Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover

672: 1202:, who professed not to have seen the women. Nevertheless, newspapers continued to print references to the incident, suggesting that Ernest had done what the women stated and was cravenly trying to push blame on another. The same year, the Duke sued for libel after a book appeared accusing him of having his valet Neale kill Sellis and the jury found against the author. The Cumberlands suffered further tragedy, as young Prince George went blind. The prince had been blind in one eye for several years; an accident at age thirteen took the sight of the other. Ernest had hoped that his son might marry Princess Victoria and keep the British and Hanoverian thrones united, but the handicap made it unlikely that George could win Victoria's hand and raised questions about whether he should succeed in Hanover. 1609: 51: 1485:, "Happily he fell over some stones in Kew and damaged some ribs." This injury spared him further contact with Victoria and Albert. During his visit, the King found time to take his place as Duke of Cumberland in the House of Lords. Victoria recorded in her journal that the King had stated when asked if he would speak in the Lords, "No, I shall not, unless the Devil prompts me!" The Queen also recorded that though the King greatly enjoyed listening to the debates, he did not himself speak. The King made a point of welcoming British visitors to Hanover and when one Englishwoman told him that she had been lost in the city, the King denied that this was possible, as "the whole country is no larger than a 1260: 1558: 1073:, influencing George IV against the bill. Within days of his arrival, the King instructed the officers of his Household to vote against the bill. Hearing of this, Wellington told the King that he must resign as Prime Minister unless the King could assure him of complete support. The King initially accepted Wellington's resignation and Ernest attempted to put together a government united against Catholic emancipation. Though such a government would have had considerable support in the House of Lords, it would have had little support in the Commons and Ernest abandoned his attempt. The King recalled Wellington. The bill passed the Lords and became law. 1481:, he attempted to insist on a superior place to that of Prince Albert. The prince, 48 years Ernest's junior, settled things with what Albert described as a "strong push" and carefully wrote his name on the certificate under the Queen's, so close to his wife's as to leave no space for the King's signature. The King apparently held no grudge, as he invited the prince for a stroll in the park. When Albert demurred on the grounds that they might be jostled by crowds, the King replied, "When I lived here I was quite as unpopular as you are and they never bothered me." Shortly after the wedding, the King injured himself in a fall, with Albert writing to 310: 1417:; a few small disturbances were put down by the cavalry without bloodshed. When agitators arrived from Berlin at the end of May 1848 and there were demonstrations outside the King's palace, Ernest sent out the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister warned that, if the demonstrators made any inappropriate demands on the King, Ernest would pack up his things and leave for Britain, taking the Crown Prince with him. This would leave the country at the mercy of expansionist Prussia and the threat put an end to the agitation. Afterwards, the King granted a new constitution, somewhat more liberal than the 1819 document. 247: 1218:, speaking in the House of Commons, Victoria was to be passed over on the grounds of her age, sex, and incapacity. The Commons passed a resolution calling for the dissolution of the lodges. When the matter reached the Lords, the Duke defended himself, saying of Princess Victoria, "I would shed the last drop of my blood for my niece." The Duke indicated that the Orange Lodge members were loyal and were willing to dissolve the lodges in Great Britain. According to Bird, this incident was the source of the widespread rumours that Ernest intended to murder Victoria and take the British throne for himself. 1599:

resistance and concession, the clique of crowned heads suffered greatly by contrast with a Sovereign who at least knew his own mind and was prepared to abide by his opinions. In the European convulsions, therefore, King Ernest maintained the stability of his throne and the tranquillity of his people without damage from revolution or reaction. As Kings, indeed, are computed on the continent, he was an able and even a popular Monarch, and his memory may find, perhaps, in his ancestral dominions a sympathy which it would be vain to bespeak for it in the scenes of his manhood or the land of his birth.

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class, securing the services of several ministers who would not have been eligible without this reform. Though the King had, while Duke of Cumberland, fought against Catholic emancipation in Britain and Ireland, he made no objection to Catholics in government service in Hanover and even visited their churches. Ernest explained this by stating that there were no historical reasons to restrict Catholics in Hanover, as there had been in the United Kingdom. He continued to oppose admission of Jews into the British Parliament, but gave Jews in Hanover equal rights.

1227: 5749: 4602: 589: 1018: 1178:, wished to quarter her horses in the stables customarily used by the consort, but which were then occupied by Ernest's horses. Ernest initially refused the King's order to remove the horses, but gave in when told that William's grooms would remove them if Ernest did not move them voluntarily. However, Ernest and William remained friendly throughout the latter's seven-year reign. Ernest's house at Kew was too small for his family; the King gave the Duke and Duchess lifetime residence in a nearby, larger house by the entrance to 961:. The two agreed to wed if Frederica became free to marry. Her marriage to Frederick William had not been a success; her husband, seeing the marriage was beyond hope, agreed to a divorce, but his sudden death in 1814 removed the necessity. Some considered the death too convenient and suspected Frederica of poisoning her husband. Queen Charlotte opposed the marriage: before Frederica had married Frederick William, she had jilted Ernest's younger brother, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, after the engagement was announced. 895: 800: 1318:, "If each of these seven gentlemen had addressed a letter to me expressing his opinion, I would have had no cause to take exception to their conduct. But to call a meeting and publish their opinions even before the government had received their protest—that is what they have done and that I cannot allow." Ernest received a deputation of Göttingen citizens who, fearing student unrest, applauded the dismissals. However, he was widely criticised in Europe, especially in Britain. In the British House of Commons, 4985: 1033: 4991: 350: 323: 1126:". Ernest's biographer Anthony Bird states that while there is no proof, he has no doubt that the rumours against the Duke were spread by the Whigs for political ends. Another biographer, Geoffrey Willis, pointed out that no scandal had attached itself to the Duke during the period of over a decade when he resided in Germany; it was only when he announced his intention to return to Britain that "a campaign of unparalleled viciousness" began against him. The Duke of Wellington once told 1279:. The Duke of Cambridge, as King William's viceroy in Hanover, recommended a thorough reorganisation of the Hanoverian government. William IV had given his consent to a new constitution in 1833; the Duke of Cumberland's consent was neither asked nor received, and he had formally protested against the constitution's adoption without his consent. One provision of the constitution transferred the Hanoverian Domains (the equivalent of the British 886:

the alarm and the household soon realised that Ernest's other valet, Joseph Sellis, was not among them and that the door to Sellis's room was locked. The lock was forced and Sellis was discovered with his throat freshly cut, a wound apparently self-inflicted. Ernest received several serious wounds during the apparent attack and required over a month to recover from his injuries. The social reformer and anti-monarchist

1426: 1135: 1090:, had been fathered by Ernest. It was also said that Ernest had blackmailed the King by threatening to expose this secret, though Van der Kiste points out that Ernest would have been ill-advised to blackmail with a secret which, if exposed, would destroy him. These rumours were spread as Ernest journeyed to London to fight against Catholic emancipation. Whig politician and diarist 668:. Ernest proved a keen student and after being tutored privately for a year, while learning German, he attended lectures at the university. Though King George ordered that the princes' household be run along military lines and that they follow the university's rules, the merchants of the Electorate proved willing to extend credit to the princes and all three fell into debt. 1163:

entirely". King William had no legitimate children (two daughters having died in infancy) and Ernest was now heir presumptive in Hanover, since the British heir presumptive, Princess Victoria, as a female could not inherit there. William realised that, so long as the Duke maintained a power base at Windsor, he could wield unwanted influence. The Duke was

1446:, had stated that he would refuse to administer the Oath of Allegiance to the King, as a foreign sovereign. The King hurriedly appeared in the House of Lords, before his departure for Hanover, and subscribed to the Oath before the Chief Clerk as a matter of routine. Ernest was heir presumptive to Queen Victoria until the birth of her daughter 1210:

delivered no speech longer than five minutes) and had a voice that was difficult to understand, though "his manner is most mild and conciliatory". Grant denigrated the Duke's intellect and influence, but stated that the Duke had indirect influence over several members, and that "he is by no means so bad a tactician as his opponents suppose".

1009:. With the death of George III, Ernest became fourth in line to the British throne, following the Duke of York (who died without legitimate issue in 1827), the Duke of Clarence and Princess Alexandrina Victoria. Returning to England, his political power was again considerable, as it seemed possible that he would succeed to the throne. 1438:

and the fact that Ernest had little choice in what to do—he had to go to his kingdom as quickly as possible. One decision the new king did have to make was whether, in his capacity as Duke of Cumberland, to swear allegiance to Victoria in the House of Lords. Shortly after William's death, Ernest heard from Lord Lyndhurst that

1474:. Ernest argued that the standing of the various royal families had been settled at the Congress of Vienna and that the King of Hanover should not have to yield to one whom he described as a "paper Royal Highness". The act which naturalised Albert as a British subject left the question of his precedence unresolved. 1493:

arbitrators were about to announce a decision in Hanover's favour, one of the arbitrators died, voiding the decision. Despite the King's request for a new panel, Victoria refused to permit one during the King's lifetime and took every opportunity to wear the jewels, causing the King to write to his friend,

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Ernest Augustus is supposed to have asked the advice of the Duke of Wellington as to what course he should take after Victoria's accession, with Wellington supposedly saying "Go before you are pelted out." However, Bird dismisses this story as unlikely, given Wellington's customary respect to royalty

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Immediately upon his arrival in Hanover, the King dissolved the Hanoverian Parliament, which had been convened under the disputed constitution. On 5 July, he proclaimed the suspension of the constitution, on the grounds that his consent had not been asked and that it did not meet the kingdom's needs.

