine from 3,000 to 30,000
3737:", involving the making of a statement that is untrue even though not defamatory. Thus a surveyor who states a house is free from risk of flooding has not defamed anyone, but may still be liable to someone who purchases the house relying on this statement. Other increasingly common claims similar to defamation in U.S. law are claims that a famous trademark has been diluted through tarnishment, see generally
19543:
3567:: Statements made in a good faith and reasonable belief that they were true are generally treated the same as true statements; however, the court may inquire into the reasonableness of the belief. The degree of care expected will vary with the nature of the defendant: an ordinary person might safely rely on a single newspaper report, while the newspaper would be expected to carefully check multiple sources.
9315:. In at least 21 countries, defences to charges of defamation included truth and public interest. This included countries that had at least one truth or public interest defence to criminal or civil defamation (including countries where defence of truth was qualified or limited – for example, to statements of fact as opposed to opinions, or to libel as opposed to insult).
3537:
granted. While some privileges have long been recognised, courts may create a new privilege for particular circumstances – privilege as an affirmative defence is a potentially ever-evolving doctrine. Such newly created or circumstantially recognised privileges are referred to as residual justification privileges. There are two types of privilege in common law jurisdictions:
3966:. Once a claim has been made, the defendant may avail themselves of a defence of justification (the truth), fair comment, responsible communication, or privilege. Publishers of defamatory comments may also use the defence of innocent dissemination where they had no knowledge of the nature of the statement, it was not brought to their attention, and they were not negligent.
3435:. English law allows actions for libel to be brought in the High Court for any published statements alleged to defame a named or identifiable individual or individuals (under English law companies are legal persons, and allowed to bring suit for defamation) in a manner that causes them loss in their trade or profession, or causes a reasonable person to think worse of them.
11611:, Looseleaf Law Publications, 2008, p. 59. "There are five essential elements to defamation: (1) The accusation is false; and (2) it impeaches the subject's character; and (3) it is published to a third person; and (4) it damages the reputation of the subject; and (5) that the accusation is done intentionally or with fault such as wanton disregard of facts."
8397:) and consists of pointing out someone as a criminal or as "having a reprehensible way of living", or of providing information about them "intended to cause exposure to the disrespect of others". The penalty is a fine. It is generally not a requirement that the statements are untrue; it is enough if they statements are meant to be vilifying.
2378:
although punitive in its character, doubtless included practically the element of compensation. But a new remedy was introduced with the extension of the criminal law, under which many kinds of defamation were punished with great severity. At the same time increased importance attached to the publication of defamatory books and writings, the
7026:
civilly liable for them. The plaintiff must further demonstrate that the person who made the remarks committed a wrongful act. Defamation in Quebec is governed by a reasonableness standard, as opposed to strict liability; a defendant who made a false statement would not be held liable if it was reasonable to believe the statement was true.
8654:. The court dismissed all the complaints and upheld the constitutionality of the disputed provisions. It emphasized that excluding the application of substantial truth doctrine on defamatory speeches concerning private matters with no public concern, is proportionate in protecting the victim's reputation and privacy. The court reaffirmed
8922:(SLAPPs) following the rise of the internet, the federal and many state governments have adopted statutes limiting the enforceability of offshore defamation judgments and expediting the dismissal of defamation claims. American writers and publishers are shielded from the enforcement of offshore libel judgments not compliant under the
9197:. Civil defamation cases were increasingly used, as evidenced by the number of civil lawsuits and disproportionate fines against journalists and media critical of governments. In at least four countries, defamation laws were used by public officials, including heads of state, to restrict critical media across all platforms.
6822:. The judgment established that internet-published foreign publications that defamed an Australian in their Australian reputation could be held accountable under Australian defamation law. The case gained worldwide attention and is often said, inaccurately, to be the first of its kind. A similar case that predates
3925:. A comprehensive discussion of what is and is not libel or slander under American law is difficult, as the definition differs between different states and is further affected by federal law. Some states codify what constitutes slander and libel together, merging the concepts into a single defamation law.
3624:: Most jurisdictions require that a lawsuit be brought within a limited period of time. If the alleged libel occurs in a mass media publication such as a newspaper or the Internet, the statute of limitations begins to run at the time of publication, not when the plaintiff first learns of the communication.
9343:
Due to legal protection of speech, and practical and jurisdictional limits on effectiveness of controls, censorship was increasingly carried out by private bodies. Privatized censorship by internet intermediaries involved: (i) the widening range of content considered harmful and justified to block or
7944:
ARTICLE 353. Definition of Libel. – A libel is a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to
7285:
According to the Czech
Criminal Code, Article 184, defamation is a crime. Penalties may reach a maximum prison term of one year (Article 184–1) or, if the crime is committed through the press, film, radio, TV, publicly accessible computer network, or by "similarly effective" methods, the offender may
7123:
According to
Article 25 of the Penal Code, "lower imprisonment" is defined as a prison term between 61 days and five years. According to Article 30, the penalty of "lower imprisonment" in its medium or minimum degrees carries with it also the suspension of the exercise of a public position during the
6707:
He who publishes or reproduces, by any means, calumnies and injuries made by others, will be punished as responsible himself for the calumnies and injuries whenever its content is not correctly attributed to the corresponding source. Exceptions are expressions referring to subjects of public interest
3792:
estimates that 95% of libel cases involving news stories do not arise from high-profile news stories, but "run of the mill" local stories like news coverage of local criminal investigations or trials, or business profiles. Media liability insurance is available to newspapers to cover potential damage
10882:
While this holds true in the majority of common law jurisdictions, particularly in the
Commonwealth, a number of common law jurisdictions no longer recognise any legal distinction between fact and opinion. The Supreme Court of the United States, in particular, has ruled that the First Amendment does
9586:
were proposed, criminalizing online publication of content deemed as hate speech, and allowing the executive to order take downs of such content. Several states tried to pass legislation creating special criminal offences for online content that could damage the reputation and/or honour of a person.
9492:
Journalists were predominantly jailed under anti-state laws, with charges ranging from spreading chaos, promoting terrorism, and inciting dissidence, to incitement against the ruling government. Charges for publishing or spreading false news were the next most frequent. Other defamation or religious
8190:
This is distinct from and does not affect plaintiffs right of action under the common law torts of libel and slander as modified by the
Defamation Act 1957. The Protection of Harassment Act 2014, which provides for criminal penalties in addition to civil remedies, is specifically designed to address
8158:
legislation. In a 2015 case, a Saudi writer was arrested for defaming a former ruler of the country. Reportedly, under a counterterrorism law, "actions that 'threaten Saudi Arabia's unity, disturb public order, or defame the reputation of the state or the king' are considered acts of terrorism. The
7800:
In
Malaysia, defamation is both a tort and a criminal offence meant to protect the reputation and good name of a person. The principal statutes relied upon are the Defamation Act 1957 (Revised 1983) and the Penal Code. Following the practice of other common law jurisdictions like the United Kingdom,
7647:
Under article 723 of the
Japanese Civil Code, a court is empowered to order a tortfeasor in a defamation case to "take suitable measures for the restoration of the reputation either in lieu of or together with compensation for damages". An example of a civil defamation case in Japan can be found at
7414:
The crime of insult (Article 361, § 1, of the Penal Code) may have led to up to one year of imprisonment or a fine, while unprovoked insult (Article 361-A, § 1) was punished with at least three months in prison. In addition, defamation may have resulted in up to two months in prison or a fine, while
4062:
and the most common defence is "veritas" (i.e. proving the truth of otherwise defamatory statement). Defamation falls within the realm of non-patrimonial (i.e. dignitary) interests. The Scots law pertaining to the protection of non-patrimonial interests is said to be 'a thing of shreds and patches'.
3679:
If the plaintiff proves that such a statement was made and was false, to recover damages the plaintiff need only prove that someone had made the statement to any third party. No proof of special damages is required. However, to recover full compensation a plaintiff should be prepared to prove actual
3570:
Mere vulgar abuse: An insult that is not necessarily defamatory if it is not intended to be taken literally or believed, or likely to cause real damage to a reputation. Vituperative statements made in anger, such as calling someone "an arse" during a drunken argument, would likely be considered mere
3517:
provides that a statement is not defamatory if it has "slight inaccuracies of expression" but is otherwise true. Since a statement can only be defamatory if it harms another person's reputation, another defence tied to the ability of a statement to be defamatory is to demonstrate that, regardless of
2370:
Defamation law has a long history stretching back to classical antiquity. While defamation has been recognized as an actionable wrong in various forms across historical legal systems and in various moral and religious philosophies, defamation law in contemporary legal systems can primarily be traced
9452:
Civil society and press freedom organizations lobbied for changes to the penal codes in their respective countries – sometimes successfully. However, even in countries where libel or defamation were explicitly decriminalized, there were often other laws whose broad provisions allowed
9373:
issued a report on criminal defamation and anti-blasphemy laws among its member states, which found that defamation was criminalized in nearly three-quarters (42) of the 57 OSCE participating states. Many of the laws pertaining to defamation included specific provisions with harsher punishments for
9177:
The majority of countries (86%) had laws imposing criminal penalties for defamation. Six countries decriminalized defamation. Both criminal and civil defamation charges against journalists and media organizations continued. Other legal trends included using charges of terrorism, blasphemy, inciting
8613:
to protect reputation, privacy, and the public interest. It seemed to extend the defence of truth in ¶ 3, to providing evidence that a perpetrator had reasonable grounds in believing the allegations were true (even if they could not ultimately be proven). Regarding criminal punishments versus civil
7908:
In Norway, defamation was a crime punished with imprisonment of up to six months or a fine (Penal Code, Chapter 23, § 246). When the offense is likely to harm one's "good name" and reputation, or exposes him to hatred, contempt or loss of confidence, the maximum prison term went up to one year, and
7899:
holds: "When someone is liable towards another person under this
Section because of an incorrect or, by its incompleteness, misleading publication of information of factual nature, the court may, upon a right of action (legal claim) of this other person, order the tortfeasor to publish a correction
7324:
is particularly rooted in protecting the privacy of individuals. While the broader scope of the rights protected make defamation cases easier to prove in France than, for example, in England; awards in defamation cases are significantly lower and it is common for courts to award symbolic damages as
7294:
In Denmark, libel is a crime, as defined by Article 267 of the Danish Criminal Code, with a penalty of up to six months in prison or a fine, with proceedings initiated by the victim. In addition, Article 266-b prescribes a maximum prison term of two years in the case of public defamation aimed at a
3769:
Additionally, American courts apply special rules in the case of statements made in the press concerning public figures, which can be used as a defence. While plaintiff alleging defamation in an American court must usually prove that the statement caused harm, and was made without adequate research
3609:
Incapability of further defamation: Historically, it was a defence at common law that the claimant's position in the community is so poor that defamation could not do further damage to the plaintiff. Such a claimant could be said to be "libel-proof", since in most jurisdictions, actual damage is an
3512:
There are a variety of defences to defamation claims in common law jurisdictions. The two most fundamental defences arise from the doctrine in common law jurisdictions that only a false statement of fact (as opposed to opinion) can be defamatory. This doctrine gives rise to two separate but related
8723:
Whoever, imputing anything the deceased person before the third person, and that imputation to be likely to impair the reputation of the father, mother, spouse or child of the deceased or to expose that person hated or scammed to be said to commit defamation, and shall be punished as prescribed by
8368:
for truth. Penalties for cases with publicity are imprisonment from six months to two years or a fine of 12 to 24 months-fine, and for other cases only a fine of six to twelve months-fine (Article 206). Additionally, the crime of injury (Article 208 of the Penal Code) consists of hurting someone's
7090:
The rise of the internet as a medium for publication and the expression of ideas, including the emergence of social media platforms transcending national boundaries, has proven challenging to reconcile with traditional notions of defamation law. Questions of jurisdiction and conflicting limitation
6898:
of the alleged fact" and of defamation "when law does not admit this evidence" (Article 443). The penalty is eight days to one year of imprisonment, plus a fine (Article 444). In addition, the crime of "calumnious denunciation" (Article 445) is punished with 15 days to six months in prison, plus a
3947:
where the private law is derived from French civil law). In common law provinces and territories, defamation covers any communication that tends to lower the esteem of the subject in the minds of ordinary members of the public. Probably true statements are not excluded, nor are political opinions.
2506:
which requires that limitations be: 1) "provided by law that is clear and accessible to everyone", 2) "proven to be necessary and legitimate to protect the rights or reputations of others", and 3) "proportionate and the least restrictive to achieve the purported aim". This test is analogous to the
2377:
was aimed at giving sufficient scope for the discussion of a man's character, while it protected him from needless insult and pain. The remedy for verbal defamation was long confined to a civil action for a monetary penalty, which was estimated according to the significance of the case, and which,
9642:
countries in Western Europe retained criminal defamation laws. In several Western European countries, defamation was sanctioned more harshly if it involved a public official. In some instances, heads of state were provided more protection to their reputation and punishments were more severe. Some
9131:
recognized as a defence. Members of government continued to initiate most such cases. There was a trend towards using civil defamation in lieu of criminal defamation, but with demands for extremely high damages and the potential to bankrupt media outlets – although the courts often
8909:
is sometimes cited as precedent that truth is not always a defence to libel in the U.S., but the case is actually not valid precedent on that issue because Staples did not argue First Amendment protection, which is one theory for truth as complete defence, for its statements. The court assumed in
8676:
A person who, contrary to the truth, asserts or circulates as a fact that which injurious to the reputation or the credit of another or his earnings or prosperity in any other manner, shall compensate the other for any damage arising therefrom, even if he does not know of its untruth, provided he
7568:
In Italy, there used to be different crimes against honor. The crime of injury (Article 594 of the Penal Code) referred to the act of offending someone's honor in their presence and was punishable with up to six months in prison or a fine of up to €516. The crime of defamation (Article 595, Penal
7143:
of the offended person. Finally, according to Article 425, in the case of calumnies and slander published in foreign newspapers, are considered liable all those who from Chilean territory sent articles or gave orders for publication abroad, or contributed to the introduction of such newspapers in
4067:
heritage of Scots law gives the courts scope to recognise, and afford reparation in, cases in which no patrimonial (or 'quasi-patrimonial') 'loss' has occurred, but a recognised dignitary interest has nonetheless been invaded through the wrongful conduct of the defender. For such reparation to be
3460:
in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, such as spoken words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like, then it is slander. In contrast, libel encompasses defamation by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form other
9723:
branches of governments worldwide doubled in the last five years – to a total of approximately 117,000 requests in 2020. Of these companies, only Google published data on the rationale for content removal requests made by governments; that data showed "defamation" and "privacy and
9300:
Two countries decriminalized defamation in 2009, followed by another in 2010. In another case, there was no criminal libel at the federal level, and a minority of states still had criminal defamation laws. In general, criminal penalties for libel were imposed rarely, with two notable exceptions.
7329:
on criticism of public policy While the only statutory defence available under French defamation law is to demonstrate the truth of the defamatory statement in question, a defence that is unavailable in cases involving an individual's personal life; French courts have recognised three additional
3654:, the law recognises that certain false statements are so damaging that they create a presumption of injury to the plaintiff's reputation, allowing a defamation case to proceed to verdict with no actual proof of damages. Although laws vary by state, and not all jurisdictions recognise defamation
3536:
Privilege: A circumstance that justifies or excuses an act that would otherwise constitute a tort on the ground that it stemmed from a recognised interest of social importance, provides a complete bar and answer to a defamation suit, though conditions may have to be met before this protection is
2574:
in the subject matter of the criticism should be recognized as a defence. Care should be taken by States parties to avoid excessively punitive measures and penalties. Where relevant, States parties should place reasonable limits on the requirement for a defendant to reimburse the expenses of the
9148:
partially decriminalized defamation by eliminating prison terms. According to an analysis by the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life, sixteen countries (84%) had laws penalizing blasphemy, apostasy and/or defamation of religion. Lese-majesty laws existed in some parts of the
7537:
The 2009 Act repeals the Defamation Act 1961, which had, together with the underlying principles of the common law of tort, governed Irish defamation law for almost half a century. The 2009 Act represents significant changes in Irish law, as many believe that it previously attached insufficient
7025:
To establish civil liability for defamation, the plaintiff must establish, on a balance of probabilities, the existence of an injury (fault), a wrongful act (damage), and of a causal connection (link of causality) between the two. A person who has made defamatory remarks will not necessarily be
3468:
In common law jurisdictions, civil lawsuits alleging defamation have frequently been used by both private businesses and governments to suppress and censor criticism. A notable example of such lawsuits being used to suppress political criticism of a government is the use of defamation claims by
8658:
and further supplemented its decision. It elaborated on the offender's duty to check the validity of the defamatory statements regarding public matters, and dictated that the offender shall not be punished if there are objective and reasonable grounds for the offender to believe the defamatory
3917:
dramatically altered the nature of libel law in the country by elevating the fault element for public officials to actual malice – that is, public figures could win a libel suit only if they could demonstrate the publisher's "knowledge that the information was false" or that the
11625:, Routledge, 2006, p. 273. "Simplifying a very complicated decision, the court said that because the plaintiff must prove a statement is false in order to win an action in defamation, it is impossible to win an action in defamation if the statement, by its very nature, cannot be proven false."
8716:
Whoever, imputes anything to the other person before a third person in a manner likely to impair the reputation of such other person or to expose such other person to be hated or scorned, is said to commit defamation, and shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding one year or fined not
7402:
are §90 (denigration of the Federal President), §90a (denigration of the State and its symbols), §90b (unconstitutional denigration of the organs of the Constitution), §185 ("insult"), §186 (defamation of character), §187 (defamation with deliberate untruths), §188 (political defamation with
6866:
In Austria, the crime of defamation is foreseen by Article 111 of the Criminal Code. Related criminal offences include "slander and assault" (Article 115), that happens "if a person insults, mocks, mistreats or threatens will ill-treatment another one in public", and yet "malicious falsehood"
5161:
opposes criminal defamation, arguing that civil defamation laws providing defences for statements on matters of public interest are better compliant with international human rights law. The European Court of Human Rights has placed restrictions on criminal libel laws because of the freedom of
11618:, Cengage Learning, 2007, p. 115. "In other words, making a negative statement about another person is not defamation unless the statement is false and represents something as a fact (for example, 'Vladik cheats on his taxes') rather than a personal opinion (for example, 'Vladik is a jerk')."
9178:
subversion of state power, acting against the state, and conducting activities to overthrow the state. In 2011, the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life found that anti-blasphemy laws existed in eight countries (18%), while 15 (34%) had laws against defamation of religion.
8322:, wasting the investigative capacity of police departments. One person could end up suing 50 others, or more. This led to the emergence of settlement-money hunters, provoking others to insult them, and then demanding compensation. According to statistics from the Cyber Security Bureau of the
6759:
The 2006 reforms also established across all Australian states the availability of truth as an unqualified defence; previously a number of states only allowed a defence of truth with the condition that a public interest or benefit existed. The defendant however still needs to prove that the
2497:
In most of Europe, article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights permits restrictions on freedom of speech when necessary to protect the reputation or rights of others. Additionally, restrictions of freedom of expression and other rights guaranteed by international human rights laws
3461:
than spoken words or gestures. The law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel. The highest award in an American defamation case, at US$ 222.7 million was rendered in 1997 against
2579:
of defamation and, in any case, the application of the criminal law should only be countenanced in the most serious of cases and imprisonment is never an appropriate penalty. It is impermissible for a State party to indict a person for criminal defamation but then not to proceed to trial
8113:
or expose him "to the loss of confidence necessary for a given position, occupation or type of activity". Penalties include fine, limitation of liberty and imprisonment for up to a year (Article 212.1 of the Criminal Code). The penalty is more severe when the offence happens through the
3974:
Common law jurisdictions vary as to whether they permit corporate plaintiffs in defamation actions. Under contemporary Australian law, private corporations are denied the right to sue for defamation, with an exception for small businesses (corporations with less than 10 employees and no
7821:) have been abolished in the Federal Penal Code as well as in fifteen states. These crimes remain in the penal codes of seventeen states, where penalty is, in average, from 1.1 years (for ones convicted for slanderous allegation) to 3.8 years in jail (for those convicted for calumny).
7733:). General defamation provision. Where the truth of the allegations is not a factor in determining guilt; but there is "Special Provision for Matters Concerning Public Interest", whereby proving the allegations is allowed as a defence. See also 232: "prosecuted only upon complaint".
3627:
No third-party communication: If an employer were to bring an employee into a sound-proof, isolated room, and accuse him of embezzling company money, the employee would have no defamation recourse, since no one other than the would-be plaintiff and would-be defendant heard the false
8210:. In addition to criminal law, which allows for imprisonment (up to seven years in case the allegations are false) and monetary fines, one can also sue for damages with civil actions. Generally, criminal actions proceed civil ones with South Korean police as judicial investigators.
3601:
is not liable if they had no actual knowledge of the defamatory statement or no reason to believe the statement was defamatory. Thus, a delivery service cannot be held liable for delivering a sealed defamatory letter. The defence can be defeated if the lack of knowledge was due to
11647:, Cengage Learning, 2008, p. 390. "Libel refers to written defamatory statements; slander refers to oral statements. Libel encompasses communications occurring in 'physical form'... defamatory statements on records and computer tapes are considered libel rather than slander."
12927:
9132:
dismissed such cases. According to an analysis by the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life, laws against defamation of religion remained on the books in 13 countries (27%), four countries had laws penalizing apostasy, and two had anti-blasphemy laws.
9687:
As of 2022, at least 160 countries had criminal defamation laws on the books, down from 166 in 2015. At least 57 laws and regulations across 44 countries were adopted or amended since 2016, containing vague language or disproportionate punishments, threatening online
7120:(Article 413). If it is not written or with publicity, penalty is "lower imprisonment" in its minimum degree plus a fine of six to fifteen "vital wages" when it is about a crime, or plus a fine of six to ten "vital wages" when it is about a misdemeanor (Article 414).
7912:
Under the new Penal Code, decided upon by the Parliament in 2005, defamation would cease to exist as a crime. Rather, any person who believes he or she has been subject to defamation will have to press civil lawsuits. The Criminal Code took effect on 1 October 2015.
7389:
Defined as "the allegation or allocation of a fact that damages the honor or reputation of the person or body to which the fact is imputed". A defamatory allegation is considered an insult if it does not include any facts or if the claimed facts cannot be verified.
7091:
periods in trans-border online defamation cases, liability for hyperlinks to defamatory content, filing lawsuits against anonymous parties, and the liability of internet service providers and intermediaries make online defamation a uniquely complicated area of law.
9123:, calling for the abolition of insult and criminal defamation laws. Such laws frequently led to the arrest and imprisonment of journalists across the continent. It was signed by two countries. In most cases – criminal or civil – the
8684:
The Court, when given judgment as to the liability for wrongful act and the amount of compensation, shall not be bound by the provisions of the criminal law concerning liability to punishment or by the conviction or non-conviction of the wrongdoer for a criminal
9280:
Defamation was a criminal offence in the vast majority of countries, occasionally leading to imprisonment or elevated fines. Criminal penalties for defamation remained, but there was a trend towards their repeal. Between 2007 and 2012, 23 of the 27 countries in
7615:", Article 368, Penal Code), which, under the Italian legal system, is defined as the crime of falsely accusing, before the authorities, a person of a crime they did not commit. As to the trial, judgment on the legality of the evidence fades into its relevance.
2430:, whose legal tradition is the predecessor of contemporary common law jurisdictions, slander was punished by cutting out the tongue. Historically, while defamation of a commoner in England was known as libel or slander, the defamation of a member of the English
7792:, and found procedural illegalities in the lower courts' judgments (regarding the exclusion of evidence from testimony, as hearsay). As a result, the court quashed the conviction on appeal, and remanded the case to a lower court for further proceedings.
7286:
stay in prison for up to two years or be prohibited of exercising a specific activity. However, only the most severe cases will be subject to criminal prosecution. The less severe cases can be solved by an action for apology, damages or injunctions.
5073:, a British free expression advocacy group, has published global maps charting the existence of criminal defamation law across the globe, as well as showing countries that have special protections for political leaders or functionaries of the state.
2561:
Defamation laws must be crafted with care to ensure that they comply with paragraph 3 , and that they do not serve, in practice, to stifle freedom of expression. All such laws, in particular penal defamation laws, should include such defences as the
4029:
is a generic term meaning 'worthiness, dignity, self-respect', and comprises related concerns like mental tranquillity and privacy. Because it is such a wide concept, its infringement must be serious. Not every insult is humiliating; one must prove
6726:
developed primarily out of the English law of defamation and its cases, though now there are differences introduced by statute and by the implied constitutional limitation on governmental powers to limit speech of a political nature established in
6755:(Vic), s 9). Corporations may, however, still sue for the tort of injurious falsehood, where the burden of proof is greater than in defamation, because the plaintiff must show that the defamation was made with malice and resulted in economic loss.
3910:
did not interpret the First Amendment as applying to libel cases involving media defendants. This left libel laws, based upon the traditional common law of defamation inherited from the English legal system, mixed across the states. The 1964 case
10127:, secrecy, loyalty, and treachery; dignity and honour are again mentioned. The author concludes that freedom of speech should be practised for the sake of justice, and can be lifted if it causes discomfort or unhealthy relationships in society.
6736:
In 2006, uniform defamation laws came into effect across Australia. In addition to fixing the problematic inconsistencies in law between individual States and Territories, the laws made a number of changes to the common law position, including:
5144:
While defamation torts are less controversial as they ostensibly involve plaintiffs seeking to protect their right to dignity and their reputation, criminal defamation is more controversial as it involves the state expressly seeking to restrict
9442:(ECOWAS). The journalist was subjected to censorship, excessive fines, and a lengthy imprisonment for defamation. Following this legally binding decision, the country in question proceeded to amend its laws and pay the journalist compensation.
3481:
has gained prominence in many common law jurisdictions outside Singapore as activists, journalists, and critics of corporations, political leaders, and public figures are increasingly targeted with vexatious defamation litigation. As a result,
9071:
Debate around defamation of religions, and how this impacts the right to free expression, continued to be an issue at a global level. In 2006, UNESCO's executive board adopted a decision on "Respect for freedom of expression and respect for
3709:
While defamation torts are broadly similar across common law jurisdictions; differences have arisen as a result of diverging case law, statutes and other legislative action, and constitutional concerns specific to individual jurisdictions.
7784:. The defence alleged, among other things, violation of Article 21 of the Constitution. The court found that none of the defence's grounds for appeal amounted to lawful grounds for a final appeal. Nevertheless, the court examined the case
10164:). The author concludes that in the Malaysian context, this proposed harmonization would be justified by Article 3 of the Constitution (with a passing reference to the "supremacy of the Constitution", apparently guaranteed in Article 4).
18559:
8423:), not characterised under Article 1 or 2, and is punishable with a fine or, if it is gross, with up to six months of prison or a fine. While an act of defamation involves a third person, it is not a requirement for insulting behaviour.
1202:
8795:, and the laws are rarely enforced. There are no criminal defamation or insult laws at the federal level. According to the Knowledge article, on the state level, 23 states and two territories have criminal defamation laws on the books:
6744:
Providing new defences including that of triviality, where it is a defence to the publication of a defamatory matter if the defendant proves that the circumstances of publication were such that the plaintiff was unlikely to sustain any
3692:
cannot survive. The conception of what type of allegation may support an action for defamation per se can evolve with public policy. For example, in May 2012 an appeals court in New York, citing changes in public policy with regard to
3540:
Absolute privilege has the effect that a statement cannot be sued on as defamatory, even if it were made maliciously; a typical example is evidence given in court (although this may give rise to different claims, such as an action for
2279:
Defamation and related laws can encompass a variety of acts (from general defamation and insult – as applicable to every citizen – to specialized provisions covering specific entities and social structures):
4063:
This notwithstanding, there is 'little historical basis in Scots law for the kind of structural difficulties that have restricted English law' in the development of mechanisms to protect so-called 'rights of personality'. The
9673:
According to the 2017 OSCE report, criminal defamation laws were in place in at least 21 of the 27 countries in Western Europe and North America. At least 13 states retained statutes penalizing blasphemy or religious insult.
