2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

57: 46: 2068:. A video, taken by a local restaurant manager from a hill adjacent to the beach, showed that the tsunami's arrival was preceded by a sudden retreat of the sea exposing the seafloor. Many tourists and locals can be seen trying to gather fish. Moments later, the tsunami arrives as a wall of foaming water that slams into the coast, washing away numerous people who had no time to escape. Another amateur video, captured by a German family at beach level, showed the tsunami appearing as a white horizontal line in the distant horizon, gradually becoming bigger (bore-like), engulfing a jet skier and lifting two police boats. A maximum inundation of approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) was measured, the inundated depths were 4–7 m (13–23 ft) and there was evidence that the tsunami reached the third floor of a resort hotel. The tsunami in Khao Lak was bigger due to offshore coral reefs and shallow seafloor which caused the tsunami to pile-up. This was similar to eyewitness accounts of the tsunami at 2374:, there were three tsunami waves. The sea was observed to rise suddenly before the onset of the first wave. The first wave came 5 minutes after the earthquake, preceded by a recession of the sea up to 600–700 m (2,000–2,300 ft).. The second and third waves came in 10 minutes intervals after the first wave. The third wave was the strongest, with a maximum tsunami wave height of 11 m (36 ft). Waves nearly three stories high devastated the Indian Air Force base, located just south of Malacca. The maximum tsunami wave height of 11 m (36 ft). Inundation limit was found to be up to 1.25 km (0.78 mi) inland. The impact of the waves was so severe that four oil tankers were thrown almost 800 m (2,600 ft) from the seashore near Malacca to the Air force colony main gate. In Chuckchucha and Lapati, the tsunami arrived in a three-wave cycle with a maximum tsunami wave height of 12 m (39 ft). 3566:, which separate Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, by changing the depth of the seabed and by disturbing navigational buoys and old shipwrecks. In one area of the Strait, water depths were previously up to 1,200 m (4,000 ft), and are now only 30 m (100 ft) in some areas, making shipping impossible and dangerous. These problems also made the delivery of relief aid more challenging. Compiling new navigational charts may take months or years. Officials also hoped that piracy in the region would drop off, since the tsunami had killed pirates and destroyed their boats. Due to multiple factors, there was a 71.6% drop in the number of piracy incidents between 2004 and 2005, from 60 to 17 incidents. Levels remained relatively low for some years. However, between 2013 and 2014, piracy incidents rose dramatically by 73.2% to exceed pre-tsunami levels. 1698:

north-east. The inundation was observed to extend 3–4 km (1.9–2.5 mi) inland throughout the city. Within 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) of the shoreline, houses, except for strongly-built reinforced concrete ones with brick walls, which seemed to have been partially damaged by the earthquake before the tsunami attack, were swept away or destroyed by the tsunami. The area toward the sea was wiped clean of nearly every structure, while closer to the river, dense construction in a commercial district showed the effects of severe flooding. The flow depth at the city was just at the level of the second floor, and there were large amounts of debris piled along the streets and in the ground-floor storefronts. In the seaside section of Ulee Lheue, the flow depths were over 9 m (30 ft). Footage showed evidence of back-flowing of the

3765: 1722: 64: 2160: 1662: 1745:. In the distant horizon, gigantic black waves about 30 m (98 ft) high made explosion-like sounds as they broke and approached the shore. The first wave came rapidly landward from the south-west as a turbulent bore about 0.5–2.5 m (1.6–8.2 ft) high. The second and third waves were 15–30 m (49–98 ft) high at the coast and appeared like gigantic surfing waves but "taller than the coconut trees and was like a mountain". The second wave was the largest; it came from the west-southwest within five minutes of the first wave. The tsunami stranded cargo ships, barges and destroyed a cement mining facility near the Lampuuk coast, where it reached the fourth level of the building. 14327: 187: 2382:

was the strongest. The tsunami waves wreaked havoc in the densely populated Jogindar Nagar area, situated 13 km (8.1 mi) south of Campbell Bay. According to local accounts, tsunami waves attacked the area three times. The first wave came five minutes after the mainshock (0629 hrs.) with a marginal drop in sea level. The second wave came 10 minutes after the first one with a maximum height of 4.8 m (16 ft) to 8 m (26 ft) and caused the major destruction. The third wave came within 15 minutes after the second with lower wave height. The maximum inundation limit due to tsunami water was about 500 m (1,600 ft).

137: 162: 3883: 3962: 1820: 2974: 1312:; in this case near Ecuador). The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes. The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode (with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador), and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about 200 minutes. A major aftershock (magnitude 7.1) can be seen at the closest stations starting just after the 200-minute mark. The aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances but is dwarfed by the 1355: 2140:

south. The ground level was about 2 m above sea level, where there were many cottages and hotels. The south bay opens to the south-east and faces in the opposite direction from the tsunami. Furthermore, Phi Phi Le Island shields the port of Phi Phi Don Island. The measured tsunami height was 4.6 m (15 ft) in the port. Amateur camcorder footage taken by Israeli tourists showed the tsunami advancing inland suddenly as a small flood, gradually becoming more powerful and engulfing the whole beach and resort, with the tsunami carrying a yacht out to sea.

1749: 3584: 14243: 1681:. This was succeeded by the appearance of two large black-coloured steep waves which then travelled inland into the capital city as a large turbulent bore. Eyewitnesses described the tsunami as a "black giant", "mountain" and a "wall of water". Video footage revealed torrents of black water, surging by windows of a two-story residential area situated about 3.2 km (2.0 mi) inland. Additionally, amateur footage recorded in the middle of the city captured an approaching black surge flowing down the city streets, full of debris, inundating them. 1451:

coastlines, a tsunami slows down to only tens of kilometres per hour but, in doing so, forms large destructive waves. Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that the wave reached a height of 24 m (80 ft) when coming ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to 30 m (100 ft) in some areas when travelling inland. Radar satellites recorded the heights of tsunami waves in deep water: the maximum height was at 600 mm (2 ft) two hours after the earthquake, the first such observations ever made.

2709:, the Indonesian Minister of Health at the time, estimated the death total to be as high as 220,000 in Indonesia alone, giving a total of 280,000 fatalities. However, the estimated number of dead and missing in Indonesia were later reduced by over 50,000. In their report, the Tsunami Evaluation Coalition stated, "It should be remembered that all such data are subject to error, as data on missing persons especially are not always as good as one might wish". A much higher number of deaths has been suggested for Myanmar based on reports from Thailand. 3431: 2667: 3500:(UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it. UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$ 9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004 and 2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. 1835:(Dondra Head). The refracted tsunami waves then inundated the southwestern part of Sri Lanka after some of its energy was reflected from impact with the Maldives. In Sri Lanka, the civilian casualties were second only to those in Indonesia, with approximately 35,000 killed. The eastern shores of Sri Lanka were the hardest hit since it faced the epicentre of the earthquake, while the southwestern shores were hit later, but the death toll was just as severe. The southwestern shores are a hotspot for tourists and fishing. The 3832: 1165: 14211: 1597: 1485: 837: 1377:

of the seabed. 1,500-metre-high (5,000 ft) thrust ridges created by previous geologic activity along the fault had collapsed, generating landslides several kilometres wide. One such landslide consisted of a single block of rock some 100 m (330 ft) high and 2 km (1.2 mi) long. The momentum of the water displaced by tectonic uplift had also dragged massive slabs of rock, each weighing millions of tonnes, as far as 10 km (6 mi) across the seabed. An

1777:, and Teunom. Affected or destroyed towns on the region's north and east coast were Pidie Regency, Samalanga, Panteraja, and Lhokseumawe. The high fatality rate in the area was mainly due to lack of preparation of the community towards a tsunami and limited knowledge and education among the population regarding the natural phenomenon. Helicopter surveys revealed entire settlements virtually destroyed, with destruction extending miles inland. Only a few mosques remained standing. 2004: 82: 3202: 1431: 1285: 596: 75: 3170: 3132: 3301: 1054: 14267: 14255: 3981:, the US has pledged additional funds in long-term U.S. support to help the tsunami victims rebuild their lives. On 9 February 2005, President Bush asked Congress to increase the U.S. commitment to a total of US$ 950 million. Officials estimated that billions of dollars would be needed. Bush also asked his father, former President George H. W. Bush, and former President Bill Clinton to lead a U.S. effort to provide private aid to the tsunami victims. 2822: 2783: 1685: 14279: 3544:

commonly used, is an important source of fish for local markets; industrial fishery is the major economic activity, providing direct employment to about 250,000 people. In recent years the fishery industry has emerged as a dynamic export-oriented sector, generating substantial foreign exchange earnings. Preliminary estimates indicated that 66% of the fishing fleet and industrial infrastructure in coastal regions were destroyed by the wave surges.

