849:
1943:
861:
837:
2831:
142:
2818:
116:
825:
2825:
1957:
805:
Alive, specimens typically stood about 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) tall at the shoulder, and weighed about 3.5 tonnes (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons). The skull was relatively long and low-vaulted. The upper tusks were straight to slightly curved, and had a spiral shaped-enamel band, and reached
676:, at a location the local population referred to as the "Field of Giants". Humboldt recognized that, rather than being bones of giant humans as had been thought by the local population and previous Spanish colonists, they were similar to the giant elephants (
690:, who classified the teeth into two species, which he referred to as the "mastodonte des cordilières" and the "mastodonte humboldtien", in an 1806 paper. It was not until 1824 that Cuvier formally named the species. He referred both to the genus
1766:
Lundelius, Ernest L.; Thies, Kenneth J.; Graham, Russell W.; Bell, Christopher J.; Smith, Gregory James; DeSantis, Larisa R.G. (October 2019). "Proboscidea from the Big
Cypress Creek fauna, Deweyville Formation, Harris County, Texas".
814:
being only present in young juveniles, and the lower jaw shortened (brevirostrine). The third molars typically had 4 to 4.5 lophs/lophids, with some specimens having 5 lophs/lophids, with relatively simple crowns.
1678:
MothĂ©, D.; dos Santos Avilla, L.; Asevedo, L.; Borges-Silva, L.; Rosas, M.; Labarca-Encina, R.; Souberlich, R.; Soibelzon, E.; Roman-Carrion, J.L.; RĂos, S.D.; Rincon, A.D.; de
Oliveira, G.C.; Lopes, R.P. (2017).
971:, with its last records in Florida dating to around 500,000 years ago, but persisted in southern North America (including Mexico) and Central America until the very end of the Pleistocene. During the
1806:
Sanchez, Guadalupe; Holliday, Vance T.; Gaines, Edmund P.; Arroyo-Cabrales, JoaquĂn; MartĂnez-TagĂĽeña, Natalia; Kowler, Andrew; Lange, Todd; Hodgins, Gregory W. L.; Mentzer, Susan M. (2014-07-29).
993:, with the oldest possible date being 760,000 ±30,000 years ago and the oldest confirmed date being 304,000 ±54,000 years ago, and had a much more restricted range, confined mostly to the Andes.
806:
considerable size, with tusks in the region of 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) in length and weights in excess of 50 kilograms (110 lb). The lower tusks present in more primitive gomphotheres were
1064:
was extirpated from South
America by the end of the Late Pleistocene, with its youngest dates on the continent being around 44,000 years ago, before the arrival of people.
1011:
is known from the
Southern United States, including Texas, Florida, Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma, as well as Mexico. It was also widespread across Central America.
913:
plants with large fleshy fruits similar to those consumed by large animals in Africa, but which lack effective living native seed dispersers, which they described as "
355:
epoch. Among the last gomphotheres, it became extinct at the end of the
Pleistocene, approximately 12,000 years ago, following the arrival of humans to the Americas.
2042:
1449:"Extinction of North American Cuvieronius (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) driven by dietary resource competition with sympatric mammoths and mastodons"
719:. The idea of two distinct species continued to be accepted into the 20th century, usually using Cuvier's names, though Fischer's names were older. In 1923,
1496:
Adrián PĂ©rez-Crespo, VĂctor; Laurito, CĂ©sar A.; Arroyo-Cabrales, JoaquĂn; Valerio, Ana L.; Cienfuegos-Alvarado, Edith; J. Otero, Francisco (2 April 2024).
764:
747:
considered to be the correct name. During the 1950s, the nomenclature of this species became increasingly tangled, as various scientists regarded the
1387:"The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha"
1125:"The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha"
1638:
Prado, J. L.; Alberdi, M. T.; Azanza, B.; Sánchez, B.; Frassinetti, D. (2005). "The
Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from South America".