7602:
in the exercise of that profession or art. Therefore, journalists convicted of libel may be banned from exercising their profession. Deliberately false accusations of defamation, as with any other crime, lead to the crime of
6899:
fine. In any of the crimes covered by Chapter V of the Penal Code, the minimum penalty may be doubled (Article 453-bis) "when one of the motivations of the crime is hatred, contempt or hostility of a person due to his or her
9039:
that was made accessible through their servers or services, if it was deemed illegal or harmful. Due to uncertain takedown procedures and the lack of legal resources, intermediaries sometimes were excessively compliant with
9814:
6988:, defamation is formally a criminal offence, but the penalty of imprisonment was abolished in 1999. Articles 146 (insult), 147 (criminal defamation) and 148 (public insult) of the Criminal Code prescribe a penalty of fine.
10963:
Conduct usually takes the form of statements, either oral or in writing; nevertheless, other forms of conduct, such as physical contact or gestures, could also arise. The principles are the same as those applicable to the
10002:. According to the text, allegations cannot be taken back, reparation methods proposed by theologians are unsatisfactory, and the only way is finding the right occasion for a favourable characterization of the defamed.
12290:
6971:
or moral constraint, defamation acts are also covered by the crimes of "illegal constraint" (Article 146 of the Penal Code) and "arbitrary exercise of discretion" (Article 345 of PC), defined as breaking the law as a
3991:, the general elements of delict must be present, but specific rules have been developed for each element. Causation, for example, is seldom in issue, and is assumed to be present. The elements of liability under the
9473:
and anti-terrorism laws, were frequently used as tools of government control on media. Emergency laws often superseded the general law. Defamation laws tended to favour those who could afford costly legal expenses.
8609:, Article 11 establishes freedom of speech. Article 23 allows restrictions to freedoms and rights, to prevent infringing on the freedoms and rights of others. The court found that Art. 310 ¶¶ 1-2 were necessary and
7062:
The criminal portion of the law has been rarely applied, but it has been observed that, when treated as an indictable offence, it often appears to arise from statements made against an agent of the Crown, such as a
3447:
jurisdictions, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions distinguish between spoken defamation, called
15093:
9513:, had civil and/or criminal defamation laws. Various cases indicated that such laws were used by political interests and powerful elites (individuals and corporations). Cases of online defamation were on the rise.
8754:, proving the truth of the allegation was originally a valid defence only in civil libel cases. Criminal libel was construed as an offence against the public at large based on the tendency of the libel to provoke
7637:
Article 21. Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed. No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be
8680:
A person who makes a communication the untruth of which is unknown to him, does not thereby render himself liable to make compensation, if he or the receiver of the communication has a rightful interest in it.
10141:
Fourth, the proposal of harmonization is discussed. The author proposes amending Malaysian laws to conform with Islamic legal principles, under the supervision of a specific department. Mentioned are: Islamic
3821:
on the charge of seditious libel, because it was proven that all the statements Zenger had published about Cosby had been true, so there was not an issue of defamation. Another example of libel is the case of
4042:
in the narrow sense), adultery, loss of consortium, alienation of affection, breach of promise (but only in a humiliating or degrading manner), et cetera. "Fama" is a generic term referring to reputation and
3870:
Provide that, while most instances of slander continue to require special damage to be proved (i.e. prove that pecuniary loss was caused by the defamatory statement), instances such as slander of title shall
11709:
9460:
The majority of countries had defamation laws, that were used to charge and imprison journalists. Media outlets were suspended after publishing reports critical of the government or other political elites.
6688:). In addition, defamation of authorities, public officials or foreign representatives (Articles 227, 239 to 241) are separate crimes with maximum penalties varying from one to three years of imprisonment.
8326:, the number of cyber defamation and insult reports was 5,712 in 2010, 8,880 in 2014, and at least 8,488 in 2015. More than half of the complaints for cyber insults were game-related (the article mentions
7671:
defiles the national flag or other national emblem of a foreign state for the purpose of insulting the foreign state", can be construed to include more abstract defiling; translations of the Japanese term
8175:
provides for individuals who have been affected by false statements online to seek a variety of court orders under the tort of harassment that are not available under the pre-internet tort of defamation:
7975:
Conditions for defence of truth: good motives, justifiable ends; not available for allegations of non-criminal activities – unless related to official duties of government employees (Art.
15236:
8728:
Criminal defamation charges in Thailand under Section 326 of the Criminal Code are frequently used to censor journalists and activists critical of human rights circumstances for workers in the country.
2474:
This implies a right to legal protection against defamation; however, this right co-exists with the right to freedom of opinion and expression under Article 19 of the ICCPR as well as Article 19 of the
15822:
7078:
According to the OSCE official report on defamation laws issued in 2005, 57 persons in Canada were accused of defamation, libel and insult, among which 23 were convicted – 9 to prison sentences, 19 to
8203:, both true and false statements can be considered defamation. The penalties increase for false statements. It is also possible for a person to be criminally defamed when they are no longer alive.
7075:. In the most recent case, in 2012, an Ottawa restaurant owner was convicted of ongoing online harassment of a customer who had complained about the quality of food and service in her restaurant.
14883:
9631:
Legal developments varied across the region. While criminal defamation and insult laws were repealed in some countries, stronger defamation laws were produced or reintroduced in other countries.
4047:
pertaining to it encompasses defamation more broadly Beyond simply covering actions that fall within the broader concept of defamation, "actio iniuriarum" relating to infringements of a person's
9161:
users reporting on political matters were arrested. The charges were defamation or insult, typically with respect to heads of state. There was a trend towards trying journalists and bloggers in
3577:: Statements made with an honest belief in their soundness on a matter of public interest (such as regarding official acts) are defendable against a defamation claim, even if such arguments are
9845:; anything that can injure the honour or character of another. With two exceptions: for the good of the guilty, or when necessary to prevent a greater evil – and then, only with
9780:
7098:
held that a person who posts hyperlinks on a website which lead to another site with defamatory content is not publishing that defamatory material for the purposes of libel and defamation law.
13177:"IRIS 2006–10:2/1: Ilia Dohel, Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. Representative on Freedom of the Media: Report on Achievements in the Decriminalization of Defamation"
8627:) argued against Articles 309 and 310. Its position was abolishing prison sentences in practice, on the way to full decriminalization. It argued that insulting language should be tackled via
5076:
There can be regional statutes that may differ from the national norm. For example, in the United States, criminal defamation is generally limited to the living. However, there are 7 states (
9352:; and (iii) a lack of transparency regarding blocking and filtering processes (including the relationship between the state and private bodies, in the setting of filters and the exchange of
8768:
allowed the proven truth of the allegation to be used as a valid defence in criminal libel cases, but only if the defendant also demonstrated that publication was for the "public benefit".
18533:
14856:
13789:
9060:, where companies conducted their own monitoring and filtering to avoid possible repercussions. This contributed to a process of privatized censorship, where some governments may rely on
7950:
Malice presumed, even if true; exceptions: private communications in the course of duty, fair reports – without comments – on official proceedings (Art. 354)
1168:
12645:
9567:
country. Other forms of criminal offences existed in some countries: insulting public officials, harming the reputation and honour of the head of state, insulting or defaming the state.
4072:
requires that the conduct of the defender be 'contumelious'—that is, it must show such hubristic disregard of the pursuer's recognised personality interest that an intention to affront (
3784:(or other legitimate public figure) to win a libel case in an American court, the statement must have been published knowing it to be false or with reckless disregard to its truth (i.e.
3729:" in which the making of a true statement may give rise to liability: but neither of these comes under the general heading of "defamation". The tort of harassment created by Singapore's
13379:
12249:
8442:. There is wilful defamation when the offender knows the falsity of his/her allegations and intentionally looks to ruin the reputation of one's victim (see Articles 174-1 and 174–2).
5118:
Questions of group libel have been appearing in common law for hundreds of years. One of the earliest known cases of a defendant being tried for defamation of a group was the case of
4068:
offered, however, the non-patrimonial interest must be deliberately affronted: negligent interference with a non-patrimonial interest will not be sufficient to generate liability. An
3635:
third-party communication, but the third-party hearing the defamatory statement does not believe the statement, or does not care, then there is no injury, and therefore, no recourse.
10289:
The two terms seem to be conflated. It is not clear which, if any, corresponds to harmful and true speech, and which to harmful and false speech. Combined with Knowledge's entry on
7462:, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.]
17087:
12114:
8614:
remedies, it noted that if the law allowed anyone to avoid a penalty for defamation by offering monetary compensation, it would be tantamount to issuing them a licence to defame.
3906:
was designed to protect freedom of the press, it was primarily envisioned to prevent censorship by the state rather than defamation suits; thus, for most of American history, the
15676:
14990:
8690:
6886:
According to the OSCE report on defamation laws, "Azerbaijan intends to remove articles on defamation and insult from criminal legislation and preserve them in the Civil Code".
14414:
7587:
and therefore no criminal prosecution at all. Beginning from 15 January 2016, injury is no longer a crime but a tort, while defamation is still considered a crime like before.
12298:
9574:
turned to the courts, seeking relief for reputational injuries. Civil defamation lawsuits by politicians limited press freedom, in at least one country of the CIS sub-region.
2570:, consideration should be given to avoiding penalizing or otherwise rendering unlawful untrue statements that have been published in error but without malice. In any event, a
15090:
12666:
8445:
On the other hand, defamation is punished only with a maximum monetary penalty of 180 daily penalty units (Article 173–1). When it comes to a deceased or absent person, the
10090:
8438:, the crime of wilful defamation is punished with a maximum term of three years in prison, or with a fine of at least thirty days' worth, according to Article 174-2 of the
8191:
a narrower scope of conduct in order to avoid outlawing an overly broad range of speech, and is confined to addressing speech that causes "harassment, alarm, or distress".
7560:
As a criminal offence, defamation is punishable by a year of imprisonment. In order to constitute a felony, defamation must be intentional and target at least two persons.
14193:
7158:
14907:
7051:
of any person by exposing him to hatred, contempt or ridicule, or that is designed to insult the person of or concerning whom it is published", receives the same penalty.
7649:
7241:) makes serious defamation punishable by fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention upon complaint, unless it is against the government.
5111:(OSCE) has also published a detailed database on criminal and civil defamation provisions in 55 countries, including all European countries, all member countries of the
9212:
country still had such a provision. According to the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life, 17 countries had laws penalizing religious hate speech.
2396:, the dissemination of which was regarded as particularly dangerous, and visited with very severe punishment, whether the matters contained in them were true or false.
2580:
expeditiously – such a practice has a chilling effect that may unduly restrict the exercise of freedom of expression of the person concerned and others.
2566:
and they should not be applied with regard to those forms of expression that are not, of their nature, subject to verification. At least with regard to comments about
2466:
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation.
7900:
in a way to be set by court." If the court grants an injunction, the defendant is usually ordered to delete the publication or to publish a rectification statement.
7624:
13202:
10047:
the false statement, which undoes the injury (even if this requires exposing the perpetrator as a liar). Compensation for the victim's losses may also be required.
19022:
11332:
10897:
10836:.For instance, despite the common belief that the term "tort" exclusively refers to civil liability in common law jurisdictions, Knowledge has articles discussing
7969:
Slander by deed – "any act not included and punished in this title, which shall cast dishonor, discredit or contempt upon another person" (Art. 359)
3983:
Defamation in jurisdictions applying Roman Dutch law (i.e. most of Southern Africa, Indonesia, Suriname, and the Dutch Caribbean) gives rise to a claim by way of "
1669:
9397:
Between 2012 and 2017, four AU member states decriminalized defamation. Other national courts defended criminal defamation's place in their constitution [
14938:
11878:
10375:
9304:
According to the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life, eight countries had blasphemy legislation, though these laws were used infrequently.
7801:
Singapore, and India, Malaysia relies on case law. In fact, the Defamation Act 1957 is similar with the English Defamaiton Act 1952. The Malaysian Penal Code is
18083:
15226:
11438:
9190:
fully decriminalized defamation. An additional four abolished prison sentences for defamation convictions, although the offence remained in the criminal code.
8084:
7781:
2236:
and causes a legally redressable injury. The precise legal definition of defamation varies from country to country. It is not necessarily restricted to making
710:
15830:
8071:, and ordered the Philippine government to provide remedy, including compensation for time served in prison, and to prevent similar violations in the future.
15877:"Venezuelan Court Sentences Newspaper Publisher to Prison Four-year sentence raises concerns about press intimidation in the troubled South American country"
6894:
In Belgium, crimes against honor are foreseen in Chapter V of the Belgian Penal Code, Articles 443 to 453-bis. Someone is guilty of calumny "when law admits
3770:
into the truthfulness of the statement; where the plaintiff is a celebrity or public official, they must additionally prove that the statement was made with
9623:
New cybercrime laws were passed in two Caribbean countries. In 2017, one country passed an anti-hate law that was criticized for stifling political debate.
8305:, that would allow imprisonment up to three years for online defamation, and would authorize the police to investigate cyber defamation cases without prior
8297:, for spreading false information. According to the decision, Minerva's online comments affected national credibility negatively. Lawmakers from the ruling
7398:
In German law, there is no distinction between libel and slander. As of 2006, German defamation lawsuits are increasing. The relevant offences of Germany's
11098:
11064:
10832:
is used to refer to this category of civil wrong, though it can also refer to criminal offences in some jurisdictions and tort is the general term used in
9435:
9099:. Similar resolutions were made in 2012 and 2013. In 2013, 87 governments agreed on the Rabat Plan of Action, for the prohibition of incitement to hatred.
8983:
7530:
According to the (revised) Defamation Act 2009, the last criminal offences (Sections 36–37, blasphemy) seem to have been repealed. The
5154:
5108:
2458:
6858:. This judgment was significant as it demonstrated that tweets, consisting of even as little as three words, can be defamatory, as was held in this case.
18286:
13306:
7238:
921:
14893:
3465:
in favour of MMAR Group Inc; however, the verdict was dismissed in 1999 amid allegations that MMAR failed to disclose audiotapes made by its employees.
15672:
10925:, and not a case where the defence acquitted itself as a matter of law, as before the Zenger case defamation law had not provided the defence of truth.
9108:
9052:
for the affected content producer. Intermediaries were at times held criminally liable for content posted by a user, when others perceived it violated
9911:
is given as example) might be a mortal sin. While an offence of considerable magnitude (drunkenness is given as example), attributed to a member of a
9149:
region. There were vaguely worded concepts and terms, interpreted narrowly by the judiciary. The number of bloggers imprisoned was rising. Among some
3648:, such that people making a defamation claim for these statements do not need to prove that the statement was defamatory. In an action for defamation
19417:
18800:
13999:
10901:
8426:
Under exemptions in the Freedom of the Press Act, Chapter 7, both criminal and civil lawsuits may be brought to court under the laws on denigration.
7234:
3903:
2080:
1441:
13080:
9389:
appeared before courts, with some serving time in prison. Technological advancements strengthened governments' abilities to monitor online content.
8537:
Slander and libel as distinct offences, with harsher punishment for libel; truth as a defence – except for private matters (Art. 310)
8051:
published an article on a criminal defamation case. A broadcaster was jailed for more than two years, following conviction on libel charges, by the
7325:
low as €1. Controversially, damages in defamation cases brought by public officials are higher than those brought by ordinary citizens, which has a
18237:
12779:
11983:
11482:
9221:
2401:
qui, adversus bonos mores convicium cui fecisse cuiusve opera factum esse dicitur, quo adversus bonos mores convicium fieret, in eum iudicium dabo.
2212:
872:
14960:
11203:
10028:
In a somewhat contradictory opinion, it is stated that there are circumstances where misdeeds can be lawfully exposed, but a lie is intrinsically
8918:
In response to the expansion of other jurisdictions' attempts to enforce judgements in cases of trans-border defamation and to a rise in domestic
13611:
11236:
10861:
10485:, which would result in the perpetrator receiving same punishment, as the one their false testimony would have brought upon the falsely accused.
9431:
8919:
7382:
7162:
2539:
2515:
in assessing whether limitations on constitutional rights are "demonstrably justifiable in a free and democratic society" under Section 1 of the
15853:
15385:
14860:
13793:
13383:
9570:
Civil laws to protect the reputation of individuals or their privacy were increasingly used. There was an increase in the number of cases where
8206:
Criminal defamation occurs when a public statement damages the subject's reputation, unless the statement was true and presented solely for the
18158:
14440:
13301:
12651:
10795:
10769:
8694:
8414:
7718:) seems to include any act of 'disrespect' and 'blasphemy' – a standard term; as long as it is performed in a place of worship.
3752:
Although laws vary by state; in America, a defamation action typically requires that a plaintiff claiming defamation prove that the defendant:
3478:
2528:
785:
15114:
14064:
7489:
Some other offences related to insults: against public servants in judicial proceedings (Section 228), against religion or religious beliefs (
7415:
aggravated defamation could have led to at least three months of prison, plus a possible fine (Article 363) and deprivation of the offender's
7016:, defamation was originally grounded in the law inherited from France and is presently established by Chapter III, Title 2 of Book One of the
3725:, involving the making of a statement, even if truthful, intended to harm the claimant out of malice; some have a separate tort or delict of "
11187:
11166:
11145:
10689:
9427:
15269:
12928:"An analysis of three distinct approaches to using defamation to protect corporate reputation from Australia, England and Wales, and Canada"
11800:
18805:
17242:
15408:
15164:
13061:
12375:
10066:
8474:
7953:
Punishment for libel in writing or similar medium (including radio, painting, theatre, cinema): imprisonment, fine, civil action (Art. 355)
3806:
3722:
2650:
2399:
The Praetorian Edict, codified circa AD 130, declared that an action could be brought up for shouting at someone contrary to good morals: "
1446:
15428:
14507:
13467:
12227:
11899:
11609:
Navigating the Legal Minefield of Private Investigations: A Career-Saving Guide for Private Investigators, Detectives, And Security Police
18775:
18379:
17921:
11102:
11068:
9370:
7963:
of private-life facts – connected to official proceedings – offending virtue, honour, reputation (Art. 357)
6729:
1416:
1014:
540:
15141:
11942:
3762:
if the defamatory matter is of public concern, acted in a manner which amounted at least to negligence on the part of the defendant; and
18068:
17457:
9590:
Public officials throughout the region initiated criminal proceedings against internet users, predominantly against those opposing the
8172:
8159:
law decrees that a suspect can be held incommunicado for 90 days without the presence of their lawyer during the initial questioning."
8097:. The petitions all claim that the law infringes on freedom of expression, due process, equal protection and privacy of communication.
6847:
student Andrew Farley was ordered to pay $ 105,000 to a teacher for writing defamatory remarks about her on the social media platform.
6804:, justification (truth), honest opinion, publication of public documents, fair report of proceedings of public concern and triviality.
3749:
protects plaintiffs against statements which are not technically false but are misleading. Libel and slander both require publication.
2790:
695:
15304:
14998:
14288:
14029:
8647:(in order to reserve public resources for major crimes, rather than private disputes and quarrels irrelevant to the public interest).
6704:. He who intentionally dishonor or discredit a determined person is punished with a penalty from 1,500 to 20,000 pesos (Article 110).
3504:
is suspended and which, if successful, would terminate the lawsuit and allow the party to recover its legal costs from the plaintiff.
14418:
12345:
10104:, many more concepts might be included. The author concludes that Islamic definitions are better for classifying defamatory actions.
10078:
9439:
9225:
8990:
also provided technical assistance to governments on revising legislation, to align with international standards and best practices.
7895:
In the Netherlands, defamation is mostly dealt with by lodging a civil complaint at the District Court. Article 167 of book 6 of the
17031:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America 2017/2018
13558:
11506:
10921:
sowed the seed for the later establishment of truth as an absolute defence against libel charges. The outcome of the case is one of
10549:
of his newly married wife; and divorce was disallowed (similarly with calumny). The article notes that after the destruction of the
9205:
increased pressure on authorities, to stop granting public officials a higher degree of protection against defamation in the media.
7419:. Finally, disparaging the memory of a deceased person is punished with imprisonment of up to six months (Penal Code, Article 365).
18003:
17891:
17634:
17005:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean 2017/2018
15876:
12418:
9768:
8792:
7927:
7517:
3950:
622:
510:
13585:
12670:
12458:
12030:
9582:
There were attempts to pass legislation allowing content removal based on different claims, including defamation and hate speech.
7751:
Article 233, "Damage to Credibility; Obstruction of Business". Special provision for damaging the reputation of, or 'confidence' (
7363:
3410:
While each legal tradition approaches defamation differently, it is typically regarded as a tort for which the offended party can
2502:(ECHR)) and by the constitutions of a variety of countries are subject to some variation of the three-part test recognised by the
16849:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America (2014)
14677:
13406:"European Council – Aperçu des legislations nationales en matière de diffamation et d'injure – English version – Section Albania"
9140:
All Arab States retained criminal penalties for defamation. Truth was rarely a defence to defamation and libel charges. In 2012,
2516:
17:
16823:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean (2014)
15325:
13091:
9563:
retained imprisonment as a possibility. Defamation of public officials, state bodies, or state institutions was criminalized in
3874:
Clarify that broadcast statements (including those that are only broadcast in spoken form) constitute libel rather than slander.
3733:
is an example of a tort of this type being created by statute. There is also, in almost all jurisdictions, a tort or delict of "
19518:
18242:
18013:
17841:
17826:
17821:
17667:
15722:
14915:
9257:
laws, which refer specifically to defamation of public officials. The OAS Special Rapporteur expressed concern over the use of
8782:
5056:
2725:
2181:
877:
632:
460:
445:
440:
270:
16979:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe 2017/2018
13899:
11773:
9524:
law or the affairs of the state. From 2014, criminal defamation laws were challenged, both in South and East Asian countries.
7320:
While defamation law in most jurisdictions centres on the protection of individuals' dignity or reputation, defamation law in
19546:
18073:
17806:
17202:
16521:
16482:
16439:
16396:
16355:
16291:
16250:
16205:
16164:
16117:
16076:
16035:
15999:
15963:
15927:
13176:
12804:
8606:
7538:
importance to the media's freedom of expression and weighed too heavily in support of the individual's right to a good name.
7521:
6900:
2551:
2503:
2476:
700:
425:
209:
16470:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America 2017/2018
15448:
15357:
15051:
15012:
14834:
12168:
11424:
10505:
8118:(Article 212.2). When the insult is public and aims at offending a group of people or an individual because of his or their
7493:), against religious feelings (Section 298), against breach of peace (Section 504), against modesty of women (Section 509).
19578:
18581:
17896:
17718:
17123:
16797:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe (2014)
16427:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean 2017/2018
11866:
10800:
9236:, defamation, slander, and libel. Some countries proposed reforming the IACHR, which could have weakened the office of the
8323:
7700:
7479:
6844:
3529:. Public interest is generally not "what the public is interested in", but rather "what is in the interest of the public".
3414:. The range of remedies available to successful plaintiffs in defamation cases varies between jurisdictions and range from
2205:
1224:
515:
329:
14484:
14392:
14320:
14254:
14210:
13878:
13842:
13767:
13745:
13030:
11521:
10017:
According to the text, theologians say that the act of lying might not be grievous in itself, but advise mentioning it in
9415:
violations since 2005, set a precedent with two rulings in favour of cases challenging the criminalization of defamation.
8910:
this case that the Massachusetts law was constitutional under the First Amendment without it being argued by the parties.
7575:
crimes, that is, the victim had the right of choosing, in any moment, to stop the criminal prosecution by withdrawing the
7443:
19227:
18897:
18810:
18701:
18369:
18189:
17831:
17816:
17057:
Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022
15655:
14659:
13405:
11369:
10965:
10260:
10074:
9663:
9237:
9088:
8332:
specifically). Most of the accused were teenagers. Parents often paid settlement fees, ranging from 300,000 to 2,000,000
8063:, who subsequently filed a complaint. Questioned were the conviction's compatibility with freedom of expression, and the
2499:
1882:
1538:
1451:
1342:
1004:
822:
450:
435:
14232:
9318:
Civil defamation continued, particularly about content related to the rich and powerful, including public officials and
8952:
In March 2016, a civil action for defamation led to imposition of a four-year prison sentence on a newspaper publisher.
7133:
as "all expression said or action performed that dishonors, discredits or causes contempt". Article 417 defines broadly
18795:
18269:
14818:
9541:
7497:
7411:
In Greece, the maximum prison term for defamation, libel or insult was five years, while the maximum fine was €15,000.
7082:
and one to a fine. The average period in prison was 270 days, and the maximum sentence was four years of imprisonment.
5157:, have campaigned against strict defamation laws that criminalise defamation. The freedom of expression advocacy group
5112:
3829:
3488:
3397:
1436:
904:
16384:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe 2017/2018
14946:
14707:
13672:"Judgments – Berezovsky v. Michaels and Others Glouchkov v. Michaels and Others (Consolidated Appeals)"
12557:
10158:), and "other laws" practised by people in various countries; provided that they are in line with Islamic divine law (
10130:
Third, Malaysian laws related to defamation are enumerated. According to the author, there were cases with exorbitant
5069:
In addition to tort law, many jurisdictions treat defamation as a criminal offence and provide for penalties as such.
18443:
18274:
17770:
17748:
16745:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia and the Pacific (2014)
12908:
12888:
11583:
11333:"Response to the consultations of the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression on her report on disinformation"
11246:
9453:
governments to imprison journalists for a wide range of reasons (cybercrime, anti-terrorism, incitement to violence,
8598:
8527:
8219:
8080:
7882:
7525:
3928:
New Zealand received English law with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840. The current Act is the
3418:
to court orders requiring the defendant to retract the offending statement or to publish a correction or an apology.
2520:
2487:
Providing for truth (i.e., demonstrating that the content of the defamatory statement is true) to be a valid defence,
1078:
909:
381:
359:
11957:
8944:
who initiated the state and federal laws). Both the New York state law and the federal law were passed unanimously.
8186:
Disabling Order (an order requiring an internet-based intermediaries to disable access to the defamatory statement).
7864:
7598:, or with the violation of a duty inherent to that profession or art, lead to the additional penalty of a temporary
6681:). If the slandering occurs in public or damages multiple people, the fine is 40,000 ALL to three million ALL (c. $
19180:
19017:
18917:
18374:
18264:
15698:
13700:
13676:
13632:
13429:
12692:
10096:
First, definitions of defamation from Malaysian and Islamic law are listed. According to the paper, definitions by
10060:
9445:
In 2016, the Constitutional Court of Zimbabwe declared its criminal defamation laws unconstitutional. In 2017, the
6880:
6768:
4692:
4456:
2305:
1835:
1664:
1558:
1009:
899:
16152:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America
14616:
11840:
18770:
18281:
18043:
17846:
17579:
16927:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia Pacific, 2017/2018
16509:
Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022
16105:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean
15332:, No. 22 (I) – Issued by the Documentation Office for East European Law, from the University of Leyden, page 114)
13206:
12015:
10473:
cannot repair subtle damage to reputation – with two exceptions. Bringing an evil name upon one's
9818:
9800:
9229:
9150:
4032:
3116:
2198:
1411:
916:
670:
465:
16953:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Arab States, 2017/2018
16771:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of the Arab region (2014)
13918:
11879:
High Court awards PM Lee $ 210,000 in damages in defamation suits against TOC editor Terry Xu and article author
4051:
provides civil remedies for assaults, acts of a sexual or indecent nature, and 'wrongful arrest and detention'.
19588:
17906:
12444:
9651:
7860:
4928:
4181:
3913:
3824:
3776:
3048:
2524:
2451:
525:
18048:
15485:
14163:
14126:
13671:
11304:
10100:
can include: mislead, accuse of adultery, and embarrass or discredit the dignity or honour of another. In the
9883:(honestly believed real by the detractor). Contrasted with calumny, where the assertions are knowingly false.
4038:
675:
19598:
19449:
19165:
17886:
15603:
11737:
11054:
11050:
9120:
8739:
8014:
Offending religious feelings – in places of worship, or during religious ceremonies (Art. 133)
7478:
Some other offences related to false allegations: false statements regarding elections (Section 171G), false
7295:
group of persons because of their race, colour, national or ethnic origin, religion or "sexual inclination".
4938:
2112:
1820:
505:
16064:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe
12904:
12884:
10873:
In recent times, internet publications such as defamatory comments on social media can also constitute libel
8011:
Statute of limitations: Two years for libel, six months for slander, two months for light offences (Art. 90)
4451:
18728:
18676:
17657:
17627:
17505:
17156:
14678:"Commento alla decisione della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo di ricevibilità del ricorso n. 48898/99"
14007:
10752:
8929:
8892:
8624:
8561:
Increased punishment for injuring the reputation of heads and representatives of friendly states (Art. 116)
8294:
5013:
4922:
3848:
printed was false, the court ruled in its favour, saying that libel of a public official requires proof of
3759:
shared the statement with a third party (that is, somebody other than the person defamed by the statement);
3644:
Many common law jurisdictions recognise that some categories of statements are considered to be defamatory
2906:
2535:
1369:
1317:
260:
16901:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa 2017/2018
15892:... defamation of a businessman connected to government-owned iron miner Ferrominera Orinoco ...
