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work abroad, as a significant portion is retained by the Cuban government. Reports surfacing in early 2022 revealed that the doctors that travel abroad on behalf of the Cuban government, often do so against their will and without monetary compensation similar to doctors from other countries. Another report found that nearly 7,000–8,000 doctors since 2006 have gone into hiding or failed to return to Cuba after having gone on abroad as part of the Cuban government's "volunteering" them to provide healthcare to foreign nationals without remuneration. While Cuban doctors are sent abroad to assist in medical missions, domestically, although wages in the health sector have increased in recent years, they are still considered low compared to the prices of basic goods in Cuba.
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the export of doctors, amounted to US$ 2,312M – 28% of total export receipts and net capital payments. This exceeded earnings from both nickel and cobalt exports and from tourism. These earnings were achieved despite the fact that a substantial part of Cuba's medical internationalism since 1998 has been organised within the framework of the "Integrated Health
Program" (Programa Integral de Salud, PIS); this cooperation program is free for the receiving country. Cuba's co-operation with Venezuela provides Cuba with cheap oil in exchange for its medical support to Mission Barrio Adentro. Bloomberg reported in March 2014 that Cuban state-controlled media forecasted revenue of $ 8.2 billion that year from the program.
613:. By 2017, more than 7000 had entered the program. The promised fast-track visa was not always forthcoming, with at least one applicant having to wait a year for his visa; although according to Julio CĂ©sar Alfonso of the Cuban dissident organisation "Outside the Barrio," the U.S. government has rejected only a handful of the hundreds of applications for visas. Critics of the US program described it as "immoral" because it takes medical professionals from the world's poorest nations to one of the world's wealthiest nations. On 12 January 2017, President
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79:
decades, Cuba sent 67,000 health workers to structural cooperation programs, usually for at least two years, in 94 countries ... an average of 3,350 health workers working abroad every year between 1960 and 2000". In
November 2019, the United Nations estimated that there were around 30,000 Cuban doctors active in 67 countries. Since 1963, more than 600,000 Cuban health workers have provided medical services in more than 160 countries. In 2020, Cuban doctors were active in over 60 countries.
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347:, which killed 20,000 people. Under this bilateral effort, also known as the "oil for doctors" program, Cuba provided Venezuela with 31,000 Cuban doctors and dentists and provided training for 40,000 Venezuelan medical personnel. In exchange, Venezuela provided Cuba with 100,000 barrels of oil per day. Based in February 2010 prices, the oil was worth $ 7.5 million per day, or nearly $ 3 billion per year.
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initiatives; "Cubans, with the help of
Venezuela, are currently educating more doctors, about 70,000 in all, than all the medical schools in the United States, which typically have somewhere between 64,000 to 68,000 students enrolled in their programs". ELAM selects students from a working class background who would not be able to afford university otherwise.
470:. Subsequently, its continuation has been seen as a vital means to promote Cuba's image abroad and prevent international isolation. Cuba's health missions in Honduras were "undoubtedly a deciding factor" in the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 2002; Guatemala re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1998.
266:, and an additional sixteen scheduled to join them. Cuba also offered training to Kiribati doctors. Cuban doctors have reportedly provided a dramatic improvement to the field of medical care in Kiribati, reducing the child mortality rate in that country by 80%, and winning the proverbial hearts and minds in the Pacific. In response, the
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than 25,000 in 2005. This has had some impact on the domestic health system, for example there have been increased waiting times, particularly with regard to family doctors. The number of patients per doctor rose from 139 to 179. In March 2008 Cuba announced a reorganisation of its domestic family doctor program for greater efficiency.
39:, and to bring medical students and patients to Cuba for training and treatment respectively. In 2007, Cuba had 42,000 workers in international collaborations in 103 countries, of whom more than 30,000 were health personnel, including at least 19,000 physicians. Cuba provides more medical personnel to the developing world than all the
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treatment to those who did not apply for it. Some doctors report to have provided counterfeit ID cards to patients to be able to vote. According to four doctors, Maduro administration established electoral command centers next to clinics led by members of the PSUV to dispatch doctors to pressure residents.