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and John Van der Kiste, who wrote books about George III's children, ascribe part of the animus and fear towards the Duke to the fact that he did not conduct love affairs in public, as did his elder brothers. According to them, the public feared what vices might be going on behind the locked doors of

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In the early hours of 31 May 1810, Ernest, by his written account, was struck in the head several times while asleep in bed, awakening him. He ran for the door, where he was wounded in the leg by a sabre. He called for help and one of his valets, Cornelius Neale, responded and aided him. Neale raised

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At the time the King took the throne, the city of Hanover was a densely packed residential town and did not rise to the grand style of many German capitals. Once the political crises of the first years of his reign had subsided, he set out to remedy this state of affairs. Ernest's support led to gas

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Seeing little prospect of the Queen giving in and receiving her daughter-in-law, the Cumberlands moved to Germany in 1818. They had difficulty living within their means in Britain and the cost of living was much lower in Germany. Queen Charlotte died on 17 November 1818, but the Cumberlands remained

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Above all, he possessed a resolute decision of character, which, however unfortunately it may have operated under different conditions, appeared to extraordinary advantage at the crisis of continental thrones. Bewildered by the revolutionary din, and oscillating ignominiously between fear and rage,

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asked Parliament to increase the Duke's allowance by £6,000 per year in 1815 (equal to about £561,000 today), so he could meet increased expenses due to his marriage. The Duke's involvement in the Weymouth election became an issue and the bill failed by one vote. Liverpool tried again in 1817; this

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Much of the public blamed Ernest for Sellis's death. The more extreme Whig papers, anti-royal pamphleteers, and caricaturists all offered nefarious explanations for Sellis's death, in which the Duke was to blame. Some stories had the Duke cuckolding Sellis, with the attack as retaliation, or Sellis

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Ernest resumed his duties in early November, by now promoted to major-general. He hoped his new rank would bring him a corps or brigade command, but none was forthcoming as the Allied armies retreated slowly through the Netherlands towards Germany. By February 1795, they had reached Hanover. Ernest

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On 20 June 1837, William IV died; Victoria succeeded him as Queen of the United Kingdom, while Ernest Augustus became King of Hanover. On 28 June 1837, Ernest entered his new domain, passing under a triumphal arch. For the first time in over a century, Hanover would have a ruler living there. Many

1069:, would deal firmly with the Irish. In January 1829, the Wellington government announced that it would introduce a Catholic emancipation bill to conciliate the Irish. Disregarding a request from Wellington that he remain abroad, Ernest returned to London and was one of the leading opponents to the 964:

Following the marriage in Germany on 29 May 1815, Queen Charlotte refused to receive her new daughter-in-law, nor would the Queen attend the resolemnisation of the Cumberlands' marriage at Kew, which Ernest's four elder brothers attended. The Prince of Wales (who had been Prince Regent since 1811)

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in favour of the Duchess. The King, wishing to retain apartments in London in anticipation of frequent visits to England and reluctant to give way in favour of a woman who had frequently fought with his brother, King William, declined and the Queen angrily rented a house for her mother. At a time

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A more significant protest against the revocation of the 1833 constitution was the refusal of a number of towns to appoint parliamentary deputies. However, by 1840 a sufficient number of deputies had been appointed for the King to summon Parliament, which met for two weeks in August, approving a

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Every week, the King travelled with his secretary to different parts of his kingdom, and anyone could lay a petition before him—although Ernest had petitions screened by the secretary so he would not have to deal with frivolous complaints. Ernest opened high ministerial positions to those of any

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As a lieutenant, Ernest learned cavalry drill and tactics under Captain von Linsingen of the Queen's Light Dragoons and proved to be an excellent horseman, as well as a good shot. After only two months of training, Freytag was so impressed by the prince's progress that he gave him a place in the

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The Duke's influence at court was ended by the death of George IV in June 1830 and the succession of the Duke of Clarence as William IV. Wellington wrote that "the effect of the King's death will ... be to put an end to the Duke of Cumberland's political character and power in this country

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The monarchs engaged in one more battle—over jewels left by Queen Charlotte. Queen Victoria, who possessed them, took the position that they belonged to the British Crown. King Ernest maintained that they were to go to the heir male, that is, himself. The matter was arbitrated, and just as the

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that George IV had said of Ernest's unpopularity, "there was never a father well with his son, or husband with his wife, or lover with his mistress, or a friend with his friend, that he did not try to make mischief between them." According to Bird, Ernest was the most unpopular man in England.

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managed to join the inquest jury and became its foreman. Place went to the office of a barrister friend to study inquest law and aggressively questioned witnesses. Place also insisted that the inquest be opened to the public and press, and so cowed the coroner that he basically ran the inquest

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wrote that "He is literally—the door-keeper of course excepted—the first man in the House and the last out of it. And this not merely generally, but every night." Grant, in his observations of the leading members of the House of Lords, indicated that the Duke was not noted for his oratory (he

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who would represent Weymouth in Parliament. It being considered improper for a peer to interfere in an election to the House of Commons, there was considerable controversy and the government sent Ernest to Europe as an observer to accompany Hanoverian troops, which were again engaged in

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remained in Hanover over the next year, holding several unimportant postings. He had requested a return home to seek treatment for his eye, but it was not until early 1796 that the King agreed and allowed Ernest to return to Britain. There, Prince Ernest consulted a notable eye doctor,

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as a private, but both the King and the Duke of York refused him permission. Ernest did not want to rejoin the Hanoverian forces, as they were not then involved in the fighting. In addition, Freytag was seriously ill and Ernest was unwilling to serve under his likely successor,

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cartoon mocking Ernest at the 1815 defeat of his increased allowance. The brown section at lower right covers an image of the ghost of Sellis (visible if enlarged), who hints at the Duke's involvement in his death (Cruikshank self-censored most copies for fear of a libel

1252:, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, to become king, but the Dukes of Sussex and Cambridge refused to lend themselves to any movement by which they would become king rather than their elder brother. According to Roger Fulford in his study of George III's younger sons, 1186:

and was one of the "diehard" peers who voted against the bill on its final reading in which most Tories abstained under threat of seeing the House of Lords flooded with Whig peers. His unpopularity was deepened by the suggestion that he favoured the creation of

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when the Queen was trying to pay off her father's debts, she saw this as an unnecessary expense. Her ill-feeling towards the King increased when he refused, and advised his two surviving brothers to refuse as well, to give precedence to her intended husband,

1005:. The Duke occasionally visited England, where he stayed with his eldest brother, who in 1820 succeeded to the British and Hanoverian thrones as George IV. George III's fourth son, the Duke of Kent, died six days before his father, but left a daughter, 720:

in northern France on 18 May 1794, his left arm was injured by a cannonball which passed close by him. In the days after the battle, the sight in his left eye faded. In June, he was sent to Britain to convalesce, his first stay there since 1786.

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in 1837 proposed the building of an opera house in Hanover, the King initially refused, calling the proposal "this utterly absurd idea of building a court theatre in the middle of this green field". The King finally gave his consent in 1844 and

845:" was a major political issue of the first years of the 19th century. The Duke of Cumberland was a strong opponent of giving political rights to Catholics, believing that emancipation would be a violation of the King's Coronation Oath to uphold 1121:

withdrew its implication there might be a connection between the two deaths. Nonetheless, many believed the Duke responsible for the suicide—or guilty of a second murder. The Duke later stated that he had been "accused of every crime in the

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The Duke repeatedly sought a post with Allied forces fighting against France, but was sent to the Continent only as an observer. In 1807, he advocated sending British troops to join the Prussians and Swedes in attacking the French at

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during the Exhibition, as no human being can possibly answer for what may occur on the occasion. The idea ... must shock every honest and well-meaning Englishman. But it seems everything is conspiring to lower us in the eyes of

693:. Before leaving Göttingen, Ernest penned a formal letter of thanks to the university and wrote to his father, "I should be one of the most ungrateful of men if ever I was forgetful of all I owe to Göttingen & its professors." 775:

12,000 a year, equivalent to £1.49 million in 2023. Though he was made a lieutenant-general, of both British and Hanoverian forces, he remained in England and, with a seat in the House of Lords, entered politics. Ernest had

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found the Cumberlands' presence in Britain embarrassing, and offered him money and the governorship of Hanover if they would leave for the Continent. Ernest refused and the Cumberlands divided their time between Kew and

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Controversy arose in 1836 over the Orange Lodges. The lodges (which took anti-Catholic views) were said to be ready to rise and try to put the Duke of Cumberland on the throne on the death of King William. According to

741:, but Waller apparently found his condition inoperable, as no operation took place. Once back in Britain, Ernest repeatedly sought to be allowed to join the British forces on the Continent, even threatening to join the 1306:) refused to take the oaths and agitated for others to protest against the King's decree. Since they did not take the oaths, the seven lost their positions and the King expelled the three most responsible (including 1105:'s house for assaulting Lyndhurst's wife Sarah. In early 1830, a number of newspapers printed articles hinting that Ernest was having an affair with Lady Graves, a mother of fifteen, now past fifty. In February 1830, 5598: 993:, were unmarried. On 6 November 1817, Princess Charlotte died after delivering a stillborn son. King George was left with twelve surviving children and no surviving legitimate grandchildren. Most of the unmarried 1326:

proposed to Parliament that if the as-yet-childless Queen Victoria died, making Ernest the British king, Parliament should declare that King Ernest had forfeited all rights to the British throne by his actions.

