138:(1995) CLR 396 the defendant gave false details and obtained housing benefit. She was actually entitled to the benefit, but causation was established by the fact that the benefit officer would not have paid her if she had known the defendant was lying. This "constructive" deception is necessitated because many shop assistants and officials may be personally indifferent as to whether the defendant is honest or not. To clarify this aspect of the law, the Law Commission recommend the introduction of a specific offence to cover the use of cheque guarantee and payment cards to remove the need for any implied representation to affect the mind of the particular person accepting the use of the card. This would identify the bank as the true victim.
153:(1996) CLR 518, the defendant went to two self-service petrol stations. In the first, he served himself and then told the attendant to charge his employer which he was not entitled to do. In the second, he may have made this representation to the attendant before petrol was released to the pump. The convictions were quashed because there was no evidence that the first representation came before the obtaining of the petrol and the judge had failed to direct on the requirement that the deception operate on the mind of the attendant in respect of the second representation. Further, the deception must not be too remote from the obtaining, and/or there must be no break in the chain of causation. In
211:. Usually, the defendant will be acting in their own right to obtain the goods, but the offence is also committed where the defendant obtains property for another or enables another to obtain or retain. Thus, the offence might be committed where the "victim" is induced to transfer ownership of property to another or to agree not to enforce his right to recover goods from that other. In
215:
the defendant was acting as the "front man" in the use of stolen credit cards and other documents of identification to obtain goods. This was a role not unlike that of the "mule" in drug importation cases because the front man takes the risk of going into shops where CCTV cameras may clearly identify
220:
policy for deception offences involving "identity theft" – an increasingly common phenomenon. The defendant had a drug problem and it was argued that a drug treatment and testing order might be the more appropriate response, but the court concluded that a prison sentence was required.
157:
the defendant falsely represented that he was not a good runner and so obtained a better handicap than he deserved for the race which he won. He was arrested as he attempted to collect the prize but the deception merely gave him the opportunity to run from an advantageous position, whereas the cause
129:
although the defendant put new number plates and a new chassis number on a car, the victim bought the car because he thought
Laverty was the owner. There was no proof that the false identification plates were the cause of the obtaining. This would suggest that if the victim admits not caring whether
161:
The deception must operate on a human mind for the causation element to be proved. The fact that a machine may respond to the insertion of a coin, card or token, or that a computer may give a programmed response to data entry does not amount to a section 15 offence, but the defendant can be charged
206:
In most cases, the defendant will obtain ownership, possession, and control of the property, but the obtaining of any one of these will be sufficient. So, under the Sale of Goods Act, title to goods may pass before possession or control is delivered, or possession may pass before title, or the
197:
held that this test was both unnecessary and potentially misleading in the majority of cases. The Law
Commission has debated whether the requirement to prove dishonesty makes obtaining a conviction more difficult, and whether the law should be reformed to make the offences conduct based. The
192:
QB 1053 may apply if the defendant claims to believe that he acted in a way matching the ordinary person's idea of honesty, i.e. a defendant will be dishonest where he realised that he was doing something that reasonable and honest people would regard as dishonest. But
279:. This case held that there no section 15 offence was committed when the defendant caused transfers between the victim's and his own bank account by deception. This arises because of the legal relationship between a bank and its customer. The account is a
52:(1) A person who by any deception dishonestly obtains property belonging to another, with intent to permanently depriving the other of it shall on conviction on indictment be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years.
55:(2) For the purposes of this section a person is to be treated as obtaining property if he obtains ownership, possession or control of it and 'obtain' includes obtaining for another or enabling another to obtain or to retain.
287:. Thus, when the "transfer" took place, one debt owed by the bank to its client was reduced, and a second debt in the same amount was created, Thus, nothing formerly belonging to the victim was obtained by the defendant.
945:
198:
conclusion was that juries are not confused by the need to consider dishonesty as a separate element from deception and that this aspect of the law does not need reform.
421:
Griew, Edward. The Theft Acts 1968 and 1978. Fifth
Edition. Sweet and Maxwell. 1986. Paragraph 6-02 and note 2 at page 117. Paragraph 6-08 and note 15 at page 120.
134:, a causal link was implied even though the victim admitted not considering the question of whether the bank would or would not honour the cheque. Similarly, in
1428:
532:
AC 815, 3 All ER 481, 3 WLR 255, (1996) 2 Cr App R 524, HL, (10 July 1996) reversing R v Preddy and Slade Crim LR 564, CA, and R v
Dhillon, unreported, CA
263:
The extended meaning given to "intention permanently to deprive" the other of the property given in section 6 of the Theft Act 1968 applies to section 15.
1368:
955:
242:
But the limitations on what can be stolen in sections 4(2) to 4(4) do not apply to section 15. It is therefore possible to obtain land by a deception.