1222:
2966:
2440:
2470:
1225:. In: Lucas, S.P., Morgan, G.S., Spielmann, J.A., Prothero, D.R. (Eds.), Neogene Mammals, vol. 44. N. M. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull., pp. 31e38
1032:
from
Ecuador in the north, to Bolivia in the south, with the localities in the southern Andes in Chile and Argentina now thought to belong to
3263:
3173:
3068:
2185:
743:
However, by the 1930s, general agreement had shifted to regard both forms as representing a single, geographically widespread species, with
2070:
1024:, with many previous studies simply labeling fossils one or the other depending on location, with only localities definitely identified as
1002:
2011:"Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistocene y Holoceno de Colombia - Cultural evidences during the Pleistocene and Holocene of Colombia"
3168:
3063:
2940:
1681:"Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae)"
939:
a North
American gomphothere genus known from the Late Miocene and Pliocene. The oldest remains attributed to the genus from the
707:
Unknown to Cuvier, Fischer had, in 1814, already named the two species based on Cuvier's original description, in the new genus
3258:
1076:
794:
for North and South
American remains, respectively, but recent scholarship suggests that there is only a single valid species,
3163:
3038:
1102:, suggesting that hunting may have played a role in its extinction. The site was initially suggested to date to 13,390 years
1737:
The World of
Elephants (La Terra degli Elefanti) - Proceedings of the 1st International Congress , Rome October 16–20, 2001
1329:
3048:
882:
is suggested to have been a generalist mixed feeder that consumed a wide range of plant resources, including grasses and
3128:
3043:
1744:
1237:"Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the continental shelf, Pearl Islands, Panama"
3103:
2063:
3138:
3098:
3058:
1729:
964:
3228:
3133:
3118:
3108:
3093:
848:
1971:
Cooke, Richard (1998). "Human settlement of Central America and northernmost South America (14,000-8000 BP)".
3253:
3218:
3153:
3143:
3053:
3243:
3223:
3208:
2830:
672:
animals from the New World to be studied. The first remains of this species were recovered from Ecuador by
947:
instead. The oldest unambiguous records of the genus in North America date to 1.4 million years ago (Ma).
3248:
3233:
3123:
3113:
2056:
836:
141:
3213:
3158:
3148:
1962:
972:
1608:
3238:
1497:
1343:
1200:
860:
1973:
1808:"Human (Clovis)–gomphothere (Cuvieronius sp.) association ~13,390 calibrated yBP in Sonora, Mexico"
1640:
1084:
914:
1277:
3088:
2817:
686:. Humboldt sent teeth that he had collected from Mexico, Ecuador, and Chile to French anatomist
3203:
3198:
3193:
3073:
3010:
2997:
2880:
2006:
720:
673:
226:
2971:
1036:. The same group maintains that all the South American specimens represent the single species
3078:
3033:
3005:
2992:
2984:
2918:
250:
1075:
became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene, approximately 12,000 years ago as part of the
909:
probably included fruit, and that it was likely an important seed disperser of a variety of
2927:
2843:
1978:
1885:
1819:
1772:
1692:
1645:
1620:
1565:
1511:
1498:"Feeding habits of the Gomphothere Cuvieronius hyodon in Costa Rica:A biochemical approach"
1460:
1398:
1248:
1136:
1079:, simultaneously alongside most other large animals across the Americas. The extinction of
883:
775:
as had been followed for over 50 years by that time, rather than abandoning the well-known
2824:
1553:
8:
2431:
1948:
902:
1982:
1889:
1823:
1776:
1696:
1649:
1624:
1569:
1515:
1464:
1402:
1344:"Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model"
1252:
1140:
1014:
According to a group of Brazilian mammalogists, many sites in South America referred to
824:
3183:
1914:
1874:
1850:
1807:
1788:
1502:
1421:
1386:
1367:
1302:
1159:
1124:
891:
275:
136:
1990:
3178:
2979:
2793:
2662:
1994:
1919:
1901:
1855:
1837:
1792:
1740:
1589:
1581:
1527:
1478:
1426:
1371:
1359:
1164:
910:
1181:
Mayor, A. (2005). Fossil legends of the first Americans. Princeton University Press.