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when severe disturbances broke out in Ireland among Catholics. The Duke was an ardent supporter of the Protestant cause in Ireland and returned to Berlin in August, believing that the government, led by the

1171:; William made the Duke's post responsible to the Commander in Chief rather than to the King, and an insulted Ernest, outraged at the thought of having to report to an officer junior to himself, resigned. 1340:

lighting in the city streets of Hanover, up-to-date sanitation and the development of a new residential quarter. He had the plans altered in 1841, after Queen Frederica's death, to leave standing the

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omitted the customary black border to its front page and claimed "the good that can be said of the Royal dead is little or none." Both he and Queen Frederica rest in a mausoleum in the Berggarten of

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The folly and absurdity of the Queen in allowing this trumpery must strike every sensible and well-thinking mind, and I am astonished the ministers themselves do not insist on her at least going to

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Matters came to a head when Ernest returned for what would prove to be his only visit to England as King of Hanover, in 1843. He was welcomed warmly, everywhere but at the Palace. At the wedding of

981:, only child of the Prince Regent, was the King's only legitimate grandchild. The young princess was expected to have children who would secure the British succession, especially after she married 556:, where he maintained an extremely conservative record. There were persistent allegations (reportedly spread by his political foes) that he had murdered his valet, had fathered a son by his sister 1331:

modified version of the 1819 constitution, passing a budget and sending a vote of thanks to the King. The Parliament met again the following year, passed a three-year budget and adjourned again.

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and comptroller of his household, wrote a note to his wife expressing his confidence in her innocence, then cut his own throat. Two days after Lord Graves's death (and the day after the inquest),

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diamonds." The King's son and successor, King George V, pressed the matter, and in 1858, after another decision in Hanover's favour, the jewels were turned over to the Hanoverian ambassador.

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killed for finding Ernest and Mrs. Sellis in bed together. Others suggested that the Duke was the lover of either Sellis or Neale, and that blackmail had played a part in the death. Both

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and, when a trade war began, was able to outlast Brunswick. In 1845, Brunswick, Hanover and Prussia signed a trade agreement. In 1850, Ernest reluctantly permitted Hanover to join the

4121: 4887: 830:, composed mostly of expatriates from French-occupied Hanover, he accepted the post. The Duke of Cumberland increased the defences on the South Coast, especially around the town of 1583:, inscribed with his name and the words (in German) "To the father of the nation from his loyal people." It is a popular meeting place; in the local phrase, people arrange to meet 725: 5941: 1314:, was a citizen of Hanover, and he was not expelled. In the final years of the King's reign, the three were invited to return. Ernest wrote of the incident to his brother-in-law, 969:

for the next three years. The Queen remained obstinate in her refusal to receive Frederica. Despite these family troubles, the Cumberlands had a happy marriage. The government of

541:, who was expected to become the British queen, but she died in 1817, giving Ernest some prospect of succeeding to the British and Hanoverian thrones. However, his elder brother 6031: 4209: 1406:, though the entry was on favourable terms. Ernest's forebodings about Prussia were warranted; in 1866, fifteen years after his death, Hanover chose the Austrian side in the 564:. He had a generally successful fourteen-year reign but excited controversy near its start when he voided the liberal constitution granted before his reign and dismissed the 5991: 2390:, p. 244. "the rather opinionated Liberalism of the Hanoverians" "The Duke of Cambridge loyally refused to listen to the whispers that he should supersede King Ernest". 5605: 6011: 1465:, and wanted to give the Duchess accommodation near her, for the sake of appearances—but not too near her. To that end, she asked the King to give up his apartments at 5418: 5245: 660:, who was leading an extravagant lifestyle, would have over his younger brothers. At the age of fifteen, Prince Ernest and his two younger brothers were sent to the 917: 1291:, declaring the constitution void, but upholding all laws passed under it. The 1819 constitution was restored. His son, Crown Prince George, endorsed the action. 671: 2160: 697:

cavalry as captain. Ernest was supposed to receive infantry training, but the King, also impressed by his son's prowess, allowed him to remain with the cavalry.

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when a vacancy arose. A vacancy promptly occurred and the Duke became the colonel of the 15th Light Dragoons in March 1802. Although the post could have been a

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In March 1792, the King commissioned Prince Ernest Augustus as a colonel into the 9th Hanoverian Light Dragoons. The prince served in the Low Countries in the

788:. In February 1802, King George granted his son the colonelcy of the 27th Light Dragoons, a post which offered the option of transfer to the colonelcy of the 5996: 5961: 4846: 2378:, pp. 221–224. "but sneering references to the Duke's supposed misdemeanour and his cowardice in trying to blame it on an equerry continued to appear". 1461:

Almost immediately upon going to Hanover, the King became involved in a dispute with his niece. Queen Victoria had a strained relationship with her mother

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argued that the Duke needed an increased allowance to pay for Prince George's education; even so, it was opposed by many Whigs. The bill, which passed the

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in Germany, living principally in Berlin, where the Duchess had relatives. In 1817, the Duchess had a stillborn daughter; in 1819 she gave birth to a boy,

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denigrated Ernest's career as Duke of Cumberland, it did speak well of his time as King of Hanover and of his success in keeping Hanover stable in 1848:

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British "To Hanover" token or "Cumberland Jack", marking Ernest's departure from Britain. These pieces were struck through much of the 19th century as

560:, and intended to take the British throne by murdering Victoria. Following the death of William IV, Ernest became Hanover's first resident ruler since 4460: 1082:

reported that they would live at Windsor in the "Devil's Tower"; instead, the Duke reopened his house at Kew. They settled there as rumours flew that

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views and soon became a leader of the right wing of the party. King George had feared that Ernest, like some of his elder brothers, would display

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forces. Instead, in January 1791, he and Prince Adolphus were sent to Hanover to receive military training under the supervision of Field Marshal

5966: 5297: 5179: 2222: 747: 1682:(GCH in British usage) (Kingdom of Hanover) – 12 August 1815; became sovereign of the order on succeeding to the Hanoverian throne 20 June 1837. 4284:

Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

4238: 1679: 732:, 1799. Unusually, this depicts Ernest's disfigured left profile; most later portraits either show his right profile or omit the disfigurement. 2366:, pp. 235–236. "... and inevitably had the effect of making the public believe that the Duke had murdered Lord Graves as well as Sellis." 1271:

Hanover had received its first constitution, granted by the Prince Regent, in 1819; this did little more than denote Hanover's change from an

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The King died on 18 November 1851 after an illness of about a month. He was mourned greatly in Hanover; less so in the United Kingdom, where

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had given Ireland representation in Parliament, but existing law prevented Irish Catholics from serving there because of their religion. "

5956: 5591: 5362: 5357: 4927: 2038: 1673: 978: 954: 538: 503: 2670: 1458:, wrote, "What the country cares about is to have a life more, whether male or female, between the succession and the King of Hanover." 6036: 5863: 5723: 5215: 2280: 2186: 1980: 990: 652:. Though the King never left England in his life, he sent his younger sons to Germany in their adolescence. According to the historian 542: 6026: 1256:, "In 1837, King Ernest was the only male descendant of George III who was willing and able to continue the connection with Hanover." 5733: 5713: 5225: 5205: 5080: 4768: 1194:

Ernest was the subject of more allegations in 1832, when two young women accused him of trying to ride them down as they walked near

641: 5784: 5637: 5308: 2006: 1918: 1482: 1376:, fearing that it would lead to Prussian dominance and the end of Hanover as an independent state. Instead, the King supported the 629: 246: 810:

In early 1803, the Duke of York appointed Ernest as commander of the Severn District, in charge of the forces in and around the

482:, he initially seemed unlikely to become a monarch, but none of his elder brothers had a legitimate son. When his elder brother 5261: 5169: 5143: 4821: 4529: 1471: 1455: 1054: 985:

in 1816. Both the Prince Regent and the Duke of York were married but estranged from their wives, while the next two brothers,

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before Ernest and his forces could reach the town. Ernest was promoted to full general of the army in 1808, backdated to 1805.

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but was sent to Hanover in his adolescence for his education and military training. While serving with Hanoverian forces near

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tendencies. Reassured on that point, in 1801, the King had Ernest conduct the negotiations which led to the formation of the

557: 873:, agreed to send Ernest with 20,000 troops. However, they were sent too late: the French defeated Prussia and Sweden at the 849:

and spoke out in the House of Lords against emancipation. Protestant Irish organisations supported the Duke; he was elected

6021: 4341: 994: 921: 633: 1198:. The Duke had not left his grounds at Kew on the day in question and was able to ascertain that the rider was one of his 4953: 1083: 997:

hurriedly sought out suitable brides and hastened to the altar, hoping to secure the succession for another generation.

