164:, in which the defendant tells the victim that he is a rich person who needs discreetly to move money abroad, and wants to use the victim's bank account in return for a percentage of the money transferred. Mere conduct, however, can also imply facts which are untrue. Thus, wearing a particular uniform represents that the person is employed in that occupation, or writing a cheque supported by a cheque card represents that the writer has actual authority from the bank to use the card and that the bank will honour the cheque (see
1723:
1732:
313:
201:
385:. This case has been criticised because it apparently eliminates the need for the section 15 offence. Yet the deception offences are preserved and are the preferred charges in situations involving deceptive behaviour both because theft carries a lower minimum sentence, and as a matter of general principle, because a charge should describe what the defendant actually did in the simplest and most direct form.
299:, the defendant who sits in a restaurant impliedly represents that they intend to pay for the meal. This is a representation as to present intention and it would be a deception whether the defendant has sufficient money to pay. It is distinguishable from the defendants who hide their money so that they can represent an inability to pay (a misrepresentation as to fact).
187:, the defendant applied for a grant to adapt the house of his infirm mother. After the work had commenced, he failed to inform the local authority that his mother had died, and thereby obtained completion of the work. His conduct, taken as a whole, amounted to a continuing representation that she was alive.
175:
the defendant, after eating in a restaurant, decided not to pay for a meal. The defendant continued to sit quietly, lulling the waiters into believing payment would be made in due course, and thereby obtained the opportunity to leave without paying. Consequently, silence or an omission can be a
278:
Similarly, a man dressed as a police officer who instructs someone to act in a particular way because 'the law requires it,' or a lawyer or accountant who relies on their professional status to mislead a client as to the law for their private benefit, deceives even though the general policy of
274:
CLR 279 the defendant admitted that the mileage on a car he was selling might not be correct. He had actually altered the odometer, so this statement was true, but he was properly convicted because in a second statement, he claimed not to know whether the odometer was correct, which was false.
381:
to the taking. Because the effect of the deception may be to persuade the owner to pass title to the goods, albeit on a voidable title, those goods may not "belong to another" at the time of the appropriation. In fact, strong authority has emerged that this is not a real problem because an
377:, contrary to section 1(1), and these offences because they cover both general and specific situations in which the defendant will appropriate property by using some form of deception. Deception offences are separately defined to avoid any problems that might arise when the "victim"
261:
Most deceptions relate to actual or supposed facts, or to an existing state of affairs, but this is distinguished from a false statement of opinion which, no matter how persuasive, is not a deception. Deception offences include situations where the defendant represents that
168:). If the defendant's words or conduct innocently represent something that later becomes untrue, or the defendant becomes aware the "victim" has made a mistake, they are obligated to correct the misunderstanding. Failure to do so can amount to deception.
270:, where the defendant represented that he was a student to an Oxford bookshop to qualify for their scheme of discounting books to students), or asserts that an envelope contains money. Statements may appear equivocal and still be a deception. Thus, in
82:
For the purposes of this section "deception" means any deception (whether deliberate or reckless) by words or conduct as to fact or as to law, including a deception as to the present intentions of the person using the deception or any other
404:
140:
A deception will be deliberate when the defendant knows that what he represents as true is untrue. This is predominantly a subjective test, matching the general approach to establishing
1053:
58:
148:
is also predominantly subjective to show that the defendant is aware that what is represented may or may not be true, excluding the extended meaning of recklessness in
1536:
397:
1476:
1063:
1486:
867:
705:
125:
Sections 15, 15A, 16 and 20(2) of the Theft Act 1968, and sections 1 and 2 of the Theft Act 1978, were repealed on 15 January 2007 by the
103:
1174:
334:
222:
57:. The basic pattern of deception offences was established in the Theft Act 1968, and was then amended in the Theft Act 1978 and the
1645:
1610:
956:
382:
appropriation is the "assumption" of the rights of ownership, whether that assumption is effective in law: see R v Gomez AC 442
97:
1218:
1030:
1186:
1108:
1000:
1471:
1093:
1058:
1088:
581:
Ormerod, David. Smith and Hogan's
Criminal Law. Thirteenth Edition. Oxford University Press. Section 23.1.2 at page 870.