14539:
11406:
9954:
to publish the fact outside said community. But even if the sin is not public, it may be revealed for the
9005:
enabled powerful individuals to limit critical and dissenting voices by shopping around the world for the
8743:. There were only a few instances of the criminal libel law being applied. Notably, the Italian anarchist
8540:
Defences related to protection of legal interests, reports on public matters, and fair comments (Art. 311)
8254:
committed suicide while suffering from depression, later linked to personal attacks about her appearance.
7534:
is one year from the time of first publication (may be extended to two years by the courts) (Section 38).
3591:: In rare cases, a defendant can argue that the plaintiff consented to the dissemination of the statement.
2939:
2554:
published their General comment No. 34 (CCPR/C/GC/34) – regarding Article 19 of the ICCPR.
2538:, and Section 24 of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya. Nevertheless, the worldwide use of criminal and civil
19360:
19212:
18631:
18232:
18178:
16343:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia Pacific, 2017/2018
13077:
11210:
10998:
10857:
9961:
The damage from failing to reveal another's sin must be balanced against the evil of defamation [
8401:
7856:
7553:
As a civil offence, defamation is considered a tort case and the court may award a compensation of up to
3518:
whether the statement is true or is a statement of fact, it does not actually harm someone's reputation.
3122:
2023:
1867:
1272:
867:
805:
16279:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Arab States, 2017/2018
13866:
13499:
13252:
12833:
12262:
11990:
11458:"The "misuse" of the judicial system to attack freedom of expression, trends, challenges and responses""
7557:
to the person targeted by the defamation, while the plaintiff does not have to prove a material damage.
7500:
defamation is prosecuted only upon a complaint (within six months from the act) (Section 199), and is a
7197:
Liability for fact fabrication, distortion, lack of verification, misrepresentation, insults (Art. 1025)
6748:
The defences against defamation may be negated if there is proof the publication was actuated by malice.
3840:
guilty of libel for printing an advertisement that criticised Alabama officials for mistreating student
3774:(i.e. the intent to do harm or with reckless disregard for the truth). A series of court rulings led by
2390:; and under the later emperors the latter term came to be specially applied to anonymous accusations or
19608:
19593:
19469:
18254:
17941:
17672:
16719:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa (2014)
14968:
13732:
12139:
11384:
10496:, and this was in accordance with the ethical principle of treating the honour of others as one's own.
10093:
provides for freedom of speech, with expressly permitted restrictions for defamation-related offences.
9846:
9187:
7416:
6855:
5049:
4612:
4260:
2896:
2132:
889:
560:
275:
16023:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia and the Pacific
15630:
15344:
14577:
National Informatics Centre (Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India)
13236:
National Informatics Centre (Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India)
12194:
11024:
8993:
The use of civil defamation increased, often in lieu of criminal cases, resulting in disproportionate
7706:
Article 188, "Desecrating Places of Worship; Interference with Religious Service". The Japanese term (
7664:(translation from government, but still not official text) seems to prescribe these related offences:
3948:
Intent is always presumed, and it is not necessary to prove that the defendant intended to defame. In
18822:
18636:
18538:
18423:
18090:
18058:
17728:
17662:
17195:
16646:
16313:
15577:
14089:
13542:
13528:
Pearson, Mark (1 July 2007). "A review of Australia's defamation reforms after a year of operation".
12864:
12100:
10112:
8155:
7047:, defined as "matter published, without lawful justification or excuse, that is likely to injure the
4906:
3211:
3060:
1463:
1277:
1173:
1058:
717:
685:
339:
265:
202:
13311:
12743:
12718:
10320:. And classifies all of slander, defamation, and calumny, as the same – and equal to
8605:("The Defamation Case"). They upheld the constitutionality of Art. 310 of the Criminal Code. In the
8364:) consists of accusing someone of a crime knowing the falsity of the accusation, or with a reckless
7667:
Article 92, "Damage to a Foreign National Flag". Seems relevant to the extent that the wording: "...
7181:
Liability for infringement; and requests to stop, restore reputation, offer apology (Arts. 995–1000)
4025:, harm consists in the infringement of a personality right, either "corpus", "dignitas", or "fama".
19082:
18970:
18817:
18586:
18523:
18351:
18306:
18168:
18053:
18035:
17971:
17901:
17785:
17462:
17343:
17116:
15788:
13654:
13449:
12761:
12383:
10821:
9987:
9639:
7845:
7352:
is backed by a serious investigation that dutifully sought to ascertain the truth of the statement.
7304:
4953:
4176:
3497:
3470:
3244:
3228:
2795:
2755:
1729:
1617:
1458:
1229:
1158:
986:
941:
795:
680:
660:
590:
520:
396:
46:
16238:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa 2017/2018
15796:
15743:
13005:
A Historical Survey of Delictual Liability in Scotland for Personal Injuries and Death (Continued)
11809:
11558:
11184:
11163:
11142:
10564:
against slander are described as very stringent. Abusive language might have been exempt from any
8546:
Damage to credibility, with increased penalties when done via the media or the Internet (Art. 313)
8180:
Stop Publication Order (an order requiring the tortfeasor to stop making the defamatory statement)
8017:
Disrespectful behaviour towards legislature or related bodies, during their proceedings (Art. 144)
3921:
American defamation law is much less plaintiff-friendly than its counterparts in European and the
2419:") the person exposed thereto. Any act apt to bring another person into disrepute gave rise to an
19536:
19365:
19345:
19207:
19197:
19155:
18785:
18626:
18488:
18458:
18453:
18396:
18331:
18316:
18249:
18222:
18207:
17620:
17572:
17546:
17526:
17146:
16651:
16623:
15987:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of the Arab region
15527:
15259:
15203:
14093:
13978:
13958:
13938:
13658:
13453:
13336:
12868:
10642:
10282:
9979:
must be able to document the causes and connections of events, and strengthen public conscience.
9792:
8319:
7849:
7095:
6997:
6813:
6763:
The law as it currently stands in Australia was summarised in the 2015 case of Duffy v Google by
6717:
4771:
3955:
3940:
3922:
3856:
3610:
essential element for a libel claim. Essentially, the defence was that the person had such a bad
3550:
3109:
2934:
2901:
2512:
2028:
2008:
1862:
1852:
1810:
1426:
1267:
1123:
1093:
1088:
1031:
966:
951:
884:
857:
842:
226:
156:
120:
18433:
17042:
17016:
16990:
16964:
16938:
16912:
16886:
16860:
16834:
16808:
16782:
16756:
16730:
16704:
16678:
15673:"Thailand: UN experts condemn use of defamation laws to silence human rights defender Andy Hall"
15405:
14346:
13058:
12371:
8280:, warned how rumours around celebrities can impact their lives, in unexpected and serious ways.
1068:
19464:
19437:
19427:
18907:
18887:
18750:
18621:
18518:
18468:
18438:
18418:
18346:
18326:
18301:
18296:
18291:
18202:
18173:
18146:
18122:
18117:
17713:
17703:
17542:
17439:
17151:
14517:
13983:
13963:
13943:
13922:
13537:
12219:
11921:
10627:
10036:
9894:
9720:
9294:
9116:
9036:
9017:
8502:
8446:
8318:, submitted complaints for insults during online games were increasing. Complainants aimed for
8235:
8131:
7777:
7531:
7432:
7254:
7036:
7022:, which provides that "every person has a right to the respect of his reputation and privacy".
5410:
4943:
4682:
4672:
4358:
4207:
4156:
4109:
3621:
3594:
3462:
3432:
3390:
3305:
3127:
3038:
2881:
2826:
2730:
2625:
2408:
2127:
2100:
2090:
1548:
1528:
1391:
1262:
1153:
1103:
1073:
1053:
981:
961:
936:
931:
926:
837:
800:
773:
749:
744:
324:
314:
42:
17092:
15425:
14295:
9369:
As of 2017, at least 130 UNESCO member states retained criminal defamation laws. In 2017, the
8747:
was convicted of criminal libel for denouncing the Italian state agent Ennio Belelli in 1912.
6867:(Article 297), defined as a false accusation that exposes someone to the risk of prosecution.
19603:
19583:
19432:
19392:
19325:
19222:
19170:
19097:
18852:
18616:
18528:
18503:
18498:
18483:
18478:
18473:
18413:
18361:
18321:
18227:
18197:
18100:
17723:
17467:
17366:
17338:
17260:
16591:"Defamation: A comparative study between the Malaysian laws and the Islamic legal principles"
16574:
16551:
14447:
14139:
13273:
11913:
10905:
10837:
10746:
10652:
10647:
10489:
10423:
9854:
9689:
9198:
9124:
9057:
9032:
8610:
8361:
8094:
7630:
7591:
7439:
7399:
7258:
6828:
5146:
5042:
4963:
4667:
4587:
3742:
3542:
3265:
3239:
3158:
3043:
3005:
2800:
2760:
2747:
2403:" In this case, the offence was constituted by the unnecessary act of shouting. According to
2095:
2055:
1988:
1877:
1825:
1744:
1493:
1257:
1163:
1138:
1133:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1048:
996:
956:
862:
832:
727:
334:
16875:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report
13728:
13628:
7378:
6879:, the crime of defamation (Article 147) may result in a fine up to "500 times the amount of
6670:, defamation is a crime. Slandering in the knowledge of falsity is subject to fines of from
19303:
18837:
18711:
18428:
18386:
18336:
18311:
18132:
18095:
17836:
17698:
17328:
17188:
16618:
15292:
15231:
13903:
13650:
13445:
13099:
11138:
10679:
10135:
9968:
9942:, or their deeds have been forgotten. But this does not apply to particular communities (a
9241:
8570:
Insults against public officials, combined with physical damage to proclamations (Art. 141)
8298:
8226:
8052:
7018:
4757:
4677:
4662:
4446:
3810:
2737:
2677:
2480:
2252:. In the English-speaking world, the law of defamation traditionally distinguishes between
1966:
1478:
1352:
1063:
1021:
971:
946:
759:
722:
455:
309:
195:
15172:
15068:
11751:
11471:
9540:
to monitor content, as a matter of national security – particularly in the
9326:, and disproportionate damages. This prompted a campaign against what was seen by some as
8505:: Two years after injury and tortfeasor known, otherwise ten years from the act (Art. 197)
5132:
In a variety of Common Law jurisdictions, criminal laws prohibiting protests at funerals,
4058:, which is closely related to Roman Dutch law, the remedy for defamation is similarly the
2411:, he asserted that the offence consisted in shouting contrary to the morals of the city ("
2244:, and can extend to concepts that are more abstract than reputation – like
8:
19573:
19479:
19340:
18975:
18877:
18857:
18646:
18554:
18513:
18493:
18463:
18356:
18151:
17966:
17566:
17400:
17109:
13645:
13562:
12545:
10853:
10852:
in articles about jurisdictions which specifically use the term to refer to torts (e.g.,
10568:, unless it was considered slander (against both the living and the deceased). Fines and
10550:
10511:
10347:
10216:
9983:
9613:
9601:
9478:
9446:
9382:
9336:
9308:
9092:
9024:, 32 had laws or policies prohibiting blasphemy, and 87 had defamation of religion laws.
9021:
8644:
8513:
Injury to personality of creditor, by debtor's non-performance; compensation (Art. 227-1)
8439:
8277:
8269:
8122:, ethnicity, race, religion or lack of religion, the maximum prison term is three years.
7661:
7068:
6818:
6801:
5784:
4901:
4289:
4241:
4171:
4161:
3899:
3880:
3726:
3688:
if false, if the defendant establishes that it is in fact true, an action for defamation
3556:
3102:
3096:
3055:
2992:
2815:
2616:
2469:
Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
2427:
2309:
2142:
2003:
1622:
1518:
1498:
1287:
1197:
1148:
1128:
1098:
991:
778:
585:
17051:
17025:
16999:
16973:
16947:
16921:
16895:
16869:
16843:
16817:
16791:
16765:
16739:
16713:
16687:
15951:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa
15737:
12466:
12422:
11863:
The Singapore Chill: Political Defamation and the Normalization of a Statist Rule of Law
11552:
10934:
The vast majority of southern African states apply Roman Dutch law with regard to their
7200:
Verification considerations, source credibility, controversial information, timeliness,
5195:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3483:
19252:
19247:
19237:
19185:
19175:
19150:
19092:
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18960:
18955:
18950:
18862:
18163:
17376:
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16143:
16141:
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16135:
15717:
14366:
14190:
14106:
13157:
12387:
12050:
11731:
11714:
11283:
11262:
Lassiter, John C. (1978). "Defamation of Peers: The Rise and Decline of the Action for
10935:
10922:
10825:
10622:
10554:
10276:
10220:
10116:
10025:
do not consider slander distinct from detraction). The method of injury is negligible.
9659:
9617:
9559:
retained criminal defamation offences but without the possibility of imprisonment, and
9345:
9154:
8751:
8250:
hanged herself, unable to deal with remarks about her physical appearance and surgery.
8183:
Correction Order (an order for the tortfeasor to publish a correction of the statement)
7933:
7505:
7201:
7055:
6924:
6797:
5164:
5162:
expression provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights. One notable case was
5005:
4822:
4812:
4461:
4441:
4393:
4374:
4304:
4201:
3907:
3738:
3345:
3232:
3163:
3132:
3023:
2987:
2963:
2919:
2702:
2644:
2490:
Recognising reasonable publication on matters of public concern as a valid defence, and
1907:
1902:
1892:
1840:
1830:
1805:
1739:
1697:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1503:
790:
14685:
14572:
13589:
12812:
11862:
11683:
9377:
Countries in every region extended criminal defamation legislation to online content.
9064:
companies to regulate online content, outside of electoral accountability and without
8601:) – the Constitutional Court of Taiwan – delivered the
8586:
Insulting the remains of deceased persons, in combination with gravedigging (Art. 249)
8038:
Lesser physical injury, when intended to insult, offend, cause ignominy (Art. 265 ¶ 2)
7773:
3680:
damages. As with any defamation case, truth remains an absolute defence to defamation
19618:
19511:
19422:
19350:
19335:
19134:
19077:
18882:
18790:
18681:
18601:
18448:
17753:
17551:
17521:
17434:
17055:
17029:
17003:
16977:
16951:
16925:
16899:
16873:
16847:
16821:
16795:
16769:
16743:
16717:
16691:
16590:
16545:
16517:
16507:
16478:
16468:
16435:
16425:
16392:
16382:
16351:
16341:
16287:
16277:
16246:
16236:
16201:
16191:
16160:
16150:
16113:
16103:
16072:
16062:
16031:
16021:
15995:
15985:
15959:
15949:
15923:
15913:
14370:
13605:
13231:
13088:
12947:
11457:
11242:
10951:
10939:
10918:
10884:
10845:
10841:
10716:
10617:
10611:
10224:
9548:
9454:
9272:, and political issues were identified as the principal motives for content removal.
8979:
8791:
have criminal defamation laws, but the applicability of those laws is limited by the
8530:), under "Chapter 27 Offenses Against Reputation and Credit", lists these articles:
8523:
8463:
8391:) is criminalised by Chapter 5 of the Criminal Code. Article 1 regulates defamation (
8328:
8064:
8060:
7650:
Japan civil court finds against ZNTIR President Yositoki (Mitsuo) Hataya and Yoshiaki
7472:
7273:, or the defence of a right or the protection of justifiable interests, in all cases
5642:
5150:
4984:
4958:
4843:
4466:
4334:
4299:
3892:
3888:
3794:
3734:
3582:
3514:
3383:
3290:
3285:
3275:
3270:
3086:
3065:
2929:
2875:
2862:
2810:
2770:
2576:
2358:
2174:
2085:
2013:
1998:
1781:
1724:
1523:
1431:
1322:
1244:
1083:
364:
183:
130:
94:
89:
31:
16454:
16193:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report
16132:
15760:
13016:
David Ibbetson, 'Iniuria, Roman and English' in Eric Descheemaeker and Helen Scott,
12719:"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1964)"
12407:
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1964)
12031:"The Origins and Constitutionality of Limitations on Truth as a Defense in Tort Law"
9293:, defamation, slander, insult, and lese-majesty laws – but excluding
8737:
The United Kingdom abolished criminal libel on 12 January 2010 by section 73 of the
8589:
Threat to injure the reputation of another, if it endangered their safety (Art. 305)
3549:) or statements made in a session of the legislature by a member thereof (known as '
19474:
19459:
19387:
19308:
19278:
19109:
18945:
18651:
18217:
18212:
18063:
17961:
17561:
17424:
17333:
17285:
17255:
17219:
14888:
14358:
13149:
12939:
12042:
11777:
11275:
11094:
Libel and Insult Laws: A matrix on where we stand and what we would like to achieve
10908:
which courts must take into account in developing the case law regarding defamation
10785:
10731:
10706:
10443:
10367:
10021:
to determine reparation methods. The important act is injuring a reputation (hence
9776:
9764:
9733:
9662:) prison sentences for defamation were considered a violation of Article 10 of the
9643:
governments strengthened criminal defamation laws to counter online hate speech or
9620:
removed prison sentences for defamation of government bodies and public officials.
9533:
9489:
videos), based on allegations of insulting religion and defaming powerful figures.
9430:
overturned the conviction of a journalist, characterizing it as a violation of the
9080:
8941:
8744:
8640:
8333:
8047:
8035:
Spreading false rumours, when aiming to monopolize or restrain trade (Art. 186 ¶ 2)
7960:
7044:
6940:
4933:
4891:
4886:
4743:
4637:
4532:
4227:
4085:
3984:
3789:
3474:
3300:
3280:
3153:
3081:
3033:
2982:
2915:
2857:
2765:
2742:
2684:
2672:
2447:
2295:
2137:
2122:
2050:
1971:
1941:
1756:
1592:
1292:
852:
847:
690:
580:
135:
74:
16568:
16420:
16418:
16416:
16414:
16098:
16096:
16094:
15091:
România, printre puținele state europene care au dezincriminat insulta și calomnia
14415:"In France, judicial evolution in defamation cases protects work of civil society"
13180:
9670:
had a mixed record when evaluating criminal defamation and freedom of expression.
8632:
8509:"Section 3 – Effects Of Obligations", "Sub-section 1 Performance":
8352:, defamatory insults can "only constitute a criminal offence, not a civil wrong".
7581:(a formal complaint), or even prosecute the fact only with a civil action with no
3745:", and "negligent misrepresentation". In America, for example, the unique tort of
3672:
adversely reflecting on a person's fitness to conduct their business or trade; and
3525:
in the specific information being widely known, and this may be the case even for
2241:
19489:
19397:
19293:
19242:
19102:
19087:
19067:
19032:
18745:
18656:
18591:
18391:
18341:
18127:
17986:
17444:
17429:
17394:
17310:
17082:
16377:
16375:
16373:
16057:
16055:
16053:
15432:
15412:
15264:
15097:
15055:
15048:
14822:
14663:
14197:
14178:
13095:
13084:
13065:
12379:
11191:
11170:
11149:
10833:
10763:
10711:
10569:
10565:
10388:
10070:
9784:
9716:
9311:
or defamation expanded, with growing recognition of the public-interest value of
9194:
9128:
9115:(AU) member countries to repeal criminal defamation or insult laws. In 2012, the
9041:
9028:
8755:
8706:
8574:
8337:
8285:
8207:
7688:
7483:
7374:
7326:
7205:
6131:
4877:
4567:
4496:
4422:
4381:
4279:
4217:
4147:
4132:
3814:
3781:
3564:
3522:
3501:
3295:
2957:
2886:
2869:
2571:
2542:, to censor, intimidate or silence critics, has been increasing in recent years.
2326:
2320:
2152:
2060:
1956:
1897:
1749:
1734:
1714:
1679:
1386:
1297:
1234:
1026:
976:
754:
605:
38:
10252:
10044:
9107:
By 2013, at least 19% of the region had decriminalized defamation. In 2010, the
8573:
Insult against the state, by dishonouring the flag, emblem, or portraits of its
8469:"Part I General Principles", "Chapter II Persons", "Section I Natural Persons":
7956:
Threat to publish libel concerning one's family, for extracting money (Art. 356)
7787:
7508:
and compoundable offence (See: The First Schedule, Classification of Offences).
7211:
Depictions of real people and events, in literary and artistic works (Art. 1027)
3658:, there are four general categories of false statement that typically support a
19613:
19484:
19442:
19412:
19402:
19320:
19313:
19298:
19288:
19124:
19060:
19002:
18997:
18982:
18765:
18760:
18755:
18641:
18576:
18105:
18078:
17931:
17643:
17556:
17449:
17353:
17272:
17232:
17227:
16411:
16091:
15297:[An online game full of swear words, 'Roll' ... accusation of insult].
14967:. Office of the President of the Philippines. 12 September 2012. Archived from
13034:
11657:
11554:
The Law of Torts: A Treatise on the English Law of Liability for Civil Injuries
11479:
10864:, uses the term "tortfeasor" to refer to individuals who incur civil liability.
10790:
10726:
10701:
10684:
10664:
10658:
10523:
10493:
10465:, the article refers to ethical and religious sanctions from the Bible and the
10462:
10248:
10097:
10086:
9927:
9822:
9810:
9760:
9700:
9638:
countries, criminal defamation laws mostly fell into disuse. In contrast, most
9517:
9506:
9449:
declared Section 194 (criminal defamation) of the Penal Code unconstitutional.
9331:
9327:
9290:
9282:
9208:
Blasphemy was not a widespread phenomenon in Central and Eastern Europe, where
9162:
9061:
9049:
8994:
8868:
8856:
8764:
8273:
8110:
7218:
7072:
7064:
6948:
6928:
6895:
6701:
6576:
5525:
4989:
4947:
4506:
4501:
4471:
4364:
3859:(e.g. Singapore, Ontario, and the United Kingdom) have enacted legislation to:
3650:
3335:
3091:
2973:
2891:
2693:
2639:
2634:
2455:
2454:, the right to a legal remedy for defamation was included in Article 17 of the
2333:
2147:
2105:
2075:
2065:
1983:
1976:
1961:
1951:
1771:
1707:
1649:
1644:
1629:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1282:
1219:
732:
705:
550:
234:
16370:
16050:
15514:
15499:
15472:
14656:
13768:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Azerbaijan"
12647:
The Tort of Defamation: An Analysis of the Law in India and the United Kingdom
11361:
11020:
10561:
9931:
9838:
9516:
One recently enacted defamation law received condemnation, including from the
9035:
gained increasing importance. Private companies could be held responsible for
6751:
Greatly restricting the right of corporations to sue for defamation (see e.g.
2237:
19567:
19496:
19119:
19055:
19040:
18902:
18867:
18847:
18718:
18661:
18596:
18008:
17911:
17077:
15515:
Swiss Penal Code – Defamation and calumny against a deceased or absent person
14557:
14362:
13104:
No Place in the Law: The Ignominy of Criminal Libel in American Jurisprudence
12951:
11883:
10993:
10741:
10695:
10669:
10143:
9803:"), have argued against expressions (true and false) that can offend others.
9737:
9693:
9644:
9470:
9419:
9353:
9286:
9251:, fully or partially decriminalized defamation. Another trend was abolishing
9202:
9112:
9084:
9002:
8848:
8824:
8594:
8265:
8059:. The radio broadcast dramatized a newspaper report regarding former speaker
7748:). General insult provision. See also 232: "prosecuted only upon complaint".
6779:
the defendant participates in publication to a third party of a body of work;
6598:
5921:
4753:
4607:
4319:
4269:
3849:
3802:
3785:
3771:
3718:
3694:
3526:
3175:
2567:
2493:
Ensuring that defamation may only be addressed by the legal system as a tort.
2229:
2159:
1766:
1702:
1687:
1543:
1508:
1488:
1359:
1302:
1239:
627:
530:
179:
115:
99:
17167:
15712:
15198:
14816:"Delitos de injuria, difamación y calumnia en los códigos penales de México"
14499:
12320:
10200:
Acts against honour and dignity that do not fall under the previous category
9951:
9939:
9842:
9403:]. Regional courts pressured countries to decriminalize defamation. The
9253:
9169:; although this was not limited to countries where such uprisings occurred.
8484:"Section 1 – Sources of Obligations", "Sub-section 5 Torts":
8041:
Threats to harm honour – e.g. for extracting money (Art. 282)
8003:
3477:. Over the first few decades of the twenty first century, the phenomenon of
3431:
Modern defamation in common law jurisdictions are historically derived from
37:"Libel" and "Slander" redirect here. For the Knowledge policy on libel, see
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19012:
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16709:
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16595:
15656:"Civil and Commercial Code: Torts (Section 420-437) – Thailand Law Library"
15608:
15552:
15299:
14884:"Libel law violates freedom of expression – UN rights panel"
13879:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Bulgary"
13746:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Austria"
12565:
11904:
11522:"An Opportunity Lost: The United Kingdom's Failed Reform of Defamation Law"
11439:"How powerful people use criminal-defamation laws to silence their critics"
10758:
10538:
10534:
10228:
10168:
10010:
Defined as attributing fault to another, when the slanderer knows they are
9912:
9886:
The degree of sinfulness depends on the harm done, based on three things:
9757:
9655:
9591:
9555:, three repealed all general provisions on criminal defamation and insult,
9412:
9408:
9404:
9349:
9334:; and that led to reforming the country's defamation law, resulting in the
9158:
9045:
9006:
8971:
8933:
8860:
8619:
8564:
Insults against foreign states, by dishonouring flags or emblems (Art. 118)
8349:
8314:
8251:
8243:
8239:
8154:, defamation of the state, or a past or present ruler, is punishable under
8151:
8056:
7996:
Crime committed in contempt of, or with insult to, public authorities (¶ 2)
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7428:
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5093:
4994:
4557:
4481:
4354:
4339:
4251:
4102:
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Other defences recognised in one or more common law jurisdictions include:
3456:. The fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the
3353:
3340:
3330:
3249:
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2313:
2285:
1993:
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1041:
1036:
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535:
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170:
125:
58:
16693:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development (2014)
14815:
12082:
10577:
10263:, finding ways for people to express their views and opinions, education.
9711:, the number of content removal requests received by those platforms from
9520:. The law allowed journalists to be jailed if they were found questioning
9289:
imposed criminal penalties for various exercises of expression (including
7999:
Act committed with insult or disrespect, regarding rank, age, or sex (¶ 3)
3943:
jurisdictions, Canada follows English law on defamation issues (except in
19232:
19192:
19160:
19027:
18987:
18827:
18740:
18691:
18666:
18566:
18259:
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17856:
17472:
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10943:
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9907:
A relatively small defect alleged against a person of eminent station (a
9712:
9482:
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9319:
9166:
9096:
9065:
9053:
8888:
8836:
8435:
8374:
8200:
8119:
7937:
7269:, public information conducted by a politician or a government official,
7266:
7224:
Honorary titles and awards: protection, recording, correction (Art. 1031)
7140:
7117:
6916:
6908:
6436:
6176:
6107:
5009:
4765:
4761:
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4284:
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It is also necessary in these cases to show that there is a well-founded
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161:
14544:
Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India
12943:
9935:
9900:
8491:
Damage to reputation, credit, privacy, chastity, personality (Art. 195)
8105:
In Poland, defamation is a crime that consists of accusing someone of a
7471:
defamation, "reasonable restrictions" are defined in Section 499 of the
7189:
Right to reputation, protection from defamation and insults (Art. 1024)
3852:, which was defined as a "knowing or reckless disregard for the truth".
3452:, and defamation in other media such as printed words or images, called
19506:
19501:
19382:
19377:
19273:
19257:
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8302:
8115:
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8027:, endangering public order, or damaging state interests or credit (¶ 1)
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6293:
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4324:
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4166:
4119:
3684:. This means that even if the statement would be considered defamatory
3611:
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3371:
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610:
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386:
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14741:
13203:"PACE Resolution 1577 (2007): Towards decriminalisation of defamation"
11287:
10400:
10387:] tongue ruins the slanderer, the listener, and the maligned. The
9532:
Since 2014, use of criminal defamation and insult laws increased. New
9001:, particularly against media and journalists critical of governments.