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Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

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The Wellington government hoped that Ernest would return to Germany, but he moved his wife and son to Britain in 1829.

1037: 5614: 5405: 5184: 5049: 4865: 4691: 4597: 4351: 1664:(later of the United Kingdom) (PC) – 5 June 1799. (He was senior PC of the United Kingdom from 1847 until his death.) 1608: 950: 764: 530: 522: 402: 397: 225: 165: 41: 1205:

The Duke spent William IV's reign in the House of Lords, where he was assiduous in his attendance. Newspaper editor

6016: 5821: 5768: 5664: 5502: 5456: 5439: 5395: 5271: 5235: 4225:

Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699-1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714-1917)

3711: 1944: 1886: 1315: 1155: 986: 215: 5951: 5931: 5842: 4920: 4799: 2858: 1720: 1534: 1347: 1147: 1106: 958: 17: 1537:. Late that summer, he visited Göttingen, where he opened a new hospital and was given a torchlight procession. 6006: 6001: 5335: 5302: 5240: 1661: 1206: 1070: 938: 781: 705: 373: 1350:

led to Hanover becoming a major railway junction, much to the nation's benefit. However, when court architect

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In carrying the King's patent into effect, the Cabinet required all officeholders (including professors at

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in August 1793, he sustained a sabre wound to the head, which resulted in a disfiguring scar. During the

545:, fathered the eventual British heir, Victoria, in 1819 shortly before the birth of Ernest's only child, 50: 4548: 572:, from their professorial positions for protesting against this decision. In 1848, the King put down an 5345: 5138: 5122: 4967: 4913: 3294: 1860: 1750: 1579:

A large equestrian statue of King Ernest Augustus may be found in a square named after him in front of

1175: 1127: 977:

At the time of the Duke's marriage in 1815, it seemed to have little dynastic significance to Britain.

925: 874: 789: 701: 617: 580:

in 1850 despite Ernest's reluctance. Ernest died the next year and was succeeded by his son, George V.

439: 427: 385: 4593: 4082: 661: 5986: 5981: 5099: 4961: 1462: 1117:

printed an article connecting Lord Graves's death with Sellis's. After being shown the suicide note,

561: 417: 1517:

In 1851, the King undertook a number of journeys around Germany. He accepted an invitation from the

5936: 5574:

Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics

5518: 5066: 5045: 4678: 1760: 1710: 1697: 1541: 1447: 1323: 315: 122: 5556: 4438: 4149: 1730: 1580: 1094:

wrote about the Garth rumour in mid-February and there is some indication the rumours began with

827: 708:, then commander of the combined British, Hanoverian and Austrian forces. Seeing action near the 1295: 5546: 5476: 4778: 2664: 1806: 1770: 1740: 1366:

The King supported a postal union and common currency among the German states, but opposed the

1110: 738: 2868: 5551: 5529: 4945: 4177: 4045: 3721: 1533:

to inspect his old regiment. In June, Ernest celebrated his 80th birthday by playing host to

1522: 1346:, where the two had lived since arriving in Hanover. Ernest's interest in and support of the 966: 842: 4282: 4193: 4161: 4011: 3997: 869:

refused to send forces. Shortly afterwards, the government fell and the new prime minister,

343: 5916: 5911: 4572: 3983: 1734: 1685: 1655: 1573: 1562: 1466: 1319: 1050: 870: 866: 785: 613: 577: 518: 151: 3961: 1540:

The King continued his interest in British affairs and wrote to Lord Strangford about the

8: 5763: 5631: 5266: 5032: 4831: 4732: 4701: 4670: 2446: 1816: 1796: 1790: 1414: 1407: 1356: 1341: 1026: 937:, a major victory for the Allies. Following this, Ernest received ultimate promotion, to 717: 690: 593: 573: 546: 432: 193: 95: 4601: 891:

himself. Nevertheless, the jury returned a unanimous verdict of suicide against Sellis.

5748: 5000: 4854: 4789: 4709: 4577: 4395: 4232: 2688: 2451: 1800: 1780: 1764: 1387: 1276: 1226: 1066: 838: 653: 495: 138: 1299: 1182:. Ernest, who was against the extension of civil and religious liberties, opposed the 916:

In early 1813, Ernest was involved in political scandal during an election contest in

565: 5680: 5583: 4501: 4482: 4466: 4446: 4425: 4407: 4382: 4357: 4347: 4329: 4310: 4101: 4047:

Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch für die Herzogthümer Anhalt-Dessau und Anhalt-Köthen: 1851

1754: 1168: 934: 899: 609: 588: 444: 188: 118: 1017: 4616: 1714: 894: 831: 796:, Ernest involved himself in the affairs of the regiment and led it on manoeuvres. 205: 4024: 818:, Frederick appointed Ernest to the more important Southwest District, comprising 799: 5694: 4660: 4095: 4031: 2694: 1724: 1494: 1451: 1443: 1183: 1139: 1095: 930: 815: 804: 637: 636:

stood proxy). After leaving the nursery, he lived with his two younger brothers,

605: 601: 526: 475: 467: 422: 65: 4379:

George Cruikshank's Life, Times, and Art: 1792–1835, Volume 1; Volumes 1792–1835

4148:(1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" 5887: 5883: 5568: 5089: 4722: 4493: 2699: 2695:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1820: 1439: 1311: 1303: 1288: 1272: 1248:

Hanoverians were of a liberal perspective and would have preferred the popular

1102: 1091: 1061: 1057:

120–97, required George to live in England if Ernest was to receive the money.

1032: 970: 811: 772: 768: 569: 553: 491: 487: 328: 266: 1382:, which Hanover and other western German states had formed in 1834. When the 5905: 5571:. Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom. 4624: 4333: 4321: 2659: 1549: 1101:

Newspapers also reported, in July 1829, that the Duke had been thrown out of

909: 887: 729: 270: 4361: 4291:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 5. 533:, it proved happy. The eldest son of George III, the Prince of Wales (later 4785: 4758: 4754: 4486: 4470: 4314: 4146:

Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler

1776: 1486: 1378: 1280: 1230: 1188: 854: 355: 56: 1398:

within Hanover. Ernest was able to postpone the enclaves' entry into the

5492: 5385: 4381:, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, pp. 116–117, 1810: 1694:(Kingdom of Hanover) - founder and sovereign of the order, 23 April 1839. 1526: 1307: 1215: 1195: 1179: 1042: 846: 4462:

Reminiscences of the Court and Times of King Ernest of Hanover, Volume 1

4163:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Hessen: für das Jahr ... 1841

1530: 5718: 5690: 5287: 5210: 5164: 5020: 5008: 4973: 4653: 2674:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 752. 2350:, p. 235. "For some months, the newspapers had been hinting at an 1394:, greatly weakening Hanover's position, especially since Brunswick had 1372: 1164: 1143: 1134: 949:

Ernest met and fell in love in mid-1813 with his first cousin, Duchess

649: 483: 479: 235: 85: 2663: 1049:

In 1826, Parliament finally voted to increase Ernest's allowance. The

5708: 5649: 5390: 5200: 5014: 4202: 2431:

Gibbs, Vicary; Doubleday, H. A., eds. (1913), "Cumberland, Duke of",

1199: 1151: 1123: 1078: 862: 823: 819: 777: 657: 645: 534: 499: 4905: 4594:

Portraits of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and King of Hanover

4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 3792: 3790: 3303:, vol. I, London: Longmans, Green & Co, London, p. 218 1433:

counters and were sometimes passed as real gold coins to the unwary.

5330: 3229: 3227: 3016: 3014: 3012: 793: 742: 709: 5352:

Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

5058: 4065: 803:

Ernest Augustus in an 1823 miniature based on an 1802 portrait by

529:, disapproved of his marriage in 1815 to her twice-widowed niece, 4443:

Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised edition

4245: 3913: 3901: 3877: 3826: 3787: 2633: 1744: 1425: 1395: 1367: 1249: 724: 713: 686: 514: 200: 4179:

Kurhessisches Staats- und Addreß-Handbuch: auf das Jahr ... 1827

3552: 3224: 3212: 3125: 3077: 3050: 3009: 1283:) from the sovereign to the state, eroding the monarch's power. 4403: 4223:

Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies".