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created the Cuban
Medical Professional Parole program, specifically targeting Cuban medical personnel and encouraging them to defect while working outside Cuba. From an estimated 40,000 eligible medical personnel, over 1000 had entered the United States under the program by October 2007, according to
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It has also been suggested that Cuban medical internationalism promotes exports of Cuban medical technology, and may be a source of hard currency. However, the targeting of poor countries reduces the hard currency potential of missions abroad. In 2006, Cuba's earnings from medical services, including
485:
Although Cuba's large-scale medical training programs and high doctor-patient ratios give it much latitude, the expansion of doctor diplomacy since 2004, particularly with the Barrio
Adentro program, has been dramatic: the number of Cuban doctors working abroad jumped from about 5000 in 2003 to more
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Cuba's overseas medical missions are intended to provide services at low cost to the host country. "Patients are not charged for services, and the recipient countries are expected to cover only the cost of collective housing, air fare, and limited food and supplies not exceeding $ 200 a month. While
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in South Africa for deportation back to Cuba. The doctors gave a note to the flight attendants stating that they were being kidnapped, leading South
African authorities to demand the doctors and police return to Zimbabwe. The pair were briefly imprisoned upon returning to Harare but were allowed to
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In the summer of 2000, two Cuban doctors working in
Zimbabwe denounced the Cuban government and declared their intention to defect to Canada. After submitting their applications they were assigned to a Zimbabwean refugee camp near Harare. The doctors left the camp nine days later, unaware that this
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of white doctors. Since 1995, a co-operation agreement with South Africa has seen hundreds of Cuban doctors practice in South Africa, while South Africa sends medical students to Cuba to study. In 2012, the two governments signed another deal, increasing numbers on both sides. Under the deal, South
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reported that groups of Cuban health care workers who had defected from the program stated that due to the daily quotas of patients, they would often feel pressured to fake paperwork and throw away medicine, since regular audits of their supplies meant they needed them to match their patient count.
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services to Cuban, Venezuelan and Latin
American patients, both in Cuba and in other countries. As of August 2007, Cuba had performed over 750,000 eye surgeries, at no cost, including 113,000 surgeries for its own citizens. Cuba continued to grow the program and by 2017 had established 69 OperaciĂłn
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In
Honduras the medical personnel had a substantial impact: "In the areas they served, infant mortality rates were reduced from 30.8 to 10.1 per 1,000 live births and maternal mortality rates from 48.1 to 22.4 per 1,000 live births between 1998 and 2003." However, as one academic paper noted, "The
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Cuban doctors, accustomed to working under resource-constrained conditions, have been requested to assist in the pandemic response abroad. Despite the international demand for these professionals, there are concerns regarding the working conditions and the distribution of their salaries when they
82:
The term "disaster tourism" arose in response to a growing number of large-scale natural disasters. The phrase refers to individuals, governments and organisations who travel to a disaster area with the primary goal of having an "experience" rather than providing meaningful aid. Such aid is often
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A 2007 academic study on Cuban internationalism surveyed the history of the program, noting its broad sweep: "Since the early 1960s, 28,422 Cuban health workers have worked in 37 Latin
American countries, 31,181 in 33 African countries, and 7,986 in 24 Asian countries. Throughout a period of four
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announced the end of the program, saying that both Cuba and the US work to "combat diseases that endanger the health and lives of our people. By providing preferential treatment to Cuban medical personnel, the medical parole program contradicts those efforts, and risks harming the Cuban people".