457:
698:
179:
This reasoning has also been applied to the offence of obtaining a service by deception, contrary to section 1 of the
1327:
913:
877:
821:
498:
484:
470:
447:
360:
248:
118:
342:
230:
2324:
2246:
1446:
859:
1164:
414:
112:
91:
1511:
1312:
812:
338:
226:
2467:
1243:
1169:
691:
425:
2319:
418:
408:
393:
109:
Procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception, contrary to section 20(2) of the Theft Act 1968
1638:
1248:
848:
280:
2442:
2427:
1415:
1207:
996:
961:
903:
816:
2009:
1748:
1377:
1043:
978:
967:
669:
Director of Public
Prosecutions v Ray AC 370, 3 WLR 359, 3 All ER 131, 117 SJ 663, 58 Cr App R 130,
1202:
1126:
793:
788:
323:
211:
141:
2124:
1631:
1297:
1191:
988:
918:
837:
599:
595:
327:
215:
2462:
2432:
2236:
2226:
1847:
1722:
1496:
1238:
923:
287:
for ignorance of the law does not excuse and so everyone is presumed to know what the law is.
2221:
1984:
1461:
1382:
1337:
1181:
992:
941:
908:
2314:
2231:
2216:
2110:
1481:
1451:
1025:
1020:
1004:
714:
160:
Deceptions are most commonly made by saying or not saying something significant, as in the
643:
8:
2404:
1778:
1666:
1506:
1264:
1223:
1116:
872:
808:
803:
603:
39:
2329:
2309:
2274:
2264:
1882:
1863:
1793:
1702:
1588:
1253:
1136:
1083:
951:
798:
753:
743:
728:
623:
591:
145:
658:
2334:
2170:
1823:
1788:
1526:
1456:
1159:
1015:
934:
494:
480:
466:
443:
161:
31:
61:
which addressed some of the problems that had arisen in the enforcement of the law.
2390:
2096:
2034:
1929:
1501:
1392:
1342:
1213:
1149:
1010:
453:
Criminal Law
Revision Committee. 8th Report. Theft and Related Offences. Cmnd. 2977
176:
continuing representation that nothing material has changed and so be a deception.
35:
2364:
2290:
1964:
1870:
1768:
1697:
1197:
1078:
1068:
776:
738:
383:
2374:
2369:
2339:
2161:
1853:
1707:
1583:
1531:
1466:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1292:
1274:
1233:
1121:
1035:
929:
887:
733:
180:
126:
75:
54:
50:
456:
Law
Commission Consultation Paper No.15. Fraud and Deception. (October, 1999)
2456:
2106:
2004:
1808:
1758:
1491:
946:
748:
2414:
2349:
1954:
1843:
1828:
1578:
1564:
1387:
2437:
30:" was a legal term of art used in the definition of statutory offences in
2118:
2114:
2024:
1773:
1687:
842:
424:
Procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception, contrary to
400:
provide a definition of deception. It applies to the following offences:
263:
2409:
2195:
2076:
2071:
1949:
1833:
1813:
1803:
1783:
1737:
1712:
1682:
1602:
1569:
1546:
1357:
1287:
1073:
770:
683:
1040:
Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence
2379:
2359:
2344:
2279:
2185:
2180:
2149:
2139:
2101:
2039:
2019:
1959:
1934:
1574:
1521:
1352:
1347:
1317:
1731:
312:
200:
2299:
2269:
2190:
2134:
2086:
2061:
2043:
1979:
1944:
1915:
1897:
1892:
1875:
1838:
1818:
1554:
1516:
1420:
1322:
782:
2399:
2241:
2207:
2175:
2144:
2091:
2066:
2014:
1994:
1989:
1969:
1939:
1902:
1887:
1798:
1763:
1623:
1441:
1436:
1410:
1302:
1258:
1098:
1048:
882:
674:
670:
631:
627:
607:
378:
132:
The offences listed above have been called "deception offences".