303:. That section was repealed on 15 January 2007 by sections 14 and 15(1) and (4) of, and paragraph 1(c)(i) of Schedule 1 to, and Schedule 3 to, the
162:
with theft, contrary to section 1, of any property obtained. The Law
Commission recommend the creation of a new offence to cover this possibility.
1378:
759:
597:
182:
to be proved separately from the deception. Otherwise the dishonesty would be implied by the fact that the deception was made knowingly: see
254:
Property shall be regarded as belonging to any person having possession or control of it, or having in it any proprietary right or interest.
1066:
1502:
848:
542:
216:
him. He obtained goods to the value of £10,000 for others who were unlikely ever to be identified. The Court of Appeal considered
272:
1110:
922:
225:
Identity fraud is a particularly pernicious and prevalent form of dishonesty calling for, in our judgment, deterrent sentences.
1078:
1000:
892:
1363:
985:
950:
980:
351:
590:
1219:
805:
769:
713:
566:
392:
378:
364:
341:
300:
1338:
751:
562:
456:
Metropolitan Police
Commissioner v Charles AC 177, 3 WLR 431, 3 All ER 112, 63 Cr App R 252, Crim LR 615, HL,
1056:
234:
Section 34(1) of the Theft Act 1968 confirms that the definition given in section 4(1) applies, so property is:
1403:
1204:
704:
121:
The deception must be the operative cause of the obtaining of property, and this is a question of fact for the
1530:
1135:
1061:
583:
125:
to decide, requiring proof that the victim would not have acted in the same way had they known the truth. In
1140:
740:
65:
275:, contrary to section 15A of the Theft Act 1968, was specifically enacted to remove the problem caused by
1307:
1099:
888:
853:
795:
708:
149:
so that it can be shown that the deception operated on the mind of the person alleged to be deceived. In
186:. However, section 2 of the Theft Act 1968 does not apply to section 15 although the test derived from
1269:
935:
870:
859:
469:
Director of Public
Prosecutions v Ray AC 370, 3 WLR 359, 3 All ER 131, 117 SJ 663, 58 Cr App R 130,
486:
R v Button 2 QB 597, 69 LJQB 901, 83 LT 288, 16 TLR 525, 64 JP 600, 48 WR 703, 44 SJ 659, 19 Cox 598
145:, the defendant had already obtained the meal before he made the representation. This is an issue of
1535:
1224:
1094:
1018:
685:
680:
558:
320:
316:
238:
money and all property, real or personal, including things in action and other intangible property.
116:
1189:
1083:
880:
810:
729:
444:
440:
1388:
1130:
815:
307:, subject to the transitional provisions and savings in paragraph 3 of Schedule 2 to that Act.
546:
1353:
1274:
1229:
1073:
884:
833:
800:
1373:
1343:
917:
912:
896:
606:
517:
8:
1398:
1156:
1115:
1008:
764:
700:
695:
280:
296:
1480:
1145:
1028:
975:
843:
690:
645:
635:
620:
250:
For these purposes, section 34(1) applies section 5(1) to the section 15 offence, so:
1418:
1348:
1051:
907:
826:
388:
374:
360:
337:
58:(3) the s6 definition of intention to permanently deprive applies to the s15 offence.
27:
130:
the defendant's representation was true or false, an acquittal must follow. But, in
1393:
1284:
1234:
1105:
1041:
902:
529:
347:
Criminal Law
Revision Committee. 8th Report. Theft and Related Offences. Cmnd. 2977
69:
31:
1525:
1089:
970:
960:
668:
630:
146:
1475:
1423:
1358:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1184:
1166:
1125:
1013:
927:
821:
779:
625:
304:
217:
104:
100:
88:
76:
43:
350:
Law
Commission Consultation Paper No.15. Fraud and Deception. (October, 1999)
1519:
1383:
838:
640:
499:
R v
Greenstein (Allan), R v Green (Monty), 61 Cr App R 296, Crim LR 714, CA
1470:
1456:
1279:
734:
1494:
1461:
1438:
1249:
1179:
965:
662:
575:
179:
932:
Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence
1466:
1413:
1244:
1239:
1209:
188:
20:
207:
defendant may obtain control alone, depending on the wording of the
1446:
1408:
1312:
1214:
674:
208:
158:
of the attempt to collect the prize was that he had won the race.
1333:
1328:
1302:
1194:
1150:
990:
940:
774:
496:
474:
470:
457:
495:
R v Greenstein, R v Green 1 WLR 1353, 119 SJ 742, 1 All ER 1,
75:
Section 15 was repealed on 15 January 2007 by Schedule 3 to the
1046:
170:
The wording of the statute is highly significant because it is
1199:
1174:
23:
1451:
1120:
1036:
122:
141:
The deception must precede the obtaining of property. In
82:
460:
Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis v Charles.