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In addition to the internationalism which was driven by foreign policy objectives, humanitarian objectives also played a role in Cuba's overseas medical program, with medical teams despatched to countries governed by ideological foes. For example, in 1960, 1972 and 1990 Cuba dispatched emergency
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As of September 2008, fifteen Cuban doctors were serving in Kiribati, sixty-four Pacific students were studying medicine in Cuba, and Cuban authorities were offering "up to 400 scholarships to young people of that region". Among the sixty-four students were twenty-five Solomon Islanders, twenty
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The Minister of Public Health, Jose RamĂłn Machado Ventura, led the group, which included 29 doctors, three dentists, 15 nurses and eight medical technicians. (There were 45 men and ten women.) . . . With the arrival of this medical mission in Algeria on 24 May 1963, Cuba's technical
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The documents showed that the average cost of the Cuban medical brigade was projected at R2.35m a person. Sama told Business Day that a public sector registrar or mid-level medical officer, comparable to a Cuban family physician, commands a salary of about R1.2m a year. Quoting a report by
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won reelection. Cuban doctors would have been instructed to go door to door warning residents that medical treatments would be cut off if they did not vote for Maduro. They also were asked to register people into the Venezuelan government homeland card, to secure medical services, and refuse
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reported that Cuban doctors had "inaugurated a series of new health services in Tuvalu". One Cuban doctor had been serving in Tuvalu since October 2008, and two more since February 2009. They had reportedly "attended 3,496 patients, and saved 53 lives", having "opened ultrasound and abortion
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medical journal, "growing numbers of Cuban doctors sent overseas to work are defecting to the USA", some via Colombia, where they have sought temporary asylum. In February 2007, at least 38 doctors were requesting asylum in the U.S. embassy in Bogotá after asylum was denied by the Colombian
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in 1998, Cuba set up the Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina (abbreviated as ELAM, and in English the Latin American School of Medicine) outside Havana, converted from a former naval base. It accepts around 1500 students per year. ELAM forms part of a range of medical education and training
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short-lived, and may even get in the way of more serious rescue efforts. Cuban medical internationalism represents a polar opposite to this disaster tourism mentality, with a focus on large-scale, sustained aid targeting the most marginalised and under-served populations across the globe.
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services, as well as specialized consultations on hypertension, diabetes, and chronic diseases in children". They had visited all the country's islands, and were training local staff in "primary health care, and how to deal with seriously ill patients, among other subjects".
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Some wounded soldiers and war orphans were also transported back to Cuba for treatment. Cuba was able to put this program in place despite half the country's 6,000 doctors fleeing after the Cuban revolution. Between 1966 and 1974, Cuban doctors worked alongside Cuban
234:, Cuba sent 57 brigades of medical specialists and abroad. These specialists treated 1.26 million COVID patients in 40 countries. A Cuban medical team consisting of over 50 medical personnel was dispatched to Italy at the request of the worst-affected region
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criticized Zimbabwe for violating the rights of the doctors as refugees. A spokesperson for the Cuban government said Cuba was not involved in the attempted deportation and has no "authority to extract people from one country and take them to another".
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Cuban doctors are abroad, they continue to receive their salaries as well as a stipend in the foreign currency". In 2008, the pay for Cuban doctors abroad was $ 183 per month, whereas the pay for doctors working domestically was $ 23 per month.
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countries, and providing medical aid to those countries. Cuba's medical aid to Pacific countries has involved sending its doctors to Oceania, and providing scholarships for Pacific students to study medicine in Cuba at Cuba's expense.
1918:
Prisoners Defenders, a Spain-based NGO that campaigns for human rights in Cuba, the BBC said the doctors on average received between 10% and 25% of the salary paid by the host countries, with the rest being kept by Cuba's authorities.
215:. Ultimately, Cuba sent "more than 2,500 disaster response experts, surgeons, family doctors, and other health personnel", who stayed through the winter for more than 6 months. Cuba helped during the medical crisis in Haiti after the
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Venezuela was the prime destination alongside Brazil for Cuban doctors and other professionals whose salaries go directly to the Cuban government, providing another vital source of hard currency believed to be slackening in recent
172:, and remained there semi-permanently. From 1998 onwards, Cuba expanded its international cooperation in health dramatically. The number of Cuban doctors working abroad jumped from about 5,000 in 2003 to more than 25,000 in 2005.
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African could send 1,000 students to Cuba for training which, South Africa believed, will help train the doctors it desperately needs for the implementation of its National Health Insurance Scheme. After the 1999 violence in
404:, the country of a million people was left with only 35 physicians and 75% of its population displaced. The number later increased to 79 physicians by 2004, and Cuba sent an additional 182 physicians and technicians.
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is that the doctors involved that are sent by Cuba are sometimes sent against their will, and with little to no compensation for their services—as opposed to medical international aid from nearly any other country.
184:, the country's highest state honour. A 2005 attempt by Honduras to expel the Cuban mission on the basis that it was threatening Honduran jobs was successfully resisted by trade unions and community organisations.
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San Sebastián, Miguel, Anna-Kari Hurtig, Jaime Breilh, et al. 2005 "The People's Health Movement: health for all now." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health 18: 45–49.