8978:, 174 countries retained criminal penalties for defamation, with full
8473:
Personality (and name) infringement; prevention, removal, damages for
19407:
19355:
19072:
18671:
17801:
15699:"Criminal Code: Defamation (Sections 326–333) – Thailand Law Library"
14512:
12291:"Defamation Per Se: Be Prepared to Plead (and Prove!) Actual Damages"
11305:"Briefing Note on International and Comparative Defamation Standards"
10736:
10581:
10546:
10515:
10396:
10293:(terms are spelled somewhat differently), it might be deduced that:
10256:
10124:
10040:
10011:
9976:
9947:
9834:
9772:
9752:
9510:
9269:
9258:
9248:
8884:
8832:
8820:
8762:; its veracity was therefore considered irrelevant. Section 6 of the
8628:
8550:
8306:
8255:
8231:
8168:
8130:
In Portugal, defamation crimes are: "defamation" (article 180 of the
8024:
7692:
7599:
7079:
6973:
6723:
6697:
5945:
5125:
Another early English group libel which has been frequently cited is
5085:
4858:
4853:
4827:
4796:
4786:
4748:
4642:
4622:
4562:
4537:
4511:
4491:
4476:
4055:
3793:
awards from libel lawsuits. An early example of libel is the case of
3598:
3585:
could honestly entertain such an opinion, the statement is protected.
3578:
3349:
2532:
2374:
2350:
2343:
2070:
2018:
1719:
1312:
420:
151:
15823:"The SPEECH Act Provides Protection Against Foreign Libel Judgments"
14591:
13153:
12506:
12046:
10595:
9995:
9991:
8268:
was falsely reported to have died in a car accident. A professor of
7834:
7815:
In Mexico, crimes of calumny, defamation and slanderous allegation (
7590:
Article 31 of the Penal Code establishes that crimes committed with
7550:(1965), defamation can constitute either civil or criminal offence.
3366:
3014:
19372:
19202:
19129:
18780:
18706:
18611:
18571:
17956:
17951:
17946:
17871:
17866:
17811:
17495:
17386:
17295:
17280:
17211:
16336:
16334:
14321:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Finland"
14255:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Denmark"
14211:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Croatia"
13494:
13492:
13205:. Assembly of the Council of Europe. 4 October 2007. Archived from
12528:
11623:
Law for advertising, broadcasting, journalism, and public relations
11279:
10408:
10404:
10178:
10108:
10035:
Slander violates commutative justice, so the perpetrator must make
10022:
9806:
9788:
9386:
9013:
8900:
8880:
8864:
8828:
8816:
8808:
8488:
General: Compensation for damaging the rights of another (Art. 184)
8365:
7972:
Responsibility for dissemination; same as for authorship (Art. 360)
7606:
7468:
7450:
19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
7172:
Personality rights: reputation, honour, privacy, dignity (Art. 990)
6985:
6968:
6932:
6904:
6364:
6341:
6224:
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5133:
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1421:
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1214:
575:
570:
565:
490:
485:
430:
16272:
16270:
16268:
15449:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Sweden"
14485:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Greece"
14393:"France: Strict defamation and privacy laws limit free expression"
13843:"European Council – Laws on Defamation – Section Belgium (French)"
13583:
11060:
Defamation and Insult Laws in the OSCE Region: A Comparative Study
11058:
10514:) of another's reputation and character, disgracing them in their
10167:
Finally, the author enumerates proposed steps to bring about this
9594:. Claims were based on defamation laws, including charges against
5149:. Human rights organisations, and other organisations such as the
3999:
harm, in the form of a violation of a personality interest (one's
3878:
Libel law in England and Wales was overhauled even further by the
17876:
17780:
17760:
17733:
17708:
17612:
17596:
17500:
17290:
17250:
16544:
15532:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)
15415:(in Swedish) Department of Work Science, University of Gothenburg
15358:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Spain"
15027:
13341:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)
12083:"Protection from Harassment Act 2014 - Singapore Statutes Online"
11092:
10573:
10542:
10527:
10482:
10478:
10439:
10435:
10427:
10371:
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10160:
10131:
9999:
9943:
9708:
9609:
9605:
9486:
9262:
9145:
9141:
8998:
8840:
8800:
8796:
8370:
8142:
Since 2014, defamation is no longer criminalized in the country.
7612:
7250:
7144:
Chile with the intention of propagating the calumny and slander.
6836:
6667:
6555:
6248:
6016:
5736:
5713:
5665:
5595:
5572:
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3180:
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3028:
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2392:
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495:
391:
371:
344:
319:
242:
16644:
16331:
16014:
14635:
14269:
13489:
12599:
Rustom K. Karanjia and Anr v Krishnaraj M.D. Thackersey and Ors.
11825:
9861:
Defamation and calumny seem to be used as synonyms for slander.
5104:) that have criminal statutes regarding defamation of the dead.
18832:
17861:
17765:
17743:
17738:
17688:
17300:
17096:
17061:
17035:
17009:
16983:
16957:
16931:
16905:
16879:
16853:
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16513:
16474:
16431:
16388:
16347:
16283:
16265:
16242:
16197:
16156:
16109:
16068:
16027:
15991:
15978:
15955:
15919:
15677:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
15013:"European Council – Defamation Laws (English) – Section Poland"
14835:"European Council – Defamation Laws (English) – Section Norway"
14712:
Official Website of the Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet
13302:"Act No. 3815, s. 1930 (Revised Penal Code of the Philippines)"
13247:
13245:
11630:
Intellectual property law and interactive media: free for a fee
11340:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
11310:. Article 19 Global Campaign for Free Expression. February 2004
10849:
10829:
10466:
10455:
10451:
10431:
10412:
10359:
10188:
10134:, interference by third parties, and selective actions against
10056:
9916:
9908:
9796:
9704:
9521:
9232:(OAS), recommended repealing or amending laws that criminalize
9073:
8987:
8844:
8812:
8691:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
8336:(US$ 300–2000 as of 2015), to save their children from getting
8260:
8242:, there were rumours online of a significant loan to the actor
8032:
False testimony against defendant, in criminal cases (Art. 180)
7979:
Malicious comments cancel the exceptions of Art. 354 (Art. 362)
7321:
7013:
6964:
6936:
6920:
6507:
6460:
6412:
6317:
6269:
6200:
6153:
6037:
5898:
5689:
5619:
5502:
5454:
5089:
5081:
4776:
4602:
4436:
4369:
4197:
3944:
3756:
made a false and defamatory statement concerning the plaintiff;
3618:
could possibly have been caused by the making of the statement.
3223:
3190:
2404:
2269:
2256:(written, printed, posted online, published in mass media) and
2249:
1473:
480:
376:
354:
349:
299:
16567:
14565:
14065:"Canada: Internet Defamation For Businesses And Professionals"
11643:
Linda L. Edwards, J. Stanley Edwards, Patricia Kirtley Wells,
11411:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, as amended
11121:
11119:
9879:
of damaging another's good name, by revealing their faults or
9858:
has entries for two related concepts, detraction and slander.
9829:. It is never lawful to tell a lie. In general, forbidden are
9119:
passed a resolution encouraging AU heads of state to sign the
9056:
or defamation laws. Such cases indicated an emerging trend of
8689:
In practice, defamation law in Thailand has been found by the
8650:
In June 2023, the Constitutional Court delivered its judgment
2407:, not all shouting was actionable. Drawing on the argument of
18842:
17693:
17361:
17101:
16502:
16500:
16231:
16229:
16227:
16225:
16223:
16186:
16184:
16182:
15908:
15906:
15904:
15902:
15900:
15199:"Is South Korea's Criminal Defamation Law Hurting Democracy?"
13106:
by Gregory C. Lisby, 9 Comm. L. & Pol'y 433 footnote 386.
11792:
10775:
10447:
10419:
10363:
10343:
10234:
10209:
10193:
10120:
10101:
10082:
10065:
In a 2018 academic paper, the author (a law student from the
9880:
9826:
9076:
8872:
8804:
8758:, rather than being a crime based upon the actual defamation
8290:
8247:
7337:
References to a person's pardoned or expunged criminal record
7192:
Reputation includes moral character, prestige, talent, credit
7107:
6951:, political belief, physical or genetical characteristic, or
6782:
the body of work contains a passage alleged to be defamatory;
6388:
5992:
5829:
5805:
5760:
5077:
4632:
4577:
4527:
3704:
3000:
2273:
1483:
304:
15553:"Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan) (Main text)"
13380:"Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania – English version"
13242:
11710:"Firm Awarded $ 222.7 Million in a Libel Suit Vs. Dow Jones"
11362:"European Convention on Human Rights and its Five Protocols"
9958:, or for the benefit of the narrator, listener, or culprit.
9493:
insult laws were laid against journalists in several cases.
8089:
In 2012, the Philippines enacted Republic Act 10175, titled
7277:
the conduct was not aimed at damaging someone's reputation.
27:
Any communication that can injure a third party's reputation
19454:
19283:
17180:
15915:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development
15224:
14441:"Bundeskriminalamt (Federal Police) Yearly Statistics 2006"
13430:
Argentine Penal Code (official text) – Crimes Against Honor
12143:
11909:
11116:
10474:
10183:
10148:
10029:
9994:) must provide restitution. They must restore the victim's
9595:
8896:
8876:
7501:
6775:
The tort can be divided up into the following ingredients:
5101:
4999:
4728:
4486:
3714:
2607:
2590:
2265:
2117:
1946:
16497:
16220:
16179:
15942:
15897:
14233:"Czech Criminal Code – Law No. 40/2009 Coll., Article 184"
14044:
13808:
13296:
13294:
12667:"Pattnaik, Aju John 'Defamation Law in India'2 March 2013"
9938:
to refer to them – unless the accused have
9127:
continued to be on the defendant, and it was rare to have
8293:
court approved the arrest of online financial commentator
7928:
Mass media in the Philippines § Libel and cyber libel
7482:(Section 182), false claims in court (Section 209), false
7185:"Chapter V" ("Rights to Reputation and Rights to Honor"):
3932:
which came into force on 1 February 1993 and repealed the
15115:"Saudi Arabia passes anti-terror law, banning defamation"
11989:. Advocates for International Development. Archived from
11917:
11718:. Houston. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013
11021:"Defamation | Definition, Slander vs. Libel, & Facts"
10470:
10392:
10383:
10339:
10204:
There would be three types of punishment for defamation:
10154:
9963:
9830:
9537:
9399:
9012:
As of 2011, 47% of countries had laws against blasphemy,
8672:
The Civil and Commercial Code of Thailand provides that:
8067:. The United Nations Human Rights Committee recalled its
7595:
7340:
A plea of good faith, which may be made if the statement
6791:
the imputation is damaging to the plaintiff's reputation.
3698:
66:
13586:"Electronic Frontiers Australia: civil liberties online"
10898:
Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
10107:
Second, freedom of speech is compared with teachings of
9193:
At the same time, an emerging trend was using fines and
15326:"Copyright, Defamation and Privacy in Soviet Civil Law"
13291:
11628:
Edward Lee Lamoureux, Steven L. Baron, Claire Stewart,
10376:
Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour
10014:. It combines damaging another's reputation and lying.
8783:
United States defamation law § Criminal defamation
7217:
Right to request correction or deletion, for incorrect
7058:, for which the prison term is a maximum of five years.
16616:
16588:
15854:"On Libel and the Law, U.S. And U.K. Go Separate Ways"
15133:
11342:. Article 19 Global Campaign for Free Expression. 2021
11238:
Capital and Corporal Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England
8481:"Part II Obligations", "Chapter I General Provisions"
8085:
People of the Philippines v. Santos, Ressa and Rappler
7758:
7743:
7728:
7713:
7679:
7427:
In India, a defamation case can be filed under either
6816:
delivered judgment in the Internet defamation case of
3669:
alleging that someone has a foul or loathsome disease;
14617:"Dei delitti contro la persona. Libro II, Titolo XII"
14030:"Cyberbullying restaurant owner gets 90 days in jail"
13331:
13329:
13031:"Map showing countries with criminal defamation laws"
12992:
Personality, Confidentiality and Privacy in Scots Law
12979:
Personality, Confidentiality and Privacy in Scots Law
12966:
Personality, Confidentiality and Privacy in Scots Law
12163:
12161:
9990:'s defamation, are also guilty. Detractors (or their
9967:]. No more than necessary should be exposed, and
9626:
8697:
by business interests seeking to suppress criticism.
8643:
to decriminalize defamation, or at least limit it to
6741:
Abolishing the distinction between libel and slander.
2575:
successful party. States parties should consider the
2415:") something apt to bring in disrepute or contempt ("
15142:"Saudi writer arrested for insulting long-dead king"
14881:
13790:"Criminal Code of the Azerbaijan Republic (English)"
13506:. NSW Parliamentary Counsel's Office. 1 January 2006
13468:"Research Brief No 2005/14: Uniform Defamation Laws"
13268:
13266:
13226:
13224:
12762:"Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1 (1990)"
11550:
11520:
Vick, Douglas W.; Macpherson, Linda (1 April 1997).
11099:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
11065:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
11051:
Scott Griffen (Director of Press Freedom Programmes)
10591:
10286:
has two articles on the topic: calumny and slander.
9577:
9436:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
9307:
The range of defences available to those accused of
8984:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
8583:
Insulting the remains of deceased persons (Art. 247)
7303:
In Finland, defamation is a crime, according to the
6796:
Defences available to defamation defendants include
5155:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
5109:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3801:. When he printed another man's article criticising
2459:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
15227:"Celebrities driven over the edge by online rumors"
14700:
14532:
14390:
14344:
13559:"Australian Press Council – Press Law in Australia"
13307:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
12346:"Label of Gay Is No Longer Defamatory, Court Rules"
12169:"Equity and Rights in Society, Defamation Defences"
9275:
8360:In Spain, the crime of calumny (Article 205 of the
8258:was falsely rumoured to have been castrated by the
7966:
Slander – oral defamation (Art. 358)
7214:
Right to request correction or deletion (Art. 1028)
7110:, the crimes of calumny and slanderous allegation (
2527:in assessing limitations on rights under the ECHR,
2417:
quae... ad infamiam vel invidiam alicuius spectaret
2386:, from which is derived the modern use of the word
16578:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
15631:"Case News on TCC Judgment 112 Hsien-Pan-8 (2023)"
13556:
13326:
12220:"Is Your Reputation So Bad You Cannot Be Defamed?"
12158:
11808:
11413:. Government Printer. 1996 – via Wikisource.
11382:
11087:
11085:
11045:
11043:
11041:
10381:According to the article, the slanderous [
9322:. There were a high number of claims, prohibitive
9265:offences against those who criticize governments.
9215:
8986:(OSCE) had an ongoing decriminalization campaign.
8020:"Unlawful use of means of publication" (Art. 154)
3473:to harass and suppress opposition leaders such as
19418:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
16555:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
15874:
15667:
15665:
13263:
13221:
12744:"Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988)"
12104:, 30 Wis.2d 146, 158, 140 N.W.2d 417, 423 (1966).
11766:
11752:"Judge dismisses verdict in Dow Jones libel suit"
11327:
11325:
10902:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
10522:by being deliberately false. Punishments include
10442:attributes hardships of various figures (such as
8494:Compensation even if loss is not purely pecuniary
7687:Article 172, "False Accusations". That is, false
6839:defamation case to go to trial is believed to be
2081:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
19565:
15225:Lee Hyun-taek; Park Sun-young (3 October 2008).
14289:"The Criminal Code of Finland (English version)"
11483:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
10403:, and slanderers. Slander is morally equated to
9424:Lohé Issa Konaté v. the Republic of Burkina Faso
8580:Insulting religious or memorial sites (Art. 246)
8543:Insult and defamation of the deceased (Art. 312)
8006:, in addition to other effects of the act (¶ 17)
7985:Intrigue against honour or reputation (Art. 364)
7175:Protection of personality rights (Arts. 991–993)
3898:The origins of U.S. defamation law pre-date the
3486:have been enacted in various jurisdictions; the
19078:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
15257:
14936:
14417:. International Press Institute. Archived from
14140:"IEstudiosPenales.com.ar – Penal Code of Chile"
13725:Hockey v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited
13618:
11082:
11038:
10488:The authors conclude that calumny was met with
9616:partially repealed criminal libel in 2014. The
9587:As of 2017, none of these bills were approved.
9527:
9109:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
9009:most likely to approve their defamation suits.
8920:strategic lawsuits against public participation
8631:, and not in the courts (with the exception of
8230:published an article on online attacks against
6852:Hockey v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited
6760:defamatory imputations are substantially true.
3479:strategic lawsuits against public participation
1725:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
18560:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
15662:
15104:, 31 martie 2014; accesat la 5 octombrie 2015.
14200:, Congressional-Executive Commission on China.
14191:Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
14062:
12623:Santosh Tewari and Ors V State of U.P. and Anr
11958:"Protection of Public Participation Act, 2015"
11570:english law individual corporation defamation.
11519:
11507:"Civil Code of the People's Republic of China"
11322:
11234:
10796:Strategic lawsuit against public participation
10770:Rector v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media
10545:who, without reasonable cause, questioned the
9919:is given as example), might constitute only a
9348:of decisions to exclude content or to conduct
8373:, depreciating his reputation or injuring his
8312:In September 2015, according to an article in
7769:President of the Yukan Wakayama Jiji v. States
7752:
7737:
7722:
7707:
7673:
7235:Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
7040:specifies the following as criminal offences:
1203:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
17628:
17196:
17172:
17117:
15381:
15379:
15377:
15375:
14991:"Cybercrime law Draws Outrage Among Netizens"
14412:
11891:
11774:"History of the Workers' Party: 1991 to 2000"
11584:"Defamation of corporate entities in England"
10690:Defamation of religion and the United Nations
10510:Defined as "false and malicious defamation" (
10152:), secondary sources of Islamic law (such as
9551:sub-region decriminalized defamation. Of the
9181:
8974:laws, existed across the world. According to
8418:
8405:
8392:
8386:
7816:
7807:with the Indian and Singaporean Penal Codes.
7604:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7444:fundamental right to free speech (Article 19)
7435:or cyber crime law, together or in sequence.
7178:Personality rights of the deceased (Art. 994)
7134:
7128:
7111:
5050:
3780:, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) established that for a
3391:
2206:
203:
17243:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
17046: This article incorporates text from a
17020: This article incorporates text from a
16994: This article incorporates text from a
16968: This article incorporates text from a
16942: This article incorporates text from a
16916: This article incorporates text from a
16890: This article incorporates text from a
16864: This article incorporates text from a
16838: This article incorporates text from a
16812: This article incorporates text from a
16786: This article incorporates text from a
16760: This article incorporates text from a
16734: This article incorporates text from a
16708: This article incorporates text from a
16682: This article incorporates text from a
15601:
14908:"Lee: The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012"
13915:Société Radio-Canada c. Radio Sept-îles inc.
13523:
13521:
11299:
11297:
10862:Civil Code of the People's Republic of China
10301:, is true speech that is negative or harmful
10067:International Islamic University of Malaysia
9815:his interpretation of the Eighth Commandment
9432:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
9222:Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression
8970:As of 2012, defamation, slander, insult and
8903:without statutorily defining it as a crime.
8652:Case on the Criminalization of Defamation II
8283:In January 2009, according to an article in
7940:("Title Thirteen", "Crimes Against Honor"):
7780: 25 June 1969) – also on
7368:
7163:Civil Code of the People's Republic of China
3978:
3904:First Amendment of the American Constitution
3723:intentional infliction of emotional distress
2651:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
18776:List of people killed for being transgender
15799:(1st Cir. 2009); accessed 15 December 2014.
15761:"Criminal Defamation Laws in North America"
15406:"Om att utsättas för kränkningar på jobbet"
15192:
15190:
15033:
14641:
14471:
14275:
14179:Biblioteca.jus.gov.ar – Penal Code of Chile
14050:
13814:
13610:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
13369:Albanian Penal Code (2017), Art. 120 par. 2
13360:Albanian Penal Code (2017), Art. 120 par. 1
12338:
12284:
12282:
12280:
11235:Gates, Jay Paul; Marafioti, Nicole (2014).
11125:
11103:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
11091:
11069:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
11049:
9975:are allowed to criticize public officials.
9821:: The commandment above all forbids giving
9727:
9658:according to the court's standards, where (
9371:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
8936:in 2010. It is based on the New York State
8567:Insults against public officials (Art. 140)
8246:, who killed himself earlier due to debts.
8068:
7982:Incriminating an innocent person (Art. 363)
7863:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7802:
7785:
6730:Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1417:List of people killed for being transgender
17635:
17621:
17458:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
17203:
17189:
17124:
17110:
15868:
15829:. American Bar Association. Archived from
15400:
15398:
15396:
15394:
15372:
15260:"Parties Clash Over Freedom Of Expression"
15069:"Portuguese Penal Code (official version)"
14939:"Cybercrime law and freedom of expression"
13830:Belgian Penal Code – Crimes against honour
12077:
12075:
12073:
12071:
11897:
11621:Michael G. Parkinson, L. Marie Parkinson,
11498:
10354:, "the evil tongue"). Intentionally false
10227:) – the author mentions 80
9950:are given as examples), where it would be
9915:in which such things frequently happen (a
9428:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
9240:, but the proposal was not adopted by the
7774:Vol. 23 No. 7 Minshu 1966 (A) 2472
5057:
5043:
3705:Variations within common law jurisdictions
3398:
3384:
2791:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
2213:
2199:
210:
196:
16589:Hasbollah Bin Mat Saad (September 2018).
14508:"Defamation litigation: a survivor's kit"
13698:
13541:
13518:
12501:
12499:
12487:
11575:
11294:
10860:). Similarly, the English version of the
10477:(punished with a fine and by disallowing
9724:security" as the leading justifications.
9485:made requests to remove content (such as
9440:Economic Community of West African States
9226:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
8717:exceeding twenty thousand Baht, or both.
7883:Learn how and when to remove this message
7446:is subject to "reasonable restrictions":
7381:by the barrister Maître Barboux, and the
6850:A more recent case in defamation law was
3797:in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish the
2545:
17892:Social determinants of health in poverty
17086:) is being considered for deletion. See
17050:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
17024:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16998:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16972:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16946:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16920:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16894:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16868:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16842:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16816:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16790:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16764:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16738:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16712:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16686:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16645:Wilhelm Bacher; Judah David Eisenstein.
15742:. London: Butterworth & Co. p.
15187:
15139:
14882:Frank Lloyd Tiongson (30 January 2012).
14857:"Norwegian Penal Code (English version)"
14506:Swamy, Subramanian (21 September 2004).
13584:Australian Law Reform Commission, 1979.
13337:"Criminal Code of the Republic of China"
13278:Japanese Law Translation Database System
13140:Kallgren, Edward (1953). "Group Libel".
13139:
12637:
12277:
12028:
11707:
11681:
11513:
11261:
9344:filter; (ii) inadequate due process and
9165:, particularly during and following the
8793:First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
7766:For a sample penal defamation case, see
7518:Blasphemy law in the Republic of Ireland
7457:(a) to freedom of speech and expression;
7362:
7334:References to matters over ten years old
6677:ALL (c. $ 350) to one million ALL (c. $
4079:
3951:Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
2291:Insult against a legal person in general
511:Social determinants of health in poverty
16314:"Government requests to remove content"
15851:
15735:
15528:"Civil Code (of the Republic of China)"
15391:
14675:
13527:
13442:Lange v Australian Broadcasting Company
12288:
12068:
11754:. Amarillo: Amarillo.com. 6 August 1999
11677:
11675:
11544:
11472:"General comment No. 34 (CCPR/C/GC/34)"
11455:
11383:Tjaco Van Den Hout (15 February 2013).
10138:; having a negative impact on society.
9481:showed that several governments in the
9469:Libel, defamation, slander, as well as
9247:Seven countries, three of which in the
7498:Indian Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
7454:(1) All citizens shall have the right—
7349:is prudent and measured in presentation
5171:
3969:
3496:do so by enabling defendants to make a
2584:
2517:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
14:
19566:
16565:
16542:
15165:"Problems with Korea's Defamation Law"
14391:Index on Censorship (19 August 2013).
14340:
14338:
12643:
12496:
12416:
12364:
12230:from the original on 30 September 2020
11843:from the original on 28 September 2018
11798:
11684:"Trial of john peter zenger for libel"
11614:Roger LeRoy Miller, Gaylord A. Jentz,
11581:
11385:"Freedom of Expression and Defamation"
10950:deriving from English common law) via
10240:(lashing, imprisonment, fine, "other")
9849:intentions and without exaggerations.
9837:, detraction, calumny, slander, false
8720:Section 327. Defamation to the Family
8343:
7945:blacken the memory of one who is dead.
7721:Articles 230 and 230-2, "Defamation" (
7165:, "Book Four" ("Personality Rights").
6943:, present or future health condition,
6788:the imputation is about the plaintiff;
3743:intentional interference with contract
3494:Protection of Public Participation Act
17616:
17184:
17171:
17105:
15604:"Taiwan needs to decriminalize libel"
15557:Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)
14937:Harry Roque Jr. (20 September 2012).
14859:. Legislationline.org. Archived from
14682:Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online
14505:
13792:. Legislationline.org. Archived from
13561:. Presscouncil.org.au. Archived from
13465:
13382:. Legislationline.org. Archived from
12921:
12919:
12917:
12867:, 3 SCR 640 (22 December 2009),
12195:"Opinion and Fair Comment Privileges"
11981:
11268:The American Journal of Legal History
11241:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 150.
10942:(which generally applies Roman Dutch
9612:(in 2012), abolished criminal libel.
9091:made further calls for strengthening
8940:(also known as "Rachel's Law", after
8617:In January 2022, an editorial in the
7522:Censorship in the Republic of Ireland
2552:United Nations Human Rights Committee
2504:United Nations Human Rights Committee
2477:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2438:literally "the scandal of magnates".
2371:back to Roman and early English law.
19542:
18582:Capital punishment for homosexuality
17897:Social determinants of mental health
15635:Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan)
15582:Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan)
15386:Swedish Penal Code (English version)
15197:Park, S. Nathan (15 December 2014).
15196:
14559:Defamation – Indian Penal Code, 1860
14092:, 3 SCR 269 (19 October 2011),
13997:
13867:Brazilian Penal Code (official text)
13699:Whitbourn, Michaela (4 March 2014).
12611:Ram Jethmalani Vs. Subramaniam Swamy
12398:50 Am.Jur.2d libel and slander 1–546
11898:Rafsanjani, Nazanin (2 April 2010).
11867:Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal
11672:
11504:
11372:from the original on 1 January 2024.
11055:Barbara Trionfi (Executive Director)
10801:United States free speech exceptions
9890:The criminality of the thing alleged
8234:, and their potential connection to
7993:Aggravating circumstances (Art. 14)
7861:adding citations to reliable sources
7828:
7377:stands in court during the cases of
7346:is not driven by animosity or malice
5218:Criminal defamation laws by country
5175:
3844:activists. Even though some of what
3639:
2413:adversus bonos mores huius civitatis
1225:Capital punishment for homosexuality
516:Social determinants of mental health
18702:Genital modification and mutilation
15875:Anatoly Kurmanaev (12 March 2016).
15307:from the original on 31 August 2023
15290:
15272:from the original on 31 August 2023
15258:Kang Hyun-kyung (11 January 2009).
15239:from the original on 31 August 2023
15169:Korea Economic Institute of America
14997:. 30 September 2012. Archived from
14914:. 21 September 2012. Archived from
14413:Scott Griffen (25 September 2014).
14335:
13646:Dow Jones and Company Inc v Gutnick
13631: at 158 (27 October 2015),
13179:. Council of Europe. Archived from
13133:
12925:
10553:, these laws prescribing fines and
10438:, as deserved punishments. And the
10261:Human Rights Commission of Malaysia
10069:) argued for harmonization between
9664:European Convention on Human Rights
9598:parodying political personalities.
9089:United Nations Human Rights Council
8938:2008 Libel Terrorism Protection Act
8623:(written by a law student from the
8462:According to the Civil Code of the
8173:Protection from Harassment Act 2014
7623:Further information (in Japanese):
3731:Protection from Harassment Act 2014
3713:Some jurisdictions have a separate
3697:, ruled that describing someone as
3675:imputing serious sexual misconduct.
2500:European Convention on Human Rights
1343:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
17642:
15856:. National Public Radio. Parallels
15144:. Middle East Eye. Middle East Eye
14181:(see articles 416–417 and 424–425)
14000:"The trouble with criminal speech"
13477:. Queensland Parliamentary Library
12914:
12173:Hobart Community Legal Service Inc
11799:Burton, John (30 September 2008).