3494: 3492: 3452: 3450: 1497:, "The little Queen looked very fine, I hear, loaded down with 1264: 1022: 656:, this was done to limit the influence Ernest's eldest brother 510: 478:

from 20 June 1837 until his death in 1851. As the fifth son of

2925: 2597: 2551: 2549: 1334: 685:

In 1790, Ernest asked his father for permission to train with

5293:

Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

3838: 3814: 3775: 3687: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3300:

A Journal of the Reigns of King George IV and King William IV

2522: 2486: 1509: 1430: 4034:. Medals of the World, Megan C. Robertson. 24 December 2006. 3937: 3528: 3489: 3447: 3200: 3089: 2997: 2961: 2949: 2901: 2464: 2462: 763:

On 23 April 1799, George III created Prince Ernest Augustus

3802: 3699: 3142: 3140: 2834: 2546: 880: 5419:

Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

5246:

Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

3751: 3627: 3504: 3479: 3477: 3319: 3188: 3176: 3113: 3067: 3065: 3026: 2937: 2913: 2822: 2726: 2534: 2498: 2474: 1174:

King William again emerged triumphant when the new queen,

502:, which barred women from the succession, thus ending the 4547: 3967: 3855: 3853: 3763: 3675: 3605: 3603: 3516: 2879: 2877: 2459: 612:, London, on 5 June 1771, and baptised on 1 July 1771 at 521:, he received a disfiguring facial wound. He was created 3739: 3164: 3137: 3038: 1086:, thought to be the illegitimate son of Ernest's sister 494:

under British succession law, while Ernest succeeded in

5942:

Burials at Berggarten Mausoleum, Herrenhausen (Hanover)

4222: 4126:

Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

4100:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 231. 3949: 3925: 3865: 3727: 3663: 3615: 3576: 3564: 3474: 3435: 3411: 3372: 3239: 3062: 2161:

Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

1561:

Mausoleum of King Ernest Augustus in the Berggarten of

6032:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

5613: 5175:

Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

4479:

Ernest Augustus Duke of Cumberland and King of Hanover

3850: 3600: 3389: 3387: 3360: 3251: 3152: 3101: 2985: 2973: 2874: 2609: 2561: 4570: 3588: 3540: 3348: 3275: 2846: 2810: 2786: 2774: 2750: 2738: 2714: 2639: 933:. Though he saw no action, Ernest was present at the 924:. The Duke was shown to be one of three trustees who 474:; 5 June 1771 – 18 November 1851) was 5992:

Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William

4195:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1839

3889: 2510: 2129:

Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

826:. Though Ernest would have preferred command of the 5326:

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale

4128:(in German), Coburg, Gotha: Meusel, 1843, p. 6 3651: 3639: 3462: 3423: 3399: 3384: 3336: 3307: 3263: 2249:

Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen

2103:

Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

1310:) from Hanover. Only one of the seven, orientalist 834:, where his father often spent time in the summer. 486:, who ruled both kingdoms, died in 1837, his niece 6012:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 5341:Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4037: 2889: 2798: 2762: 2621: 2585: 2573: 1504: 1298:) to renew their oaths of allegiance to the King. 644:(later Duke of Sussex), and a tutor in a house on 814:. When war with France broke out again after the 5903: 4079:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 2435:, vol. III, St Catherine Press, p. 575 1529:for the christening of the Grand Duke's son and 5817:Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick 5298:Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 5180:Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 4528: 4370:Hanover: The Red Thread Through the City Centre 4093: 3943: 2683: 2681: 2223:Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen 1359:opened in 1852, a year after the King's death. 5412:Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 4122:"Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" 2430: 1680:Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order 1221: 5927:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars 5665: 5599: 5074: 4921: 4520: 4394: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4043: 3919: 3907: 3883: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3796: 3781: 3717: 3693: 3558: 3534: 3498: 3456: 3233: 3218: 3206: 3131: 3095: 3083: 3056: 3020: 3003: 2967: 2955: 2931: 2907: 2840: 2603: 2555: 2540: 2528: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2426: 1836:Ancestors of Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover 1751:Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order 1603: 1242: 1060:In 1828, Ernest was staying with the King at 5997:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 5962:Peers of Great Britain created by George III 4182:. Verlag des Waisenhauses. 1827. p. 17. 4012:"The London Gazette, Issue 20798, Page 4295" 3998:"The London Gazette, Issue 18848, Page 1869" 2678: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2354:between the Duke and a certain Lady Graves." 1012: 675:Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, 480:George III of the United Kingdom and Hanover 5888:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 5567:Not a British prince by birth, but created 3984:"The London Gazette, Issue 12756, Page 241" 2039:Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst 1674:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 1410:, was defeated and was annexed by Prussia. 1335:National development and trade; 1848 crisis 955:Prince Frederick William of Solms-Braunfels 5724:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 5672: 5658: 5606: 5592: 5216:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 5081: 5067: 4928: 4914: 4790:Royal Regiment of Horse Guards (The Blues) 4600: 4343:Random Recollections of the House of Lords 4268: 4237:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2281:Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach 2187:Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1981:Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 1731:Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity 991:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 543:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 504:personal union between Britain and Hanover 49: 5734:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 5714:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 5689:Generations are numbered by descent from 5530:James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex 5369:Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick 5226:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 5206:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 4458: 4419: 4406:, United Kingdom: Sutton Publishing Ltd, 3769: 3681: 3633: 3621: 3582: 3570: 3510: 3483: 3257: 3170: 3146: 3044: 2691:inflation figures are based on data from 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2403: 1807:Grand Cross of the Military William Order 1649: 1420: 771:, and Ernest was granted an allowance of 583: 283:23 April 1799 – 18 November 1851 6042:People of the War of the First Coalition 5638:Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover 5426:Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 5110:for members of the British royal family. 4571: 3293: 2658: 2445: 2381: 2369: 2007:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 1919:Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1607: 1556: 1508: 1424: 1258: 1225: 1133: 1031: 1016: 913:the Duke's house and assumed the worst. 893: 881:Sellis incident and Weymouth controversy 798: 723: 670: 624:(his paternal great-uncle, for whom the 587: 5977:Heirs presumptive to the British throne 5947:Chancellors of the University of Dublin 5102:, who formalised the use of the titles 4524:, London: Oxford University Press, 1872 4492: 4320: 3931: 3871: 3808: 3733: 3705: 3366: 3330: 3194: 3182: 3158: 3119: 3107: 3032: 2991: 2979: 2943: 2919: 2883: 2828: 2732: 2567: 2468: 2387: 2363: 2357: 2347: 1721:Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen 1390:pulled out of the union and joined the 1021:Ernest Augustus wearing the robes of a 180: 1815; died 1841) 14: 5967:Peers of Ireland created by George III 5904: 5679: 5170:Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany 5098:The generations indicate descent from 4822:Chancellor of the University of Dublin 4476: 4376: 3859: 3757: 3594: 3546: 3522: 3354: 3281: 2864: 2645: 2202: 2082: 2078: 2068: 1960: 1850: 1846: 1636:20 June 1837 – 18 November 1851: 1472:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1386:treaties came up for renewal in 1841, 1287:On 1 November 1837, the King issued a 983:Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 865:(today, in northeastern Germany). The 851:Chancellor of the University of Dublin 5653: 5587: 5062: 4935: 4909: 4367: 4339: 4328:, London: Gerald Duckworth & Co, 3955: 3609: 3405: 3393: 2692: 2341: 2278: 2268: 2264: 2252: 2246: 2236: 2220: 2210: 2206: 2190: 2184: 2174: 2158: 2148: 2144: 2132: 2126: 2116: 2100: 2090: 2086: 2062: 2052: 2036: 2026: 2022: 2010: 2004: 1994: 1978: 1968: 1964: 1948: 1942: 1932: 1916: 1906: 1902: 1890: 1884: 1874: 1858: 1854: 1633:The Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1146:sits above the clouds, surrounded by 1007:Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent 974:time the bill failed by seven votes. 758: 753: 4815:The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 4437: 4304: 4262: 4210:Militaire Willems-Orde: Ernst August 4097:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 3895: 3745: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3468: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3378: 3342: 3313: 3269: 3245: 3071: 2895: 2852: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2720: 2627: 2615: 2591: 2579: 2516: 2375: 1616: 1612:Arms as a British prince before 1837 1513:Ernest Augustus portrait, circa 1850 5088: 1629:23 April 1799 – 20 June 1837: 1413:Hanover was little affected by the 1267:coin depicting King Ernest Augustus 1237: 632:(his father's cousin, for whom the 630:Hereditary Princess of Hesse-Kassel 552:Ernest was an active member of the 24: 5957:Dukes of Cumberland and Teviotdale 5838:Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover 5801:Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick 5739:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 5615:Dukes of Cumberland and Teviotdale 5467:Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester 5231:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 5149:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 4839:Non-profit organization positions 4346:, London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1668:Knight of the Order of the Thistle 1622:5 June 1771 – 23 April 1799: 1158:(Ernest second from left) to flee. 1098:, wife of the Russian ambassador. 1038:Portrait of the Duke of Cumberland 922:general election the previous year 600:Ernest Augustus, the fifth son of 25: 6053: 6037:Grand masters of the Orange Order 5864:Hereditary Prince Ernest Augustus 5433:Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover 5050:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 4692:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 4612:Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover 4598:National Portrait Gallery, London 4587: 1138:Political cartoon supporting the 951:Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 765:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 648:, near his parents' residence at 531:Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 523:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 226:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 166:Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 42:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 27:King of Hanover from 1837 to 1851 5922:15th The King's Hussars officers 5769:Prince George, Duke of Cambridge 5747: 5626:Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover 5503:Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh 5457:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 5440:Prince George William of Hanover 5396:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester 5358:Prince George William of Hanover 5272:Prince George, Duke of Cambridge 4989: 4983: 4759:15th (King's Own) Light Dragoons 4216: 4186: 4170: 4154: 4139: 4114: 4087: 4081:(1834), "Großherzogliche Orden" 4072: 4054: 4018: 4004: 3990: 3976: 2065:Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover 1945:George III of the United Kingdom 1887:Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales 1316:Frederick William III of Prussia 1275:to a kingdom, guaranteed by the 987:Prince William, Duke of Clarence 853:in 1805 and Grand Master of the 348: 321: 308: 245: 216:George III of the United Kingdom 5221:King Ernest Augustus of Hanover 4372:, Hanover: Neue Medien Hannover 4309:, London: Barrie and Rockliff, 4307:The Damnable Duke of Cumberland 4298: 4025:Hanover: Order of St. George 24 3287: 1777:Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order 1505:Later life, death, and memorial 1154:and the British Lion cause the 728:Colourised sketch of Ernest by 177: 6027:University of Göttingen alumni 5336:Prince Alexander John of Wales 5303:Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany 4566:– via The New York Times 4549:"Death of the King of Hanover" 4166:. Staatsverl. 1841. p. 8. 4062:""A Szent István Rend tagjai"" 2439: 1787:Grand Cross of the Golden Lion 1711:Grand Cross of Albert the Bear 1662:Privy Council of Great Britain 1233:as King of Hanover (from 1848) 1071:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 706:Prince Frederick, Duke of York 640:(later Duke of Cambridge) and 525:in 1799. Although his mother, 13: 1: 4581:. 23 April 1799. p. 372. 4198:. Landesamt. 1839. p. 7. 2329: 1479:Princess Augusta of Cambridge 676: 592:The young Ernest Augustus by 5785:Crown Prince Ernest Augustus 5524:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 5462:Prince William of Gloucester 4888:Senior Privy Counsellor (UK) 4368:Horst, Dietmar, ed. (2000), 4265:, pp. 277–279, 285–289. 