1369:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
956:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
258:
508:R v Price (R W), 90 Cr App R 409, Crim LR 200, CA
283:, i.e. a debt owed by the bank to the customer or
1364:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
951:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
1517:
42:This offence was created by section 15 of the
591:
94:
46:. Sections 15(1) and (2) of that Act read:
598:
584:
473:Ray v Sempers Crim LR 181, HL, reversing
336:. Oxford University Press: Oxford. (2005)
132:Metropolitan Police Commissioner v Charles
918:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm
605:
543:Fraud Act 2006 (Commencement) Order 2006
400:Obtaining Cheques by Deception or Theft
273:obtaining a money transfer by deception
245:
1518:
1111:Preventing the lawful burial of a body
923:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
83:Liability for offences by corporations
1079:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
579:
319:for the purposes of section 3 of the
143:Director of Public Prosecutions v Ray
107:" meant an offence under section 15.
64:This offence replaced the offence of
986:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
37:
290:
266:
110:
91:applied in relation to section 15.
68:, contrary to section 32(1) of the
13:
14:
1547:
567:Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969
530:R v Preddy and Slade, R v Dhillon
430:The Theft Act 1968, section 25(5)
301:Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969
277:R v Preddy and Slade, R v Dhillon
1379:Encouraging or assisting a crime
1339:Perverting the course of justice
760:Encouraging or assisting a crime
259:Intention to permanently deprive
1503:History of English criminal law
1394:Obstruction of a police officer
1057:Fear or provocation of violence
551:
535:
523:
359:, Sweet & Maxwell: London.
17:Obtaining property by deception
1404:Refusing to assist a constable
1220:Taking without owner's consent
511:
502:
489:
480:
463:
450:
433:
424:
415:
221:Henriques J. said at para 14:
165:
1:
1424:Fabrication of false evidence
1136:Misconduct in a public office
1062:Harassment, alarm or distress
636:Regulatory (lowered mens rea)
561:, section 3(6) and Schedule,
520:EWCA Crim 1941 (11 July 2005)
387:, LexisNexis: London. (1997)
373:, LexisNexis: London. (2005)
326:
1141:Misfeasance in public office
741:Ignorantia juris non excusat
371:Smith and Hogan Criminal Law
295:This offence was created by
66:obtaining by false pretences
7:
1308:Cheating the public revenue
1100:Effecting a public mischief
946:Assault with intent to rape
229:
10:
1552:
1384:Escape from lawful custody
1270:Fraud by abuse of position
936:Assault with intent to rob
860:Category:Criminal defences
545:(S.I. 2006/3200 (C.112)),
357:Theft Acts 1968 & 1978
201:
172:by a deception dishonestly
114:
1500:For obsolete aspects see
1489:
1437:
1321:
1293:
1235:Misappropriation of funds
1167:Offences against property
1165:
1027:
999:
869:
849:Diminished responsibility
788:
750:
722:
654:
613:
1322:Offences against justice
1095:Outraging public decency
1019:Sexual Offences Act 2003
820:inc. participation in a
730:Lesser included offences
686:Intention in English law
681:Intention (criminal law)
559:Visiting Forces Act 1952
477:Ray v Sempers 1 WLR 317
334:Textbook on Criminal Law
321:Visiting Forces Act 1952
317:offence against property
176:by a dishonest deception
117:Deception (criminal law)
95:Going equipped for cheat
569:, Schedule 3, Part III)
1439:Other common law areas
1389:Obstruction of justice
1131:Accessory (legal term)
893:Corporate manslaughter
256:
240:
227:
62:
1354:Misprision of treason
1275:Conspiracy to defraud
1230:Handling stolen goods
1074:Public Order Act 1986
1029:Public order offences
252:
236:
223:
99:In section 25 of the
48:
1531:English criminal law
1374:Harboring a fugitive
1344:Witness intimidation
1294:Forgery, personation
913:Concealment of birth
607:English criminal law
565:(as inserted by the
315:This offence was an
246:Belonging to another
1429:Rescuing a prisoner
1399:Wasting police time
1157:Dereliction of duty
1116:Breach of the peace
834:Prevention of crime
696:Criminal negligence
178:which requires the
1495:English law portal
1481:Criminal procedure
1146:Abuse of authority
976:False imprisonment
827:Medical procedures
655:Elements of crimes
87:Section 18 of the
1513:
1512:
1419:Contempt of court
1349:Witness tampering
1067:intent aggravates
1052:Unlawful assembly
908:Child destruction
752:Inchoate offences
614:Classes of crimes
447:435, RTR 124, CA
38:England and Wales
28:England and Wales
1543:
1285:Webcam blackmail
1106:disorderly house
1042:Violent disorder
903:Unlawful killing
871:Offences against
709:Strict liability
600:
593:
586:
577:
576:
570:
555:
549:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
506:
500:
493:
487:
484:
478:
467:
461:
454:
448:
437:
431:
428:
422:
419:
407:Stealing Tickets
369:Ormerod, David.