11616:Business Law Today: The Essentials
11526:Federal Communications Law Journal
9893:The reputation of the detractor's
9775:(like the one commissioned by the
9547:Since 2012, more countries in the
9542:Commonwealth of Independent States
8593:In July 2000, the Justices of the
7054:A "libel known to be false" is an
6785:the passage conveys an imputation;
6666:According to the Criminal Code of
5113:Commonwealth of Independent States
3830:Supreme Court of the United States
3614:before the libel, that no further
3489:California Code of Civil Procedure
3469:politicians in Singapore's ruling
2450:and with the rise of contemporary
2260:(oral speech). It is treated as a
25:
19630:
17090:to help reach a consensus. ›
17069:
15922:, 2014, pp. 29, 31, 33, 39,
15820:
15578:"No. 509 ("The Defamation Case")"
14573:"Criminal Procedure Code (India)"
14345:Dominique Mondoloni (June 2014).
13998:Mann, Arshy (29 September 2014).
13921:, RJQ 1811 (1 August 1994),
13500:"Defamation Act 2005 No 77 (NSW)"
13174:
13100:Nevada Revised Statutes § 200.510
13089:Louisiana Revised Statute § 14:47
12994:, (W. Green, 2010), at para.17.13
12981:, (W. Green, 2010), at para.17.17
12564:. 19 October 2020. Archived from
10518:. Here, it is distinguished from
10247:Other proposed measures include:
10215:(which category seems to include
9699:According to reports provided by
9496:
9111:adopted a resolution, calling on
8955:
8932:and signed into law by President
8732:
8635:). According to the article, 180
8220:South Korean cyber defamation law
8091:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
8081:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
7594:or with abuse of a profession or
7526:Statute of Limitations in Ireland
7280:
2521:necessary in a democratic society
2300:Acts against state institutions (
19541:
19532:
19531:
19181:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
19018:Law for Protection of the Nation
18918:White genocide conspiracy theory
17041:
17015:
16989:
16963:
16937:
16911:
16885:
16859:
16833:
16807:
16781:
16755:
16729:
16703:
16677:
16638:
16610:
16582:
16572:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
16559:
16549:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
16536:
16306:
15845:
15814:
15802:
15778:
15765:Committee to Protect Journalists
15753:
15729:
15705:
15691:
15648:
15623:
15602:Huang Yu-zhe (26 January 2022).
15595:
15570:
15545:
15520:
15505:
15490:
15484:(Swiss criminal code in English
15478:
15463:
15441:
15418:
15350:
15335:
15319:
15284:
15251:
15218:
15162:
15156:
15140:Alsaafin, Linah (15 July 2015).
15107:
15083:
15061:
15039:
15005:
14983:
14953:
14930:
14900:
14875:
14849:
14827:
14809:
14784:
14759:
14734:
14725:
14669:
14647:
14609:
14589:
14583:
14550:
14477:
14433:
14406:
14384:
14313:
14281:
14247:
14225:
14203:
14184:
14169:
14154:
14132:
14117:
14099:
14079:
14056:
14022:
13991:
13971:
13951:
13931:
13908:
13893:
13871:
13857:
13835:
13820:
13782:
13760:
13738:
13718:
13692:
13677:Parliament of the United Kingdom
13664:
13638:
13577:
13550:
13459:
13435:
13420:
13398:
13372:
13363:
13354:
13257:Law Reform Commission of Ireland
13195:
13168:
13121:
12968:, (W. Green, 2010), at para.1.02
12693:"The Trial of John Peter Zenger"
12250:Arthur Alan Wolk v. Walter Olson
11708:Peterson, Iver (21 March 1997).
11387:. Latvijas Ārpolitikas Institūts
10594:
10541:and monetary compensation for a
10061:Application of Sharia by country
9930:, or their misdeeds are already
9926:If the victim has been publicly
9817:, gives practical advice to the
9627:Western Europe and North America
9464:
9276:Western Europe and North America
8899:criminalizes defamation through
8771:
8695:hostile and vexatious litigation
7833:
7467:Accordingly, for the purpose of
6769:Supreme Court of South Australia
6637:
6613:
6591:
6569:
6548:
6524:
6500:
6477:
6453:
6429:
6405:
6381:
6357:
6334:
6310:
6286:
6262:
6241:
6217:
6193:
6169:
6146:
6124:
6100:
6077:
6054:
6030:
6009:
5985:
5961:
5938:
5914:
5891:
5870:
5846:
5822:
5798:
5777:
5753:
5729:
5706:
5682:
5658:
5635:
5612:
5588:
5565:
5541:
5518:
5495:
5471:
5447:
5424:
5403:
5379:
5355:
5331:
5307:
5284:
5260:
5238:
5212:
5180:
4693:Perverting the course of justice
4093:
3765:caused damages to the plaintiff.
3571:vulgar abuse and not defamatory.
3365:
1836:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1665:Law for Protection of the Nation
1559:White genocide conspiracy theory
241:
73:
19023:MSM blood donation restrictions
18771:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
17580:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
16566:Delany, Joseph Francis (1912).
16543:Delany, Joseph Francis (1908).
16434:, 2018, pp. 7, 9, 34, 39,
15994:, 2014, pp. 8, 9, 30, 31,
15736:Folkard, Henry Coleman (1908).
15713:"Coroners and Justice Act 2009"
13701:"The tweet that cost $ 105,000"
13253:"Defamation Act 2009 (Ireland)"
13109:
13071:
13049:
13033:. Article19.org. Archived from
13023:
13010:
12997:
12984:
12971:
12958:
12894:
12874:
12854:
12842:
12827:
12797:
12772:
12754:
12736:
12711:
12685:
12659:
12634:Defamation Act, 1952 (England).
12628:
12616:
12604:
12592:
12580:
12558:"Defamation under Law of Torts"
12550:
12539:
12521:
12481:
12451:
12437:
12410:
12401:
12392:
12352:. Associated Press. 31 May 2012
12313:
12289:Bossary, Andrew (3 June 2014).
12255:
12242:
12212:
12187:
12132:
12107:
12093:
12022:
12016:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
12008:
11975:
11962:Legislative Assembly of Ontario
11950:
11936:
11872:
11855:
11801:"Death of Singaporean maverick"
11744:
11701:
11650:
11637:
11598:
11464:
11449:
11431:
11417:
11399:
11376:
11354:
11255:
11228:
11101:(prepared by the office of the
10957:
10928:
10917:one famous 1734 case involving
10911:
10890:
10876:
10867:
10814:
10623:Annie Oakley § Libel cases
10418:According to the authors, some
9767: – full text on
9746:
9578:Latin America and the Caribbean
9230:Organization of American States
9216:Latin America and the Caribbean
9172:
8449:is 30 years (after the death).
8145:
7763:) in, the business of another.
7168:"Chapter I" ("General rules"):
4588:Intellectual property violation
3117:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
2441:
1670:MSM blood donation restrictions
1412:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
19036:(as religious or racial quota)
17131:
16617:Kaufmann Kohler; S. Schulman.
16245:, 2018, pp. 6, 8, 9, 48,
15852:Shapiro, Ari (21 March 2015).
15294:욕설 넘치는 온라인게임 '롤' ... 모욕죄 고소 난무
14796:Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary
14771:Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary
14746:Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary
14107:"Cyber Libel Updates Archives"
14063:Karem Tirmandi (12 May 2022).
12911:(British Columbia, Canada)
12901:Farallon Mining Ltd. v. Arnold
12445:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
11944:Cal. Code of Civil Procedure §
11557:. Stevens and Haynes. p.
11196:
11175:
11154:
11131:
11013:
10986:
10883:not require recognition of an
10533:According to the authors, the
10111:. Mentioned among others are:
9652:European Court of Human Rights
9135:
8549:Offences only prosecuted upon
8497:Measures to restore reputation
8429:
8194:
8171:, Division 2 of Part 3 of the
7916:
7824:
3964:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3914:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3855:Many jurisdictions within the
3825:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3817:. The verdict was returned as
3777:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
2525:European Court of Human Rights
2452:international human rights law
1683:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
19450:Second-generation gender bias
19166:Constitutional colorblindness
17887:Social determinants of health
17454:Specific types of negligence
17075:
16516:, 2022, pp. 48, 49, 52,
15500:Swiss Penal Code – Defamation
13832:(see Articles 443 to 453-bis)
11645:Tort Law for Legal Assistants
11582:Howard, Sam (15 March 2007).
11551:John William Salmond (1907).
11505:Congress, National People's.
10974:
10580:also seemed to be acceptable
10081:of the Constitution declares
9864:
9385:passed throughout the world;
9121:Declaration of Table Mountain
8776:
8740:Coroners and Justice Act 2009
8700:
8517:
7921:
7655:
7358:
7228:
6870:
3553:' in Commonwealth countries).
3426:
3421:
3227:(term used for torts in some
2563:
2232:that injures a third party's
2113:Second-generation gender bias
1821:Constitutional colorblindness
506:Social determinants of health
17210:
17052:license statement/permission
17026:license statement/permission
17000:license statement/permission
16974:license statement/permission
16948:license statement/permission
16922:license statement/permission
16896:license statement/permission
16870:license statement/permission
16844:license statement/permission
16818:license statement/permission
16792:license statement/permission
16766:license statement/permission
16740:license statement/permission
16714:license statement/permission
16688:license statement/permission
16159:, 2014, pp. 7, 10, 29,
15739:The Law of Slander and Libel
14684:(in Italian). Archived from
14474:, p. 68, items 6 and 7.
13588:. Efa.org.au. Archived from
13530:Australian Journalism Review
12587:Pukhraj v State of Rajasthan
12463:stylebook.fredericksburg.com
11837:Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada
10979:
10753:Martin v. Hearst Corporation
10717:Freedom of speech/expression
10499:
10370:, relevant is the ninth (in
10171:. Defamation would include:
10032:and can never be justified.
8947:
8930:111th United States Congress
8625:National Chengchi University
8162:
6711:
6691:
5139:
4923:Ignorantia juris non excusat
3962:test adopted in the US case
3666:accusing someone of a crime;
2536:Constitution of South Africa
2511:applied domestically by the
2461:(ICCPR), which states that:
7:
19579:Communication of falsehoods
19361:Medical model of disability
19213:Hate speech laws by country
16477:, 2018, pp. 6, 7, 40,
15958:, 2014, pp. 7, 8, 24,
14676:Buonomo, Giampiero (2001).
14592:"Defamation Law in Ireland"
14127:Chilean Penal Code, Book II
13007:, (1975) 8 CILS 189, at 195
12784:Defamation and the Internet
12529:"Law Document English View"
12509:. Singapore Statutes Online
12142:. legal.org. Archived from
11425:"The Constitution of Kenya"
11407:"Chapter 2: Bill of Rights"
10999:Legal Information Institute
10858:South African law of delict
10587:
9682:
9392:
9364:
8913:
8662:
8656:J.Y. Interpretation No. 509
8603:J.Y. Interpretation No. 509
8213:
8125:
8074:
7795:
7759:
7744:
7729:
7714:
7680:
7085:
7029:
6979:
3987:". For liability under the
3832:overruled a state court in
3631:No actual injury: If there
3507:
3438:
3123:Joint and several liability
2024:Medical model of disability
1868:Hate speech laws by country
10:
19635:
19470:Social model of disability
17942:Discrimination against men
16670:
16318:Google Transparency Report
15473:Swiss Penal Code – Calumny
14623:(in Italian). 22 June 2018
14164:Chilean Penal Code, Book I
13557:Jack Herman; David Flint.
13068:on criminalised defamation
13018:Iniuria and the Common Law
12029:Franklin, Mark A. (1963).
10503:
10331:
10327:
10270:
10266:
10054:
10005:
9868:
9795: – see his
9750:
9731:
9528:Central and Eastern Europe
9188:Central and Eastern Europe
9182:Central and Eastern Europe
8928:, which was passed by the
8780:
8667:
8457:
8413:Article 3 regulates other
8217:
8137:
8078:
7925:
7642:
7622:
7548:Defamation Prohibition Law
7515:
7511:
7393:
7315:
7298:
7289:
7244:
7152:
6995:
6889:
6861:
6856:Federal Court of Australia
6715:
6661:
4613:Possessing stolen property
4261:Offense against the person
4083:
3891:largely resembles that of
2897:Comparative responsibility
2588:
2365:
2133:Social model of disability
561:Discrimination against men
82:Foundations and Philosophy
36:
29:
19527:
19266:
19143:
18936:
18823:Opposition to immigration
18547:
18187:
18034:
17794:
17744:Race / Ethnicity
17681:
17650:
17589:
17535:
17514:
17483:
17410:
17385:
17352:
17309:
17271:
17218:
17178:
17173:Links to related articles
17139:
16286:, 2018, pp. 10, 43,
16200:, 2018, pp. 38, 39,
15291:정준호 (10 September 2015).
14196:20 September 2021 at the
14129:(see Articles 412 to 431)
14111:McConchie Law Corporation
13705:The Sydney Morning Herald
13432:(Articles 109 to 117-bis)
12926:Coe, Peter (March 2021).
12907: (10 November 2011),
12889:Superior Court of Justice
12809:Media Law Resource Center
12644:Ayesha (6 October 2010),
12325:Digital Media Law Project
12199:Digital Media Law Project
11736:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11456:Soraide, Rosario (2022).
10458:) to sins of the tongue.
10312:The Knowledge article on
9654:had limited influence in
9411:over cases pertaining to
9102:
8965:
8522:The Criminal Code of the
8452:
8380:
8100:
8023:Publication of malicious
7903:
7810:
7753:
7738:
7723:
7708:
7674:
7541:
7406:
7310:
7007:
6991:
6958:
6812:On 10 December 2002, the
6807:
5189:This section needs to be
4907:Diminished responsibility
4701:Crimes against the public
3979:Roman Dutch and Scots law
3212:Non-economic damages caps
1464:Opposition to immigration
355:Race / Ethnicity
144:Methodological background
18818:Occupational segregation
18587:Compulsory sterilization
17344:Alienation of affections
17088:templates for discussion
15431:26 February 2021 at the
15293:
15054:17 December 2009 at the
14961:"Republic Act No. 10175"
14363:10.1177/0306422014537174
14166:(see Articles 25 and 30)
12492:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
12384:Cumberland School of Law
12378:27 February 2008 at the
12295:American Bar Association
11900:"SLAPP Back: Transcript"
10828:jurisdictions, the term
10807:
10572:were a possibility. But
10434:speaking ill of Moses),
10362:. Both forbidden in the
10113:fragmentation of society
10075:Islamic legal principles
10050:
9728:Defamation and religions
9438:, and the treaty of the
8713:Section 326. Defamation
8557:Other related articles:
8385:In Sweden, denigration (
8355:
8107:conduct that may degrade
7736:Article 231, "Insults" (
7618:
7563:
7422:
7343:pursues a legitimate aim
7147:
7101:
7002:
6843:. The defendant, former
4836:Crimes against the state
4756:(such as prohibition of
4036:. This includes insult (
3939:As is the case for most
3813:, Zenger was accused of
3500:or dismiss during which
3498:special motion to strike
3245:Private attorney general
3199:Other topics in tort law
2827:Principles of negligence
2756:Alienation of affections
1459:Occupational segregation
1230:Compulsory sterilization
47:Slander (disambiguation)
19346:Internalized oppression
19208:Fighting Discrimination
19198:Fat acceptance movement
19156:Anti-discrimination law
18796:Native American mascots
17573:Volenti non fit injuria
17547:contributory negligence
17527:Ultrahazardous activity
16652:The Jewish Encyclopedia
16624:The Jewish Encyclopedia
16391:, 2018, pp. 5, 8,
16350:, 2018, pp. 7, 8,
16112:, 2014, pp. 7, 8,
16071:, 2014, pp. 8, 9,
16030:, 2014, pp. 8, 9,
15881:The Wall Street Journal
15204:The Wall Street Journal
15096:1 February 2021 at the
14731:MINPO art. 723 (Japan)
14032:. CBC. 16 November 2012
13629:[2015] SASC 170
13466:Dixon, Nicolee (2005).
11984:"A4ID Defamation Guide"
11509:– via Wikisource.
11427:– via Wikisource.
11190:7 December 2009 at the
11169:7 December 2009 at the
11148:7 December 2009 at the
11025:Encyclopædia Britannica
10904:provide protection for
10643:Character assassination
10283:The Jewish Encyclopedia
9793:Jean-Baptiste Massillon
9779: – see "
9677:
9405:ECOWAS Court of Justice
9359:
9087:symbols". In 2011, the
9033:internet intermediaries
8960:
8236:suicides in the country
7625:Defamation law of Japan
7473:Indian Penal Code, 1860
7096:Supreme Court of Canada
7037:Criminal Code of Canada
6998:Canadian defamation law
6931:, place of birth, age,
6814:High Court of Australia
6718:Defamation in Australia
5115:, America, and Canada.
4520:Crimes against property
4210:(also called violation)
3956:Supreme Court of Canada
3867:and qualified privilege
3863:Codify the defences of
3799:New York Weekly Journal
3551:Parliamentary privilege
3110:Volenti non fit injuria
2935:Ultrahazardous activity
2902:Contributory negligence
2513:Supreme Court of Canada
2009:Internalized oppression
1863:Fighting Discrimination
1853:Fat acceptance movement
1811:Anti-discrimination law
1437:Native American mascots
121:Judicial interpretation
18:Defamation of character
19465:Social identity threat
19438:Reverse discrimination
19428:Racial color blindness
18908:Violence against women
18888:Sex-selective abortion
17440:Calculus of negligence
15426:"I väntan på juryn..."
15328:(Levitsky, Serge L.) (
15036:, p. 117, item 6.
14708:"Constitution (Japan)"
14540:"Constitution (India)"
13984:Criminal Code (Canada)
13964:Criminal Code (Canada)
13944:Criminal Code (Canada)
13729:[2015] FCA 652
12861:Grant v. Torstar Corp.
12490:The American Democracy
12448:, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).
12419:"Us political systems"
12417:Sexton, Kevin (2010).
12265:. Dancing With Lawyers
12263:"Dancing With Lawyers"
10848:, only using the term
10820:In some, but not all,
10628:Anti-Defamation League
10492:and penal severity in
9781:The Eighth Commandment
9295:incitement to violence
9117:Pan-African Parliament
9037:user-generated content
9018:defamation of religion
8726:
8687:
8503:Statute of limitations
8447:statute of limitations
8419:
8406:
8393:
8387:
8324:National Police Agency
8238:. Before the death of
8069:General comment No. 34
8002:Intentionally causing
7947:
7817:
7803:
7786:
7778:Supreme Court of Japan
7684:) include 'defacing'.
7640:
7605:
7583:
7577:
7571:
7532:statute of limitations
7465:
7386:
7385:'s assault on Barboux.
7369:
7135:
7129:
7112:
6903:, colour of the skin,
6794:
5411:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4972:Other common-law areas
4805:Crimes against animals
4673:Miscarriage of justice
4655:Crimes against justice
3923:Commonwealth countries
3622:Statute of limitations
3595:Innocent dissemination
3433:English defamation law
3128:Market share liability
3061:Shopkeeper's privilege
3039:Statute of limitations
2882:Restitutio ad integrum
2731:Intrusion on seclusion
2626:Trespass to the person
2582:
2546:General comment No. 34
2523:" test applied by the
2472:
2128:Social identity threat
2101:Reverse discrimination
2091:Racial color blindness
1549:Violence against women
1529:Sex-selective abortion
43:Libel (disambiguation)
41:. For other uses, see
19589:Freedom of expression
19433:Religious intolerance
19393:Political correctness
19223:Intersex human rights
19171:Cultural assimilation
18853:Religious persecution
18617:Disability hate crime
18402:Jewish / Antisemitism
17367:Tortious interference
17339:Malicious prosecution
16575:Catholic Encyclopedia
16552:Catholic Encyclopedia
15723:The National Archives
15411:30 April 2010 at the
15347:(Articles 205 to 216)
15330:Law in Eastern Europe
15058:(articles 180 to 189)
15049:Portuguese Penal Code
14949:on 22 September 2012.
14662:17 March 2015 at the
14644:, p. 79, item 8.
14278:, p. 51, item 6.
13925:(Quebec, Canada)
13651:[2002] HCA 56
13475:Queensland Parliament
13446:[1997] HCA 25
13142:California Law Review
13064:18 April 2009 at the
13020:, (Hart, 2013), at 40
12891:(Ontario, Canada)
12887: (14 June 2011),
12851:(1970), 73 W.W.R. 114
12697:National Park Service
12507:"Defamation Act 1957"
12488:Patterson, T (2009).
12101:Lathan v. Journal Co.
11982:Brown, Mayer (2013).
11914:National Public Radio
11067:(Commissioned by the
10906:freedom of expression
10838:conflict of tort laws
10747:Malicious prosecution
10653:Collateral censorship
10648:Chilling effect (law)
10504:Further information:
10490:righteous indignation
10338:It is described as a
10332:Further information:
9869:Further information:
9855:Catholic Encyclopedia
9690:freedom of expression
9058:preventive censorship
8982:in 21 countries. The
8711:
8674:
8224:In October 2008, the
8218:Further information:
8095:Teofisto Guingona III
7942:
7635:
7631:Constitution of Japan
7448:
7440:Constitution of India
7366:
6829:Berezovsky v Michaels
6773:
5147:freedom of expression
4878:Defenses to liability
4668:Malfeasance in office
4080:Defamation as a crime
4014:wrongful conduct; and
3543:malicious prosecution
3471:People's Action Party
3240:Conflict of tort laws
3006:Tortious interference
2761:Criminal conversation
2748:Malicious prosecution
2589:Further information:
2559:
2557:Paragraph 47 states:
2463:
2284:Defamation against a
2096:Religious intolerance
2056:Political correctness
1878:Intersex human rights
1826:Cultural assimilation
1494:Religious persecution
1258:Disability hate crime
1037:Jewish / Antisemitism
19599:Freedom of the press
18838:Political repression
17847:Anti-left handedness
17837:Anti-intellectualism
17329:Breach of confidence
15232:Korea JoongAng Daily
15175:on 22 September 2019
14918:on 22 September 2012
14821:21 July 2011 at the
14235:. Business.center.cz
13904:Civil Code of Quebec
13274:"Penal Code (Japan)"
13232:"Penal Code (India)"
13078:Idaho Code § 18-4801
11682:Benenson, R (1981).
10680:Cyber defamation law
10342:, based on both the
10136:political opposition
10043:seems achievable by
9969:fraternal correction
9479:transparency reports
9242:OAS General Assembly
9044:, often outside the
8645:private prosecutions
8400:Article 2 regulates
8299:Grand National Party
8227:Korea JoongAng Daily
8053:Regional Trial Court
7857:improve this section
7379:character defamation
7127:Article 416 defines
7019:Civil Code of Quebec
5232:Custodial sentences
5172:Laws by jurisdiction
4724:Censorship violation
4447:Cybersex trafficking
4076:) might be imputed.
3970:Corporate defamation
3484:tort reform measures
2738:Breach of confidence
2585:Defamation as a tort
1479:Political repression
466:Anti-left handedness
456:Anti-intellectualism
19341:Historical eugenics
18878:Segregation academy
18858:Religious terrorism
18647:Enemy of the people
18555:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
18074:Jehovah's Witnesses
17967:Perpetual foreigner
17567:Vicarious liability
17506:Attractive nuisance
17401:Rylands v. Fletcher
17324:Invasion of privacy
17054:). Text taken from
17028:). Text taken from
17002:). Text taken from
16976:). Text taken from
16950:). Text taken from
16924:). Text taken from
16898:). Text taken from
16872:). Text taken from
16846:). Text taken from
16820:). Text taken from
16794:). Text taken from
16768:). Text taken from
16742:). Text taken from
16716:). Text taken from
16690:). Text taken from
15658:. 12 February 2015.
15451:. Council of Europe
15360:. Council of Europe
15345:Penal Code of Spain
15089:Mona Scărișoreanu,
15015:. Council of Europe
15001:on 29 October 2012.
14863:on 24 February 2021
14837:. Council of Europe
14688:on 11 December 2019
14487:. Council of Europe
14351:Index on Censorship
14323:. Council of Europe
14257:. Council of Europe
14213:. Council of Europe
13881:. Council of Europe
13845:. Council of Europe
13770:. Council of Europe
13635:(SA, Australia)
13565:on 12 November 2010
12944:10.1017/lst.2020.38
12835:Defamation Act 1992
12815:on 9 September 2021
12673:on 23 February 2015
12601:(1970) 72 BOMLR 94.
12546:Defamation Act 1952
12425:on 18 February 2011
12035:Stanford Law Review
12019:, 497 U.S. 1 (1990)
11813:on 10 December 2022
10954:under colonial rule
10854:Scots Law of Delict
10551:Temple in Jerusalem
10512:circular definition
10469:, arguing that the
10358:and also injurious
10348:rabbinic literature
10255:, mediation via an
9614:Trinidad and Tobago
9602:Antigua and Barbuda
9447:High Court of Kenya
9383:anti-terrorism laws
9337:Defamation Act 2013
9309:invasion of privacy
9155:citizen journalists
9093:religious tolerance
9022:Pew Research Center
9020:. According to the
8787:Fewer than half of
8440:Swiss Criminal Code
8415:insulting behaviour
8344:Former Soviet Union
8278:Soongsil University
7662:Penal Code of Japan
7375:Mme Camille du Gast
7233:Article 246 of the
7157:Based on text from
7069:corrections officer
6824:Dow Jones v Gutnick
6819:Dow Jones v Gutnick
6802:qualified privilege
6753:Defamation Act 2005
5219:
4902:Defense of property
4754:Illegal consumption
4290:Criminal negligence
4190:Severity of offense
3934:Defamation Act 1954
3930:Defamation Act 1992
3900:American Revolution
3881:Defamation Act 2013
3727:invasion of privacy
3701:is not defamation.
3557:Qualified privilege
3233:mixed legal systems
3103:Respondeat superior
3097:Vicarious liability
3056:Defence of property
2993:Insurance bad faith
2907:Attractive nuisance
2726:Invasion of privacy
2436:scandalum magnatum,
2428:Anglo-Saxon England
2310:government agencies
2004:Historical eugenics
1519:Segregation academy
1499:Religious terrorism
1288:Enemy of the people
1198:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
701:Jehovah's Witnesses
586:Perpetual foreigner
19253:Social integration
19248:Self-determination
19238:Racial integration
19186:Diversity training
19176:Cultural pluralism
19151:Affirmative action
19051:Racial segregation
18961:Crime of apartheid
18863:Religious violence
18366:Indigenous people
17771:Sexual orientation
17377:Restraint of trade
17238:False imprisonment
16546:"Detraction"
15833:on 7 November 2017
15718:legislation.gov.uk
15121:. 17 December 2013
14971:on 9 December 2021
14657:Italian Penal Code
14301:on 26 October 2021
13625:Duffy v Google Inc
13183:on 20 January 2013
13094:2011-07-04 at the
13083:2009-10-01 at the
13037:on 3 November 2011
12839:as at 1 March 2017
12699:. 26 February 2015
12625:1996 (20) ACR 808.
12613:2006 (87) DRJ 603.
12388:Samford University
12370:Edward C. Martin.
12350:The New York Times
12301:on 31 October 2017
12115:"Legal dictionary"
11996:on 9 February 2014
11833:"J. B. Jeyaretnam"
11780:on 6 February 2005
11715:The New York Times
11264:Scandalum Magnatum
11204:"Book 9, Title 36"
10936:law of obligations
10923:jury nullification
10555:capital punishment
10391:will be denied to
10308:, is untrue speech
10277:Rabbinic authority
10117:divine retribution
9618:Dominican Republic
9544:(CIS) sub-region.
9501:Most countries in
9346:judicial oversight
9330:libel laws in the
9328:plaintiff-friendly
9238:special rapporteur
9186:Four countries in
8752:English common law
8707:Thai Criminal Code
8677:ought to know it.