3083:
2519:
1986:
1909:
1893:
1845:
1827:
1780:
1708:
1700:
1653:
1573:
1519:
1468:
1416:
1406:
1351:
1306:
1292:
1256:
1154:
1144:
1088:
898:
2048:
2010:
1680:
1523:
1355:
3188:
2853:
2848:
2461:
2309:
2293:
1784:
1704:
1657:
1411:
1261:
1236:
1149:
376:
1577:
1495:
1106:, however this date was later contested, and the site may be younger than this.
928:
initially evolved in North America. It is considered closely related to, if not
763:. This situation went unaddressed until 2009, when Spencer Lucas petitioned the
2783:
2615:
2491:
2447:
2356:
2326:
2270:
2216:
1730:"Late Quaternary Biogeography and Extinction of Proboscideans in North America"
1103:
1099:
1057:
1053:
1049:
934:
687:
558:
3027:
2903:
2863:
2773:
2753:
2706:
2690:
2676:
2669:
2629:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2573:
2547:
2484:
2279:
2240:
2206:
2155:
1998:
1905:
1841:
1585:
1531:
1482:
1363:
1020:
981:
929:
779:
as a synonym. In 2011, Opinion 2276 of the ICZN ruled to conserve the names.
531:
477:
422:
395:
351:
which ranged from southern North America to western South America during the
61:
1832:
2717:
2622:
2540:
2512:
2417:
2346:
2286:
2256:
2196:
2165:
1923:
1897:
1859:
1593:
1430:
1297:
1168:
956:
748:
504:
1385:
Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016).
1123:
Mothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016).
2953:
2912:
2858:
2763:
2645:
2563:
2526:
2505:
2498:
2396:
2249:
2134:
2119:
2080:
1873:
Waters, Michael R.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Carlson, David L. (2020-10-23).
1677:
1041:
352:
348:
206:
193:
115:
36:
2945:
2533:
2477:
2410:
2380:
2175:
2110:
1713:
1473:
1448:
1235:
Morgan, Gary S.; MacFadden, Bruce J.; MartĂnez, MartĂn (January 2016).
952:
81:
46:
2958:
786:
is confused. historically, several species were recognised, typically
2743:
2733:
2587:
2389:
1091:
807:
449:
344:
153:
86:
2874:
1805:
2897:
2699:
2336:
2226:
2098:
968:
692:
678:
173:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
1735:. In Cavarretta, G.; Gioia, P.; Mussi, M.; Palombo, M. R. (eds.).
2726:
2655:
2366:
1098:
and another indeterminate gomphothere were found associated with
960:
940:
105:
91:
66:
2932:
1048:
was in Mexico and Central Texas. Remains found near the town of
955:
from its northern range in North America over the course of the
2403:
2104:
2092:
1223:
Cuvieronius (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Neogene of Florida
669:
183:
163:
1739:. Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. pp. 707–709.
1447:
Smith, Gregory James; DeSantis, Larisa R. G. (February 2020).
1029:
129:
1866:
1205:
Osborn, 1923 (Mammalia, Proboscidea): Proposed conservation.
1554:"Neotropical Anachronisms: The Fruits the Gomphotheres Ate"
683:
890:
were specialised forest inhabitants that primarily fed on
1637:
989:
apparently reached South America considerably later than
1765:
1609:"The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres"
1278:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
1234:
1607:
Lucas, Spencer G.; Yuan, Wang; Min, Liu (2013-01-01).
1442:
1440:
1087:, which occurred several thousand years prior. At the
1872:
2789:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2739:
2687:
2640:
2558:
2458:
2428:
2377:
2362:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2322:
2267:
2237:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
1938:
1060:(BP), are the most recent findings north of Mexico.