332:Allen, Michael.
291:Northern Ireland
267:Problem resolved
111:By any deception
70:Larceny Act 1916
32:Northern Ireland
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1536:Property crimes
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1485:
1433:
1317:
1295:
1289:
1205:Criminal damage
1161:
1090:Public nuisance
1023:
1001:Sexual offences
995:
971:Child abduction
872:
865:
811:Loss of control
784:
746:
718:
650:
609:
604:
574:
573:
556:
552:
540:
536:
528:
524:
516:
512:
507:
503:
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490:
485:
481:
468:
464:
455:
451:
439:R v Laverty 3
438:
434:
429:
425:
420:
416:
355:Griew, Edward.
329:
311:Visiting forces
293:
281:chose in action
271:The offence of
269:
261:
248:
232:
204:
168:
119:
113:
97:
85:
61:
40:
19:was formerly a
12:
11:
5:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1498:
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1478:
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1411:
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1396:
1391:
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1371:
1366:
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1359:Jury tampering
1356:
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1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
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1305:
1299:
1297:
1291:
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1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1265:Fraud Act 2006
1262:
1260:Theft Act 1978
1257:
1255:Theft Act 1968
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Cheating (law)
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:Forcible entry
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1014:Sexual assault
1011:
1005:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
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928:Common assault
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
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875:
867:
866:
864:
863:
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846:
841:
836:
831:
830:
829:
824:
822:sporting event
813:
808:
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792:
790:
786:
785:
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780:Common purpose
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772:
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563:paragraph 3(g)
550:
534:
522:
510:
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488:
479:
462:
449:
432:
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413:
412:
411:
410:
409:(1998) CLR 723
403:
402:(1997) CLR 396
396:
381:
367:
353:
348:
345:
328:
325:
305:Fraud Act 2006
292:
289:
268:
265:
260:
257:
247:
244:
231:
228:
203:
200:
184:R v Greenstein
167:
164:
115:Main article:
112:
109:
101:Theft Act 1968
96:
93:
89:Theft Act 1968
84:
81:
77:Fraud Act 2006
60:
59:
56:
53:
49:
44:Theft Act 1968
39:
36:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1537:
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1002:
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984:
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964:
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934:
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868:
862:
861:
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855:
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850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
839:Lawful excuse
837:
835:
832:
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383:Smith, J. C.
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1296:and cheating
1280:Fare evasion
889:Manslaughter
858:
854:Intoxication
796:Self-defence
739:
691:Recklessness
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385:Law of Theft
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103:, the word "
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16:
15:
897:Infanticide
735:Concurrence
166:Dishonestly
136:R v Talbott
127:R v Laverty
1520:Categories
1250:Cybercrime
1180:Dishonesty
1104:Keeping a
981:Harassment
966:Kidnapping
873:the person
765:Conspiracy
663:Actus reus
646:Common law
626:Either way
621:Indictable
518:R v Seward
327:References
297:section 15
285:vice versa
218:sentencing
213:R v Seward
180:dishonesty
155:R v Button
1414:Espionage
1245:Extortion
1240:Blackmail
1225:Deception
1210:Squatting
806:Necessity
770:Accessory
723:Doctrines
714:Omissions
705:Vicarious
701:Corporate
669:Causation
641:Statutory
547:article 2
195:R v Price
189:R v Ghosh
151:R v Coady
147:causation
21:statutory
1476:Evidence
1457:Property
1447:Contract
1409:Sedition
1313:Uttering
1215:Trespass
1190:Burglary
1088:Causing
1084:Nuisance
881:Homicide
844:Insanity
789:Defences
675:Mens rea
445:Cr App R
443:432, 54
230:Property
209:contract
174:and not
1471:estates
1334:Perjury
1329:Bribery
1303:Forgery
1195:Robbery
1153:of oath
1151:Perjury
991:Treason
961:Battery
941:Robbery
816:Consent
775:Attempt
631:Summary
497:sub nom
475:sub nom
471:sub nom
458:sub nom
299:of the
202:Obtains
24:offence
1526:Crimes
1467:Trusts
1047:Affray
885:Murder
801:Duress
441:All ER
391:
377:
363:
340:
1505:table
1462:Wills
1200:Theft
1175:Arson
105:cheat
1469:and
1452:Tort
1121:Rout
1037:Riot
1009:Rape
557:The
541:The
389:ISBN
375:ISBN
361:ISBN
338:ISBN
123:jury
30:and
26:in
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