3055: 3097: 3016: 2898: 14303: 14315: 2939: 2591: 194: 169: 144: 2274: 3266: 3234: 1546: 1153: 3824:, even as there was no sign of turbulence in the region. The announcement generated panic in the Indian Ocean region and caused thousands to flee their homes, which resulted in jammed roads. The announcement was a false alarm, and the Home Affairs minister withdrew their announcement. On further investigation, the India government learned that the consulting company Terra Research was run from the home of a self-described 1593:. This rare sight reportedly induced people, especially children, to visit the coast to investigate and collect stranded fish on as much as 2.5 km (1.6 mi) of exposed beach, with fatal results. However, not all tsunamis cause this "disappearing sea" effect. In some cases, there are no warning signs at all: the sea will suddenly swell without retreating, surprising many people and giving them little time to flee. 4161: 3525: 14339: 14291: 2243:. The rising sea water did not enter the shrine, but the receding waters swept away hundreds of pilgrims who were on the beach. The shrine's compound, nearby villages, hundreds of shops, homes and pilgrims were washed away into the sea. About 600 pilgrims died. Rescue teams extricated more than 400 bodies from the sand and rocks in the vicinity and large number of unidentified bodies were buried in mass graves. 2860: 2116:, a popular tourist destination, the tsunami first arrived as a small flood, which swept away cars and surprised people. About 10 minutes later, the sea receded for a while before the tsunami arrived again as a large wall of water looming over the skyline and flooding the coast. Another video from Kamala Beach showed the tsunami flooding the ground floor of a restaurant sweeping away an elderly couple. On 1769:, a remote coastal city, was among the hardest hit by the tsunami. The waves arrived after the sea receded about 500 m (1,600 ft), followed by an advancing small tsunami. The second and third destructive waves arrived later, which exceeded the height of the coconut trees. The inundation distance is about 5 km (3.1 mi). Other towns on Aceh's west coast hit by the disaster included 2492:. Based on scientific surveys from Ayeyarwady Delta through Taninthayi Division, it was revealed that tsunami heights along the Myanmar coast were between 0.4–2.9 m (1 ft 4 in – 9 ft 6 in). Eyewitnesses compared the tsunami with the "rainy-season high tide"; although at most locations, the tsunami height was similar or smaller than the "rainy-season high tide" level. 3679: 3661: 3643: 3625: 3607: 3591: 2345:

Island, restricted to Chidiyatapu, Burmanallah, Kodiaghat, Beadnabad, Corbyn's cove and Marina Park/Aberdeen Jetty areas. Along the west coast, the inundation was observed around Guptapara, Manjeri, Wandoor, Collinpur and Tirur regions. Several near-shore establishments and numerous infrastructures such as seawalls and a 20 MW diesel-generated power plant at Bamboo Flat were destroyed. At

2124:, the tsunami came in like a surging flood inland carrying people and cars. On some locations, a coastal road was built which was higher than the shore, protecting a hotel which was behind it. On the east coast of Phuket Island, the tsunami height was about 2 m. In one river mouth, many boats were damaged. The tsunami moved counter-clockwise around Phuket Island, as was the case at 1281:, where vertical movements of 3 mm (0.12 in) were recorded. By February 2005, the earthquake's effects were still detectable as a 20 μm (0.02 mm; 0.0008 in) complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth's surface, which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than four months after the earthquake. 2270:. The waves receded before the first tsunami with the highest fatality reported from the densely populated Alappad panchayat (including the villages of Cheriya Azhikkal and Azhikkal) at Kollam district, caused by a 4 m (13 ft) tsunami. A video recorded by locals showed the tsunami flooding the beach and villages, causing despair amongst the villagers. 1677:, the closest major city, suffered severe casualties. The sea receded and exposed the seabed, prompting locals to collect stranded fish and explore the area. Local eyewitnesses described three large waves, with the first wave rising gently to the foundation of the buildings, followed minutes later by a sudden withdrawal of the sea near the port of 3540:

the affected national economies will be minor because losses in the tourism and fishing industries are a relatively small percentage of the GDP. However, others caution that damage to infrastructure is an overriding factor. In some areas drinking water supplies and farm fields may have been contaminated for years by saltwater from the ocean.

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muddy tsunami ravaged the city of Karaikal, where 492 people died. The city of Pondicherry, protected by seawalls was relatively unscathed. Local video recorded that before the arrival of the tsunami, people can be seen swarming the beach to check on stranded fish from the exposed beach. Furthermore, at the coastal town of

1851:, the tsunami appeared as a huge brown-orange-coloured bore which reached the first level of a hotel, causing destruction and taking people unaware. Other videos recorded showed that the tsunami appeared like a flood raging inland. The construction of seawalls and breakwaters reduced the power of waves at some locations. 1862:, run-ups measured 11 m (36 ft) with the greatest inundation distance of 2 km (1.2 mi). Run-up measurements along the Sri Lankan coasts are at 2.4–4.11 m (7 ft 10 in – 13 ft 6 in). Waves measured on the east coast ranged from 4.5–9 m (15–30 ft) at Pottuvill to 1134:). This greatly increased the geographical area over which the waves were observed, reaching as far as Mexico, Chile, and the Arctic. The raising of the seafloor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 mm (0.004 in). 1600: 2151:. The divers reported being caught in a violent, swirling current suddenly while underwater. Local camcorder footage showed the tsunami surging inland and flooding camping equipment at the Similan Islands while the tsunami caught tourists unaware at the Surin Islands, and dragging them out towards the sea. 2132:. According to interviews, the second wave was the largest. The tsunami heights were 5–6 m (16–20 ft) and the inundated depth was about 2 m (6.6 ft). The tsunami surprised many tourists at Koh Racha Yai, where it flooded the resorts. About 250 people perished directly in the tsunami. 1569:". Although the extreme western edge of the Ring of Fire extends into the Indian Ocean (the point where the earthquake struck), no warning system exists in that ocean. Tsunamis there are relatively rare despite earthquakes being relatively frequent in Indonesia. The last major tsunami was caused by the 3539:

The level of damage to the economy resulting from the tsunami depends on the scale examined. While the overall impact on the national economies was minor, local economies were devastated. The two main occupations affected by the tsunami were fishing and tourism. Some economists believe that damage to

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Meanwhile, in the Little Andaman, tsunami waves impinged on the eastern shore about 25 to 30 minutes after the earthquake in a four-wave cycle of which the fourth tsunami was the most devastating with a wave height of about 10 m (33 ft). The tsunami destroyed settlements at Hut Bay within a

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could have been wiped out. Many of the aboriginal tribes evacuated and suffered fewer casualties, however. Oral traditions developed from previous earthquakes helped the aboriginal tribes escape the tsunami. For example, the folklore of the Onges talks of "huge shaking of ground followed by high wall

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Because of the distances involved, the tsunami took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours to reach the coastlines. The northern regions of the Indonesian island of Sumatra were hit quickly, while Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit roughly 90 minutes to two hours later. Thailand was