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idea of a nation saving lives and improving the human condition is alien to traditional statecraft and is therefore discounted as a rationale for the Cuban approach." In 2004 the 1700 medical personnel in
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countries combined. The Cuban missions have had substantial positive local impacts on the populations served. It is widely believed that medical workers are a vital export commodity for Cuba. According to
528:, the Cuban government keeps between 70 and 90% of their additional salary paid by the host country and those who break the mission are punished for 8 years, without allowing them to return to Cuba.
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where, in 1977, two years after the campaign's commencement, only one Angolan province out of sixteen was without Cuban health technicians. After 1979, Cuba also developed a strong relationship with
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continue their refugee application process. They fled to Sweden in July and eventually received asylum in the United States. The case drew attention from the international press and the
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According to the local doctors' association, employing the brigade of Cuban doctors in SA could do more harm in the long term, as it comes at the expense of local doctors' employment.
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407:"From 1963 to 2004, Cuba was involved in the creation of nine medical faculties in Yemen, Guyana, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Uganda, Ghana, Gambia, Equatorial Guinea, and Haiti."
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It has also been argued that the program has, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s, "perform a critical function in consolidating socialist consciousness" within Cuba.
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and Papua New Guinea, while seventeen medical students from Vanuatu would study in Cuba. It was reported that it might also provide training for Fiji doctors.
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program grew out of the emergency assistance provided by Cuban doctors in the wake of the December 1999 mudslides in Vargas state, which killed 20,000 people.
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of thousands of well-trained Cuban health-care professionals. U.S. companies could also transform the remaining health care system into a destination for
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at the time of the earthquake were reported to be safe, with two suffering minor injuries. In 2014, Cuba sent 103 nurses and 62 doctors to help fight the
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972:"Information received in relation to alleged human rights abuses suffered by 30,000 Cuban doctors participating in "internationalization missions.""
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But from the 2000s onwards the Cuban medical missions began to serve another purpose too: to make some much-needed cash for the Cuban government.
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C Muntaner, RM Guerra-Salazar, J Benach and F Armada,(2006) "Venezuela's barrio adentro: an alternative to neoliberalism" in health care,
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381:, "offering treatment for hair loss, skin disorders, cancer, leukemia, and other illnesses attributed to radioactivity", free of charge.
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563:"the Cuban government imposes draconian rules on doctors deployed in medical missions globally that violate their fundamental rights".
757:
Robert Huish and John M. Kirk (2007), "Cuban Medical Internationalism and the Development of the Latin American School of Medicine",
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Robert Huish and John M. Kirk (2007), "Cuban Medical Internationalism and the Development of the Latin American School of Medicine",
516:. Garrett concluded that, if politicians do not take great care, lifting of the restrictions would rob Cuba of its greatest triumph.
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If Cuban medical personnel did not meet their quotas, they were threatened with having their pay cut or being sent back to Cuba.
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Robert Huish and Jerry Spiegel (2008), "INTEGRATING HEALTH AND HUMAN SECURITY INTO FOREIGN POLICY: CUBA’S SURPRISING SUCCESS",
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Milagro clinics in 15 countries. By 2019, over 4 million people in 34 countries had received free surgery through the program.
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The South African government will pay more than R239m in salaries for the 187 members of the Cuban medical brigade .
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salaries to be paid for Cuban medical assistance even as many South African doctors and nurses remained unemployed.
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1989:"The White Coat Army: Why is South Africa paying Cuba for doctors when so many of our own doctors are unemployed?"
50:, the Cuban state newspaper, the number of Cuban medical staff abroad fell from 50,000 in 2015 to 28,000 in 2020.
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1549:"Cuban doctors have inaugurated a series of new health services in Tuvalu a small island nation in the Pacific"
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Both humanitarian and ideological factors were prominent in Cuba's "doctor diplomacy", particularly during the
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government. Cuban doctors who defected said that they were monitored by "minders" and subject to curfew.
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Following the development of cooperation with Venezuela through Mission Barrio Adentro, Mission Milagro/
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The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba
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was illegal under Zimbabwean law. Zimbabwean police arrested the doctors and took them to the
103:. The program was officially initiated in 1963 as part of Cuba's foreign policy of supporting
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Schwab, T., Sims, H.D. (1985), "Cuba and Nicaragua: a key regional relationship, 1979-1984."