8534:Insults (Art. 309)
8475:emotional distress
7989:Related articles:
7934:Revised Penal Code
7572:a querela di parte
7387:
7221:(Arts. 1029, 1030)
7056:indictable offence
6925:sexual orientation
6845:Orange High School
6835:Australia's first
6798:absolute privilege
6722:Defamation law in
5217:
5165:Lingens v. Austria
4823:Wildlife smuggling
4813:Cruelty to animals
4442:Child sexual abuse
4394:Negligent homicide
4305:False imprisonment
4202:Indictable offense
4146:Scope of criminal
3838:The New York Times
3739:trademark dilution
3133:Transferred intent
3024:Assumption of risk
2988:Restraint of trade
2964:Rylands v Fletcher
2796:Employment-related
2645:False imprisonment
1908:Social integration
1903:Self-determination
1893:Racial integration
1841:Diversity training
1831:Cultural pluralism
1806:Affirmative action
1698:Racial segregation
1608:Crime of apartheid
1504:Religious violence
1001:Indigenous people
382:Sexual orientation
30:For the film, see
19609:Journalism ethics
19594:Freedom of speech
19561:
19560:
19555:
19554:
19423:Racism by country
19351:Intersectionality
19336:Heteronormativity
19135:Voter suppression
18883:Sexual harassment
18682:Forced conversion
18602:Cultural genocide
18265:African Americans
18084:post–Cold War era
18069:Eastern Orthodoxy
17832:Anti-drug addicts
17827:Anti-homelessness
17754:Scientific racism
17610:
17609:
17552:Last clear chance
17522:Product liability
17435:Res ipsa loquitur
17220:Intentional torts
17165:
17164:
16523:978-92-3-100509-1
16484:978-92-3-100296-0
16441:978-92-3-100295-3
16398:978-92-3-100294-6
16357:978-92-3-100293-9
16293:978-92-3-100297-7
16252:978-92-3-100291-5
16207:978-92-3-100242-7
16166:978-92-3-100018-8
16119:978-92-3-100013-3
16078:978-92-3-100012-6
16037:978-92-3-100010-2
16001:978-92-3-100009-6
15965:978-92-3-100008-9
15929:978-92-3-001201-4
15791:(1st Cir. 2009),
15785:Noonan v. Staples
15163:Back, Sang Hyun.
14995:The Daily Tribune
14347:"Legal Divisions"
14151:(see pages 75–78)
14086:Crookes v. Newton
13796:on 13 August 2015
13116:R v Orme and Nutt
12990:Elspeth C. Reid,
12977:Elspeth C. Reid,
12964:Elspeth C. Reid,
12849:Murphy v. LaMarsh
12805:"Defamation FAQs"
12654:on 1 October 2011
12568:on 14 August 2021
11920:). Archived from
11884:The Straits Times
11839:. 26 March 2012.
11688:The CQ Researcher
11128:, pp. 31–33.
10952:reception statute
10940:South African law
10938:, having adopted
10919:John Peter Zenger
10885:opinion privilege
10846:Tort Law in China
10842:European tort law
10618:Abu Dhabi Secrets
10612:Absence of Malice
10306:(hotzaat) shem ra
10259:, empowering the
10175:Libel and slander
9549:South-East Europe
9534:legal obligations
9455:national security
8980:decriminalization
8907:Noonan v. Staples
8693:to be facilitate
8524:Republic of China
8464:Republic of China
8329:League of Legends
8065:trial in absentia
8061:Prospero Nograles
8045:In January 2012,
7932:According to the
7893:
7892:
7885:
7496:According to the
7438:According to the
7373:on 25 July 1902.
7271:journalistic work
6659:
6658:
5229:Special offences
5226:General offences
5210:
5209:
5151:Council of Europe
5120:R v Orme and Nutt
5067:
5066:
4467:Indecent exposure
4335:Human trafficking
4300:Domestic violence
4228:Inchoate offenses
4074:animus iniuriandi
4060:actio iniuriarium
3995:are as follows:
3893:England and Wales
3811:Colonial New York
3795:John Peter Zenger
3735:misrepresentation
3640:Defamation per se
3583:reasonable person
3579:logically unsound
3515:substantial truth
3412:take civil action
3408:
3407:
3281:England and Wales
3236:
3087:Last clear chance
3082:Intentional torts
3066:Neutral reportage
3049:Defense of others
2997:
2930:Product liability
2876:Res ipsa loquitur
2863:Reasonable person
2771:Breach of promise
2620:
2577:decriminalization
2359:contempt of court
2349:Acts against the
2325:Acts against the
2223:
2222:
2086:Racism by country
2014:Intersectionality
1999:Heteronormativity
1782:Voter suppression
1524:Sexual harassment
1323:Forced conversion
1245:Cultural genocide
900:African Americans
711:post–Cold War era
696:Eastern Orthodoxy
451:Anti-drug addicts
446:Anti-homelessness
365:Scientific racism
220:
219:
184:judicial opinions
131:Law and economics
32:Defamation (film)
16:(Redirected from
19626:
19545:
19544:
19535:
19534:
19475:Social privilege
19460:Social exclusion
19388:Police brutality
19309:Multiculturalism
19279:Amatonormativity
19110:Social exclusion
18946:Age of candidacy
18746:Homeless dumping
18652:Ethnic cleansing
17637:
17630:
17623:
17614:
17613:
17562:Small penis rule
17515:Strict liability
17484:Duty to visitors
17425:Standard of care
17334:Abuse of process
17205:
17198:
17191:
17182:
17181:
17169:
17168:
17126:
17119:
17112:
17103:
17102:
17045:
17019:
16993:
16967:
16941:
16915:
16889:
16863:
16837:
16811:
16785:
16759:
16733:
16707:
16696:, 29,31,33,39,
16681:
16664:
16663:
16661:
16659:
16642:
16636:
16635:
16633:
16631:
16614:
16608:
16607:
16605:
16603:
16586:
16580:
16579:
16571:
16563:
16557:
16556:
16548:
16540:
16534:
16533:
16532:
16530:
16504:
16495:
16494:
16493:
16491:
16465:
16452:
16451:
16450:
16448:
16422:
16409:
16408:
16407:
16405:
16379:
16368:
16367:
16366:
16364:
16338:
16329:
16328:
16326:
16324:
16310:
16304:
16303:
16302:
16300:
16274:
16263:
16262:
16261:
16259:
16233:
16218:
16217:
16216:
16214:
16188:
16177:
16176:
16175:
16173:
16147:
16130:
16129:
16128:
16126:
16100:
16089:
16088:
16087:
16085:
16059:
16048:
16047:
16046:
16044:
16018:
16012:
16011:
16010:
16008:
15982:
15976:
15975:
15974:
15972:
15946:
15940:
15939:
15938:
15936:
15910:
15895:
15894:
15889:
15887:
15872:
15866:
15865:
15863:
15861:
15849:
15843:
15842:
15840:
15838:
15818:
15812:
15806:
15800:
15793:rehearing denied
15782:
15776:
15775:
15773:
15771:
15757:
15751:
15750:
15733:
15727:
15726:
15709:
15703:
15702:
15701:. 19 March 2015.
15695:
15689:
15688:
15686:
15684:
15669:
15660:
15659:
15652:
15646:
15645:
15643:
15641:
15627:
15621:
15620:
15618:
15616:
15599:
15593:
15592:
15590:
15588:
15574:
15568:
15567:
15565:
15563:
15549:
15543:
15542:
15540:
15538:
15524:
15518:
15513:
15509:
15503:
15498:
15494:
15488:
15482:
15476:
15471:
15467:
15461:
15460:
15458:
15456:
15445:
15439:
15438:25 November 2008
15422:
15416:
15402:
15389:
15383:
15370:
15369:
15367:
15365:
15354:
15348:
15343:
15339:
15333:
15323:
15317:
15316:
15314:
15312:
15288:
15282:
15281:
15279:
15277:
15255:
15249:
15248:
15246:
15244:
15222:
15216:
15215:
15213:
15211:
15194:
15185:
15184:
15182:
15180:
15171:. Archived from
15160:
15154:
15153:
15151:
15149:
15137:
15131:
15130:
15128:
15126:
15111:
15105:
15087:
15081:
15079:
15075:
15074:(in Portuguese).
15073:
15065:
15059:
15047:
15043:
15037:
15034:OSCE Report 2005
15031:
15025:
15024:
15022:
15020:
15009:
15003:
15002:
14987:
14981:
14980:
14978:
14976:
14965:Official Gazette
14957:
14951:
14950:
14945:. Archived from
14934:
14928:
14927:
14925:
14923:
14912:Sun*Star – Davao
14904:
14898:
14897:
14892:. Archived from
14889:The Manila Times
14879:
14873:
14872:
14870:
14868:
14853:
14847:
14846:
14844:
14842:
14831:
14825:
14813:
14807:
14806:
14804:
14802:
14788:
14782:
14781:
14779:
14777:
14763:
14757:
14756:
14754:
14752:
14738:
14732:
14729:
14723:
14722:
14720:
14718:
14704:
14698:
14697:
14695:
14693:
14673:
14667:
14655:
14651:
14645:
14642:OSCE Report 2005
14639:
14633:
14632:
14630:
14628:
14613:
14607:
14606:
14604:
14602:
14587:
14581:
14580:
14569:
14563:
14562:
14554:
14548:
14547:
14536:
14530:
14529:
14527:
14525:
14516:. Archived from
14503:
14497:
14496:
14494:
14492:
14481:
14475:
14472:OSCE Report 2005
14469:
14463:
14462:
14460:
14458:
14453:on 14 April 2008
14452:
14446:. Archived from
14445:
14437:
14431:
14430:
14428:
14426:
14410:
14404:
14403:
14401:
14399:
14388:
14382:
14381:
14379:
14377:
14342:
14333:
14332:
14330:
14328:
14317:
14311:
14310:
14308:
14306:
14300:
14294:. Archived from
14293:
14285:
14279:
14276:OSCE Report 2005
14273:
14267:
14266:
14264:
14262:
14251:
14245:
14244:
14242:
14240:
14229:
14223:
14222:
14220:
14218:
14207:
14201:
14188:
14182:
14177:
14173:
14167:
14162:
14158:
14152:
14150:
14146:
14144:
14136:
14130:
14125:
14121:
14115:
14114:
14103:
14097:
14083:
14077:
14076:
14074:
14072:
14060:
14054:
14051:OSCE Report 2005
14048:
14042:
14041:
14039:
14037:
14026:
14020:
14019:
14017:
14015:
14006:. Archived from
13995:
13989:
13988:
13975:
13969:
13968:
13955:
13949:
13948:
13935:
13929:
13928:
13919:1994 CanLII 5883
13912:
13906:
13897:
13891:
13890:
13888:
13886:
13875:
13869:
13865:
13861:
13855:
13854:
13852:
13850:
13839:
13833:
13828:
13824:
13818:
13815:OSCE Report 2005
13812:
13806:
13805:
13803:
13801:
13786:
13780:
13779:
13777:
13775:
13764:
13758:
13757:
13755:
13753:
13742:
13736:
13722:
13716:
13715:
13713:
13711:
13696:
13690:
13689:
13687:
13685:
13668:
13662:
13642:
13636:
13622:
13616:
13615:
13609:
13601:
13599:
13597:
13592:on 16 April 2021
13581:
13575:
13574:
13572:
13570:
13554:
13548:
13547:
13545:
13543:10.1.1.1030.7304
13525:
13516:
13515:
13513:
13511:
13496:
13487:
13486:
13484:
13482:
13472:
13463:
13457:
13439:
13433:
13428:
13424:
13418:
13417:
13415:
13413:
13402:
13396:
13395:
13393:
13391:
13376:
13370:
13367:
13361:
13358:
13352:
13351:
13349:
13347:
13333:
13324:
13323:
13321:
13319:
13310:. Archived from
13298:
13289:
13288:
13286:
13284:
13270:
13261:
13260:
13249:
13240:
13239:
13228:
13219:
13218:
13216:
13214:
13199:
13193:
13192:
13190:
13188:
13172:
13166:
13165:
13137:
13131:
13125:
13119:
13113:
13107:
13075:
13069:
13053:
13047:
13046:
13044:
13042:
13027:
13021:
13014:
13008:
13001:
12995:
12988:
12982:
12975:
12969:
12962:
12956:
12955:
12923:
12912:
12898:
12892:
12881:Astley v. Verdun
12878:
12872:
12858:
12852:
12846:
12840:
12831:
12825:
12824:
12822:
12820:
12811:. Archived from
12801:
12795:
12794:
12792:
12790:
12776:
12770:
12769:
12758:
12752:
12751:
12740:
12734:
12733:
12731:
12729:
12715:
12709:
12708:
12706:
12704:
12689:
12683:
12682:
12680:
12678:
12669:. Archived from
12663:
12657:
12655:
12650:, archived from
12641:
12635:
12632:
12626:
12620:
12614:
12608:
12602:
12596:
12590:
12584:
12578:
12577:
12575:
12573:
12554:
12548:
12543:
12537:
12536:
12525:
12519:
12518:
12516:
12514:
12503:
12494:
12493:
12485:
12479:
12478:
12476:
12474:
12465:. Archived from
12455:
12449:
12441:
12435:
12434:
12432:
12430:
12421:. Archived from
12414:
12408:
12405:
12399:
12396:
12390:
12368:
12362:
12361:
12359:
12357:
12342:
12336:
12335:
12333:
12331:
12317:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12306:
12297:. Archived from
12286:
12275:
12274:
12272:
12270:
12259:
12253:
12246:
12240:
12239:
12237:
12235:
12224:Hodgson Russ LLP
12216:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12191:
12185:
12184:
12182:
12180:
12165:
12156:
12155:
12153:
12151:
12146:on 22 April 2008
12136:
12130:
12129:
12127:
12125:
12111:
12105:
12097:
12091:
12090:
12079:
12066:
12065:
12063:
12061:
12026:
12020:
12012:
12006:
12005:
12003:
12001:
11995:
11988:
11979:
11973:
11972:
11970:
11968:
11954:
11948:
11945:
11940:
11934:
11933:
11931:
11929:
11895:
11889:
11888:1 September 2021
11876:
11870:
11859:
11853:
11852:
11850:
11848:
11829:
11823:
11822:
11820:
11818:
11812:
11807:. Archived from
11796:
11790:
11789:
11787:
11785:
11776:. Archived from
11770:
11764:
11763:
11761:
11759:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11735:
11727:
11725:
11723:
11705:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11694:
11679:
11670:
11669:
11667:
11665:
11654:
11648:
11641:
11635:
11602:
11596:
11595:
11593:
11591:
11579:
11573:
11572:
11567:
11565:
11548:
11542:
11541:
11539:
11537:
11517:
11511:
11510:
11502:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11491:
11476:
11468:
11462:
11461:
11453:
11447:
11446:
11435:
11429:
11428:
11421:
11415:
11414:
11403:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11392:
11380:
11374:
11373:
11358:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11337:
11329:
11320:
11319:
11317:
11315:
11309:
11301:
11292:
11291:
11259:
11253:
11252:
11232:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11221:
11215:
11209:. Archived from
11208:
11200:
11194:
11179:
11173:
11164:47. 10. 15. 3–6.
11158:
11152:
11135:
11129:
11126:OSCE Report 2017
11123:
11114:
11113:
11112:
11110:
11089:
11080:
11079:
11078:
11076:
11071:Dunja Mijatović)
11053:(7 March 2017),
11047:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11031:
11017:
11011:
11010:
11008:
11006:
10990:
10968:
10961:
10955:
10932:
10926:
10915:
10909:
10894:
10888:
10880:
10874:
10871:
10865:
10818:
10786:Small penis rule
10732:Intentional tort
10707:False accusation
10604:
10599:
10598:
10368:Ten Commandments
10243:Monetary damages
9801:On evil-speaking
9777:Council of Trent
9765:Epistle of James
9734:Law and religion
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9536:were imposed on
9211:
9048:and with little
9042:takedown notices
8942:Rachel Ehrenfeld
8745:Errico Malatesta
8641:Legislative Yuan
8422:
8409:
8396:
8390:
8338:criminal records
8334:South Korean won
8320:settlement money
8048:The Manila Times
7888:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7868:
7837:
7829:
7820:
7806:
7791:
7771:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7747:
7741:
7740:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7689:criminal charges
7683:
7677:
7676:
7670:
7610:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7556:
7484:criminal charges
7372:
7370:La Vie Illustrée
7255:specific context
7138:
7132:
7115:
7045:Defamatory libel
6941:religious belief
6881:minimum salaries
6687:
6686:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6015:
6013:
6012:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5220:
5216:
5205:
5202:
5196:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5016:
4887:Actual innocence
4744:Ethnic cleansing
4638:Trespass to land
4533:Arms trafficking
4097:
4090:
4089:
4086:Defamatory libel
4070:actio iniuriarum
4065:actio iniuriarum
4045:actio iniuriarum
4023:actio iniuriarum
3993:actio iniuriarum
3989:actio iniuriarum
3985:actio iniuriarum
3790:Associated Press
3475:J. B. Jeyaretnam
3443:In contemporary
3400:
3393:
3386:
3370:
3369:
3226:
2995:
2858:Standard of care
2743:Abuse of process
2653:
2614:
2595:
2594:
2564:defence of truth
2448:Second World War
2296:public officials
2274:criminal offence
2215:
2208:
2201:
2138:Social privilege
2123:Social exclusion
2051:Police brutality
1972:Multiculturalism
1942:Amatonormativity
1757:Social exclusion
1593:Age of candidacy
1387:Homeless dumping
1293:Ethnic cleansing
245:
222:
221:
212:
205:
198:
136:Sociology of law
77:
54:
53:
21:
19634:
19633:
19629:
19628:
19627:
19625:
19624:
19623:
19564:
19563:
19562:
19557:
19556:
19551:
19523:
19398:Polyculturalism
19294:Civil liberties
19262:
19243:Reappropriation
19144:Countermeasures
19139:
19068:Racial steering
19034:Numerus clausus
18938:
18932:
18657:Ethnic conflict
18592:Corrective rape
18543:
18183:
18030:
17922:HIV/AIDS stigma
17790:
17739:Mental disorder
17677:
17646:
17641:
17611:
17606:
17585:
17531:
17510:
17479:
17445:Rescue doctrine
17430:Proximate cause
17406:
17395:Public nuisance
17381:
17348:
17311:Dignitary torts
17305:
17267:
17214:
17209:
17174:
17166:
17161:
17140:By jurisdiction
17135:
17130:
17091:
17072:
17067:
16904:, 9,11,12,51,
16673:
16668:
16667:
16657:
16655:
16643:
16639:
16629:
16627:
16615:
16611:
16601:
16599:
16587:
16583:
16569:"Slander"
16564:
16560:
16541:
16537:
16528:
16526:
16524:
16506:
16505:
16498:
16489:
16487:
16485:
16467:
16466:
16455:
16446:
16444:
16442:
16424:
16423:
16412:
16403:
16401:
16399:
16381:
16380:
16371:
16362:
16360:
16358:
16340:
16339:
16332:
16322:
16320:
16312:
16311:
16307:
16298:
16296:
16294:
16276:
16275:
16266:
16257:
16255:
16253:
16235:
16234:
16221:
16212:
16210:
16208:
16190:
16189:
16180:
16171:
16169:
16167:
16149:
16148:
16133:
16124:
16122:
16120:
16102:
16101:
16092:
16083:
16081:
16079:
16061:
16060:
16051:
16042:
16040:
16038:
16020:
16019:
16015:
16006:
16004:
16002:
15984:
15983:
15979:
15970:
15968:
15966:
15948:
15947:
15943:
15934:
15932:
15930:
15912:
15911:
15898:
15885:
15883:
15873:
15869:
15859:
15857:
15850:
15846:
15836:
15834:
15827:Litigation News
15819:
15815:
15807:
15803:
15783:
15779:
15769:
15767:
15759:
15758:
15754:
15748:public benefit.
15734:
15730:
15711:
15710:
15706:
15697:
15696:
15692:
15682:
15680:
15671:
15670:
15663:
15654:
15653:
15649:
15639:
15637:
15629:
15628:
15624:
15614:
15612:
15600:
15596:
15586:
15584:
15576:
15575:
15571:
15561:
15559:
15551:
15550:
15546:
15536:
15534:
15526:
15525:
15521:
15511:
15510:
15506:
15496:
15495:
15491:
15483:
15479:
15469:
15468:
15464:
15454:
15452:
15447:
15446:
15442:
15433:Wayback Machine
15423:
15419:
15413:Wayback Machine
15403:
15392:
15388:(see Chapter 5)
15384:
15373:
15363:
15361:
15356:
15355:
15351:
15341:
15340:
15336:
15324:
15320:
15310:
15308:
15295:
15289:
15285:
15275:
15273:
15265:The Korea Times
15256:
15252:
15242:
15240:
15223:
15219:
15209:
15207:
15195:
15188:
15178:
15176:
15161:
15157:
15147:
15145:
15138:
15134:
15124:
15122:
15113:
15112:
15108:
15098:Wayback Machine
15088:
15084:
15077:
15071:
15067:
15066:
15062:
15056:Wayback Machine
15046:(in Portuguese)
15045:
15044:
15040:
15032:
15028:
15018:
15016:
15011:
15010:
15006:
14989:
14988:
14984:
14974:
14972:
14959:
14958:
14954:
14943:Manila Standard
14935:
14931:
14921:
14919:
14906:
14905:
14901:
14880:
14876:
14866:
14864:
14855:
14854:
14850:
14840:
14838:
14833:
14832:
14828:
14823:Wayback Machine
14814:
14810:
14800:
14798:
14790:
14789:
14785:
14775:
14773:
14765:
14764:
14760:
14750:
14748:
14740:
14739:
14735:
14730:
14726:
14716:
14714:
14706:
14705:
14701:
14691:
14689:
14674:
14670:
14664:Wayback Machine
14653:
14652:
14648:
14640:
14636:
14626:
14624:
14615:
14614:
14610:
14600:
14598:
14588:
14584:
14571:
14570:
14566:
14556:
14555:
14551:
14538:
14537:
14533:
14523:
14521:
14520:on 22 July 2013
14504:
14500:
14490:
14488:
14483:
14482:
14478:
14470:
14466:
14456:
14454:
14450:
14443:
14439:
14438:
14434:
14424:
14422:
14421:on 3 March 2021
14411:
14407:
14397:
14395:
14389:
14385:
14375:
14373:
14343:
14336:
14326:
14324:
14319:
14318:
14314:
14304:
14302:
14298:
14291:
14287:
14286:
14282:
14274:
14270:
14260:
14258:
14253:
14252:
14248:
14238:
14236:
14231:
14230:
14226:
14216:
14214:
14209:
14208:
14204:
14198:Wayback Machine
14189:
14185:
14175:
14174:
14170:
14160:
14159:
14155:
14148:
14142:
14138:
14137:
14133:
14123:
14122:
14118:
14105:
14104:
14100:
14084:
14080:
14070:
14068:
14061:
14057:
14049:
14045:
14035:
14033:
14028:
14027:
14023:
14013:
14011:
14010:on 7 March 2017
14004:Canadian Lawyer
13996:
13992:
13977:
13976:
13972:
13957:
13956:
13952:
13937:
13936:
13932:
13926:
13923:Court of Appeal
13913:
13909:
13900:Book 1, Title 2
13898:
13894:
13884:
13882:
13877:
13876:
13872:
13864:(in Portuguese)
13863:
13862:
13858:
13848:
13846:
13841:
13840:
13836:
13826:
13825:
13821:
13813:
13809:
13799:
13797:
13788:
13787:
13783:
13773:
13771:
13766:
13765:
13761:
13751:
13749:
13744:
13743:
13739:
13723:
13719:
13709:
13707:
13697:
13693:
13683:
13681:
13670:
13669:
13665:
13643:
13639:
13623:
13619:
13603:
13602:
13595:
13593:
13582:
13578:
13568:
13566:
13555:
13551:
13526:
13519:
13509:
13507:
13504:NSW legislation
13498:
13497:
13490:
13480:
13478:
13470:
13464:
13460:
13440:
13436:
13426:
13425:
13421:
13411:
13409:
13404:
13403:
13399:
13389:
13387:
13386:on 13 June 2010
13378:
13377:
13373:
13368:
13364:
13359:
13355:
13345:
13343:
13335:
13334:
13327:
13317:
13315:
13300:
13299:
13292:
13282:
13280:
13272:
13271:
13264:
13251:
13250:
13243:
13230:
13229:
13222:
13212:
13210:
13209:on 10 July 2010
13201:
13200:
13196:
13186:
13184:
13173:
13169:
13154:10.2307/3478081
13138:
13134:
13128:King v. Osborne
13126:
13122:
13114:
13110:
13096:Wayback Machine
13085:Wayback Machine
13076:
13072:
13066:Wayback Machine
13054:
13050:
13040:
13038:
13029:
13028:
13024:
13015:
13011:
13002:
12998:
12989:
12985:
12976:
12972:
12963:
12959:
12924:
12915:
12899:
12895:
12879:
12875:
12859:
12855:
12847:
12843:
12832:
12828:
12818:
12816:
12803:
12802:
12798:
12788:
12786:
12778:
12777:
12773:
12760:
12759:
12755:
12742:
12741:
12737:
12727:
12725:
12717:
12716:
12712:
12702:
12700:
12691:
12690:
12686:
12676:
12674:
12665:
12664:
12660:
12642:
12638:
12633:
12629:
12621:
12617:
12609:
12605:
12597:
12593:
12585:
12581:
12571:
12569:
12556:
12555:
12551:
12544:
12540:
12535:. 24 July 2014.
12527:
12526:
12522:
12512:
12510:
12505:
12504:
12497:
12486:
12482:
12472:
12470:
12469:on 1 March 2021
12457:
12456:
12452:
12442:
12438:
12428:
12426:
12415:
12411:
12406:
12402:
12397:
12393:
12380:Wayback Machine
12369:
12365:
12355:
12353:
12344:
12343:
12339:
12329:
12327:
12319:
12318:
12314:
12304:
12302:
12287:
12278:
12268:
12266:
12261:
12260:
12256:
12247:
12243:
12233:
12231:
12226:. 9 June 2020.
12218:
12217:
12213:
12203:
12201:
12193:
12192:
12188:
12178:
12176:
12175:. 20 March 2018
12167:
12166:
12159:
12149:
12147:
12138:
12137:
12133:
12123:
12121:
12113:
12112:
12108:
12098:
12094:
12081:
12080:
12069:
12059:
12057:
12047:10.2307/1227028
12027:
12023:
12013:
12009:
11999:
11997:
11993:
11986:
11980:
11976:
11966:
11964:
11956:
11955:
11951:
11943:
11941:
11937:
11927:
11925:
11896:
11892:
11877:
11873:
11860:
11856:
11846:
11844:
11831:
11830:
11826:
11816:
11814:
11805:Financial Times
11797:
11793:
11783:
11781:
11772:
11771:
11767:
11757:
11755:
11750:
11749:
11745:
11729:
11728:
11721:
11719:
11706:
11702:
11692:
11690:
11680:
11673:
11663:
11661:
11656:
11655:
11651:
11642:
11638:
11603:
11599:
11589:
11587:
11580:
11576:
11563:
11561:
11549:
11545:
11535:
11533:
11518:
11514:
11503:
11499:
11489:
11487:
11474:
11470:
11469:
11465:
11454:
11450:
11445:. 13 July 2017.
11437:
11436:
11432:
11423:
11422:
11418:
11405:
11404:
11400:
11390:
11388:
11381:
11377:
11360:
11359:
11355:
11345:
11343:
11335:
11331:
11330:
11323:
11313:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11302:
11295:
11260:
11256:
11249:
11233:
11229:
11219:
11217:
11213:
11206:
11202:
11201:
11197:
11192:Wayback Machine
11185:47. 10. 15. 25.
11180:
11176:
11171:Wayback Machine
11159:
11155:
11150:Wayback Machine
11136:
11132:
11124:
11117:
11108:
11106:
11105:), 9 March 2005
11090:
11083:
11074:
11072:
11048:
11039:
11029:
11027:
11019:
11018:
11014:
11004:
11002:
10992:
10991:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10971:
10966:Aquilian action
10962:
10958:
10933:
10929:
10916:
10912:
10895:
10891:
10881:
10877:
10872:
10868:
10834:comparative law
10819:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10764:Political libel
10712:Food libel laws
10600:
10593:
10590:
10570:excommunication
10566:legal liability
10508:
10502:
10389:divine presence
10346:("gossip") and
10336:
10330:
10322:hotzaat shem ra
10279:
10269:
10132:monetary awards
10098:Muslim scholars
10063:
10053:
10008:
9971:is preferable.