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surveyed the seabed around the earthquake zone, which varies in depth between 1,000 and 5,000 m (550 and 2,730 fathoms; 3,300 and 16,400 ft). The survey, conducted using a high-resolution, multi-beam sonar system, revealed that the earthquake had made a considerable impact on the topography

1347:), might have moved south-west by up to 36 m (120 ft), but more accurate data released more than a month after the earthquake found the movement to be about 0.2 m (8 in). Since movement was vertical as well as lateral, some coastal areas may have been moved to below sea level. The 3901:

was needed because of widespread damage to the infrastructure, shortages of food and water, and economic damage. Epidemics were of particular concern due to the high population density and tropical climate of the affected areas. The main concern of humanitarian and government agencies was to provide

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Many health professionals and aid workers have reported widespread psychological trauma associated with the tsunami. Even 14 years afterwards, researchers find HPA axis dysregulation and “burnout” in survivors. Traditional beliefs in many of the affected regions state that a relative of the family

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of the atoll chain with offshore coral reefs, deep channels separating individual atolls and its arrival within low tide which decreased the power of the tsunami. After the tsunami, there was some concern that the country might be submerged entirely and become uninhabitable. However, this was proven

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Comparisons with earlier earthquakes are difficult, as earthquake strength was not measured systematically until the 1930s. However, historical earthquake strength can sometimes be estimated by examining historical descriptions of the damage caused, and the geological records of the areas where they

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The widespread devastation caused by the tsunami led GAM to declare a cease-fire on 28 December 2004 followed by the Indonesian government, and the two groups resumed long-stalled peace talks, which resulted in a peace agreement signed 15 August 2005. The agreement explicitly cites the tsunami as a

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Even though only coastal regions were directly affected by the waters of the tsunami, the indirect effects have spread to inland provinces as well. Since the media coverage of the event was so extensive, many tourists cancelled vacations and trips to that part of the world, even though their travel

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Consequently, tsunami runup heights vary from 5 m (16 ft) to 9 m (30 ft) with inundation distances varying from 44 m (144 ft) to 704 m (2,310 ft). The maximum runup height of almost 9 m (30 ft) was recorded in Bandarbeyla. An even higher runup point

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at a distance of 2,500 km (1,600 mi) from the epicentre. Similar to Sri Lanka, survivors reported three waves with the second wave being the most powerful. Being rich in coral reefs, the Maldives provides an opportunity for scientists to assess the impact of a tsunami on coral atolls. The

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The worst affected island in the Andaman & Nicobar chain is Katchall Island, with 303 people confirmed dead and 4,354 missing out of a total population of 5,312. The significant shielding of Port Blair and Campbell Bay by steep mountainous outcrops contributed to the relatively low wave heights

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In South Andaman island, based on local eyewitnesses, there were three tsunami waves, with the third being the most destructive. Flooding occurred at the coast and low-lying areas inland, which were connected to open sea through creeks. Inundation was observed, along the east coast of South Andaman

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was battered by the tsunami which swept across the beach taking morning walkers unaware. Amateur video recorded taken at a resort beach showed the tsunami arriving as a large wall of water as it approached the coast and flooding it as it advanced inland. Besides that, a 10 m (33 ft) black

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The tsunami, like all the others, behaved differently in deep water than in shallow water. In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a low, broad hump, barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at the high speed of 500 to 1,000 km/h (310 to 620 mph); in shallow water near

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that exceeded 10 mm (0.4 in) in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth. The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth's surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS/USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time (since the earthquake initiation) on

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reported that over US$ 4 billion in aid promised by governments was behind schedule. Sri Lanka reported that it had received no foreign government aid, while foreign individuals had been generous. Many charities were given considerable donations from the public. For example, in the United Kingdom,

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Island, the tsunami waves hit the area three times with an inundation limit of 250–500 m (820–1,640 ft). A rise in sea level was observed before the first wave came within 5 minutes of the earthquake. The second and third waves came in 10-minute intervals after the first. The second wave

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distance varied between 1,006–500 m (3,301–1,640 ft) in most areas, except at river mouths, where it was more than 1 km (0.62 mi). Areas with dense coconut groves or mangroves had much smaller inundation distances, and those with river mouths or backwaters saw larger inundation

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slides under (or subducts) the overriding Burma Plate. The slip did not happen instantaneously but took place in two phases over several minutes: Seismographic and acoustic data indicate that the first phase involved a rupture about 400 km (250 mi) long and 100 km (60 mi) wide,

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was named by as many respondents. The extensive international media coverage of the tsunami, and the role of mass media and journalists in reconstruction, were discussed by editors of newspapers and broadcast media in tsunami-affected areas, in special video-conferences set up by the Asia Pacific

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The last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean was about A.D. 1400. In 2008, a team of scientists working on Phra Thong, a barrier island along the hard-hit west coast of Thailand, reported evidence of at least three previous major tsunamis in the preceding 2,800 years, the most recent from about 700

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In addition to other forms of aid, the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from

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are a group of small islands that were affected by the tsunami. The north bay of Phi Phi Don Island opens to the north-west in the direction of the tsunami. The measured tsunami height on this beach was 5.8 m (19 ft). According to eyewitness accounts, the tsunami came from the north and

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The level of destruction was extreme on the northwestern areas of the city, immediately inland of the aquaculture ponds, and directly facing the Indian Ocean. The tsunami height was reduced from 12 m (39 ft) at Ulee Lheue to 6 m (20 ft) a further 8 km (5.0 mi) to the

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The first warning sign of a possible tsunami is the earthquake itself. However, tsunamis can strike thousands of kilometres away where the earthquake is felt only weakly or not at all. Also, in the minutes preceding a tsunami strike, the sea sometimes recedes temporarily from the coast, which was

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in South Africa, about 8,500 km (5,300 mi) away, where a 1.5-metre-high (5 ft) tide surged on shore about 16 hours after the earthquake. It took a relatively long time to reach Struisbaai at the southernmost point of Africa, probably because of the broad continental shelf off South

1027:. Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. In comparison to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the death toll from these earthquakes and tsunamis was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas. 3461:

The main effect was caused by poisoning of the freshwater supplies and of the soil by saltwater infiltration and a deposit of a salt layer over arable land. In the Maldives, 16 to 17 coral reef atolls that were overcome by sea waves are without fresh water and could be rendered uninhabitable for

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were destroyed. In the Krishna district, the tsunami created havoc in Manginapudi and on Machalipattanam Beach. The most affected was Prakasham District, recording 35 deaths, with maximum damage at Singraikonda. Given the enormous power of the tsunami, the fishing industry suffered the greatest.

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Other aftershocks of up to magnitude 7.2 continued to shake the region daily for three or four months. As well as continuing aftershocks, the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event. A week after the earthquake, its reverberations could

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or Ayeyarwady Delta. The 71 casualties can be attributed to poor housing infrastructure and additionally, the fact that the coastal residents in the surveyed areas live on flat land along the coast, especially in the Ayeyarwady Delta, and that there is no higher ground to which to evacuate. The

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The tsunami left both the people and government of India in a state of heightened alert. On 30 December 2004, four days after the tsunami, Terra Research notified the India government that its sensors indicated there was a possibility of 7.9 to 8.1 magnitude tectonic shift in the next 12 hours

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and claimed at least 1,700 lives, the largest single rail disaster death toll in history. Estimates based on the state of the shoreline and a high-water mark on a nearby building place the tsunami 7.5–9 m (25–30 ft) above sea level and 2–3 m (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft

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Nations all over the world provided over US$ 14 billion in aid for damaged regions, with the governments of Australia pledging US$ 819.9 million (including a US$ 760.6 million aid package for Indonesia), Germany offering US$ 660 million, Japan offering US$ 500 million, Canada offering US$ 343

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The impact on coastal fishing communities and the people living there, some of the poorest in the region, has been devastating with high losses of income earners as well as boats and fishing gear. In Sri Lanka, artisanal fishery, in which the use of fish baskets, fishing traps, and spears are

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As well as the sideways movement between the plates, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake resulted in a rise of the seafloor by several metres, displacing an estimated 30 km (7.2 cu mi) of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. The waves radiated outwards along the entire

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satellites happened to pass over the tsunami as it was crossing the ocean. These satellites carry radars that measure precisely the height of the water surface; anomalies in the order of 500 mm (20 in) were measured. Measurements from these satellites may prove invaluable for the

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Salted-over soil becomes sterile, and it is difficult and costly to restore for agriculture. It also causes the death of plants and important soil micro-organisms. Thousands of rice, mango, and banana plantations in Sri Lanka were destroyed almost entirely and will take years to recover.