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assistance teams to Chile, Nicaragua, and Iran following earthquakes. Similarly, Venezuela's
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A Cuban surgeon with scrub cap performing an open air operation in Guinea-Bissau for the
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Cuba has also sent notable missions to Bolivia (particularly after the 2005 election of
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2025:
Saney, I. 2009, "Homeland of humanity: Internationalism within the Cuban revolution",
1804:"Oil-for-Doctors: Cuban Medical Diplomacy Gets a Little Help From a Venezuelan Friend"
1715:"Dumping medicine, faking patients: Cuban doctors describe a system that breeds fraud"
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1193:, "Confronting Health Disparities: Latin American Social Medicine in Venezuela", I(3)
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We are Cuba! : how a revolutionary people have survived in a post-Soviet world
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in Venezuela denied medicine and other treatments in order to secure votes for the
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and seventeen ni-Vanuatu. Pacific Islanders have been studying in Cuba since 2006.
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207:, however, the offer was refused. Several months later a mission was dispatched to
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20:
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grew out of the emergency assistance provided by Cuban doctors in the wake of the
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Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy
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De Vos et al. (2007), "Cuba's International Cooperation in Health: an Overview",
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111:, which suffered from the mass withdrawal of French medical personnel during the
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In 1960, Cuba sent an emergency brigade to Chile to assist the recovery from the
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De Vos et al (2007), "Cuba's International Cooperation in Health: an Overview",
677:
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In 2007, there were sixteen Cuban doctors providing specialised medical care in
1748:
1363:"Watch: Cuban doctors arrive in Italy to fight coronavirus, get a loud welcome"
1096:
879:"'It Is Unspeakable': How Maduro Used Cuban Doctors to Coerce Venezuela Voters"
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547:(PSUV) during elections through coercion. The report said this occurred during
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established a program to send its medical personnel overseas, particularly to
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1565:. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California:
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1056:"Cuba has assisted almost one third of the world's population in health care"
1002:"Trump puts Cuban doctors in firing line as heat turned up on island economy"
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In 2023 Cuba sent 171 doctors to aid Italian hospitals in the poor region of
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1876:"Occhiuto, arrivati in Calabria altri 120 medici cubani - Notizie - Ansa.it"
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Akhtar, A.S. (2006). "Cuban doctors in Pakistan: Why Cuba still inspires".
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Health Care Without Borders: Understanding Cuban Medical Internationalism
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219:. All 152 Cuban medical and educational personnel in the Haitian capital
204:
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Cooper R.S., Kennelly J.F., Ordunez-Garcia P., (2006) "Health in Cuba",
1406:"Los médicos cubanos arriesgan sus vidas para escapar de las carencias"
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could have dire consequences for Cuba's health care system, leading to
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Since 1990, Cuba has provided long-term care for 24,000 victims of the
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and in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
227:, the biggest contribution of health care staff by any single country.
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Cohen, Sylvester, 1994. “Cuba and the liberation of Southern Africa.”
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In the 2000s, Cuba began establishing or strengthening relations with
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1749:"Cuban Medical Internationalism and its Role in Cuban Foreign Policy"
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2215:"Hundreds of Cuban medical workers defecting to U.S. while overseas"
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2043:
1092:"The Cuban Revolutionary Doctor: The Ultimate Weapon of Solidarity"
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1960:"Cuban doctors still deployed, but not worth the money says SAMA"
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Cuban doctors reduce Kiribati infant mortality rate by 80 percent
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Pacific Magazine: Six More Cuban Physicians To Serve In Kiribati
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pandemic there was concern in South Africa about the relatively
2246:"Cuban Doctors Abroad Helped to Defect by New U.S. Visa Policy"
1901:"Covid-19: Cuban doctors to cost SA taxpayers millions of rand"
1207:
De Vos et al (2008), "Cuba's health system: Challenges ahead",
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286:
129:
32:
1114:(1996). "Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961-1965".
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In 2008, Cuba was due to send doctors to the Solomon Islands,
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struggles. It began when Cuba sent a small medical brigade to
1931:"Mkhize releases details of salary payments to Cuban doctors"
1031:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. p. 118.