9899:The dignity or
9895:trustworthiness
9873:
9867:
9785:Roman Catechism
9761:religious texts
9755:
9749:
9744:
9730:
9717:law enforcement
9685:
9680:
9629:
9608:(in 2013), and
9580:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9553:eight countries
9552:
9530:
9499:
9467:
9395:
9367:
9362:
9278:
9228:(IACHR) of the
9218:
9209:
9184:
9175:
9163:military courts
9153:in particular,
9138:
9129:public interest
9125:burden of proof
9105:
9095:and preventing
9079:and values and
9029:legal liability
8968:
8963:
8958:
8950:
8916:
8895:. In addition,
8785:
8779:
8774:
8756:breach of peace
8735:
8709:provides that:
8703:
8670:
8665:
8520:
8460:
8455:
8432:
8383:
8358:
8346:
8286:The Korea Times
8222:
8216:
8208:public interest
8197:
8165:
8148:
8140:
8128:
8103:
8087:
8077:
7959:Publication in
7930:
7924:
7919:
7906:
7889:
7878:
7872:
7869:
7854:
7838:
7827:
7813:
7798:
7767:
7668:
7658:
7645:
7627:
7621:
7566:
7555:NIS 50,000
7554:
7544:
7528:
7514:
7486:(Section 211).
7425:
7409:
7396:
7383:Prince of Sagan
7361:
7327:chilling effect
7318:
7313:
7301:
7292:
7283:
7259:scientific work
7247:
7231:
7155:
7150:
7136:injurias graves
7104:
7088:
7032:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6982:
6961:
6949:native language
6909:national origin
6892:
6873:
6864:
6854:, heard in the
6841:Mickle v Farley
6810:
6720:
6714:
6694:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6673:
6671:
6664:
6638:
6636:
6614:
6612:
6592:
6590:
6570:
6568:
6549:
6547:
6525:
6523:
6501:
6499:
6478:
6476:
6454:
6452:
6430:
6428:
6406:
6404:
6382:
6380:
6358:
6356:
6335:
6333:
6311:
6309:
6287:
6285:
6263:
6261:
6242:
6240:
6218:
6216:
6194:
6192:
6170:
6168:
6147:
6145:
6132:North Macedonia
6125:
6123:
6101:
6099:
6078:
6076:
6055:
6053:
6031:
6029:
6010:
6008:
5986:
5984:
5962:
5960:
5939:
5937:
5915:
5913:
5892:
5890:
5871:
5869:
5847:
5845:
5823:
5821:
5799:
5797:
5778:
5776:
5754:
5752:
5730:
5728:
5707:
5705:
5683:
5681:
5659:
5657:
5636:
5634:
5613:
5611:
5589:
5587:
5566:
5564:
5542:
5540:
5519:
5517:
5496:
5494:
5472:
5470:
5448:
5446:
5425:
5423:
5404:
5402:
5380:
5378:
5356:
5354:
5332:
5330:
5308:
5306:
5285:
5283:
5261:
5259:
5239:
5237:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5142:
5127:King v. Osborne
5063:
5004:
4568:False pretenses
4497:Sex trafficking
4423:Sexual offenses
4382:Preterintention
4218:Summary offense
4088:
4082:
3981:
3972:
3889:Indian tort law
3836:that had found
3815:seditious libel
3782:public official
3707:
3642:
3565:Mistake of fact
3523:public interest
3510:
3441:
3429:
3424:
3404:
3364:
3258:By jurisdiction
2958:Public nuisance
2887:Rescue doctrine
2870:Proximate cause
2782:Negligent torts
2694:Dignitary torts
2649:
2593:
2587:
2572:public interest
2548:
2498:(including the
2444:
2421:actio injurarum
2368:
2219:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2061:Polyculturalism
1957:Civil liberties
1929:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1898:Reappropriation
1798:
1797:Countermeasures
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1715:Racial steering
1681:Numerus clausus
1585:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1298:Ethnic conflict
1235:Corrective rape
1190:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
825:
814:
813:
812:
811:
810:
663:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
541:HIV/AIDS stigma
413:
405:
404:
403:
402:
401:
350:Mental disorder
292:
284:
283:
282:
281:
280:
253:
216:
50:
39:Knowledge:Libel
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19632:
19622:
19621:
19616:
19611:
19606:
19601:
19596:
19591:
19586:
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19492:
19487:
19482:
19472:
19467:
19462:
19457:
19452:
19447:
19446:
19445:
19443:Reverse racism
19435:
19430:
19425:
19420:
19415:
19413:Prisoner abuse
19410:
19405:
19403:Power distance
19400:
19395:
19390:
19385:
19380:
19375:
19370:
19369:
19368:
19358:
19353:
19348:
19343:
19338:
19333:
19328:
19323:
19321:Ethnic penalty
19318:
19317:
19316:
19314:Neurodiversity
19311:
19301:
19299:Dehumanization
19296:
19291:
19289:Cisnormativity
19286:
19281:
19276:
19270:
19268:
19267:Related topics
19264:
19263:
19261:
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19255:
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19225:
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19132:
19127:
19125:State religion
19122:
19117:
19112:
19107:
19106:
19105:
19100:
19095:
19090:
19080:
19075:
19070:
19065:
19064:
19063:
19061:Nuremberg Laws
19058:
19048:
19043:
19038:
19030:
19025:
19020:
19015:
19010:
19005:
19003:Ghetto benches
19000:
18998:Gerrymandering
18995:
18990:
18985:
18983:Gender pay gap
18980:
18979:
18978:
18973:
18963:
18958:
18953:
18948:
18942:
18940:
18937:Discriminatory
18934:
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18788:
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18778:
18773:
18768:
18766:Lavender scare
18763:
18761:Kill Haole Day
18758:
18756:Indian rolling
18753:
18748:
18743:
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18694:
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18654:
18649:
18644:
18642:Eliminationism
18639:
18634:
18629:
18624:
18619:
18614:
18609:
18604:
18599:
18594:
18589:
18584:
18579:
18577:Cancel culture
18574:
18569:
18564:
18563:
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18551:
18549:
18548:Manifestations
18545:
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18506:
18501:
18496:
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18444:Middle Eastern
18441:
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18179:Zoroastrianism
18176:
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18144:
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18106:Untouchability
18103:
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17932:Leprosy stigma
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17676:
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17654:
17652:
17648:
17647:
17644:Discrimination
17640:
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17608:
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17605:
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17599:
17593:
17591:
17587:
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17557:Eggshell skull
17554:
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17452:
17450:Duty to rescue
17447:
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17391:
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17354:Economic torts
17350:
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17315:
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17307:
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17288:
17283:
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17273:Property torts
17269:
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17114:
17106:
17100:
17099:
17071:
17070:External links
17068:
17066:
17065:
17039:
17013:
17008:, 7,9,34,39,
16987:
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16935:
16909:
16883:
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16831:
16805:
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16774:, 8,9,30,31,
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15647:
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15594:
15569:
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15519:
15504:
15489:
15477:
15462:
15440:
15424:Frigyes, Paul
15417:
15390:
15371:
15349:
15334:
15318:
15283:
15250:
15217:
15186:
15155:
15132:
15106:
15102:România Liberă
15082:
15060:
15038:
15026:
15004:
14982:
14952:
14929:
14899:
14896:on 9 May 2013.
14874:
14848:
14826:
14808:
14783:
14758:
14733:
14724:
14699:
14668:
14646:
14634:
14608:
14590:Wood, Kieron.
14582:
14564:
14549:
14531:
14498:
14476:
14464:
14432:
14405:
14383:
14334:
14312:
14280:
14268:
14246:
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14202:
14183:
14168:
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14131:
14116:
14098:
14078:
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14043:
14021:
13990:
13970:
13950:
13930:
13907:
13892:
13870:
13856:
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13819:
13807:
13781:
13759:
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13691:
13663:
13637:
13617:
13576:
13549:
13517:
13488:
13458:
13434:
13419:
13397:
13371:
13362:
13353:
13325:
13314:on 8 June 2023
13290:
13262:
13241:
13220:
13194:
13167:
13148:(2): 290–299.
13132:
13120:
13108:
13070:
13048:
13022:
13009:
13003:Robert Black,
12996:
12983:
12970:
12957:
12938:(1): 111–129.
12913:
12905:2011 BCSC 1532
12893:
12885:2011 ONSC 3651
12873:
12853:
12841:
12826:
12796:
12771:
12766:Google Scholar
12753:
12748:Google Scholar
12735:
12723:Google Scholar
12710:
12684:
12658:
12636:
12627:
12615:
12603:
12591:
12589:SCC (Cri) 944.
12579:
12549:
12538:
12520:
12495:
12480:
12450:
12436:
12409:
12400:
12391:
12363:
12337:
12312:
12276:
12254:
12241:
12211:
12186:
12157:
12131:
12106:
12092:
12087:sso.agc.gov.sg
12067:
12041:(4): 789–848.
12021:
12007:
11974:
11949:
11935:
11924:on 21 May 2013
11890:
11871:
11854:
11824:
11791:
11765:
11743:
11700:
11671:
11649:
11636:
11634:
11633:
11626:
11619:
11612:
11597:
11574:
11543:
11512:
11497:
11486:. 29 July 2011
11480:United Nations
11463:
11448:
11430:
11416:
11398:
11375:
11353:
11321:
11293:
11280:10.2307/845182
11274:(3): 216–236.
11266:, 1497-1773".
11254:
11247:
11227:
11216:on 15 May 2011
11195:
11174:
11153:
11143:47. 10. 15. 2.
11130:
11115:
11081:
11037:
11012:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10970:
10969:
10956:
10927:
10910:
10896:For instance,
10889:
10875:
10866:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10791:Smear campaign
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10727:Insult (legal)
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10702:Dignitary tort
10699:
10692:
10687:
10685:Defamation Act
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10665:Criminal libel
10662:
10659:Crimen injuria
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10607:
10606:
10605:
10589:
10586:
10506:he:הוצאת שם רע
10501:
10498:
10494:Jewish thought
10463:legal remedies
10329:
10326:
10316:equates it to
10310:
10309:
10302:
10268:
10265:
10249:right of reply
10245:
10244:
10241:
10231:
10202:
10201:
10198:
10176:
10087:state religion
10071:Malaysian laws
10052:
10049:
10007:
10004:
9905:
9904:
9897:
9891:
9866:
9863:
9823:false evidence
9811:Joseph Deharbe
9809:and catechist
9748:
9745:
9729:
9726:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9628:
9625:
9579:
9576:
9529:
9526:
9518:United Nations
9498:
9495:
9471:emergency laws
9466:
9463:
9394:
9391:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9332:United Kingdom
9291:criminal libel
9283:Western Europe
9277:
9274:
9217:
9214:
9183:
9180:
9174:
9171:
9137:
9134:
9104:
9101:
9062:private-sector
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8956:UNESCO reports
8954:
8949:
8946:
8915:
8912:
8893:Virgin Islands
8869:South Carolina
8857:North Carolina
8781:Main article:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8765:Libel Act 1843
8734:
8733:United Kingdom
8731:
8702:
8699:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8591:
8590:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8578:
8571:
8568:
8565:
8562:
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8544:
8541:
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8516:
8515:
8514:
8507:
8506:
8500:
8499:
8498:
8495:
8489:
8479:
8478:
8477:(Arts. 18, 19)
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8431:
8428:
8382:
8379:
8357:
8354:
8348:In the former
8345:
8342:
8274:social studies
8215:
8212:
8196:
8193:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8164:
8161:
8147:
8144:
8139:
8136:
8127:
8124:
8111:public opinion
8102:
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8018:
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7957:
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7951:
7923:
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7918:
7915:
7905:
7902:
7891:
7890:
7873:September 2022
7841:
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7826:
7823:
7812:
7809:
7797:
7794:
7657:
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7644:
7641:
7620:
7617:
7592:abuse of power
7565:
7562:
7543:
7540:
7513:
7510:
7506:non-cognisable
7464:
7463:
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7392:
7367:Front page of
7360:
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7297:
7291:
7288:
7282:
7281:Czech Republic
7279:
7246:
7243:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7219:credit reports
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7073:Crown attorney
7065:police officer
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7009:
7006:
7004:
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6996:Main article:
6993:
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6929:marital status
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6806:
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6789:
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6716:Main article:
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6577:United Kingdom
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5528:
5526:Czech Republic
5514:
5513:
5510:
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2016:
2011:
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1984:Ethnic penalty
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1977:Neurodiversity
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19120:State atheism
19118:
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19062:
19059:
19057:
19056:Jim Crow laws
19054:
19053:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19041:One-drop rule
19039:
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19024:
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18959:
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18956:Blood quantum
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18929:
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18921:
18919:
18916:
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18909:
18906:
18904:
18903:Victimisation
18901:
18899:
18898:Trans bashing
18896:
18894:
18891:
18889:
18886:
18884:
18881:
18879:
18876:
18874:
18871:
18869:
18868:Religious war
18866:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18849:
18848:Racialization
18846:
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18841:
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18719:Glass ceiling
18717:
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18709:
18708:
18705:
18703:
18700:
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18695:
18693:
18690:
18688:
18685:
18683:
18680:
18678:
18675:
18673:
18670:
18668:
18665:
18663:
18662:Ethnic hatred
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18648:
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18608:
18605:
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18597:Counter-jihad
18595:
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18578:
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18510:
18507:
18505:
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18457:
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18380:United States
18378:
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18308:
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18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
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18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
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18262:
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18258:
18256:
18253:
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18248:
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18243:United States
18241:
18239:
18236:
18234:
18231:
18230:
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18226:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
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18196:
18195:
18193:
18191:
18186:
18180:
18177:
18175:
18172:
18170:
18167:
18165:
18164:Protestantism
18162:
18160:
18157:
18153:
18150:
18149:
18148:
18145:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
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18121:
18120:
18119:
18116:
18115:
18114:
18111:
18107:
18104:
18102:
18099:
18098:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18085:
18082:
18080:
18079:LDS or Mormon
18077:
18075:
18072:
18070:
18067:
18065:
18062:
18061:
18060:
18057:
18055:
18052:
18050:
18047:
18045:
18042:
18041:
18039:
18037:
18033:
18027:
18024:
18022:
18019:
18015:
18012:
18010:
18009:Transmisogyny
18007:
18005:
18002:
18001:
18000:
17997:
17993:
17990:
17988:
17985:
17984:
17983:
17980:
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17958:
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17950:
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17940:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17918:
17915:
17913:
17912:Gerontophobia
17910:
17908:
17905:
17903:
17900:
17898:
17895:
17893:
17890:
17888:
17885:
17883:
17880:
17878:
17875:
17873:
17870:
17868:
17865:
17863:
17860:
17858:
17855:
17853:
17850:
17848:
17845:
17843:
17842:Anti-intersex
17840:
17838:
17835:
17833:
17830:
17828:
17825:
17823:
17820:
17818:
17817:Anti-albinism
17815:
17813:
17810:
17808:
17805:
17803:
17800:
17799:
17797:
17793:
17787:
17784:
17782:
17779:
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17772:
17769:
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17762:
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17707:
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17695:
17692:
17690:
17687:
17686:
17684:
17680:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17658:Institutional
17656:
17655:
17653:
17649:
17645:
17638:
17633:
17631:
17626:
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17619:
17618:
17615:
17603:
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17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17488:
17486:
17482:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17463:In employment
17461:
17459:
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17453:
17451:
17448:
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17299:
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17213:
17206:
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17158:
17157:United States
17155:
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17127:
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17098:
17094:
17089:
17085:
17084:
17079:
17074:
17073:
17063:
17060:, 48,49,52,
17059:
17058:
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17049:
17044:
17040:
17037:
17033:
17032:
17027:
17023:
17018:
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15989:
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15952:
15945:
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15925:
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15909:
15907:
15905:
15903:
15901:
15893:
15882:
15878:
15871:
15855:
15848:
15832:
15828:
15824:
15821:Green, Dana.
15817:
15810:
15805:
15798:
15794:
15790:
15786:
15781:
15766:
15762:
15756:
15749:
15745:
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15708:
15700:
15694:
15679:. 17 May 2018
15678:
15674:
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15605:
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15554:
15548:
15533:
15529:
15523:
15517:(Article 175)
15516:
15508:
15502:(Article 173)
15501:
15493:
15486:
15481:
15475:(Article 174)
15474:
15466:
15450:
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15380:
15378:
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15359:
15353:
15346:
15338:
15331:
15327:
15322:
15306:
15303:(in Korean).
15302:
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15078:(641 KB)
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14728:
14713:
14709:
14703:
14687:
14683:
14679:
14672:
14666:, Article 31.
14665:
14661:
14658:
14650:
14643:
14638:
14622:
14618:
14612:
14597:
14596:www.lawyer.ie
14593:
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14149:(578 KB)
14145:(in Spanish).
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14094:Supreme Court
14091:
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14082:
14066:
14059:
14053:, p. 40.
14052:
14047:
14031:
14025:
14009:
14005:
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13994:
13986:
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13896:
13880:
13874:
13868:
13860:
13844:
13838:
13831:
13823:
13817:, p. 19.
13816:
13811:
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13791:
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13763:
13747:
13741:
13734:
13733:Federal Court
13730:
13726:
13721:
13706:
13702:
13695:
13679:
13678:
13673:
13667:
13660:
13656:
13653:, (2002) 210
13652:
13648:
13647:
13641:
13634:
13633:Supreme Court
13630:
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13591:
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13553:
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13524:
13522:
13505:
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13493:
13476:
13469:
13462:
13455:
13451:
13448:, (1997) 189
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13225:
13208:
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13198:
13182:
13178:
13175:Dohel, Ilia.
13171:
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12987:
12980:
12974:
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12937:
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12932:Legal Studies
12929:
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12918:
12910:
12909:Supreme Court
12906:
12902:
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12869:Supreme Court
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12780:"Court Cases"
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12389:
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12377:
12373:
12372:"False light"
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12162:
12145:
12141:
12140:"Legal Terms"
12135:
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12096:
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12074:
12072:
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11992:
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11861:Cameron Sim,
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11473:
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11459:
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11443:The Economist
11440:
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10742:Libel tourism
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10713:
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10703:
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10698:
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10696:Depp v. Heard
10693:
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10678:
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10670:Cyberbullying
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10525:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10507:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10486:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10459:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10416:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10385:
10379:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10335:
10325:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10307:
10303:
10300:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10287:
10285:
10284:
10278:
10274:
10264:
10262:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10232:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10212:
10207:
10206:
10205:
10199:
10196:
10195:
10190:
10186:
10185:
10180:
10177:
10174:
10173:
10172:
10170:
10165:
10163:
10162:
10157:
10156:
10151:
10150:
10145:
10144:customary law
10139:
10137:
10133:
10128:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10105:
10103:
10099:
10094:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10062:
10058:
10048:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10033:
10031:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10015:
10013:
10003:
10001:
9998:and pay them
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9980:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9965:
9959:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9924:
9922:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9903:of the victim
9902:
9898:
9896:
9892:
9889:
9888:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9878:
9872:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9856:
9850:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9804:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9763:(such as the
9762:
9759:
9754:
9743:
9739:
9738:Religious law
9735:
9725:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9697:
9695:
9694:press freedom
9691:
9675:
9671:
9669:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9656:legal reforms
9653:
9648:
9646:
9645:cyberbullying
9641:
9637:
9632:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9597:
9593:
9588:
9585:
9575:
9573:
9568:
9550:
9545:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9525:
9523:
9519:
9514:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9494:
9490:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9475:
9472:
9462:
9458:
9456:
9450:
9448:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9420:landmark case
9416:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9401:
9390:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9375:
9372:
9357:
9355:
9354:personal data
9351:
9347:
9341:
9339:
9338:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9316:
9314:
9310:
9305:
9302:
9298:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9287:North America
9284:
9273:
9271:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9213:
9206:
9204:
9203:civil society
9200:
9196:
9191:
9189:
9179:
9170:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9147:
9143:
9133:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9113:African Union
9110:
9100:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9075:
9069:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9010:
9008:
9007:jurisdictions
9004:
9003:Libel tourism
9000:
8996:
8991:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8953:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8926:
8921:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8849:New Hampshire
8846:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8825:Massachusetts
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8784:
8772:United States
8769:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8748:
8746:
8742:
8741:
8730:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8708:
8698:
8696:
8692:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8673:
8660:
8657:
8653:
8648:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8621:
8615:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8595:Judicial Yuan
8588:
8585:
8582:
8579:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8552:
8548:
8545:
8542:
8539:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8512:
8511:
8510:
8504:
8501:
8496:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8450:
8448:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8427:
8424:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8395:
8389:
8378:
8376:
8372:
8367:
8363:
8353:
8351:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8316:
8310:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8287:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8266:Byun Jung-soo
8263:
8262:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8228:
8221:
8211:
8209:
8204:
8202:
8192:
8185:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8170:
8160:
8157:
8153:
8143:
8135:
8133:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8112:
8108:
8098:
8096:
8092:
8086:
8082:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8049:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8005:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7914:
7910:
7901:
7898:
7887:
7884:
7876:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7842:This section
7840:
7836:
7831:
7830:
7822:
7819:
7808:
7805:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7770:
7764:
7761:
7749:
7746:
7734:
7731:
7719:
7716:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7685:
7682:
7665:
7663:
7653:
7651:
7639:
7634:
7632:
7626:
7616:
7614:
7609:
7608:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7588:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7561:
7558:
7551:
7549:
7546:According to
7539:
7535:
7533:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7494:
7492:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7461:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7420:
7418:
7412:
7404:
7401:
7400:Criminal Code
7391:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7371:
7365:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7323:
7308:
7306:
7305:Criminal Code
7296:
7287:
7278:
7276:
7275:provided that
7272:
7268:
7264:
7263:literary work
7260:
7257:is that of a
7256:
7252:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7145:
7142:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7124:prison term.
7121:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7094:In 2011, the
7092:
7083:
7081:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7027:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7015:
6999:
6989:
6987:
6977:
6975:
6970:
6966:
6956:
6954:
6953:social origin
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6937:philosophical
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6901:intended race
6897:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6868:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6709:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6669:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6599:United States
6589:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6007:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5922:Liechtenstein
5912:
5911:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5213:Summary table
5204:
5192:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5128:
5123:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:Justification
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:Miscegenation
4770:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Pickpocketing
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Homosexuality
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Home invasion
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:Assassination
4268:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:actual malice
3958:rejected the
3957:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3908:Supreme Court
3905:
3902:. Though the
3901:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3850:actual malice
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:William Cosby
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3786:actual malice
3783:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3772:actual malice
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3717:or delict of
3716:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:homosexuality
3691:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3306:United States
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:Sexual torts
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Appropriation
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:In 2011, the
2543:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:Acts against
2337:
2335:
2332:Acts against
2331:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:state symbols
2319:Acts against
2318:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2294:Acts against
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:communication
2227:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Social stigma
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:State atheism
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Jim Crow laws
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:One-drop rule
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Blood quantum
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Victimisation
1542:
1540:
1539:Trans bashing
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:Religious war
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Racialization
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:Glass ceiling
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:Ethnic hatred
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Counter-jihad
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:United States
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
879:
878:United States
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
824:
818:
817:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:Protestantism
789:
787:
784:
780:
777:
776:
775:
772:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
742:
741:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
724:
721:
719:
716:
712:
709:
707:
706:LDS or Mormon
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
662:
657:
656:
646:
643:
641:
638:
634:
631:
629:
628:Transmisogyny
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
531:Gerontophobia
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Anti-intersex
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:Anti-albinism
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
409:
408:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
288:
287:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:Institutional
259:
258:
249:
248:
244:
240:
239:
236:
233:
232:
228:
224:
223:
213:
208:
206:
201:
199:
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
169:
168:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
143:
142:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
116:Jurisprudence
114:
113:
112:
111:
107:
106:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
19604:Honor crimes
19584:Criminal law
19331:Gender-blind
19218:Human rights
19046:Racial quota
19033:
19013:Jewish quota
18993:Gerontocracy
18988:Gender roles
18966:Disabilities
18951:Blood purity
18923:Wife selling
18913:White flight
18893:Slut-shaming
18873:Scapegoating
18791:Murder music
18606:
18464:Palestinians
18407:Anti-Zionism
18275:South Africa
18260:Black people
18238:South Africa
18059:Christianity
18049:Baháʼí Faith
17977:Sectarianism
17917:Heterosexism
17882:Ephebiphobia
17852:Anti-Masonry
17719:Hair texture
17578:
17571:
17420:Duty of care
17399:
17318:
17261:Self defense
17132:
17081:
17056:
17048:free content
17030:
17022:free content
17004:
16996:free content
16978:
16970:free content
16952:
16944:free content
16926:
16918:free content
16900:
16892:free content
16874:
16866:free content
16852:, 7,10,29,
16848:
16840:free content
16822:
16814:free content
16796:
16788:free content
16770:
16762:free content
16744:
16736:free content
16718:
16710:free content
16692:
16684:free content
16656:. Retrieved
16650:
16640:
16628:. Retrieved
16622:
16612:
16600:. Retrieved
16596:ResearchGate
16594:
16584:
16573:
16561:
16550:
16538:
16527:, retrieved
16508:
16488:, retrieved
16469:
16445:, retrieved
16426:
16402:, retrieved
16383:
16361:, retrieved
16342:
16321:. Retrieved
16317:
16308:
16297:, retrieved
16278:
16256:, retrieved
16237:
16211:, retrieved
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16041:, retrieved
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16016:
16005:, retrieved
15986:
15980:
15969:, retrieved
15950:
15944:
15933:, retrieved
15914:
15891:
15884:. Retrieved
15880:
15870:
15858:. Retrieved
15847:
15835:. Retrieved
15831:the original
15826:
15816:
15808:
15804:
15792:
15789:556 F. 3d 20
15784:
15780:
15768:. Retrieved
15764:
15755:
15747:
15738:
15731:
15725:, 2009 c. 25
15716:
15707:
15693:
15681:. Retrieved
15650:
15638:. Retrieved
15634:
15625:
15613:. Retrieved
15609:Taipei Times
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15597:
15585:. Retrieved
15581:
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15560:. Retrieved
15556:
15547:
15535:. Retrieved
15531:
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15436:Journalisten
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15300:Hankook Ilbo
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15230:
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15208:. Retrieved
15202:
15179:22 September
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15173:the original
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14969:the original
14964:
14955:
14947:the original
14942:
14932:
14922:20 September
14920:. Retrieved
14916:the original
14911:
14902:
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14877:
14865:. Retrieved
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14799:. Retrieved
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14686:the original
14681:
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14518:the original
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14448:the original
14435:
14423:. Retrieved
14419:the original
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14227:
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14008:the original
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13794:the original
13784:
13772:. Retrieved
13762:
13750:. Retrieved
13740:
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13708:. Retrieved
13704:
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13680:. 8 May 2000
13675:
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13590:the original
13579:
13567:. Retrieved
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12671:the original
12661:
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12646:
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12324:
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12038:
12034:
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11977:
11965:. Retrieved
11961:
11952:
11946: 425.16
11938:
11926:. Retrieved
11922:the original
11905:On The Media
11903:
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11845:. Retrieved
11836:
11827:
11815:. Retrieved
11810:the original
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11768:
11756:. Retrieved
11746:
11720:. Retrieved
11713:
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11691:. Retrieved
11687:
11662:. Retrieved
11652:
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11629:
11622:
11615:
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11607:Ron Hankin,
11600:
11588:. Retrieved
11577:
11569:
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11218:. Retrieved
11211:the original
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11133:
11107:, retrieved
11093:
11073:, retrieved
11059:
11028:. Retrieved
11015:
11003:. Retrieved
10997:
10994:"Defamation"
10988:
10959:
10930:
10913:
10892:
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10869:
10816:
10768:
10759:McLibel case
10751:
10694:
10657:
10610:
10559:
10539:flagellation
10535:Law of Moses
10532:
10519:
10509:
10487:
10460:
10430:(related to
10417:
10382:
10380:
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10304:slander, or
10298:
10297:calumny, or
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10288:
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10169:legal reform
10166:
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10106:
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9913:social class
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9747:Christianity
9713:court orders
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9413:human rights
9409:jurisdiction
9407:, which had
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9350:surveillance
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9268:Defamation,
9267:
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9173:Asia-Pacific
9159:social media
9139:
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9070:
9046:legal system
9026:
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8992:
8972:lese-majesty
8969:
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8937:
8934:Barack Obama
8923:
8917:
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8905:
8861:North Dakota
8786:
8763:
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8738:
8736:
8727:
8724:Section 326.