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Countries in the region appealed to tourists to return, pointing out that most tourist infrastructure is undamaged. However, tourists were reluctant to do so for psychological reasons. Even beach resorts in parts of Thailand which were untouched by the tsunami were hit by cancellations.

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the horizontal axis, and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis (note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale). The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicentre in degrees. The earliest, lower amplitude signal is that of the compressional

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Danny Hillman Natawidjaja, a geologist with Indonesia's Institute of Science...cited the example of the eruption of Mount Talang volcano in Indonesia's Sumatra province in April 2005, which geologists have said was connected to the devastating December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and

1957:, about 2 hours after the earthquake. Located about 500 km (310 mi) from the epicentre, at the time, the region was popular with tourists because of Christmas. Many of these tourists were caught off-guard by the tsunami, as they had no prior warning. The tsunami hit during 3953:

offering US$ 250 million. Also, Italy offered US$ 95 million, increased later to US$ 113 million of which US$ 42 million was donated by the population using the SMS system. Australia, India, Japan and the United States formed an ad-hoc corroborative group, and it was the origin of

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can account for a significant fraction of the global seismic moment across century-scale periods. Of all the moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005, roughly one eighth was due to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. This quake, together with the

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Before the 2004 quake there were three arguments against a large earthquake occurring in the Sumatra region. After the quake it was considered that earthquake hazard risk would need to be reassessed for regions previously thought to have low risk based on these criteria:

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Relief agencies reported that one third of the dead appeared to be children. This was a result of the high proportion of children in the populations of many of the affected regions and because children were the least able to resist being overcome by the surging waters.

1331:, or perhaps by up to 50 or 60 mm (2.0 or 2.4 in). Because of tidal effects of the Moon, the length of a day increases at an average of 15 microseconds per year, so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly. Similarly, the natural 3989:

the public donated roughly £330 million sterling (nearly US$ 600 million). This considerably outweighed the allocation by the government to disaster relief and reconstruction of £75 million and came to an average of about £5.50 (US$ 10) donated by every citizen.

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In the days following the tsunami, significant effort was spent in burying bodies hurriedly due to fear of disease spreading. However, the public health risks may have been exaggerated, and therefore this may not have been the best way to allocate resources. The

1481:, had few casualties despite being a low-lying country relatively near the epicentre. It also benefited from the fact that the earthquake proceeded more slowly in the northern rupture zone, greatly reducing the energy of the water displacements in that region. 1113:. At this point, the India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate, which carries the Nicobar Islands, the Andaman Islands, and northern Sumatra. The India Plate sinks deeper and deeper beneath the Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and pressure drive 1740:

and famous for its large swathe of white sandy beach and surfing activities. The locals reported 10 to 12 waves, with the second and third being the highest and most destructive. Interviews with the locals revealed that the sea temporarily receded and exposed

2316:. The time between the waves ranged from about 15 minutes to 90 minutes. The tsunami varied in height from 2 m (6.6 ft) to 10 m (33 ft) based on survivors' accounts. The tsunami travelled 2.5 km (1.6 mi) at its maximum inland at 1830:

The island country of Sri Lanka, located about 1,700 km (1,100 mi) from Sumatra, was ravaged by the tsunami around 2 hours after the earthquake. The tsunami first struck the eastern coastline and subsequently refracted around the southern point of

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The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water, resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean. A tsunami that causes damage far away from its source is sometimes called a

3792:(GAM). Some believe that the tsunami was divine punishment for lay Muslims shirking their daily prayers or following a materialistic lifestyle. Others have said that Allah was angry that Muslims were killing each other in an ongoing conflict. Saudi cleric 1842:

The tsunami arrived on the island as a small brown-orange-coloured flood. Moments later, the ocean floor was exposed as much as 1 km (0.62 mi) in places, which was followed by massive second and third waves. Amateur video recorded at the city of

1397:

installed on shores, measurements obtained in the middle of the ocean can be used for computing the parameters of the source earthquake without having to compensate for the complex ways in which proximity to the coast changes the size and shape of a wave.

3992:

In August 2006, fifteen local aid staff working on post-tsunami rebuilding were found executed in north-east Sri Lanka after heavy fighting between government troops and the Tamil Tiger rebels, the main umbrella body for aid agencies in the country said.

2527:

tsunami heights from the 2004 December earthquake were not more than 3 m (9.8 ft) along the Myanmar coast, the amplitudes were slightly large off the Ayeyarwady Delta, probably because the shallow delta caused a concentration in tsunami energy.

8650: 3551:. Given that over 51,000 vessels were lost to the tsunami, the industry boomed. However, the huge demand has led to lower quality in the process, and some important materials were sacrificed to cut prices for those who were impoverished by the tsunami. 1500:

was hit by the tsunami despite being on the western coast of India, and the western coast of Sri Lanka suffered substantial impacts. Distance alone was no guarantee of safety, as Somalia was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being much farther away.

2635:

The tsunami was detected in the southern parts of east Africa, where rough seas were reported, specifically on the eastern and southern coasts that face the Indian Ocean. A few other African countries also recorded fatalities; one in Kenya, three in

1086:. The northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about 2.1 km/s (1.3 mi/s; 7,600 km/h; 4,700 mph), continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to 1533:, which puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean. It has been theorized that the tsunamis were focused and directed at long ranges by the 2751:. Sweden was the European country most severely affected both in absolute numbers, and by a wide margin when considered in relation to the country's population, with a death toll of 543. Germany was close behind with 539 identified victims. 1561:

in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general population living around the ocean. Tsunami detection is difficult because while a tsunami is in deep water, it has little height and a network of sensors is needed to detect it.

7488: 1117:

out of the subducting plate. These volatiles rise into the overlying plate, causing partial melting and the formation of magma. The rising magma intrudes into the crust above and exits the Earth's crust through volcanoes in the form of a

1074:

30 km (19 mi) beneath the sea bed—the largest rupture ever known to have been caused by an earthquake. The rupture proceeded at about 2.8 km/s (1.74 mi/s; 10,100 km/h; 6,260 mph), beginning off the coast of

3515:

appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.

1621:, and the islanders fled to inland hills after the initial shaking and before the tsunami struck. These tales and oral folklore from previous generations may have helped the survival of the inhabitants. On Maikhao Beach in north 2705:, as well as the single worst tsunami in history. Indonesia was the worst affected area, with most death toll estimates at around 170,000. The death toll for Indonesia alone may be as high as 172,761 lives. An initial report by 9285: 2483:

coastline lies at the proximity of the rupture zone, there were smaller tsunamis than the neighbouring Thai coast, because the main tsunami source did not extend to the Andaman Islands. Another factor is that some coasts of

1524:

Some of the tsunami's energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean, where it produced small but measurable tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America, typically around 200 to 400 mm (7.9 to 15.7 in). At

2235:

and a popular pilgrimage destination was also one of the worst hit by this tsunami that struck at around 9.30 am on that Sunday, when pilgrims who were mostly from Kerala among others were inside the church attending the

6802:

Math, Suresh Bada; Girimaji‌1, Satish Chandra; Benegal, V; Uday Kumar, GS; Hamza, A; Nagaraja, D (2006). "Tsunami: Psychosocial aspects of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Assessments and intervention in the early phase".