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Cuban Medical Internationalism: Origins, Evolution, and Goals
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Cuba's largest and most extensive medical aid effort is with
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71:
2277:"Obama ending 'wet foot, dry foot' Cuban immigration policy"
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1506:"Cuban Foreign Minister Opens Cuba-Pacific Islands Meeting"
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24:
1592:"Cuban President Raul Castro faces deep problems in 2017"
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against Portugal. Cuba's largest foreign campaign was in
1343:"Italy sees a smaller day-to-day increase in new cases"
1235:"Cuba grants medical aid to Haitian earthquake victims"
40:
437:
1537:"Cuba-Pacific ministerial meeting underway in Havana"
1494:"Fiji says Cuban help sought as neighbours turn away"
910:
Raisbeck, Daniel; Osterhoudt, John (18 April 2022).
1378:"Cuban doctors head to Italy to battle coronavirus"
1189:Briggs, Charles, and Mantini-Briggs, Clara (2009),
857:"Cuba: Repressive Rules for Doctors Working Abroad"
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United States trade and travel restrictions on Cuba
270:began recruiting Cuban doctors in July 2007, while
1484:, Radio New Zealand International, August 10, 2008
1281:"Cuba to commit large health corps to Ebola fight"
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976:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
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2127:"Cuban doctors working abroad defect to the USA"
1496:, Radio New Zealand International, April 4, 2008
2307:Alternatives to Health Insurance: Cuban Doctors
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1441:Kiribati discusses medical training with Cuba
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579:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
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811:
703:John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman (2009),
490:Possible effects of lifting the U.S. embargo
2201:"Cuban Medical Professional Parole Program"
2070:"Cuban Doctors Freed From Jail in Zimbabwe"
1525:"Small Island States and Global Challenges"
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1863:The International Journal of Cuban Studies
1843:"SA signs deal with Cuba for more doctors"
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1539:, ABC Radio Australia, September 17, 2008
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596:Cuban Medical Professional Parole program
520:Reports of slavery and political coercion
444:Latin American School of Medicine in Cuba
2181:"Cubanos desertores atrapados en Bogotá"
1560:
1279:Kupferschmidt, Kai (12 September 2014).
1255:
951:International Journal of Health Services
691:International Journal of Health Services
628:List of medical schools in the Caribbean
567:Defection of Cuban medical professionals
392:, the latter in particular after a post-
203:, Cuba prepared to send 1500 doctors to
95:A Cuban doctor in Guinea-Bissau in 1974.
90:
65:
2067:
2058:
1827:"Cuba, SA health deal is in good shape"
1527:, Cuban News Agency, September 30, 2008
1515:, Cuban News Agency, September 16, 2008
1237:. Agencia Angola Press. 18 January 2010
1196:
1089:
784:
585:According to a 2007 paper published in
238:. Cuban medical teams also assisted in
2885:
2243:
2212:
2124:
2113:
1836:
1590:Rodriguez, Andrea (26 December 2016).
1482:"Vanuatu to get six doctors from Cuba"
1400:
1398:
1375:
1256:Robinson, Circles (January 14, 2010).
930:
2333:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1554:
1306:
876:
693:, Volume 37, Number 4, Pages 761–776
684:International Journal of Epidemiology
549:2018 Venezuelan presidential election
2275:Whitefield, Mimi (12 January 2017).
1820:
1746:
1466:"Cuban Physicians to Aid 81 Nations"
1026:
953:, Volume 37, Number 4, Pages 761–776
872:
870:
851:
849:
780:
778:
776:
537:article, sixteen Cuban doctors from
152:Cuban medical missions were sent to
2297:Cuba Pushes its 'Medical Diplomacy'
2016:Eric Sabo, Bloomberg.com, Mar 2014.
1395:
822:"Cuba's doctors are in high demand"
545:United Socialist Party of Venezuela
438:Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina
414:, which are severely understaffed.
225:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa
86:
13:
2094:CM-azares, David (July 29, 2000).
1735:
1665:
1598:. Associated Press. Archived from
456:
372:
191:, Cuba sent medical assistance to
139:
61:
14:
2924:
2874:Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2290:
2096:"2 Cuban Doctors Coming to Miami"
1258:"Cuba Reacts to Haiti Earthquake"
1191:American Journal of Public Health
1117:Journal of Latin American Studies
982:from the original on June 9, 2020
956:
867:
846:
773:
609:the chief of staff for U.S. Rep.