266:
goods are genuine items, or misrepresents their identity (e.g.,
2304:
2129:
1999:
1858:
1692:
1154:
373:
There is an inevitable overlap between the general offence of
2029:
1974:
1924:
1655:
1307:
1282:
374:
284:
17:
2354:
2081:
1559:
1228:
1144:
428:
of the
Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001
421:
of the
Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001
411:
of the
Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001
590:
1727:
610:
Commissioner of Police for the
Metropolis v Charles.
398:
Criminal
Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001
1477:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
1064:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
87:This definition applied to the following offences:
1472:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
1059:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
2454:
100:, contrary to section 15A of the Theft Act 1968
23:Legal term of art in England, Wales and Ireland
106:, contrary to section 16 of the Theft Act 1968
94:, contrary to section 15 of the Theft Act 1968
1639:
699:
121:, contrary to section 2 of the Theft Act 1978
115:, contrary to section 1 of the Theft Act 1978
648:1 Cr App R 242, 164 JP 121, Crim LR 192, CA
657:R v Barnard (1837) 7 C & P 784, (1837)
341:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
229:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
166:Metropolitan Police Commissioner v. Charles
45:Until 2007, in England and Wales, the main
1646:
1632:
706:
692:
673:Ray v Sempers Crim LR 181, HL, reversing
630:Ray v Sempers Crim LR 181, HL, reversing
536:The Theft Act 1968, section 15B(1) and (2)
442:. Oxford University Press: Oxford. (2005)
104:obtaining pecuniary advantage by deception
361:Learn how and when to remove this message
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
135:
1026:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm
713:
405:Making gain or causing loss by deception
622:AC 370, 3 WLR 359, 3 All ER 131, 117
506:Obtaining Cheques by Deception or Theft
98:obtaining a money transfer by deception
2455:
1219:Preventing the lawful burial of a body
1031:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
620:Director of Public Prosecutions v. Ray
388:
302:
173:Director of Public Prosecutions v. Ray
1627:
1187:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
687:
297:Director of Public Prosecutions v Ray
290:
1094:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
339:adding citations to reliable sources
306:
227:adding citations to reliable sources
194:
64:
155:
38:. It is a legal term of art in the
13:
1653:
14:
2479:
554:The Theft Act 1968, section 20(3)
545:The Theft Act 1968, section 16(3)
527:The Theft Act 1968, section 15(4)
119:evasion of liability by deception
2247:Perverting the course of justice
1730:
1721:
1669:. Not all types are listed here.
1487:Encouraging or assisting a crime
1447:Perverting the course of justice
868:Encouraging or assisting a crime
572:The Theft Act 1978, section 5(1)
563:The Theft Act 1978, section 5(1)
311:
199:
1985:Intellectual property violation
1611:History of English criminal law
1502:Obstruction of a police officer
1165:Fear or provocation of violence
663:
651:
637:
465:, Sweet & Maxwell: London.
415:Obtaining services by deception
113:obtaining services by deception
92:obtaining property by deception
1512:Refusing to assist a constable
1328:Taking without owner's consent
613:
584:
575:
566:
557:
548:
539:
530:
521:
190:
1:
1532:Fabrication of false evidence
1244:Misconduct in a public office
1170:Harassment, alarm or distress
744:Regulatory (lowered mens rea)
493:, LexisNexis: London. (1997)
479:, LexisNexis: London. (2005)
432:
69:
1249:Misfeasance in public office
849:Ignorantia juris non excusat
477:Smith and Hogan Criminal Law
281:ignorantia juris non excusat
7:
1416:Cheating the public revenue
1208:Effecting a public mischief