3555:

destinations may not have been affected. This ripple effect could especially be felt in the inland provinces of Thailand, such as Krabi, which acted as a starting point for many other tourist destinations in Thailand.

1196:

associated with the 2004 event. The earthquake produced its own aftershocks (some registering a magnitude of as high as 6.9) and presently ranks as the third-largest earthquake ever recorded on the moment magnitude or

926:. Splay faults, or secondary "pop up faults", caused long, narrow parts of the seafloor to pop up in seconds. This quickly elevated the height and increased the speed of waves, destroying the nearby Indonesian town of 56: 2578:, with 19 dead and 160 people presumed missing out of its 5,000 inhabitants. This was the highest number of casualties in a single African town and the largest tsunami death toll in a single town to the west of the 10059:

Frankenberg, Elizabeth; Friedman, Jed; Gillespie, Thomas; Ingwersen, Nicholas; Pynoos, Robert; Rifai, Iip Umar; Sikoki, Bondan; Steinberg, Alan; Sumantri, Cecep; Suriastini, Wayan; Thomas, Duncan (September 2008).

2329:

distances. Presence of seawalls at the Kerala and Tamil Nadu coasts reduced the impact of the waves. However, when the seawalls were made of loose stones, the stones were displaced and carried a few metres inland.

13922: 3744:, thought to have resulted in anywhere from 36,000 to 120,000 deaths, had probably been the deadliest in the region. In 1782, about 40,000 people are thought to have been killed by a tsunami (or a cyclone) in the 2739:

stated that reconstruction would probably take between five and ten years. Governments and non-governmental organizations feared that the final death toll might double as a result of diseases, prompting a massive

8646: 1599: 1338:

There was 10 m (33 ft) movement laterally and 4–5 m (13–16 ft) vertically along the fault line. Early speculation was that some of the smaller islands south-west of Sumatra, which is on the

3718:; radiocarbon dating of bark fragments in the soil below the second sand layer led the scientists to estimate that the most recent predecessor to the 2004 tsunami probably occurred between A.D. 1300 and 1450. 1693:, a 2,600-ton vessel, was flung some 2 km (1.2 mi) to 3 km (1.9 mi) inland. In the years following the disaster, it became a local tourist attraction and has remained where it came to rest. 3270: 3238: 3206: 3174: 3136: 3101: 2728:

went on to report that as many as four times more women than men were killed in some regions because they were waiting on the beach for the fishers to return and looking after their children in the houses.

1411:

The subducting plate at the location of the 2004 quake is older and more dense. Before the 2004 earthquake it was thought that only the subduction of young and buoyant crust could produce giant earthquakes.

8594: 1705:

A group of small islands: Weh, Breueh, Nasi, Teunom, Bunta, Lumpat, and Batee lie just north of the capital city. The tsunami reached a run-up of 10–20 m (33–66 ft) on the western shorelines of

510: 7835:

T. Ghosh, P. Jana, T.S. Giritharan, S. Bardhan, S.R. Basir, A.K. Ghosh Roy. (2007). Tsunami survey in Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands. Geological Survey of India Special Publication no. 89. 165–184.

5425:"Re-examination of Slip Distribution of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake (Mw 9.2) by the Inversion of Tsunami Data Using Green's Functions Corrected for Compressible Seawater Over the Elastic Earth" 1780:

The greatest run-up height of the tsunami was measured at a hill between Lhoknga and Leupung, on the western coast of the northern tip of Sumatra, near Banda Aceh, and reached 51 m (167 ft).

1319:

The shift of mass and the massive release of energy slightly altered the Earth's rotation. Weeks after the earthquake, theoretical models suggested the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68

8276: 4469: 2747:

In addition to a large number of local residents, up to 9,000 foreign tourists (mostly Europeans) enjoying the peak holiday travel season were among the dead or missing, especially people from the

1629:

had studied tsunamis in geography at school and recognised the warning signs of the receding ocean and frothing bubbles. She and her parents warned others on the beach, which was evacuated safely.

7447: 7935: 2192:

5 m (16 ft) at the eastern coastline of Tamil Nadu facing tsunami source, inundation distance of 0.4–1.5 km (0.25–0.93 mi) with 800 km (500 mi) of coastline affected

1718:, yet there was little damage with reported runup values of 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft), most likely due to the island being sheltered from the direct attack by the islands to the south-west. 9368: 5115: 2438:

Local footage recorded showed the tsunami flooding the streets up to knee level in town, while another video taken at the beach showed the tsunami slowly flooding and gradually surging inland.

2732:

States of emergency were declared in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Maldives. The United Nations estimated at the outset that the relief operation would be the costliest in human history. Then-

3305: 1473:

Because the 1,600 km (1,000 mi) fault affected by the earthquake was in a nearly north–south orientation, the greatest strength of the tsunami waves was in an east–west direction.

10702: 4601: 2701:, a total of 227,898 people died. Another common total, as given by the UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, is 229,866 dead. Measured in lives lost, this is one of the ten 2292:

The tsunami run-up was only 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in areas in the state of Tamil Nadu shielded by the island of Sri Lanka but was 4–5 m (13–16 ft) in coastal districts such as

11161: 9670: 9637: 2215:, the seabed was exposed briefly before a large wall of water can be seen on the horizon and subsequently flooding the town. Other footage showed the tsunami dramatically crashed into the 6041: 2435:. The tsunami arrived approximately 2 hours after the earthquake. The greatest tsunami inundation occurred at North Male Atoll, Male island at 250 m (820 ft) along the streets. 9904: 3773:

must bury the body of the dead, and in many cases, no body remained to be buried. Women in Aceh required a special approach from foreign aid agencies, and continue to have unique needs.

5742: 3864:

by 25 mm (0.98 in). It also slightly changed the shape of the Earth, specifically by decreasing Earth's oblateness by about one part in 10 billion, consequentially increasing

6623: 13537: 6190: 2661: 823: 603: 565: 377: 9274: 8309: 4502:

Lay, T.; Kanamori, H.; Ammon, C.; Nettles, M.; Ward, S.; Aster, R.; Beck, S.; Bilek, S.; Brudzinski, M.; Butler, R.; DeShon, H.; Ekström, G.; Satake, K.; Sipkin, S. (20 May 2005).

2262:, however, escaped damage, possibly due to the wide turn of the diffracted waves at the peninsular tip. Major damage occurred in two narrow strips of land bound on the west by the 13595: 13585: 8249: 6901: 3442:

Beyond the heavy toll on human lives, the Indian Ocean earthquake caused an enormous environmental impact that affected the region for many years. Severe damage was inflicted on

1573:. Not every earthquake produces large tsunamis: on 28 March 2005, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami. 9471: 5773: 4326:

Paris, R.; Lavigne F.; Wassimer P.; Sartohadi J. (2007). "Coastal sedimentation associated with the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhoknga, west Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia)".

2101:

wave like tsunami approaching the shore, lifting up a yacht and flooding the beach. At Koh Sriboya, the tsunami advanced inland as a turbulent medium bore, while at Koh Phayam,

9393: 3575: 3547:

While the tsunami destroyed many of the boats vital to Sri Lanka's fishing industry, it also created a demand for fibreglass-reinforced plastic catamarans in the boatyards of

770: 9840: 8672:

Meisl, C.S.; Safaie S.; Elwood K.J.; Gupta R.; Kowsari R. (2006). "Housing Reconstruction in Northern Sumatra after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami".

2189:

4.5 m (15 ft) at the southern coastline of Tamil Nadu, inundation distance of 0.2–2 km (0.12–1.24 mi) with 100 km (62 mi) of coastline affected

2093:

in Krabi Province. Video footage showed that the tsunami appeared as multiple white surfs violently lifting up yachts, boats and crashing onto beaches. Footage captured at

45: 4841: 548:

since modern seismography began in 1900. It had the longest fault rupture ever observed, between 1,200 km to 1,300 km (720 mi to 780 mi), and had the longest duration of

9195: 8767:

Schwartz, D.; Goldberg A.; Ashenasi I.; Nakash G.; Leiba A.; Levei Y.; Bar-Dayan Y. (2006). "Prehospital care of tsunami victims in Thailand: description and analysis".