574:
554:
527:
500:
473:
445:
418:
391:
373:
2078:
1552:Janzen, Daniel H.; Martin, Paul S. (January 1982).
1437:
1384:
1122:
765:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
963:in North America around 1.3 Ma, presumably due to
723:recognized that these species were distinct from
3025:
1875:"The age of Clovis—13,050 to 12,750 cal yr B.P."
1631:
366:Gomphothere phylogeny (after Mothé et al. 2016)
1812:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1664:
1094:in Sonora, Mexico, remains of an individual of
2005:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
2064:
1446:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1606:
1551:
1003:List of gomphothere fossils in South America
1721:
1313:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
996:
2132:
2071:
2057:
1341:
1275:
1269:
1210:
727:, and assigned each to its own new genus,
114:
1913:
1849:
1831:
1712:
1472:
1420:
1410:
1296:
1260:
1175:
1158:
1148:
767:to officially change the type species of
1184:
943:are very fragmentary, and may belong to
759:, rather than the originally designated
3026:
1727:
1077:Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
128:Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle,
2879:
2878:
2052:
1970:
1044:, the northern limit of the range of
755:to be Fischer's first published name
293:Ochoterena & Silva-Bárcenas, 1970
3264:Taxa named by Henry Fairfield Osborn
3174:Pleistocene mammals of South America
3069:Pleistocene mammals of North America
1330:The last North American gomphotheres
1056:, which date to around 24,000 years
1028:, the range now extends in the high
1332:. N Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci. 88:45–58.
13:
2043:American Museum of Natural History
14:
3275:
3169:Pliocene mammals of South America
3064:Pliocene mammals of North America
2036:
2829:
2823:
2816:
2018:Revista de ArqueologĂa Americana
1977:. 49/50 (1). Pergamon: 177–190.
1955:
1941:
1342:Larramendi, Asier (2023-12-10).
985:, dispersed into South America.
859:
847:
835:
823:
269:(Fischer, 1814) (conserved name)
140:
34:
1934:
1799:
1759:
1600:
1545:
1541:– via Taylor and Francis.
1489:
1083:and other megafauna postdates
1378:
1335:
1228:
1116:
800:
782:The species level taxonomy of
1:
3259:Fossil taxa described in 1923
1991:10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00062-1
1524:10.1080/08912963.2023.2183856
1356:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272
1285:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1109:
1085:human arrival in the Americas
1067:
3164:Fossils of the United States
3039:Prehistoric placental genera
1785:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.11.018
1705:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.028
1658:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.012
1412:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009
1262:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.003
1150:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009
920:
7:
1578:10.1126/science.215.4528.19
1207:Bull. Zool. Nomen, 66, 1-6.
905:suggested that the diet of
358:
10:
3280:
3049:Zanclean first appearances
1963:Prehistoric mammals portal
1613:Journal of Palaeogeography
1000:
973:Great American Interchange
874:
32:Early Pleistocene–Holocene
3129:Pleistocene United States
3044:Pleistocene proboscideans
2887:
2838:
2813:
2716:
2686:
2639:
2557:
2457:
2427:
2376:
2318:
2307:
2266:
2236:
2147:
2143:
2128:
2087:
664:The species now known as
572:
552:
545:
525:
518:
498:
491:
471:
464:
462:Brevirostrine clade
443:
436:
416:
409:
389:
382:
281:
274:
256:
249:
137:Scientific classification
135:
122:
113:
23:
1974:Quaternary International
1769:Quaternary International
1685:Quaternary International
1641:Quaternary International
1241:Quaternary International
997:Distribution and habitat
915:Pleistocene anachronisms
16:Extinct genus of mammals
3104:Pleistocene El Salvador
2007:Correal Urrego, Gonzalo
1833:10.1073/pnas.1404546111
1276:Larramendi, A. (2016).
967:by mammoths as well as
682:) being described from
3139:Fossils of El Salvador
3099:Pleistocene Costa Rica
3059:Pliocene proboscideans
1898:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0455
1728:Graham, R. W. (2001).