1771:Grand Cross of the Red Eagle 1658:(KG) – nominated 2 June 1786 1352:Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves 7: 6022:Royal Horse Guards officers 5498:Prince Andrew, Duke of York 5472:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent 5401:Prince George, Duke of Kent 5363:Prince Christian of Hanover 4459:Wilkinson, Charles (1886), 4424:, London: Shelfmark Books, 1827: 1698:Fellow of the Royal Society 1222:King of Hanover (1837–1851) 1003:Prince George of Cumberland 979:Princess Charlotte of Wales 944: 10: 6058: 5346:Prince Arthur of Connaught 5139:Frederick, Prince of Wales 4377:Patten, Robert L. (1992), 2455:. 29 June 1771. p. 1. 2196: 2080: 1954: 1861:George II of Great Britain 1848: 1704: 1644: 1604:Titles, styles and honours 1525:, near Berlin. He visited 1243:Constitutional controversy 1176:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 704:, under his elder brother 702:War of the First Coalition 664:, located in his father's 618:Duke Ernest of Mecklenburg 440:War of the Sixth Coalition 428:War of the First Coalition 5877: 5856: 5830: 5809: 5793: 5777: 5756: 5745: 5701: 5687: 5621: 5565: 5539: 5511: 5485: 5449: 5378: 5318: 5280: 5254: 5193: 5157: 5131: 5115: 5096: 5042: 4998: 4981: 4943: 4898:The Marquess of Lansdowne 4894: 4885: 4877: 4872: 4862: 4851: 4843: 4838: 4828: 4819: 4811: 4806: 4796: 4783: 4775: 4765: 4752: 4744: 4739: 4729: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4698: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4667: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4610: 4481:, London: Arthur Barker, 4477:Willis, Geoffrey (1954), 2640:London Gazette 1799-04-23 2266: 2258: 2230: 2208: 2204: 2168: 2146: 2138: 2110: 2088: 2084: 2046: 2024: 2016: 1988: 1966: 1962: 1926: 1904: 1896: 1868: 1852: 1761:Knight of the Black Eagle 1463:Victoria, Duchess of Kent 1450:, in November 1840. The 1013:Politics and unpopularity 622:Duke Moritz of Saxe-Gotha 457: 418:French Revolutionary Wars 410: 391: 381: 369: 361: 337: 300: 295: 291: 287: 276: 261: 257: 253: 241: 231: 221: 211: 199: 187: 159: 144: 128: 105: 101: 91: 81: 71: 64: 48: 39: 34: 5519:William, Prince of Wales 5267:King George V of Hanover 4679:Peerage of Great Britain 4536:(in German), Hannover.de 4465:, Hurst & Blackett, 4420:Wardroper, John (2002), 4094:Jørgen Pedersen (2009). 4030:14 December 2010 at the 1542:Great Exhibition of 1851 1448:Victoria, Princess Royal 1370:-led customs union, the 1324:Thomas Perronet Thompson 506:that had begun in 1714. 316:Kingdom of Great Britain 123:Kingdom of Great Britain 6017:People from Westminster 5557:Prince Archie of Sussex 3295:Greville, Charles C. F. 2693:Clark, Gregory (2017). 2671:Encyclopædia Britannica 2665:"Ernest Augustus" 1581:Hanover Central Station 959:Prince Louis of Prussia 941:, on 26 November 1813. 662:University of Göttingen 658:George, Prince of Wales 362:Years of active service 5952:Children of George III 5932:British field marshals 5547:Prince George of Wales 5477:Prince Michael of Kent 5309:Prince Ernest Augustus 4779:The Duke of Wellington 4305:Bird, Anthony (1966), 4044:Anhalt-Köthen (1851). 1741:Knight of the Elephant 1676:(GCB) – 2 January 1815 1650:British and Hanoverian 1626:Prince Ernest Augustus 1613: 1601: 1565: 1555: 1514: 1434: 1421:Relations with Britain 1268: 1234: 1159: 1111:lord of the bedchamber 1046: 1029: 904: 807: 733: 682: 628:stood proxy), and the 620:(his maternal uncle), 597: 584:Early life (1771–1799) 471: 6007:Knights of the Garter 6002:Knights of St Patrick 5843:Prince Ludwig Rudolph 5822:Prince George William 5552:Prince Louis of Wales 5144:Prince George William 4400:George III's Children 4340:Grant, James (1836), 1789:– 20 September 1818 ( 1700:(FRS) – 24 April 1828 1688:(KP) – 20 August 1821 1611: 1596: 1587:or "under the tail". 1560: 1546: 1523:Charlottenburg Palace 1512: 1428: 1262: 1229: 1137: 1035: 1020: 897: 843:Catholic emancipation 802: 727: 674: 591: 576:. Hanover joined the 5729:King Ernest Augustus 4881:The Earl of Harrowby 4853:Grand Master of the 4622:Cadet branch of the 4402:(revised ed.), 4068:on 22 December 2010. 4000:. 13 September 1831. 2433:The Complete Peerage 1817:Knight of St. Andrew 1797:Knight of St. Hubert 1686:Knight of St Patrick 1656:Knight of the Garter 1574:Herrenhausen Gardens 1563:Herrenhausen Gardens 1296:Göttingen University 1150:politicians; below, 1051:Liverpool government 926:were able to dictate 871:the Duke of Portland 867:Grenville government 828:King's German Legion 786:Addington government 634:Countess of Egremont 616:. His sponsors were 578:German customs union 574:attempted revolution 519:Revolutionary France 152:Herrenhausen Gardens 5632:George V of Hanover 4957:(Elector-designate) 4832:Lord John Beresford 4769:Sir Colquhoun Grant 4748:The Lord Dorchester 4733:George V of Hanover 4702:George V of Hanover 4534:Herrenhäuser Gärten 4500:, London: Collins, 4396:Van der Kiste, John 4050:. Katz. p. 10. 4014:. 24 November 1847. 3944:Herrenhäuser Gärten 3922:, pp. 206–207. 3910:, pp. 207–208. 3886:, pp. 202–203. 3835:, pp. 201–202. 3811:, pp. 247–248. 3799:, pp. 193–194. 3760:, pp. 273–274. 3748:, pp. 253–254. 3708:, pp. 245–246. 3672:, pp. 299–300. 3561:, pp. 190–191. 3525:, pp. 292–295. 3444:, pp. 245–247. 3420:, pp. 241–242. 3381:, pp. 220–221. 3333:, pp. 175–176. 3248:, pp. 196–197. 3236:, pp. 171–172. 3221:, pp. 169–170. 3197:, pp. 224–226. 3185:, pp. 221–222. 3134:, pp. 142–143. 3122:, pp. 219–221. 3086:, pp. 129–130. 3074:, pp. 153–154. 3059:, pp. 124–125. 3035:, pp. 217–218. 3023:, pp. 197–198. 2946:, pp. 212–213. 2922:, pp. 205–206. 2831:, pp. 207–209. 2735:, pp. 222–223. 2471:, pp. 200–201. 1713:– 13 January 1839 ( 1640:The King of Hanover 1535:the King of Prussia 1415:revolutions of 1848 1408:Austro-Prussian War 1302:(including the two 1027:Order of St Patrick 875:Battle of Stralsund 790:15th Light Dragoons 748:Count von Wallmoden 718:Battle of Tourcoing 691:Wilhelm von Freytag 594:Thomas Gainsborough 509:Ernest was born in 433:Battle of Tourcoing 403:South-West District 386:15th Light Dragoons 194:George V of Hanover 121:, London, England, 75:20 June 1837 – 5972:Hanoverian princes 5681:Hanoverian princes 5027:Ernest Augustus II 4855:Orange Institution 4710:Peerage of Ireland 4578:The London Gazette 4558:, 12 December 1851 3969:The New York Times 3920:Van der Kiste 2004 3908:Van der Kiste 2004 3884:Van der Kiste 2004 3845:Van der Kiste 2004 3833:Van der Kiste 2004 3821:Van der Kiste 2004 3797:Van der Kiste 2004 3782:Van der Kiste 2004 3694:Van der Kiste 2004 3559:Van der Kiste 2004 3535:Van der Kiste 2004 3499:Van der Kiste 2004 3457:Van der Kiste 2004 3234:Van der Kiste 2004 3219:Van der Kiste 2004 3207:Van der Kiste 2004 3132:Van der Kiste 2004 3096:Van der Kiste 2004 3084:Van der Kiste 2004 3057:Van der Kiste 2004 3021:Van der Kiste 2004 3004:Van der Kiste 2004 2968:Van der Kiste 2004 2956:Van der Kiste 2004 2932:Van der Kiste 2004 2908:Van der Kiste 2004 2841:Van der Kiste 2004 2689:Retail Price Index 2618:, pp. 50, 58. 2604:Van der Kiste 2004 2556:Van der Kiste 2004 2541:Van der Kiste 2004 2529:Van der Kiste 2004 2505:Van der Kiste 2004 2493:Van der Kiste 2004 2481:Van der Kiste 2004 2452:The London Gazette 1819:– September 1819 ( 1781:Hesse and by Rhine 1692:Order of St George 1631:His Royal Highness 1624:His Royal Highness 1614: 1566: 1515: 1435: 1277:Congress of Vienna 1269: 1235: 1160: 1067:Duke of Wellington 1047: 1030: 967:St. James's Palace 931:war against France 905: 839:Acts of Union 1800 808: 759:Military commander 754:Duke of Cumberland 734: 683: 654:John Van der Kiste 598: 537:), had one child, 5897: 5896: 5647: 5646: 5581: 5580: 5056: 5055: 4954:Ernest Augustus I 4937:Rulers of Hanover 4904: 4903: 4895:Succeeded by 4866:The Earl of Roden 4863:Succeeded by 4829:Succeeded by 4807:Academic offices 4797:Succeeded by 4766:Succeeded by 4740:Military offices 4730:Succeeded by 4699:Succeeded by 4668:Succeeded by 4522:Notes and Queries 4507:978-0-00-211934-4 4452:978-0-7126-7448-5 4431:978-0-9526093-3-9 4413:978-0-7509-3438-1 4388:978-0-8135-1813-8 4107:978-87-7674-434-2 3958:, pp. 64–65. 3718:Notes and Queries 3636:, pp. 60–61. 3612:, pp. 14–15. 3513:, pp. 55–56. 2934:, pp. 97–98. 2855:, pp. 93–95. 2819:, pp. 85–86. 2795:, pp. 69–70. 2783:, pp. 73–74. 2759:, pp. 67–68. 2747:, pp. 66–67. 2723:, pp. 63–64. 2606:, pp. 50–51. 2531:, pp. 47–48. 2519:, pp. 33–34. 2495:, pp. 35–37. 2335:Explanatory notes 2326: 2325: 2322: 2321: 1755:Ernestine duchies 1617:Titles and styles 1467:St James's Palace 1169:Household Cavalry 935:Battle of Leipzig 900:George Cruikshank 857:two years later. 666:domain of Hanover 614:St James's Palace 461: 460: 445:Battle of Leipzig 16:(Redirected from 6049: 5987:Kings of Hanover 5982:House of Hanover 5869:Prince Christian 5751: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5493:King Charles III 5386:King Edward VIII 5185:Prince Frederick 5083: 5076: 5069: 5060: 5059: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4878:Preceded by 4873:Honorary titles 4847:The Earl O'Neill 4844:Preceded by 4812:Preceded by 4776:Preceded by 4745:Preceded by 4651:Preceded by 4641: 4640:18 November 1851 4634: 4617:House of Hanover 4608: 4607: 4604: 4583: 4582: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4525: 4510: 4489: 4473: 4455: 4445:, Random House, 4434: 4416: 4391: 4373: 4364: 4336: 4317: 4293: 4292: 4279: 4266: 4260: 4243: 4242: 4236: 4228: 4220: 4214: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4158: 4152: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4091: 4085: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4064:. 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119:Buckingham House 115: 113: 77:18 November 1851 53: 32: 31: 21: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6047: 6046: 5937:British princes 5902: 5901: 5898: 5893: 5873: 5852: 5848:Prince Heinrich 5826: 5805: 5789: 5773: 5752: 5743: 5719:King William IV 5697: 5695:king of Hanover 5683: 5678: 5648: 5643: 5617: 5612: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5561: 5540:12th generation 5535: 5512:11th generation 5507: 5486:10th generation 5481: 5445: 5374: 5314: 5288:King Edward VII 5276: 5250: 5236:Prince Octavius 5211:King William IV 5189: 5165:King George III 5153: 5127: 5111: 5092: 5090:British princes 5087: 5057: 5052: 5046:British monarch 5038: 4994: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4939: 4934: 4900: 4891: 4883: 4868: 4859: 4849: 4834: 4825: 4817: 4802: 4793: 4781: 4771: 4762: 4750: 4735: 4726: 4704: 4695: 4673: 4664: 4661:King of Hanover 4656: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4613: 4590: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4539: 4537: 4508: 4498:King William IV 4494:Ziegler, Philip 4453: 4432: 4414: 4389: 4354: 4301: 4296: 4281: 4280: 4269: 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1357:the opera house 1337: 1245: 1240: 1224: 1184:Reform Act 1832 1167:as head of the 1096:Princess Lieven 1088:Princess Sophia 1015: 947: 883: 816:Peace of Amiens 805:William Beechey 761: 756: 679: 642:Prince Augustus 638:Prince Adolphus 606:Queen Charlotte 602:King George III 586: 566:Göttingen Seven 527:Queen Charlotte 476:King of Hanover 464:Ernest Augustus 453: 423:Napoleonic Wars 398:Severn District 376: 349: 347: 346: 333: 322: 320: 309: 307: 296:Military career 282: 277: 269: 183: 175: 171: 168: 155: 149: 137: 133: 117: 111: 109: 76: 66:King of Hanover 60: 35:Ernest Augustus 28: 23: 22: 18:Cumberland Jack 15: 12: 11: 5: 6055: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5857:7th generation 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5831:6th generation 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 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of Armagh 4719: 4713: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4666: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4646:Regnal titles 4643: 4642: 4621: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4589: 4588:External links 4586: 4585: 4584: 4568: 4545: 4526: 4515:Online sources 4512: 4511: 4506: 4490: 4474: 4456: 4451: 4435: 4430: 4417: 4412: 4392: 4387: 4374: 4365: 4352: 4337: 4322:Fulford, Roger 4318: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4267: 4244: 4215: 4201: 4185: 4169: 4153: 4138: 4113: 4106: 4086: 4071: 4053: 4036: 4017: 4003: 3989: 3986:. 