9512: 2567:. The Puntland coast in northern Somalia was by far the area hardest hit by the waves to the west of the Indian subcontinent. The waves arrived around noon local time. 1299:

Because of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth, the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe, particularly due to huge

11191: 3796:

attributed it to divine retribution against non-Muslim vacationers "who used to sprawl all over the beaches and in pubs overflowing with wine" during Christmas break.

3020: 627: 10954: 8587:"Hundreds of thousands of people killed as tsunamis devastate large swathes of South and Southeast Asia, coming as far as South Africa | South African History Online" 8219: 6714: 6334: 4275: 4240:  9.5–9.6) (i.e. both ranks second largest) or one of them as the second or third largest (i.e. 1964 event ranks second followed by 2004 event and vice versa). 3877: 2741: 1438:

took 5 hours to reach Western Australia, 7 hours to reach the Arabian Peninsula, and did not reach the South African coast until nearly 11 hours after the earthquake

673: 569: 332: 8521: 8365: 5700: 4418: 3931:

There was also a great concern that the death toll could increase as disease and hunger spread. However, because of the initial quick response, this was minimized.

136: 14061: 8845: 1633:, a biology teacher from Scotland, also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground. 8342: 11206: 11181: 8586: 2826: 2787: 2086:

Island and the second-highest at 15.8 m (52 ft) at Ban Nam Kim. Moreover, the largest death toll occurred at Khao Lak, with about 5,000 people killed.

1517:

Africa and because the tsunami would have followed the South African coast from east to west. The tsunami also reached Antarctica, where tidal gauges at Japan's

642: 617: 4925:

West, Michael; Sanches, John J.; McNutt, Stephen R. (20 May 2005). "Periodically Triggered Seismicity at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, After the Sumatra Earthquake".

186: 14056: 11211: 11186: 7551: 3949:

million, Norway and the Netherlands offering both US$ 183 million, the United States offering US$ 35 million initially (increased to US$ 350 million), and the

3839:

The tsunami had a severe humanitarian and political impact in Sweden. The hardest-hit country outside Asia, Sweden, lost 543 tourists, mainly in Thailand. The

3059: 2902: 816: 647: 622: 161: 10545: 10403: 6593: 5532: 11201: 11196: 8924: 2978: 2943: 1557:

Despite a delay of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken by surprise. There were no

659: 637: 632: 10432: 10008: 12358: 664: 9166: 4477: 3473:

monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one-and-a-half years after the event. The

2712:

The tsunami caused severe damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa, with the furthest recorded fatality directly attributed to the tsunami at

11176: 8186: 7008: 6544: 2864: 2198:

2.2 m (7.2 ft) at Andhra Pradesh, inundation distance of 0.2–1 km (0.12–0.62 mi) with 985 km (612 mi) of coastline affected

612: 8574:

A missioner in Ranong, a town on the border between Thailand and Myanmar, says locals talk about 600 victims. Burmese political dissidents say the same.

7916: 5981: 5849: 3458:

collectors and treatment plants threatened the environment even further. The environmental impact took a long time and significant resources to assess.

13902: 13434: 11777: 11023: 10037: 9067: 3730: 3382:

Includes those reported under 'Confirmed'. If no separate estimates are available, the number in this column is the same as reported under 'Confirmed'.

9359: 5624: 5107: 14359: 13567: 13424: 9312: 6118: 5506: 4903: 809: 787: 11082: 10283: 545: 14191: 10698: 9045: 6685: 4368:"Nannoliths abundance and distribution in tsunami deposits: example from the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhok Nga (north-west Sumatra, Indonesia)" 2186:

3.4 m (11 ft) at Kerala, inundation distance of 0.5–1.5 km (0.31–0.93 mi) with 250 km (160 mi) of coastline affected

9662: 9626: 7846: 7128: 6848: 6414: 5330: 2341:. The Andaman Islands were moderately affected while the island of Little Andaman and the Nicobar Islands were severely affected by the tsunami. 2195:

4 m (13 ft) at Pondicherry, inundation distance of 0.2–2 km (0.12–1.24 mi) with 25 km (16 mi) of coastline affected

894:

island at a depth of 30 km (19 mi) below mean sea level (initially reported as 10 km or 6.2 mi). The northern section of the

10187: 8116: 6091: 6033: 5331:"Ultralong Period Seismic Study of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Implications for Regional Tectonics and the Subduction Process" 3466:

were invaded through porous rock. On the island's east coast, the tsunami contaminated wells on which many villagers relied for drinking water.

890:

of the main earthquake was approximately 160 km (100 mi) off the western coast of northern Sumatra, in the Indian Ocean just north of

13306: 13278: 11458: 10910: 10576: 9896: 6165: 4451: 1273:

The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth's surface of up to 200–300 mm (8–12 in), equivalent to the effect of the

1078:

and proceeding north-westerly over about 100 seconds. After a pause of about another 100 seconds, the rupture continued northwards towards the

9976:"Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea – challenges associated with developing a new integrated database" 7993:"The Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 26, 2004: The Effects in Mainland India and in the Andaman-Nicobar Islands" 6211: 5732: 1466:), which is more than twice the total explosive energy used during all of World War II (including the two atomic bombs) but still a couple of 13460: 11244: 10572: 6615: 2621:

was shielded by the full force of the tsunami due to the protection offered by the island of Sumatra, which lies just off the western coast.

509:, devastated communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries in one of the 9952: 8967: 6466: 6187: 14186: 13917: 13912: 13590: 10485: 10218: 8298: 6008: 797: 17: 11111: 10251: 9337: 8956: 8421: 6660: 1061:

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. An estimated 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of

13932: 13532: 11152: 3507:

in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result,

2175:

along the southeastern coastline of the Indian mainland about 2 hours after the earthquake. At the same time, it arrived in the state of

8241: 8003: 7165: 6566: 4986: 541:, and the worst tsunami disaster in history. It is also the worst natural disaster in the history of Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. 513:. The direct results caused major disruptions to living conditions and commerce in coastal provinces of surrounded countries, including 14434: 13743: 13340: 10993: 10784: 10672: 10515: 9442: 8624: 7967: 7256: 6894: 6380: 5231:

Hirata, Kenji; Satake, Kenji; Tanioka, Yuichiro; Kuragano, Tsurane; Hasegawa, Yohei; Hayashi, Yutaka; Hamada, Nobuo (1 February 2006).

1327:

of the Earth. It also caused the Earth to minutely "wobble" on its axis by up to 25 mm (1 in) in the direction of 145° east

11130: 9015: 8897: 8719: 8399: 7706: 7418: 6929: 6253: 5765: 2479:, the tsunami caused only moderate damage, which arrived between 2 and 5.5 hours after the earthquake. Although the country's western 1335:

of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to 15 m (50 ft), eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake.

13927: 9829: 4550: 1732:

is a small coastal community about 13 km (8.1 mi) south-west of Banda Aceh, located on a flat coastal plain in between two

1492:

Coasts that have a landmass between them and the tsunami's location of origin are usually safe; however, tsunami waves can sometimes

10727: 9794: 9467: 9142:"The South Sandwich Islands earthquake of 27 June 1929: seismological study and inference on tsunami risk for the southern Atlantic" 6312: 5069: 1470:

less than the energy released in the earthquake itself. In many places, the waves reached as far as 2 km (1.2 mi) inland.

14429: 13968: 13580: 13542: 12351: 10676: 6067: 4870: 3474: 3470: 3372:

This table refers only to countries directly affected by the tsunami, not to countries whose citizens were affected while overseas.