1298:10.4202/app.00136.2014
745:Cuvieronius humboldtii
729:Cuvieronius humboldtii
721:Henry Fairfield Osborn
674:Alexander von Humboldt
3229:Pleistocene Venezuela
3134:Fossils of Costa Rica
3119:Pleistocene Nicaragua
3109:Pleistocene Guatemala
3094:Neogene United States
3006:Paleobiology Database
2993:Paleobiology Database
965:competitive exclusion
959:after the arrival of
854:Skull in ventral view
842:Skull in lateral view
3254:Fossils of Venezuela
3219:Pleistocene Colombia
3154:Fossils of Nicaragua
3144:Fossils of Guatemala
3054:Holocene extinctions
2844:Plesielephantiformes
2079:Genera of the order
1221:Lucas, S.P., 2008a.
1199:Lucas, S.G. (2009).
733:Cordillerion andium,
668:was among the first
329:Hay & Cook, 1930
3244:Fossils of Colombia
3224:Pleistocene Ecuador
3209:Pleistocene Bolivia
2432:Choerolophodontidae
1983:1998QuInt..49..177C
1949:Paleontology portal
1890:2020SciA....6..455W
1824:2014PNAS..11110972S
1818:(30): 10972–10977.
1777:2019QuInt.530...59L
1697:2017QuInt.443...52M
1650:2005QuInt.126...21P
1625:2013JPalG...2...19L
1570:1982Sci...215...19J
1516:2024HBio...36..734A
1465:2020Pbio...46...41S
1403:2016PLoSO..1147009M
1253:2016QuInt.392..335M
1141:2016PLoSO..1147009M
1100:Clovis spear points
903:Paul Schultz Martin
761:Mastodon humboldtii
757:Mastotherium hyodon
739:in honour of Cuvier
3249:Fossils of Ecuador
3234:Fossils of Bolivia
3124:Pleistocene Panama
3114:Pleistocene Mexico
1771:. 530–531: 59–68.
1644:. 126–128: 21–30.
1503:Historical Biology
1474:10.1017/pab.2020.7
1348:Historical Biology
1040:By the end of the
1018:actually refer to
1007:In North America,
666:Cuvieronius hyodon
263:Cuvieronius hyodon
3214:Pleistocene Chile
3159:Fossils of Panama
3149:Fossils of Mexico
3021:
3020:
2980:Open Tree of Life
2881:Taxon identifiers
2872:
2871:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2794:Stegotetrabelodon
2663:Paratetralophodon
2303:
2302:
1328:Spencer LG 2022.
897:plants. In 1982,
662:
661:
653:
652:
644:
643:
635:
634:
626:
625:
617:
616:
608:
607:
599:
598:
590:
589:
336:
335:
330:
322:
230:
3271:
3239:Fossils of Chile
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2876:
2875:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2689:
2642:
2560:
2520:Progomphotherium
2460:
2430:
2379:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2269:
2239:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2015:
2002:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1884:(43): eaaz0455.
1878:Science Advances
1870:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1835:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1208:
1197:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1120:
1089:El Fin del Mundo
979:and a relative,
899:Daniel H. Janzen
866:Life restoration
863:
851:
839:
827:
576:
556:
548:
547:
529:
521:
520:
502:
494:
493:
475:
467:
466:
447:
439:
438:
420:
412:
411:
393:
385:
384:
375:
369:
368:
363:
362:
328:
320:
314:
306:
294:
265:
261:
225:
218:
205:
145:
144:
118:
103:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2883:
2873:
2868:
2854:Elephantimorpha
2849:Numidotheriidae
2834:
2815:
2799:
2712:
2682:
2644:
2643:"Tetralophodont
2635:
2562:
2553:
2462:Amebelodontidae
2453:
2423:
2372:
2312:
2310:Elephantiformes
2299:
2294:Prodeinotherium
2262:
2232:
2137:
2124:
2083:
2077:
2045:Includes images
2039:
2027:
2025:
2013:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1871:
1867:
1804:
1800:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1676:
1665:
1636:
1632:
1605:
1601:
1564:(4528): 19–27.