8722:
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8616:
8611:proportional
8607:Constitution
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8420:förolämpning
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8399:
8388:ärekränkning
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8350:Soviet Union
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8315:Hankook Ilbo
8313:
8311:
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8282:
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8252:Jeong Da-bin
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8152:Saudi Arabia
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8146:Saudi Arabia
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7855:Please help
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7426:
7417:civil rights
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6765:Justice Blue
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6532:Turkmenistan
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5106:
5094:North Dakota
5075:
5068:
4964:Self-defense
4921:
4844:Lèse-majesté
4558:Embezzlement
4482:Prostitution
4472:Masturbation
4355:Manslaughter
4340:Intimidation
4294:
4252:Solicitation
4125:
4118:
4103:Criminal law
4073:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4026:
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4000:
3992:
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3963:
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3949:
3941:Commonwealth
3938:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3897:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3865:fair comment
3857:Commonwealth
3854:
3845:
3842:civil rights
3837:
3828:(1964). The
3823:
3818:
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3775:
3768:
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3712:
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3632:
3575:Fair comment
3531:
3520:
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3493:
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3467:
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3453:
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3442:
3430:
3409:
3331:Criminal law
3250:Class action
3115:
3108:
3101:
3044:Self-defense
2962:
2940:Deep pockets
2874:
2836:Duty of care
2707:
2598:Part of the
2560:
2556:
2549:
2531:of the post-
2496:
2473:
2445:
2442:Human rights
2435:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2314:armed forces
2286:legal person
2278:
2257:
2253:
2225:
2224:
1994:Gender-blind
1873:Human rights
1693:Racial quota
1680:
1660:Jewish quota
1640:Gerontocracy
1635:Gender roles
1613:Disabilities
1598:Blood purity
1564:Wife selling
1554:White flight
1534:Slut-shaming
1514:Scapegoating
1432:Murder music
1099:Palestinians
1042:Anti-Zionism
910:South Africa
895:Black people
873:South Africa
686:Christianity
676:Baháʼí Faith
596:Sectarianism
536:Heterosexism
501:Ephebiphobia
471:Anti-Masonry
330:Hair texture
171:Legal debate
157:Prescriptive
126:Positive law
108:Legal theory
51:
19233:Nonviolence
19228:LGBT rights
19193:Empowerment
19161:Anti-racism
19083:Segregation
19028:No kid zone
18828:Persecution
18741:Hate speech
18692:Gay bashing
18667:Ethnic joke
18622:Dog whistle
18567:Blood libel
18255:Azerbaijani
18159:Neopaganism
18152:Persecution
18118:Persecution
18101:Persecution
18064:Catholicism
17999:Transphobia
17982:Supremacism
17937:Lesbophobia
17857:Aporophobia
17822:Anti-autism
17673:Taste-based
17668:Statistical
17543:Comparative
17491:Trespassers
17473:Malpractice
17468:Entrustment
17076:‹ The
17034:, 6,7,40,
16722:, 7,8,24,
15512:(in French)
15497:(in French)
15470:(in French)
15455:7 September
15364:7 September
15080:(full text)
15019:7 September
14867:7 September
14841:7 September
14601:19 February
14524:28 November
14491:7 September
14457:7 September
14327:7 September
14305:15 February
14261:7 September
14239:7 September
14217:7 September
14090:2011 SCC 47
14036:23 February
13927:(in French)
13885:7 September
13849:7 September
13827:(in French)
13800:7 September
13774:7 September
13752:7 September
13684:7 September
13596:7 September
13569:7 September
13510:8 September
13481:6 September
13412:7 September
13390:7 September
13318:2 September
13213:7 September
13187:7 September
13041:7 September
12865:2009 SCC 61
12837:New Zealand
12269:7 September
12124:24 November
12119:findlaw.com
11869:319 (2011).
11817:19 November
11784:19 November
11220:7 September
10944:private law
10781:Section 230
10722:Hate speech
10638:Blood libel
10560:Rabbinical
10537:prescribed
10520:leshon hara
10356:accusations
10352:leshon hara
10334:Lashon hara
10314:lashon hara
10299:leshon hara
10291:lashon hara
10251:, order of
10238:punishments
10213:punishments
10037:restitution
9973:Journalists
9956:common good
9783:" from its
9668:high courts
9604:(in 2015),
9584:Draft bills
9572:politicians
9483:Arab region
9465:Arab region
9324:legal costs
9320:celebrities
9167:Arab Spring
9151:Gulf States
9136:Arab region
9097:hate speech
9066:due process
8889:Puerto Rico
8837:Mississippi
8789:U.S. states
8637:prosecutors
8633:hate speech
8436:Switzerland
8430:Switzerland
8375:self-esteem
8301:proposed a
8270:information
8232:celebrities
8201:South Korea
8195:South Korea
8120:nationality
7938:Philippines
7917:Philippines
7825:Netherlands
7776:, 975 (
7701:information
7480:information
7267:work of art
7208:(Art. 1026)
7118:misdemeanor
6917:nationality
6437:Switzerland
6177:Philippines
6108:Netherlands
4959:Provocation
4683:Obstruction
4663:Compounding
4628:Tax evasion
4452:Fornication
4285:Child abuse
4214:Misdemeanor
4138:Concurrence
3747:false light
3207:Tort reform
2841:Trespassers
2806:Malpractice
2801:Entrustment
2721:False light
2434:was called
2432:aristocracy
2355:legislature
2276:, or both.
2262:civil wrong
2242:falsifiable
1888:Nonviolence
1883:LGBT rights
1848:Empowerment
1816:Anti-racism
1730:Segregation
1675:No kid zone
1469:Persecution
1382:Hate speech
1333:Gay bashing
1308:Ethnic joke
1263:Dog whistle
1210:Blood libel
890:Azerbaijani
786:Neopaganism
779:Persecution
745:Persecution
728:Persecution
691:Catholicism
618:Transphobia
601:Supremacism
556:Lesbophobia
476:Aporophobia
441:Anti-autism
276:Taste-based
271:Statistical
162:Jurimetrics
19574:Defamation
19568:Categories
19507:Stereotype
19502:Speciesism
19383:Oppression
19378:Oikophobia
19274:Allophilia
19258:Toleration
19115:Sodomy law
19008:Internment
18928:Witch-hunt
18806:Blackhawks
18736:Hate group
18724:Hate crime
18697:Gendercide
18687:Freak show
18677:Excellence
18637:Employment
18607:Defamation
18539:Vietnamese
18534:Venezuelan
18424:Lithuanian
18091:Falun Gong
18026:Xenophobia
18021:Vegaphobia
18004:Non-binary
17962:Pedophobia
17927:Homophobia
17749:Skin color
17709:Disability
17682:Attributes
17663:Structural
17602:Injunction
17412:Negligence
17372:Conspiracy
17319:Defamation
17286:Conversion
17133:Defamation
17093:Defamation
16956:, 10,43,
16878:, 38,39,
15860:31 October
15837:31 October
15797:561 F.3d 4
15770:31 October
15404:Ström, E.
15210:14 January
13659:High Court
13454:High Court
13059:statements
13056:ARTICLE 19
12819:31 October
12789:31 October
12728:31 October
12703:31 October
12677:16 January
12562:LawPage.In
12533:Ontario.ca
12459:"Foreword"
12429:8 November
12330:31 October
12305:31 October
12234:7 November
12204:31 October
12150:22 October
12060:31 October
11693:8 November
11664:8 November
11586:. Lexology
10975:References
10948:public law
10675:Cybercrime
10633:Blind item
10602:Law portal
10582:atonements
10562:enactments
10397:hypocrites
10318:detraction
10271:See also:
10253:retraction
10091:Article 10
10055:See also:
10045:retracting
10019:confession
9982:Those who
9977:Historians
9921:venial sin
9877:mortal sin
9871:Detraction
9865:Detraction
9847:charitable
9807:Theologian
9773:catechisms
9769:Wikisource
9751:See also:
9742:Divine law
9732:See also:
9636:common law
9379:Cybercrime
9313:journalism
8976:ARTICLE 19
8925:SPEECH Act
8853:New Mexico
8639:urged the
8577:(Art. 160)
8553:(Art. 314)
8362:Penal Code
8132:Penal Code
8079:See also:
7926:See also:
7897:Civil Code
7788:ex officio
7782:Wikisource
7730:meiyokison
7697:indictment
7516:See also:
7159:Wikisource
7049:reputation
6945:disability
6877:Azerbaijan
6871:Azerbaijan
6621:Uzbekistan
6485:Tajikistan
6294:San Marino
6085:Montenegro
5969:Luxembourg
5878:Kyrgyzstan
5854:Kazakhstan
5339:Azerbaijan
5201:April 2020
5159:Article 19
5071:Article 19
4917:Entrapment
4892:Automatism
4869:Subversion
4828:Bestiality
4797:War crimes
4792:Usurpation
4719:Corruption
4678:Misprision
4553:Cybercrime
4345:Kidnapping
4325:Hate crime
4315:Harassment
4295:Defamation
4247:Incitement
4242:Conspiracy
4208:Infraction
4167:Complicity
4162:Accomplice
4120:Actus reus
4084:See also:
4033:contumelia
4021:Under the
4017:intention.
3819:not guilty
3628:statement.
3612:reputation
3604:negligence
3445:common law
3427:Background
3422:Common law
3316:common law
3219:Quasi-tort
3171:Injunction
3164:Incidental
2983:Conspiracy
2708:Defamation
2685:Conversion
2600:common law
2540:defamation
2529:Section 36
2509:Oakes Test
2306:ministries
2302:government
2288:in general
2238:assertions
2234:reputation
2226:Defamation
2170:Stereotype
2165:Speciesism
2046:Oppression
2041:Oikophobia
1937:Allophilia
1913:Toleration
1762:Sodomy law
1655:Internment
1569:Witch-hunt
1447:Blackhawks
1377:Hate group
1365:Hate crime
1338:Gendercide
1328:Freak show
1318:Excellence
1278:Employment
1249:Defamation
1174:Vietnamese
1169:Venezuelan
1059:Lithuanian
718:Falun Gong
645:Xenophobia
640:Vegaphobia
623:Non-binary
581:Pedophobia
546:Homophobia
360:Skin color
320:Disability
291:Attributes
266:Structural
95:Philosophy
90:Definition
19480:Christian
19408:Prejudice
19356:Masculism
19304:Diversity
19098:religious
19073:Redlining
18672:Ethnocide
18632:Education
18524:Ukrainian
18459:Pakistani
18449:Mongolian
18370:Australia
18352:Hungarian
18307:Colombian
18287:Bulgarian
18169:Rastafari
18123:Ahmadiyya
18036:Religious
18014:Trans men
17972:Pregnancy
17907:Gayphobia
17902:Fatphobia
17807:Acephobia
17802:Arophobia
17786:Viewpoint
17496:Licensees
17256:Necessity
17247:Concepts
16647:"Slander"
16619:"Calumny"
16512:, Paris:
16473:, Paris:
16430:, Paris:
16387:, Paris:
16346:, Paris:
16282:, Paris:
16241:, Paris:
16196:, Paris:
16155:, Paris:
16108:, Paris:
16067:, Paris:
16026:, Paris:
15990:, Paris:
15954:, Paris:
15918:, Paris:
15537:19 August
15311:16 August
15276:12 August
15243:12 August
15119:Gulf News
14513:The Hindu
14371:147433423
13748:. Coe.int
13538:CiteSeerX
13408:. Coe.int
12952:0261-3875
12572:2 January
12000:14 August
11732:cite news
11536:12 August
11490:30 August
11460:. UNESCO.
10980:Citations
10826:mixed law
10737:Libel Act
10547:virginity
10516:community
10366:. Of the
10257:ombudsman
10233:Criminal
10208:Criminal
10125:afterlife
10079:Article 3
10041:Atonement
10023:moralists
9988:principal
9948:monastery
9932:notorious
9928:sentenced
9839:suspicion
9835:hypocrisy
9789:preachers
9758:Christian
9753:Canon law
9721:executive
9660:suspended
9640:civil law
9511:East Asia
9507:Southeast
9270:copyright
9259:terrorism
9249:Caribbean
9195:sanctions
9081:religious
8948:Venezuela
8885:Wisconsin
8833:Minnesota
8821:Louisiana
8629:education
8551:complaint
8307:complaint
8276:from the
8256:Na Hoon-a
8248:U;Nee
8169:Singapore
8163:Singapore
8156:terrorism
8025:fake news
7961:the press
7844:does not
7693:complaint
7638:violated.
7433:civil law
7239:中华人民共和国刑法
7080:probation
6974:vigilante
6933:patrimony
6913:ethnicity
6724:Australia
6712:Australia
6698:Argentina
6692:Argentina
5946:Lithuania
5140:Criticism
5086:Louisiana
4980:Contracts
4954:Necessity
4859:Secession
4854:Espionage
4787:Terrorism
4749:Smuggling
4643:Vandalism
4623:Smuggling
4563:Extortion
4538:Blackmail
4512:Voyeurism
4492:Pederasty
4477:Obscenity
4359:corporate
4182:Vicarious
4177:Principal
4172:Corporate
4157:Accessory
4148:liability
4133:Causation
4056:Scots law
3846:The Times
3599:defendant
3502:discovery
3463:Dow Jones
3326:Contracts
3266:Australia
3074:Liability
3034:Necessity
2922:liability
2846:Licensees
2766:Seduction
2533:Apartheid
2483:entails:
2481:the press
2375:Roman law
2351:judiciary
2344:blasphemy
2340:religions
2240:that are
2143:Christian
2071:Prejudice
2019:Masculism
1967:Diversity
1745:religious
1720:Redlining
1313:Ethnocide
1273:Education
1159:Ukrainian
1094:Pakistani
1084:Mongolian
1005:Australia
987:Hungarian
942:Colombian
922:Bulgarian
796:Rastafari
750:Ahmadiyya
661:Religious
633:Trans men
591:Pregnancy
526:Gayphobia
521:Fatphobia
426:Acephobia
421:Arophobia
397:Viewpoint
152:Normative
19619:Tort law
19537:Category
19519:The talk
19455:Snobbery
19373:Net bias
19203:Feminism
19130:Ugly law
18971:Catholic
18939:policies
18786:Mortgage
18781:Lynching
18712:examples
18707:Genocide
18627:Economic
18612:Democide
18572:Bullying
18489:Romanian
18454:Nigerian
18397:Japanese
18332:Georgian
18317:Filipino
18250:Assyrian
18223:Armenian
18213:American
18208:Albanian
18190:National
18174:Yazidism
18096:Hinduism
18054:Buddhism
17957:Nepotism
17952:Misogyny
17947:Misandry
17872:Clannism
17867:Biphobia
17812:Adultism
17729:Language
17590:Remedies
17536:Defenses
17501:Invitees
17387:Nuisance
17296:Replevin
17281:Trespass
17212:Tort law
17078:template
16982:, 5,8,
16930:, 7,8,
16826:, 7,8,
16800:, 8,9,
16748:, 8,9,
16658:6 August
16630:6 August
16602:5 August
16323:1 August
15886:16 March
15640:4 August
15615:4 August
15587:4 August
15562:5 August
15429:Archived
15409:Archived
15305:Archived
15270:Archived
15237:Archived
15125:30 March
15094:Archived
15052:Archived
14819:Archived
14692:17 March
14660:Archived
14194:Archived
14096:(Canada)
14067:. Mondaq
13979:"s. 300"
13959:"s. 301"
13939:"s. 298"
13606:cite web
13346:4 August
13092:Archived
13081:Archived
13062:Archived
12871:(Canada)
12473:30 March
12376:Archived
12228:Archived
11967:27 March
11841:Archived
11590:15 March
11564:15 March
11370:Archived
11188:Archived
11167:Archived
11146:Archived
10946:despite
10900:and the
10588:See also
10557:ceased.
10409:adultery
10405:idolatry
10401:scoffers
10225:apostasy
10217:corporal
10179:Adultery
10109:Muhammad
10012:innocent
9952:unlawful
9940:reformed
9934:, it is
9843:judgment
9819:faithful
9799:titled "
9666:. Other
9387:bloggers
9254:desacato
9234:desacato
9210:only one
9085:cultural
9050:recourse
9014:apostasy
8901:case law
8881:Virginia
8865:Oklahoma
8829:Michigan
8817:Kentucky
8809:Illinois
8777:Criminal
8701:Criminal
8685:offence.
8663:Thailand
8518:Criminal
8366:contempt
8126:Portugal
8004:ignominy
7922:Criminal
7818:injurias
7796:Malaysia
7760:shinnyou
7656:Criminal
7633:reads:
7607:calunnia
7502:bailable
7469:criminal
7359:Criminal
7229:Criminal
7113:injurias
7030:Criminal
6986:Bulgaria
6980:Bulgaria
6969:bullying
6905:ancestry
6733:(1997).
6365:Slovenia
6342:Slovakia
6225:Portugal
6062:Mongolia
5652:Unclear
5432:Bulgaria
5301:Unclear
5223:Country
5168:(1986).
5134:sedition
5098:Oklahoma
4995:Property
4990:Evidence
4985:Defenses
4934:Insanity
4864:Sedition
4818:Poaching
4782:Regicide
4734:Genocide
4709:Apostasy
4647:Mischief
4583:Gambling
4548:Burglary
4432:Adultery
4409:Stabbing
4404:Stalking
4387:Homicide
4350:Menacing
4330:Homicide
4127:Mens rea
4110:Elements
4027:Dignitas
4005:dignitas
3662:action:
3508:Defences
3439:Overview
3341:Property
3336:Evidence
3186:Replevin
3154:Punitive
3141:Remedies
3015:Defences
2949:Nuisance
2920:absolute
2851:Invitees
2678:chattels
2668:Trespass
2608:Tort law
2393:pasquils
2272:), as a
2182:The talk
2118:Snobbery
2036:Net bias
1858:Feminism
1777:Ugly law
1618:Catholic
1584:Policies
1427:Mortgage
1422:Lynching
1353:examples
1348:Genocide
1268:Economic
1253:Democide
1215:Bullying
1124:Romanian
1089:Nigerian
1032:Japanese
967:Georgian
952:Filipino
885:Assyrian
858:Armenian
848:American
843:Albanian
823:national
801:Yazidism
723:Hinduism
681:Buddhism
576:Nepotism
571:Misogyny
566:Misandry
491:Clannism
486:Biphobia
431:Adultism
340:Language
227:a series
225:Part of
59:a series
57:Part of
19547:Commons
19326:Figleaf
18751:Housing
18519:Turkish
18469:Pashtun
18439:Mexican
18419:Kurdish
18392:Italian
18342:Haitian
18327:Finnish
18302:Chinese
18297:Chechen
18292:Catalan
18282:Bengali
18203:African
18188:Ethnic/
18147:Judaism
18138:Sunnism
18128:Shi'ism
18044:Atheism
17877:Elitism
17776:Species
17714:Genetic
17704:Dialect
17597:Damages
17291:Detinue
17251:Consent
17233:Battery
17228:Assault
17152:England
17080:below (
16671:Sources
16529:26 July
16490:26 July
16447:26 July
16404:26 July
16363:26 July
16299:26 July
16258:26 July
16213:26 July
16172:26 July
16125:26 July
16084:26 July
16043:26 July
16007:26 July
15971:26 July
15935:26 July
15811:, n.15.
14801:28 July
14776:28 July
14751:28 July
14717:28 July
14621:AltaLex
14088:,
14014:6 March
13917:,
13902:of the
13710:2 March
13283:28 July
13162:3478081
12903:,
12883:,
12863:,
12179:2 March
12055:1227028
11928:29 June
11847:1 April
11658:"Libel"
11604:False:
11109:26 July
11075:26 July
11057:(ed.),
11030:27 July
11005:27 July
10578:apology
10574:fasting
10543:husband
10528:damages
10500:Slander
10483:Perjury
10479:divorce
10461:As for
10440:Midrash
10436:stoning
10428:leprosy
10372:Judaism
10328:Calumny
10273:Halakha
10267:Judaism
10221:capital
10161:Maqasid
10123:in the
10119:by the
10085:as the
10006:Slander
10000:damages
9944:college
9841:, rash
9787:), and
9709:Twitter
9610:Grenada
9606:Jamaica
9487:YouTube
9477:Google
9418:In the
9263:treason
9224:of the
9146:Tunisia
9142:Algeria
9077:beliefs
9054:privacy
8999:damages
8841:Montana
8801:Florida
8797:Alabama
8575:founder
8371:dignity
8295:Minerva
8138:Romania
8109:him in
7936:of the
7865:removed
7850:sources
7691:(as in
7613:calumny
7584:querela
7578:querela
7512:Ireland
7394:Germany
7299:Finland
7290:Denmark
7251:Croatia
7245:Croatia
7130:injuria
7071:, or a
6890:Belgium
6862:Austria
6837:Twitter
6767:in the
6668:Albania
6662:Albania
6603:Unclear
6556:Ukraine
6249:Romania
6017:Moldova
5785:Ireland
5737:Iceland
5714:Hungary
5666:Germany
5649:Unclear
5643:Georgia
5596:Finland
5573:Estonia
5549:Denmark
5479:Croatia
5387:Belgium
5363:Belarus
5315:Austria
5298:Unclear
5292:Armenia
5268:Andorra
5246:Albania
5191:updated
5023:Portals
5014:estates
4946: (
4944:Mistake
4929:Infancy
4897:Consent
4849:Treason
4766:smoking
4762:alcohol
4729:Dueling
4714:Begging
4688:Perjury
4618:Robbery
4598:Looting
4593:Larceny
4573:Forgery
4543:Bribery
4414:Torture
4399:Robbery
4357: (
4310:Frameup
4280:Battery
4275:Assault
4237:Attempt
4039:iniuria
3834:Alabama
3788:). The
3589:Consent
3581:; if a
3547:perjury
3450:slander
3416:damages
3354:estates
3181:Detinue
3176:Tracing
3159:Special
3149:Damages
3029:Consent
2816:medical
2712:Slander
2640:Battery
2635:Assault
2617:Outline
2519:, the "
2366:History
2258:slander
2246:dignity
1989:Figleaf
1392:Housing
1154:Turkish
1104:Pashtun
1074:Mexican
1054:Kurdish
1027:Italian
977:Haitian
962:Finnish
937:Chinese
932:Chechen
927:Catalan
917:Bengali
838:African
821:Ethnic/
774:Judaism
765:Sunnism
755:Shi'ism
671:Atheism
496:Elitism
387:Species
325:Genetic
315:Dialect
100:History
19512:threat
19366:autism
19103:sexual
19093:racial
18976:Jewish
18833:Pogrom
18811:Chiefs
18801:Braves
18529:Uyghur
18504:Somali
18499:Slavic
18484:Romani
18479:Quebec
18474:Polish
18414:Korean
18375:Canada
18362:Indian
18347:Hazara
18322:Fulani
18233:France
18198:Afghan
18133:Sufism
17862:Audism
17795:Social
17724:Height
17301:Trover
17147:Canada
17097:Curlie
17083:Curlie
17062:UNESCO
17036:UNESCO
17010:UNESCO
16984:UNESCO
16958:UNESCO
16932:UNESCO
16906:UNESCO
16880:UNESCO
16854:UNESCO
16828:UNESCO
16802:UNESCO
16776:UNESCO
16750:UNESCO
16724:UNESCO
16698:UNESCO
16520:
16514:UNESCO
16481:
16475:UNESCO
16438:
16432:UNESCO
16395:
16389:UNESCO
16354:
16348:UNESCO
16290:
16284:UNESCO
16249:
16243:UNESCO
16204:
16198:UNESCO
16163:
16157:UNESCO
16116:
16110:UNESCO
16075:
16069:UNESCO
16034:
16028:UNESCO
15998:
15992:UNESCO
15962:
15956:UNESCO
15926:
15920:UNESCO
15809:Noonan
15683:26 May
15148:1 June
15076:
14975:22 May
14627:27 May
14425:25 May
14398:25 May
14376:25 May
14369:
14147:
14071:30 May
13540:
13160:
13130:, 1732
13118:, 1700
13102:, and
12950:
12513:25 May
12356:3 June
12053:
11758:15 May
11722:4 June
11660:. 2010
11391:26 May
11366:HR-Net
11346:26 May
11314:26 May
11288:845182
11286:
11245:
11182:Digest
11161:Digest
11139:Digest
10850:delict
10844:, and
10830:delict
10467:Talmud
10456:Isaiah
10452:Elijah
10444:Joseph
10432:Miriam
10424:quinsy
10420:rabbis
10413:murder
10411:, and
10360:gossip
10229:lashes
10189:sodomy
10187:) and
10121:angels
10057:Sharia
9936:lawful
9917:sailor
9909:bishop
9901:esteem
9881:crimes
9797:sermon
9791:(like
9740:, and
9719:, and
9707:, and
9705:Google
9683:Global
9522:Sharia
9509:, and
9434:, the
9426:, the
9393:Africa
9365:Global
9103:Africa
9074:sacred
8988:UNESCO
8966:Global
8914:Online
8845:Nevada
8813:Kansas
8760:per se
8750:Under
8599:司法院大法官
8528:中華民國刑法
8453:Taiwan
8394:förtal
8381:Sweden
8261:yakuza
8214:Online
8101:Poland
8075:Online
7904:Norway
7811:Mexico
7772:,
7745:bujoku
7669:
7542:Israel
7524:, and
7442:, the
7407:Greece
7322:France
7311:France
7206:morals
7086:Online
7014:Quebec
7008:Quebec
6992:Canada
6965:Brazil
6959:Brazil
6921:gender
6808:Online
6642:
6618:
6596:
6574:
6553:
6529:
6508:Turkey
6505:
6482:
6461:Taiwan
6458:
6434:
6413:Sweden
6410:
6386:
6362:
6339:
6318:Serbia
6315:
6291:
6270:Russia
6267:
6246:
6222:
6201:Poland
6198:
6174:
6154:Norway
6151:
6129:
6105:
6082:
6059:
6038:Monaco
6035:
6014:
5990:
5966:
5943:
5919:
5899:Latvia
5896:
5875:
5851:
5827:
5803:
5782:
5758:
5734:
5711:
5690:Greece
5687:
5663:
5640:
5620:France
5617:
5593:
5570:
5546:
5523:
5503:Cyprus
5500:
5476:
5455:Canada
5452:
5429:
5408:
5384:
5360:
5336:
5312:
5289:
5265:
5243:
5090:Nevada
5082:Kansas
5010:trusts
4948:of law
4912:Duress
4777:Piracy
4764:, and
4603:Payola
4462:Incest
4437:Bigamy
4375:felony
4370:Murder
4365:Mayhem
4198:Felony
4049:corpus
4001:corpus
3945:Quebec
3805:, the
3719:injury
3690:per se
3686:per se
3682:per se
3660:per se
3656:per se
3651:per se
3646:per se
3616:damage
3352:, and
3350:trusts
3314:Other
3301:Taiwan
3271:Canada
3224:Delict
3191:Trover
2916:Strict
2602:series
2405:Ulpian
2329:itself
2270:delict
2250:honour
2175:threat
2029:autism
1750:sexual
1740:racial
1623:Jewish
1474:Pogrom
1452:Chiefs
1442:Braves
1164:Uyghur
1139:Somali
1134:Slavic
1119:Romani
1114:Quebec
1109:Polish
1049:Korean
1010:Canada
997:Indian
982:Hazara
957:Fulani
868:France
833:Afghan
760:Sufism
481:Audism
412:Social
335:Height
19614:Lying
19490:white
18843:Purge
18509:Tatar
18434:Māori
18429:Malay
18387:Irish
18337:Greek
18312:Croat
18270:China
18228:Asian
18113:Islam
17987:White
17734:Looks
17699:Class
17694:Caste
17651:Forms
17362:Fraud
15100:, în
15072:(PDF)
14451:(PDF)
14444:(PDF)
14367:S2CID
14299:(PDF)
14292:(PDF)
14143:(PDF)
13727:
13657:575,
13649:
13627:
13536:(1).
13471:(PDF)
13452:520,
13444:
13158:JSTOR
12051:JSTOR
11994:(PDF)
11987:(PDF)
11865:, 20
11475:(PDF)
11336:(PDF)
11308:(PDF)
11284:JSTOR
11214:(PDF)
11207:(PDF)
10822:civil
10808:Notes
10776:Rumor
10524:fines
10448:Moses
10393:liars
10364:Torah
10344:Bible
10236:tazir
10194:liwat
10102:Quran
10083:Islam
10051:Islam
9992:heirs
9827:court
9813:, in
9596:memes
9503:South
9199:Media
8995:fines
8873:Texas
8805:Idaho
8668:Civil
8458:Civil
8402:gross
8356:Spain
8291:Seoul
8116:media
8057:Davao
7715:fukei
7699:, or
7643:Civil
7619:Japan
7564:Italy
7423:India
7316:Civil
7153:Civil
7148:China
7141:heirs
7108:Chile
7102:Chile
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