1529:, Mexico, a 2.6 m (8.5 ft) crest-to-trough tsunami was measured. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in 4628: 4395: 1854:

The largest run-up measured was at 12.5 m (41 ft) with inundation distance of 390–1,500 m (1,280–4,920 ft) in

1351:

appear to have shifted south-west by around 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in) and to have sunk by 1 m (3 ft 3 in).

1220:

to Australia's north. This is unusual since earthquakes of magnitude eight or more occur only about once per year on average. The

14454: 14444: 12092: 10832: 10753: 10606: 9225: 8875: 8498: 8046: 6514: 5933: 4203: 3722: 3696: 3512: 792: 9764: 7881: 7799: 7285: 6418: 13907: 11770: 8557: 7773: 6871: 6745: 4148:(whom Burst bassist Jesper Liveröd also performed with), who died in the disaster, which led to Nasum's subsequent disbandment. 9692: 9580: 9191: 8741: 6441: 6276: 4576:"Tsunamis and Earthquakes: Tsunami Generation from the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake – USGS Western Coastal and Marine Geology" 2640:, ten in Tanzania, and South Africa, where two were killed as a direct result of the tsunami—the furthest from the epicentre. 1702:, carrying debris and people from destroyed villages at the coast and transporting them up to 40 km (25 mi) inland. 1277:

caused by the Sun and Moon. The seismic waves of the earthquake were felt across the planet, as far away as the U.S. state of

544:

It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Asia, the most powerful earthquake in the 21st century, and at least the

63: 14449: 14414: 14078: 13299: 12168: 11881: 11805: 10987: 9874: 9494: 7929: 7741: 7205: 5079: 3764: 1721: 432: 10117:

Lawton, Ralph; Frankenberg, Elizabeth; Seeman, Teresa; Crimmins, Eileen; Sumantri, Cecep; Thomas, Duncan (16 October 2023).

7625: 6706: 1505:

struck about two hours later despite being closer to the epicentre because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow

1024: 14424: 14384: 14369: 14008: 13773: 13488: 12218: 12163: 12153: 11076: 10936: 10305: 8819: 8211: 6342: 4579: 4267: 3803:

In a poll conducted in 27 countries, 15% of respondents named the tsunami the most significant event of the year. Only the

3780:, is a religiously conservative Islamic society and has had no tourism nor any Western presence in recent years due to the 3497: 2535:

The tsunami travelled 5,000 km (3,100 mi) west across the open ocean before striking the East African country of

1937: 391: 5955: 2543:, drowned by four tsunami waves. The hardest-hit was a 650 km (400 mi) stretch of the Somalia coastline between 14439: 14033: 13483: 12375: 12344: 8925:"The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster: Evaluation of UNICEF's response (emergency and recovery phase). Maldives Report" 8841: 7085: 6767:

Gupta, Manu; Sharma, Anshu (2006). "Compounded loss: the post tsunami recovery experience of Indian island communities".

5710: 4002: 3854: 2232: 2159: 697: 9830:"Piracy in the Strait of Malacca: The geopolitical background behind piracy and its impacts on Global Financial Centres" 8989: 6515:"Time travel map: Active Fault Research Center: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan" 6488: 5108:"Long-term ocean observing for international capacity development around tsunami early warning | U.S. Geological Survey" 3446:

such as mangroves, coral reefs, forests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant

2082:.. The highest-recorded tsunami run-up was measured 19.6 m (64 ft) at Ban Thung Dap, on the south-west tip of 1839:

in Sri Lanka contributed to the high death tolls. Approximately 90,000 buildings and many wooden houses were destroyed.

14419: 14003: 13702: 13365: 13292: 13106: 12102: 11991: 11678: 11451: 10336: 9930: 8334: 6805: 3668: 867: 9.2 is best representative of the earthquake's size. However, more recent studies estimate the magnitude to be M 860: 775: 222: 7915:; Peiris, Navin; Wilkinson, Sean; Del Re, Domenico; Koo, Raymond; Manlapig, Raul; Gallocher, Stewart (February 2006). 6233:

Staff Writer (31 January 2005). "Quake moved Sumatra by only 20 centimeters: Danish scientists". Agence France-Presse.

1847:

showed a large deluge flooding the city, carrying debris and sweeping away people while in the coastal resort town of

13947: 13686: 12997: 12082: 11896: 11763: 11597: 11237: 10462: 8538: 8382: 7619: 4646: 4435: 4236:  9.2–9.3). Depending on estimates, it could place both earthquakes just behind the 1964 Valdivia earthquake (M 3632: 3477:

developed protocols for cleaning wells contaminated by saltwater; these were subsequently officially endorsed by the

1236: 1185: 487: 7547: 5563: 3853:"is going to occur for sure" way back in 1994, was assigned the development of the Thai tsunami warning system. The 2647:

coast that lasted for several hours, resulting in boats losing their moorings and two people needing to be rescued.

2367:

range of 1 km (0.62 mi) from the seashore. Run up level up to 3.8 m (12 ft) have been measured.

2179:, on the southwestern coast. There were two to five tsunamis that coincided with the local high tide in some areas. 14474: 14459: 14364: 13285: 12501: 12213: 12062: 11976: 11786: 11328: 11273: 10537: 10400: 9149: 6585: 5604: 4819: 4797: 4198: 4133:, about the event and the humanitarian efforts, from the perspective of a victim whose family died in the disaster. 3813: 3785: 3701: 1661: 1143: 552:

ever observed, at least ten minutes. It caused the planet to vibrate as much as 10 mm (0.4 in), and also

538: 236: 10352: 8931: 8030:"Inundation of sea water in Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Tamil Nadu coast during 2004 Sumatra tsunami" 6895:"Field Survey northern Sumatra and Banda Aceh, Indonesia and after the Tsunami and Earthquake of 26 December 2004" 5733:"How do you determine the magnitude for an earthquake that occurred prior to the creation of the magnitude scale?" 14464: 14374: 14094: 13897: 13676: 13498: 13078: 12955: 12941: 12927: 12881: 12867: 12208: 12072: 12036: 11916: 11891: 11658: 11567: 11557: 11547: 11511: 11501: 11377: 11145: 10420: 9956: 9247: 7581: 4297: 4271: 3955: 3857:

was formed in early 2005 to provide an early warning of tsunamis for inhabitants around the Indian Ocean coasts.

2702: 1221: 852: 241: 9975: 3714:

years ago. A second team found similar evidence of previous tsunamis in Aceh, a province at the northern tip of

3583: 2356:

5 m (16 ft) in maximum tsunami height with a run-up of 4.24 m (13.9 ft) at Chiriyatapu Beach

13978: 13763: 13636: 13493: 13382: 13333: 13127: 12791: 12543: 12122: 12097: 11693: 11062: 9604: 9141: 4213: 1020: 978: 553: 8147: 6969: 6540: 5985: 5853: 5533:"26th December 2004 great Sumatra–Andaman earthquake: Co-seismic and post-seismic motions in northern Sumatra" 3860:

The changes in the distribution of masses inside the Earth due to the earthquake had several consequences. It

3454:. Also, the spread of solid and liquid waste and industrial chemicals, water pollution and the destruction of 2582:. In Xaafuun, small drawbacks were observed before the third and most powerful tsunami wave flooded the town. 1122:. The volcanic activity that results as the Indo-Australian Plate subducts the Eurasian Plate has created the 14489: 14394: 13651: 13455: 13120: 12860: 12259: 12173: 12148: 11688: 11496: 11444: 10033: 9419: 8842:"India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Somalia, Thailand: Earthquake and Tsunami OCHA Situation Report No. 14" 8445:"A statistical analysis and comparison of historical earthquake and tsunami disasters in Japan and Indonesia" 7408:"Chapter 4: Field Survey and Numerical Simulation on the 2004 Off-Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in Thailand" 4664:"Advances in earthquake and tsunami sciences and disaster risk reduction since the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami" 3943: 2426:

significantly lower tsunami impact on the Maldives compared to Sri Lanka is mostly due to the topography and

11015: 9074: 6356: 898:

ruptured over a length of 1,300 km (810 mi). The earthquake (followed by the tsunami) was felt in

14494: 14484: 14171: 14099: 13790: 13671: 12823: 12677: 12325: 12238: 12233: 12031: 12026: 11921: 11467: 11230: 9309: 8530: 8374: 5654:"Revised Tectonic Forecast of Global Shallow Seismicity Based on Version 2.1 of the Global Strain Rate Map" 5589: 4427: 3891: 2698: 2362:

6.6 m (22 ft) in maximum tsunami height and run-up of 4.63 m (15.2 ft) at Wandoor Beach

2321: 1289: 752: 722: 6131: 5465: 4893: 4176: 2349:, the water receded before the first wave, and the third wave was the tallest and caused the most damage. 1521:

recorded oscillations of up to a metre (3 ft 3 in), with disturbances lasting a couple of days.