574:O. R. Tambo International Airport
2415:
2361:
1376:Acosta, Nelson (23 March 2020).
1313:. Haymarket Books. p. 142.
2326:- a slideshow by Edgard Garrido
2268:
2244:Ceasar, Mike (August 1, 2007).
2237:
2213:Abbady, Tal (10 October 2007).
2206:
2193:
2167:
2087:
2068:DeYoung, Karen (June 9, 2000).
2032:
2019:
2010:
1981:
1952:
1923:
1893:
1868:
1618:
1583:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1434:
1423:
1369:
1355:
1335:
1300:
1272:
1249:
1227:
1214:
1170:
1157:
1104:
1090:Brouwer, Steve (January 2009).
1020:
994:
912:"The Myth of Cuban Health Care"
643:Cuban military internationalism
2125:Ceaser, Michael (2007-04-14).
1567:University of California Press
1551:, Prensa Latina, June 14, 2009
877:Casey, Nicholas (2019-03-17).
785:Garrett, Laurie (2010-08-05).
764:
55:Cuban medical internationalism
16:Aspect of Cuban foreign policy
1:
2765:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
2144:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60577-7
718:
1802:Julie M. Feinsilver (2008),
1747:Kirk, John M. (2009-08-05).
1154:(Quote is from p. 165).
316:
113:Algerian War of Independence
7:
2836:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2816:Diplomatic missions of Cuba
2027:Latin American Perspectives
1865:Volume 1 Issue 1, June 2008
1631:Latin American Perspectives
759:Latin American Perspectives
686:, 35 (4), pp. 817–824.
678:10.2190/c4ew-x8rp-gum4-p5ad
656:Latin American Perspectives
621:
461:
417:
278:considered following suit.
10:
2929:
2219:South Florida Sun-Sentinel
2040:"Trata de MĂ©dicos Cubanos"
1753:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1627:"Revolutionary Cuba at 50"
1625:Brundenius, Claes (2009).
1209:Health Policy and Planning
1060:Agencia Cubana de Noticias
968:Giammarinaro, Maria Grazia
648:
441:
320:
249:
2898:Foreign relations of Cuba
2871:
2828:
2808:
2744:
2723:
2692:
2631:
2530:
2424:
2413:
2374:
2368:Foreign relations of Cuba
2318:The Palestinian Chronicle
1765:10.1080/09592290903001578
1561:Cederlöf, Gustav (2023).
1130:10.1017/s0022216x00012670
230:In the first year of the
74:liberation movement, 1974
1882:(in Italian). 2023-08-04
1643:10.1177/0094582x09331968
1412:(in Spanish). 2020-01-04
1151:assistance abroad began.
672:36(4), pp. 803–811
664:10.1177/0094582x07308119
504:warned that lifting the
480:
2203:, accessed 4 April 2009
341:December 1999 mudslides
213:2005 Kashmir earthquake
2324:Chernobyl Kids in Cuba
1307:Davis, Stuart (2023).
1167:46 (September): 17–25.
787:"CastroCare in Crisis"
540:Mission Barrio Adentro
354:was set up to provide
323:Mission Barrio Adentro
147:Mission Barrio Adentro
96:
75:
2863:Foreign interventions
2250:World Politics Review
1683:Yale University Press
1675:Yaffe, Helen (2020).
707:, Palgrave Macmillan
670:Int J Health Services
217:2010 Haiti earthquake
94:
69:
53:A major criticism of
2316:by Belén Fernández,
1817:216 July–August 2008
970:(November 6, 2019).
531:According to a 2019
426:However, during the
182:Order of the Quetzal
2809:Diplomatic missions
2507:Trinidad and Tobago
2256:on October 22, 2007
2225:on 14 February 2009
2137:(9569): 1247–1248.
2074:The Washington Post
2029:36 (1), pp. 111-123
1602:on 27 December 2016
1286:news.sciencemag.org
1211:, 23(4), pg:288-290
1027:Kirk, John (2015).