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1494:
1490:
1445:
1438:
1397:(1): e0147009.
1383:
1379:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1314:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1198:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1135:(1): e0147009.
1121:
1117:
1112:
1070:
1005:
999:
923:
895:
877:
872:
871:
870:
867:
864:
855:
852:
843:
840:
831:
828:
803:
696:, calling them
654:
645:
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
591:
380:
377:Gomphotheriidae
361:
312:
300:
292:
270:
267:
259:
258:
245:
224:
216:
207:Gomphotheriidae
203:
139:
127:
109:
102:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:Neogene Mexico
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2909:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2784:Stegodibelodon
2777:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2616:Rhynchotherium
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2567:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2492:Archaeobelodon
2488:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2448:Choerolophodon
2444:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2357:Palaeomastodon
2350:
2340:
2330:
2327:Dagbatitherium
2319:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2271:Deinotheriidae
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2217:Phosphatherium
2210:
2200:
2190:
2179:
2169:
2159:
2148:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:External links
2035:
2034:
2033:
2020:(in Spanish).
2003:
1967:
1966:
1952:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1865:
1798:
1758:
1745:
1720:
1663:
1630:
1599:
1544:
1510:(4): 734–741.
1488:
1436:
1377:
1334:
1312:
1268:
1227:
1209:
1183:
1174:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:Before Present
1069:
1066:
1058:Before Present
1052:in Texas near
998:
995:
945:Rhynchotherium
935:Rhynchotherium
922:
919:
893:
886:. Costa Rican
876:
873:
869:
868:
865:
858:
856:
853:
846:
844:
841:
834:
832:
829:
822:
819:
818:
817:
802:
799:
735:with the name
688:Georges Cuvier
660:
659:
656:
655:
651:
650:
647:
646:
642:
641:
638:
637:
633:
632:
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597:
596:
593:
592:
588:
587:
584:
583:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
559:Rhynchotherium
551:
546:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
524:
519:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
497:
492:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
470:
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463:
459:
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437:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
415:
410:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
388:
383:
381:
379:(Gomphotheres)
372:
367:
360:
357:
343:is an extinct
334:
333:
332:
331:
323:
315:
307:
295:
279:
278:
272:
271:
268:
254:
253:
247:
246:
242:C. hyodon
238:
236:
232:
231:
214:
210:
209:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
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161:
157:
156:
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133:
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120:
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111:
110:
97:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3276:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Neogene Chile
3202:
3200:
3199:Montehermosan
3197:
3195:
3194:Chapadmalalan
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Rancholabrean
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2865:
2864:Elephantoidea
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2819:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:Selenetherium
2768:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:Palaeoloxodon
2748:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2707:Stegolophodon
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2691:Stegodontidae
2685:
2679:
2678:
2677:Tetralophodon
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:Pediolophodon
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2630:Stegomastodon
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:Notiomastodon
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:Gomphotherium
2599:
2597:
2596:
2595:Gnathabelodon
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:Blancotherium
2571:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2561:"Trilophodont
2556:
2550:
2549:
2548:Torynobelodon
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:Aphanobelodon
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:Afrochoerodon
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2280:Chilgatherium
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2241:Barytheriidae
2235:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:Numidotherium
2201:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2156:Arcanotherium
2150:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
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2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
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2044:
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2040:
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2019:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
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1968:
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1950:
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1925:
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1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
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1879:
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1428:
1423:
1418:
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1408:
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1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
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1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
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1190:
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1178:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Notiomastodon
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:Notiomastodon
1017:
1012:
1010:
1004:
994:
992:
991:Notiomastodon
988:
984:
983:
982:Notiomastodon
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
936:
931:
927:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
885:
881:
862:
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
826:
821:
820:
816:
813:
809:
798:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:of the genus
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:M. humboldtii
714:
710:
705:
703:
702:M. humboldtii
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
667:
658:
657:
649:
648:
640:
639:
631:
630:
622:
621:
613:
612:
604:
603:
595:
594:
586:
585:
582:
581:
580:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
560:
550:
549:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
533:
532:Notiomastodon
523:
522:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
507:
506:
496:
495:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
479:
478:Stegomastodon
469:
468:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
451:
441:
440:
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:Gnathabelodon
414:
413:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:Gomphotherium
387:
386:
378:
371:
370:
365:
364:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:
327:
326:C. priestleyi
324:
319:
318:C. oligobunis
316:
311:
308:
304:
299:
298:C. tarijensis
296:
291:
288:
287:
286:
285:
280:
277:
273:
266:
264:
255:
252:
251:Binomial name
248:
244:
243:
237:
234:
233:
228:
223:
222:
215:
212:
211:
208:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
131:
126:
121:
117:
112:
107:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
3079:Irvingtonian
3034:Gomphotheres
2888:
2822:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2725:
2718:Elephantidae
2705:
2698:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:gomphotheres
2628:
2623:Sinomastodon
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2564:gomphotheres
2546:
2541:Stenobelodon
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2513:Platybelodon
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2471:Afromastodon
2469:
2446:
2439:
2418:Zygolophodon
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2365:
2355:
2347:Hemimastodon
2345:
2335:
2325:
2292:
2287:Deinotherium
2285:
2278:
2257:Omanitherium
2255:
2248:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2197:Moeritherium
2195:
2184:
2174:
2166:Daouitherium
2164:
2154:
2115:
2109:Superorder:
2026:. Retrieved
2021:
2017:
1972:
1935:Bibliography
1881:
1877:
1868:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1768:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1736:
1723:
1688:
1684:
1639:
1633:
1619:(1): 19–40.
1616:
1612:
1602:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1507:
1501:
1491:
1459:(1): 41–57.
1456:
1453:Paleobiology
1452:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1347:
1337:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1202:
1177:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1096:Cuvierionius
1095:
1080:
1073:Curiveronius
1072:
1071:
1061:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
990:
986:
980:
976:
957:Irvingtonian
948:
944:
933:
930:derived from
925:
924:
906:
887:
879:
878:
812:Cuvieronius,
811:
804:
795:
791:
787:
783:
781:
776:
772:
768:
760:
756:
752:
749:type species
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
716:
712:
709:Mastotherium
708:
706:
701:
697:
691:
677:
665:
663:
578:
577:
573:
557:
553:
530:
526:
505:Sinomastodon
503:
499:
476:
472:
448:
444:
421:
417:
394:
390:
339:
338:
337:
325:
321:(Cope, 1893)
317:
313:(Cope, 1884)
309:
302:
297:
290:C. arellanoi
289:
283:
282:
262:
257:
241:
240:
220:
219:
124:
24:
18:
2954:iNaturalist
2919:Cuvieronius
2913:Wikispecies
2889:Cuvieronius
2859:Elephantida
2764:Primelephas
2581:Cuvieronius
2527:Protanancus
2506:Konobelodon
2499:Eurybelodon
2397:Losodokodon
2250:Barytherium
2186:Khamsaconus
2135:Proboscidea
2120:Tethytheria
2081:Proboscidea
1714:11336/48585
1247:: 335–348.