1054:Assault with intent to rape
10:
2484:
2010:Possessing stolen property
1492:Escape from lawful custody
1378:Fraud by abuse of position
1044:Assault with intent to rob
968:Category:Criminal defences
463:Theft Acts 1968 & 1978
59:Theft (Amendment) Act 1996
15:
2424:
2389:
2289:
2256:
2205:
2159:
2053:
1913:
1747:
1719:
1675:
1662:
1608:For obsolete aspects see
1597:
1545:
1429:
1401:
1343:Misappropriation of funds
1275:Offences against property
1273:
1135:
1107:
977:
957:Diminished responsibility
896:
858:
830:
762:
721:
2109:(such as prohibition of
1430:Offences against justice
1203:Outraging public decency
1127:Sexual Offences Act 2003
928:inc. participation in a
838:Lesser included offences
794:Intention in English law
789:Intention (criminal law)
677:Ray v Sempers 1 WLR 317
634:Ray v Sempers 1 WLR 317
440:Textbook on Criminal Law
16:Not to be confused with
144:behaviour. The test of
2227:Miscarriage of justice
1547:Other common law areas
1497:Obstruction of justice
1239:Accessory (legal term)
1001:Corporate manslaughter
626:663, 58 Cr App R 130,
136:Deliberate or reckless
2222:Malfeasance in office
1665:Note: Crimes vary by
1462:Misprision of treason
1383:Conspiracy to defraud
1338:Handling stolen goods
1182:Public Order Act 1986
1137:Public order offences
394:Sections 2(1) and (2)
74:Section 15(4) of the
2468:English criminal law
2315:Cybersex trafficking
2077:Censorship violation
1482:Harboring a fugitive
1452:Witness intimidation
1402:Forgery, personation
1021:Concealment of birth
715:English criminal law
335:improve this section
223:improve this section
49:were defined in the
2107:Illegal consumption
1779:Criminal negligence
1537:Rescuing a prisoner
1507:Wasting police time
1265:Dereliction of duty
1224:Breach of the peace
942:Prevention of crime
804:Criminal negligence
389:Republic of Ireland
303:Deception and theft
40:Republic of Ireland
2310:Child sexual abuse
2275:Wildlife smuggling
2265:Cruelty to animals
2054:Against the public
1883:Negligent homicide
1794:False imprisonment
1749:Against the person
1603:English law portal
1589:Criminal procedure
1254:Abuse of authority
1084:False imprisonment
935:Medical procedures
763:Elements of crimes
291:Present intentions
47:deception offences
2450:
2449:
2433:Wikimedia Commons
2391:Inchoate offenses
2335:Indecent exposure
1824:Human trafficking
1789:Domestic violence
1621:
1620:
1527:Contempt of court
1457:Witness tampering
1175:intent aggravates
1160:Unlawful assembly
1016:Child destruction
860:Inchoate offences
722:Classes of crimes
371:
370:
363:
259:
258:
251:
162:advance fee fraud
65:England and Wales
32:England and Wales
2475:
2097:Ethnic cleansing
2035:Trespass to land
1930:Arms trafficking
1740:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1393:Webcam blackmail
1214:disorderly house
1150:Violent disorder
1011:Unlawful killing
979:Offences against
817:Strict liability
708:
701:
694:
685:
684:
678:
667:
661:
655:
649:
641:
635:
617:
611:
588:
582:
579:
573:
570:
564:
561:
555:
552:
546:
543:
537:
534:
528:
525:
513:Stealing Tickets
475:Ormerod, David.
438:Allen, Michael.
426:section 11(2)(a)
366:
359:
355:
352:
346:
315:
307:
254:
247:
243:
240:
234:
203:
195:
156:Words or conduct
36:Northern Ireland
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2365:Sex trafficking
2291:Sexual offenses
2285:
2284:
2283:
2257:Against animals
2252:
2251:
2250:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2049:
2048:
2047:
1965:False pretenses
1909:
1908:
1907:
1871:Preterintention
1743:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1717:
1671:
1658:
1652:
1622:
1617:
1593:
1541:
1425:
1403:
1397:
1313:Criminal damage
1269:
1198:Public nuisance
1131:
1109:Sexual offences
1103:
1079:Child abduction
980:
973:
919:Loss of control
892:
854:
826:
758:
717:
712:
682:
681:
668:
664:
656:
652:
642:
638:
618:
614:
589:
585:
580:
576:
571:
567:
562:
558:
553:
549:
544:
540:
535:
531:
526:
522:
461:Griew, Edward.