611:Lincoln DĂaz-Balart
600:In August 2006 the
126:war of independence
101:Valdivia earthquake
2893:Healthcare in Cuba
2467:Dominican Republic
2312:2011-06-17 at the
2186:2008-10-04 at the
1809:2010-07-06 at the
1062:. 23 February 2021
1008:. 11 February 2020
883:The New York Times
861:Human Rights Watch
561:Human Rights Watch
534:The New York Times
494:A 2010 article by
379:Chernobyl disaster
189:2004 Asian tsunami
97:
76:
2913:Medical diplomacy
2880:
2879:
2847:Internationalism
2299:by Michael Voss,
2199:U.S. State Dept,
2046:. 13 January 2020
1966:. 20 January 2021
1692:978-0-300-24551-6
1576:978-0-520-39313-4
1320:978-1-64259-812-4
1224:58 (6), pp. 49-55
1180:15 (2), pp. 73-81
713:978-0-230-62222-7
699:10.2190/HS.37.4.k
352:OperaciĂłn Milagro
327:OperaciĂłn Milagro
232:COVID-19 pandemic
201:Hurricane Katrina
199:. In response to
170:Hurricane Georges
164:following 1998's
2920:
2908:Internationalism
2419:
2402:Sahrawi Republic
2366:
2365:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2252:. Archived from
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2221:. Archived from
2210:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2179:
2171:
2165:
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2146:
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2110:
2108:
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2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
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1985:
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1971:
1956:
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1503:
1497:
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1485:
1479:
1473:
1472:, March 29, 2008
1463:
1457:
1452:
1443:
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1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1351:. 23 March 2020.
1339:
1333:
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1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
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1267:
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1218:
1212:
1205:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1112:Gleijeses, Piero
1108:
1102:
1101:
1087:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1043:
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1024:
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954:
947:
928:
927:
925:
923:
907:
901:
900:
898:
897:
874:
865:
864:
863:. July 23, 2020.
853:
844:
843:
841:
840:
828:. 4 April 2020.
818:
809:
808:
806:
805:
782:
771:
768:
762:
755:
638:Medical missions
365:The Miami Herald
272:Papua New Guinea
87:Anti-colonialism
21:Cuban Revolution
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2883:
2882:
2881:
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2804:
2740:
2719:
2705:Solomon Islands
2688:
2627:
2526:
2420:
2411:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2314:Wayback Machine
2293:
2288:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2188:Wayback Machine
2177:
2172:
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2123:
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2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2066:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2038:
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2033:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1910:
1908:
1907:. 29 April 2020
1899:
1898:
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1837:
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1821:
1811:Wayback Machine
1801:
1788:
1745:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1693:
1685:. p. 164.
1673:
1666:
1623:
1619:
1605:
1603:
1596:bigstory.ap.org
1588:
1584:
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1559:
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791:Foreign Affairs
783:
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769:
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721:
651:
624:
598:
569:
522:
514:medical tourism
501:Foreign Affairs
492:
483:
464:
459:
457:Effects on Cuba
450:Hurricane Mitch
448:In response to
446:
440:
420:
375:
373:Other countries
329:
321:Main articles:
319:
268:Solomon Islands
252:
166:Hurricane Mitch
142:
140:Humanitarianism
89:
64:
62:Missions abroad
19:After the 1959
17:
12:
11:
5:
2926:
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2878:
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2844:
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2830:
2829:Related topics
2826:
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2797:
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2777:
2775:European Union
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2684:United Kingdom
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2320:, May 18, 2009
2304:
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2292:
2291:External links
2289:
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2286:
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2192:
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2112:
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2057:
2042:(in Spanish).
2031:
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1993:Daily Maverick
1980:
1951:
1937:. 10 June 2020
1922:
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1815:Nueva Sociedad
1786:
1759:(2): 275–290.
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1511:2009-06-14 at
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1260:. Havana Times
1248:
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1222:Monthly Review
1213:
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1169:
1165:Monthly Review
1156:
1124:(1): 159–195.
1103:
1097:Monthly Review
1073:
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964:Bhoola, Urmila
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606:George W. Bush
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553:Nicolás Maduro
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496:Laurie Garrett
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442:Main article:
439:
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374:
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318:
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308:In June 2009,
256:Pacific Island
251:
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221:Port-au-Prince
211:following the
187:Following the
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2013:
2006:
1995:. 10 May 2020
1994:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1936:
1935:Medical Brief
1932:
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1849:(28 May 2012)
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2131:The Lancet
1886:2023-11-25
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1241:19 January
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