1203:Cuvieronius
1081:Cuvieronius
1062:Cuvieronius
1046:Cuvieronius
1042:Pleistocene
1026:Cuvieronius
1016:Cuvieronius
1009:Cuvieronius
987:Cuvieronius
977:Cuvieronius
949:Cuvieronius
926:Cuvieronius
911:Neotropical
907:Cuvieronius
880:Cuvieronius
830:Molar tooth
801:Description
788:C. tropicus
784:Cuvieronius
777:Cuvieronius
769:Cuvieronius
753:Cuvieronius
737:Cuvieronius
579:Cuvieronius
353:Pleistocene
349:gomphothere
340:Cuvieronius
310:C. tropicus
301:Ficcarelli
221:Cuvieronius
194:Proboscidea
25:Cuvieronius
3028:Categories
2842:See also:
2534:Serbelodon
2478:Amebelodon
2411:Sinomammut
2381:Mammutidae
2176:Eritherium
2111:Afrotheria
2028:2016-07-08
1752:2010-02-27
1201:Case 3479
1110:References
1068:Extinction
1038:C. hyodon.
1001:See also:
953:extirpated
796:C. hyodon.
3184:Ensenadan
2744:Mammuthus
2734:Loxodonta
2588:Eubelodon
2390:Eozygodon
2091:Kingdom:
1999:1040-6182
1906:2375-2548
1842:0027-8424
1793:210613711
1691:: 52–64.
1586:0036-8075
1532:0891-2963
1483:0094-8373
1372:266182491
1364:0891-2963
1092:kill site
969:mastodons
921:Evolution
888:C. hyodon
808:vestigial
792:C. hyodon
773:M. hyodon
713:M. hyodon
698:M. andium
450:Eubelodon
347:genus of
345:New World
284:C. hyodon
235:Species:
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
125:C. hyodon
123:Skull of
104:Possible
3179:Lujanian
2898:Wikidata
2700:Stegodon
2337:Eritreum
2227:Saloumia
2105:Mammalia
2099:Chordata
2097:Phylum:
2093:Animalia
2009:(1990).
1924:33087355
1860:25024193
1594:17790450
1431:26756209
1391:PLOS ONE
1350:: 1–14.
1169:26756209
1129:PLOS ONE
961:mammoths
725:Mastodon
693:Mastodon
679:Mastodon
359:Taxonomy
276:Synonyms
200:Family:
184:Mammalia
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
3084:Blancan
2985:4943156
2972:1115350
2946:4825854
2933:4454890
2904:Q139070
2727:Elephas
2656:Anancus
2367:Phiomia
2103:Class:
2024:: 69–89
1979:Bibcode
1915:7577710
1886:Bibcode
1851:4121807
1820:Bibcode
1773:Bibcode
1693:Bibcode
1646:Bibcode
1621:Bibcode
1566:Bibcode
1558:Science
1537:2 April
1512:Bibcode
1461:Bibcode
1422:4710528
1399:Bibcode
1307:2092950
1249:Bibcode
1160:4710528
1137:Bibcode
1054:Houston
1050:Hockley
941:Blancan
875:Ecology
260:†
239:†
213:Genus:
190:Order:
180:Class:
108:records
106:Blancan
98:↓
3189:Uquian
2959:546106
2404:Mammut
1997:
1922:
1912:
1904:
1858:
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1167:
1157:
884:browse
670:fossil
305:, 1995
303:et al.
229:, 1923
227:Osborn
3011:96384
2998:43244
2967:IRMNG
2116:Clade
2014:(PDF)
1789:S2CID
1733:(PDF)
1368:S2CID
1303:S2CID
1281:(PDF)
1030:Andes
130:Paris
2941:GBIF
1995:ISSN
1920:PMID
1902:ISSN
1856:PMID
1838:ISSN
1741:ISBN
1590:PMID
1582:ISSN
1539:2024
1528:ISSN
1479:ISSN
1427:PMID
1360:ISSN
1165:PMID
951:was
901:and
790:and
731:and
715:and
700:and
684:Ohio
37:Preęž’
2928:EoL
1987:doi
1910:PMC
1894:doi
1846:PMC
1828:doi
1816:111
1781:doi
1709:hdl
1701:doi
1689:443
1654:doi
1574:doi
1562:215
1520:doi
1469:doi
1417:PMC
1407:doi
1352:doi
1293:doi
1257:doi
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1155:PMC
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