435:
391:
367:
356:
350:
347:
332:
316:
305:
293:
279:English law is
255:
244:
238:
235:
220:
204:
193:
158:
138:
72:
67:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:Sexual slavery
2372:
2370:Sexual assault
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Hostage-taking
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Jury tampering
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1373:Fraud Act 2006
1370:
1368:Theft Act 1978
1365:
1363:Theft Act 1968
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1293:Cheating (law)
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1234:Forcible entry
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1122:Sexual assault
1119:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1036:Common assault
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
985:
983:
975:
974:
972:
971:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
938:
937:
932:
930:sporting event
921:
916:
911:
906:
900:
898:
894:
893:
891:
890:
888:Common purpose
885:
880:
875:
870:
864:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
845:
840:
834:
832:
828:
827:
825:
824:
819:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
779:
774:
766:
764:
760:
759:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
725:
723:
719:
718:
711:
710:
703:
696:
688:
680:
679:
662:
650:
636:
612:
583:
574:
565:
556:
547:
538:
529:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:(1998) CLR 723
509:
508:(1997) CLR 396
502:
487:
473:
459:
454:
451:
434:
431:
430:
429:
422:
417:, contrary to
412:
407:, contrary to
390:
387:
369:
368:
319:
317:
310:
304:
301:
292:
289:
257:
256:
207:
205:
198:
192:
189:
181:Theft Act 1978
157:
154:
137:
134:
127:Fraud Act 2006
123:
122:
116:
110:
107:
101:
95:
85:
84:
76:Theft Act 1968
71:
68:
66:
63:
55:Theft Act 1978
51:Theft Act 1968
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2480:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Crime by type
2461:
2460:
2458:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Homosexuality
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Miscegenation
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Pickpocketing
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Home invasion
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Assassination
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
987:
986:
984:
982:
976:
970:
969:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:Lawful excuse
945:
943:
940:
936:
933:
931:
927:
926:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
899:
895:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
863:
861:
857:
851:
850:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
833:
829:
823:
820:
818:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:
780:
778:
775:
773:
772:
768:
767:
765:
761:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
724:
720:
716:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
689:
686:
676:
672:
666:
660:
654:
647:
646:
640:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
587:
578:
569:
560:
551:
542:
533:
524:
520:
514:
511:Smith, J. C.
510:
507:
504:Smith, J. C.
503:
500:
499:0-406-89545-7
496:
492:
489:Smith, J. C.
488:
486:
485:0-406-97730-5
482:
478:
474:
472:
471:0-421-19960-1
468:
464:
460:
458:
455:
452:
449:
448:0-19-927918-7
445:
441:
437:
436:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413:
410:
406:
403:
402:
401:
399:
395:
386:
384:
380:
376:
365:
362:
354:
344:
340:
336:
330:
329:
325:
320:This section
318:
314:
309:
308:
300:
298:
288:
286:
282:
276:
273:
269:
265:
264:counterfeited
253:
250:
242:
232:
228:
224:
218:
217:
213:
208:This section
206:
202:
197:
196:
188:
186:
182:
177:
174:
169:
167:
163:
153:
151:
147:
143:
133:
130:
128:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
88:
81:
80:
79:
77:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
2415:Solicitation
2350:Prostitution
2340:Masturbation
2171:Lèse-majesté
2160:Against the
1955:Embezzlement
1844:Manslaughter
1829:Intimidation
1667:jurisdiction
1664:
1609:
1601:
1404:and cheating
1388:Fare evasion
1332:
997:Manslaughter
966:
962:Intoxication
904:Self-defence
847:
799:Recklessness
781:
769:
665:
653:
644:
639:
619:
615:
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
541:
532:
523:
512:
505:
491:Law of Theft
490:
476:
462:
439:
392:
372:
357:
348:
333:Please help
321:
296:
294:
277:
271:
267:
260:
245:
236:
221:Please help
209:
184:
178:
172:
170:
165:
159:
150:R v Caldwell
149:
146:recklessness
139:
131:
124:
86:
73:
46:
44:
27:
25:
2320:Fornication
2237:Obstruction
2217:Compounding
2025:Tax evasion
1774:Child abuse
1688:Misdemeanor
1005:Infanticide
843:Concurrence
283:, i.e. the
268:R v Barnard
191:Fact or law
142:intentional
2457:Categories
2428:WikiSource
2410:Incitement
2405:Conspiracy
2280:Bestiality
2232:Misprision
2196:Subversion
2150:War crimes
2145:Usurpation
2072:Corruption
1950:Cybercrime
1834:Kidnapping
1814:Hate crime
1804:Harassment
1784:Defamation
1738:Law portal
1713:Corruption
1703:Indictable
1683:Infraction
1358:Cybercrime
1288:Dishonesty
1212:Keeping a
1089:Harassment
1074:Kidnapping
981:the person
873:Conspiracy
771:Actus reus
754:Common law
734:Either way
729:Indictable
659:173 ER 342
433:References
70:Definition
2438:Wikiquote
2380:Voyeurism
2360:Pederasty
2345:Obscenity
2186:Secession
2181:Espionage
2140:Terrorism
2102:Smuggling
2040:Vandalism
2020:Smuggling
1960:Extortion
1935:Blackmail
1848:corporate
1654:Types of
1522:Espionage
1353:Extortion
1348:Blackmail
1333:Deception
1318:Squatting
914:Necessity
878:Accessory
831:Doctrines
822:Omissions
813:Vicarious
809:Corporate
777:Causation
749:Statutory
606:615, HL,
419:section 7
409:section 6
351:June 2018
322:does not
239:June 2018
210:does not
185:R. v. Rai
28:Deception
2443:Wikinews
2300:Adultery
2270:Poaching
2206:Against
2191:Sedition
2135:Regicide
2087:Genocide
2062:Apostasy
2044:Mischief
1980:Gambling
1945:Burglary
1916:property
1914:Against
1898:Stabbing
1893:Stalking
1876:Homicide
1839:Menacing
1819:Homicide
1584:Evidence
1565:Property
1555:Contract
1517:Sedition
1421:Uttering
1323:Trespass
1298:Burglary
1196:Causing
1192:Nuisance
989:Homicide
952:Insanity
897:Defences
783:Mens rea
645:R v. Rai
600:Cr App R
598:112, 63
594:431, 3
379:consents
272:R v King
152:AC 341.
53:and the
2400:Attempt
2242:Perjury
2208:justice
2176:Treason
2119:smoking
2115:alcohol
2082:Dueling
2067:Begging
2015:Robbery
1995:Looting
1990:Larceny
1970:Forgery
1940:Bribery
1903:Torture
1888:Robbery
1846: (
1799:Frameup
1769:Battery
1764:Assault
1698:Summary
1676:Classes
1579:estates
1442:Perjury
1437:Bribery
1411:Forgery
1303:Robbery
1261:of oath
1259:Perjury
1099:Treason
1069:Battery
1049:Robbery
924:Consent
883:Attempt
739:Summary
675:sub nom
671:sub nom
632:sub nom
628:sub nom
608:sub nom
604:Crim LR
396:of the
343:removed
328:sources
231:removed
216:sources
83:person.
2330:Incest
2305:Bigamy
2130:Piracy
2117:, and
2000:Payola
1864:felony
1859:Murder
1854:Mayhem
1708:Hybrid
1693:Felony
1575:Trusts
1155:Affray
993:Murder
909:Duress
602:252,
596:All ER
497:
483:
469:
446:
78:read:
2162:state
2111:drugs
2030:Theft
1975:Fraud
1925:Arson
1656:crime
1613:table
1570:Wills
1308:Theft
1283:Arson
375:theft
285:Latin
183:. In
18:Fraud
2355:Rape
1577:and
1560:Tort
1229:Rout
1145:Riot
1117:Rape
495:ISBN
481:ISBN
467:ISBN
444:ISBN
326:any
324:cite
214:any
212:cite
34:and
592:WLR
337:by
295:In
225:by
171:In
2459::
2113:,
2042:,
1003:/
999:/
995:/
815:/
811:/
624:SJ
129:.
42:.
2121:)
1850:)
1647:e
1640:t
1633:v
1007:)
991:(
707:e
700:t
693:v
501:.
450:.
364:)
358:(
353:)
349:(
345:.
331:.
252:)
246:(
241:)
237:(
233:.
219:.
26:"
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