30 May 1786. 3975: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3934:, p. 252. 3924: 3912: 3900: 3898:, p. 313. 3888: 3876: 3874:, p. 251. 3864: 3862:, p. 348. 3849: 3847:, p. 202. 3837: 3825: 3823:, p. 201. 3813: 3801: 3786: 3784:, p. 200. 3774: 3772:, p. 236. 3770:Wardroper 2002 3762: 3750: 3738: 3736:, p. 243. 3726: 3710: 3698: 3696:, p. 204. 3686: 3684:, p. 251. 3682:Wardroper 2002 3674: 3662: 3660:, p. 279. 3650: 3648:, p. 278. 3638: 3634:Wilkinson 1886 3626: 3622:Wilkinson 1886 3614: 3599: 3597:, p. 279. 3587: 3583:Wilkinson 1886 3575: 3571:Wilkinson 1886 3563: 3551: 3549:, p. 295. 3539: 3537:, p. 208. 3527: 3515: 3511:Wilkinson 1886 3503: 3501:, p. 190. 3488: 3484:Wilkinson 1886 3473: 3471:, p. 256. 3461: 3459:, p. 189. 3446: 3434: 3432:, p. 245. 3422: 3410: 3398: 3383: 3371: 3369:, p. 238. 3359: 3357:, p. 204. 3347: 3345:, p. 186. 3335: 3318: 3316:, p. 212. 3306: 3286: 3284:, p. 408. 3274: 3272:, p. 196. 3262: 3258:Wilkinson 1886 3250: 3238: 3223: 3211: 3209:, p. 171. 3199: 3187: 3175: 3173:, p. 147. 3171:Wardroper 2002 3163: 3161:, p. 218. 3151: 3149:, p. 101. 3147:Wardroper 2002 3136: 3124: 3112: 3110:, p. 219. 3100: 3098:, p. 136. 3088: 3076: 3061: 3049: 3047:, p. 100. 3045:Wardroper 2002 3037: 3025: 3008: 3006:, p. 124. 2996: 2994:, p. 216. 2984: 2982:, p. 214. 2972: 2970:, p. 114. 2960: 2958:, p. 111. 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2910:, p. 100. 2900: 2888: 2886:, p. 206. 2873: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2700:MeasuringWorth 2677: 2662:, ed. (1911). 2660:Chisholm, Hugh 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2570:, p. 204. 2560: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2458: 2438: 2401: 2393: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1804: 1794: 1784: 1774: 1768: 1758: 1748: 1738: 1728: 1718: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1627: 1618: 1615: 1605: 1602: 1585:unterm Schwanz 1506: 1503: 1456:Lord Clarendon 1440:Lord Cottenham 1422: 1419: 1336: 1333: 1312:Heinrich Ewald 1304:Brothers Grimm 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1223: 1220: 1103:Lord Lyndhurst 1092:Thomas Creevey 1062:Windsor Castle 1014: 1011: 971:Lord Liverpool 946: 943: 920:following the 882: 879: 812:Severn Estuary 769:Earl of Armagh 760: 757: 755: 752: 608:, was born at 585: 582: 570:Brothers Grimm 554:House of Lords 492:British throne 490:inherited the 459: 458: 455: 454: 452: 451: 450: 449: 448: 447: 437: 436: 435: 420: 414: 412: 408: 407: 406: 405: 400: 393: 389: 388: 383: 379: 378: 371: 367: 366: 363: 359: 358: 341: 335: 334: 332: 331: 329:United Kingdom 318: 304: 302: 298: 297: 293: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 274: 273: 267:House of Lords 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 197: 196: 191: 185: 184: 173: 169: 164: 163: 161: 157: 156: 150: 146: 142: 141: 136:(aged 80) 130: 126: 125: 107: 103: 102: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6054: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5900: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764:King George V 5762: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5597: 5595: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5331:King George V 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5262:Prince Albert 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5241:Prince Alfred 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4997: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4858: 4856: 4848: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4800:The Lord Hill 4792: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4725: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4625:House of Welf 4619: 4618: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4557: 4550: 4546: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4422:Wicked Ernest 4418: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4353:9780598924582 4349: 4345: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4234: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4049: 4048: 4040: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4013: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3707: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3624:, p. 60. 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3591: 3585:, p. 58. 3584: 3579: 3573:, p. 56. 3572: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3486:, p. 55. 3485: 3480: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3408:, p. 85. 3407: 3402: 3396:, p. 84. 3395: 3390: 3388: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3005: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2898:, p. 96. 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2843:, p. 99. 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2807:, p. 82. 2806: 2801: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2771:, p. 74. 2770: 2765: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2641: 2636: 2630:, p. 62. 2629: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2594:, p. 48. 2593: 2588: 2582:, p. 47. 2581: 2576: 2569: 2564: 2558:, p. 58. 2557: 2552: 2550: 2543:, p. 48. 2542: 2537: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2507:, p. 47. 2506: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2483:, p. 35. 2482: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2434: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1610: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1487:fourpenny bit 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1427: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1232: 1228: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1191:in the army. 1190: 1189:Orange lodges 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1010: 1008: 1004: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 972: 968: 962: 960: 957:and widow of 956: 952: 942: 940: 939:Field Marshal 936: 932: 927: 923: 919: 914: 911: 910:Roger Fulford 901: 896: 892: 889: 888:Francis Place 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 858: 856: 855:Orange Lodges 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 822:, Dorset and 821: 817: 813: 806: 801: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 770: 766: 751: 749: 744: 740: 739:Wathen Waller 731: 730:James Gillray 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 698: 694: 692: 688: 673: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 595: 590: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 456: 446: 443: 442: 441: 438: 434: 431: 430: 429: 426: 425: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 413: 409: 404: 401: 399: 396: 395: 394: 390: 387: 384: 380: 375: 374:Field Marshal 372: 368: 364: 360: 357: 345: 342: 336: 330: 319: 317: 306: 305: 303: 299: 294: 290: 286: 280: 275: 272: 271:Lord Temporal 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 237: 234: 230: 227: 224: 220: 217: 214: 210: 207: 204: 202: 198: 195: 192: 190: 186: 167: 162: 158: 153: 147: 143: 140: 131: 127: 124: 120: 108: 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 74: 70: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5899: 5881: 5728: 5625: 5573: 5528: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5367: 5350: 5307: 5220: 5107: 5103: 5026: 4956: 4944:Electors of 4886: 4852: 4820: 4784: 4753: 4721: 4717:New creation 4716: 4690: 4686:New creation 4685: 4659: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4576: 4560:, retrieved 4555: 4538:, retrieved 4533: 4521: 4514: 4513: 4497: 4478: 4461: 4442: 4439:Weir, Alison 4421: 4399: 4378: 4369: 4342: 4325: 4306: 4299:Bibliography 4288: 4283: 4224: 4218: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4188: 4178: 4172: 4162: 4156: 4145: 4141: 4130:, retrieved 4125: 4116: 4096: 4089: 4078: 4074: 4066:the original 4056: 4046: 4039: 4020: 4006: 3992: 3978: 3968: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3932:Fulford 1933 3927: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3872:Fulford 1933 3867: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3809:Fulford 1933 3804: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3734:Fulford 1933 3729: 3713: 3706:Fulford 1933 3701: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3464: 3437: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3374: 3367:Fulford 1933 3362: 3350: 3338: 3331:Ziegler 1971 3309: 3299: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3260:, p. 6. 3253: 3241: 3214: 3202: 3195:Fulford 1933 3190: 3183:Fulford 1933 3178: 3166: 3159:Fulford 1933 3154: 3127: 3120:Fulford 1933 3115: 3108:Fulford 1933 3103: 3091: 3079: 3052: 3040: 3033:Fulford 1933 3028: 2999: 2992:Fulford 1933 2987: 2980:Fulford 1933 2975: 2963: 2951: 2944:Fulford 1933 2939: 2927: 2920:Fulford 1933 2915: 2903: 2891: 2884:Fulford 1933 2860: 2848: 2836: 2829:Fulford 1933 2824: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2740: 2733:Fulford 1933 2728: 2716: 2704:. Retrieved 2698: 2669: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2568:Fulford 1933 2563: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2469:Fulford 1933 2450: 2441: 2432: 2397: 2396: 2388:Fulford 1933 2383: 2371: 2364:Fulford 1933 2359: 2351: 2348:Fulford 1933 2343: 2334: 2333: 2064: 1791:Hesse-Kassel 1637: 1630: 1623: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1569: 1567: 1547: 1539: 1516: 1498: 1491: 1476: 1460: 1436: 1412: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1384:Steuerverein 1383: 1379:Steuerverein 1377: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1343:Altes Palais 1342: 1338: 1329: 1293: 1285: 1281:Crown Estate 1270: 1253: 1246: 1231:Coat of arms 1212: 1204: 1193: 1173: 1161: 1118: 1114: 1100: 1084:Thomas Garth 1077: 1075: 1059: 1048: 1036: 999: 976: 963: 948: 915: 906: 884: 859: 836: 809: 778:extreme Tory 762: 735: 699: 695: 684: 599: 551: 508: 472:Ernst August 463: 462: 411:Battles/wars 356:British Army 344:Hanover Army 278: 134:(1851-11-18) 59:, after 1842 57:Edmund Koken 55:Portrait by 40: 29: 5917:1851 deaths 5912:1771 births 5640:(1878–1919) 5634:(1851–1878) 5628:(1771–1851) 5406:Prince John 4857:of Ireland 4633:5 June 1771 4573:"No. 15126" 4530:"Mausoleum" 4326:Royal Dukes 3860:Willis 1954 3758:Willis 1954 3595:Willis 1954 3547:Willis 1954 3523:Willis 1954 3355:Willis 1954 3282:Willis 1954 2867:, pp. 2865:Patten 1992 2447:"No. 11157" 1811:Netherlands 1638:His Majesty 1527:Mecklenburg 1483:his brother 1308:Jacob Grimm 1254:Royal Dukes 1216:Joseph Hume 1207:James Grant 1196:Hammersmith 1180:Kew Gardens 1109:, Ernest's 1107:Lord Graves 1043:George Dawe 995:royal dukes 847:Anglicanism 680: 1795 116:5 June 1771 82:Predecessor 5906:Categories 5691:George III 5009:George III 4974:George III 4892:1847–1851 4860:1828–1836 4826:1805–1851 4794:1827–1830 4763:1801–1827 4727:1799–1851 4696:1799–1851 4665:1837–1851 4654:William IV 4213:(in Dutch) 3971:1851–12–12 3956:Horst 2000 3720:, p. 3610:Horst 2000 3406:Grant 1836 3394:Grant 1836 2330:References 1404:Zollverein 1400:Zollverein 1392:Zollverein 1373:Zollverein 1273:electorate 1263:1849 five- 1165:Gold Stick 1144:William IV 1140:Reform Act 953:, wife of 650:Kew Palace 484:William IV 301:Allegiance 236:Protestant 112:1771-06-05 86:William IV 5015:George IV 4999:Kings of 4968:George II 4562:9 January 4556:The Times 4334:499977206 4263:Weir 1996 4233:cite book 4227:. 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