14013: 13973: 13631: 13503: 13253: 13141: 13092: 12798: 12701: 12469: 12448: 12203: 12117: 11703: 11668: 11371: 11259: 11256: 11253: 10276: 9041: 7513:

Yamazaki, Fumio; et al. "Tsunami Reconnaissance Survey in Thailand Using Satellite Images and GPS".

6970:"Northern Sumatra Field Survey after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami" 5900: 5875: 4193: 2338: 2097:

showed a wall of water swamping the beach, while another video taken at another location showed a large

1590: 1458:, vice-president of the Tsunami Society, the total energy of the tsunami waves was equivalent to about 5 1348: 1147: 7853: 7310:

Goff, James; et al. (2006). "Sri Lanka Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami".

6682: 14469: 14389: 14233: 14176: 13738: 13712: 13681: 13162: 13032: 13011: 12969: 12839: 12812: 12805: 12508: 12367: 12087: 11981: 11966: 11718: 11622: 11607: 11577: 11481: 11397: 11288: 11160: 11138: 11097: 4712: 4064: 1447:

and is much more likely to be produced by the vertical motion of the seabed than by horizontal motion.

1209: 1101:, and is moving north-east at an average of 60 mm/a (0.075 in/Ms). The India Plate meets the 211: 11345: 10184: 8076:"Tsunami heights and damage along the Myanmar coast from the December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake" 7033:

Borrero, Jose C. (10 June 2005). "Field Data and Satellite Imagery of Tsunami Effects in Banda Aceh".

6095: 3816:

announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tsunami was likely along the southern Indian coast and the

3416:

Does not include South African citizens who died outside of South Africa (e.g., tourists in Thailand).

447: 307: 14404: 14379: 14145: 14114: 13937: 13661: 13557: 13478: 13326: 13184: 13099: 12764: 12529: 12284: 12264: 12223: 12198: 12127: 11986: 11926: 11911: 11840: 11800: 11739: 11673: 11282: 8075: 6304: 5653: 4627:

Goff, James; Dudley, Walter C. (2021). "Boxing Day: The World's Worst Disaster of the 21st Century".

4455: 3478: 2352:

Results of the tsunami survey in South Andaman along Chiriyatapu, Corbyn's Cove and Wandoor beaches:

2216: 1836: 1570: 572:, with donations totalling more than US$ 14 billion (equivalent to US$ 23 billion in 2023 currency). 10899: 10568: 10119:"Exposure to the Indian Ocean Tsunami shapes the HPA-axis resulting in HPA "burnout" 14 years later" 9953:"Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World (Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths)" 7527: 6157: 4187: 3828:

who had no telephone listing and maintained a website where he sold copies of his detection system.

2460:

2.3–3 m (7 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in) at North Male Atoll, Dhiffushi Island

2451:

1.7–2.8 m (5 ft 7 in – 9 ft 2 in) at South Male Atoll, Embudhu Finothu

1565:

Tsunamis are more frequent in the Pacific Ocean than in other oceans because of earthquakes in the "

14479: 14399: 14018: 13993: 13616: 13025: 12729: 12132: 12112: 12107: 12016: 11936: 11931: 11617: 6219: 6072: 5377: 5185: 4982: 4106: 3882: 3737:, with an estimated death toll of 830,000, though figures from this period may not be as reliable. 2129: 1643:

of the Andaman Islands to be badly affected by the tsunami and even feared the already depopulated

1036: 1008: 1001: 745: 9960: 7166:"Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field Survey on Jan 21–31 at North of Sumatra" 6474: 5590:"Rupture Properties of the Giant Sumatra Earthquake Imaged by Empirical Green's Function Analysis" 2463:

2.2–2.4 m (7 ft 3 in – 7 ft 10 in) at North Male Atoll, Huraa Island

14124: 13377: 13260: 13134: 13071: 13057: 13039: 12976: 12888: 12853: 12846: 12771: 12656: 12642: 12635: 12586: 12558: 12551: 12536: 12515: 12441: 12279: 12183: 12057: 12041: 12011: 11906: 11901: 11876: 11871: 11845: 11825: 11815: 11744: 11698: 11653: 11643: 11627: 11582: 11516: 11491: 11486: 11308: 10806: 9974:

Lau, A. Y. A.; Switzer, A. D.; Dominey-Howes, D.; Aitchison, J. C.; Zong, Y. (1 September 2010).

8959: 7143: 7107: 4823: 4801: 3961: 3749: 3740:

Before 2004, the tsunami created in both Indian and Pacific Ocean waters by the 1883 eruption of

3734: 3686: 3650: 3614: 2454:

2.5–3.3 m (8 ft 2 in – 10 ft 10 in) at Laamu Atoll, Fonadhoo Island

2445:

1.3–2.4 m (4 ft 3 in – 7 ft 10 in) at North Male Atoll, Male Island

2227:, with many villages destroyed. Most of the people killed were members of the fishing community. 1618: 1198: 1193: 1114: 962: 10493: 10210: 7924:. London: Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team, Institution of Structural Engineers. 6646: 4818: 4298:"Astonishing Wave Heights Among the Findings of an International Tsunami Survey Team on Sumatra" 4119:(2012), two people stranded on a Maldives uninhabited island are rescued because of the tsunami. 1184:

and the region of the original epicentre in the hours and days that followed. The magnitude 8.6

14409: 14104: 13626: 13113: 13085: 12990: 12934: 12920: 12913: 12874: 12750: 12628: 12274: 12228: 11971: 11683: 11663: 11592: 11552: 11542: 11537: 11506: 10538:"Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center | Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System | What is IOTWS" 10240: 9663:"Food supply and food security situation in countries affected by the Asia tsunami – Indonesia" 9441:. UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme. 2008. 9329: 8417: 7522: 6127: 5737: 4032: 3985: 2713: 2432: 2240: 1558: 1192:, is not considered an aftershock, despite its proximity to the epicentre, and was most likely 997: 848: 707: 11107: 6018: 5282:"Review of the source characteristics of the Great Sumatra–Andaman Islands earthquake of 2004" 1613:

One of the few coastal areas to evacuate ahead of the tsunami was on the Indonesian island of

228: 14331: 14109: 14066: 13988: 13851: 13611: 13418: 13228: 13221: 13214: 13207: 13193: 13169: 13155: 13148: 13018: 13004: 12983: 12962: 12948: 12895: 12757: 12743: 12736: 12708: 12663: 12649: 12614: 12395: 12243: 12158: 12006: 11956: 11951: 11941: 11855: 11723: 11713: 11708: 11612: 11602: 11587: 11572: 11562: 11521: 7992: 7172: 6842: 6651: 6619: 6570: 5043: 4796: 4056: 3825: 3462:

decades. Uncountable wells that served communities were invaded by sea, sand, and earth, and

2628:

was relatively little on the northern section of the rupture zone, which ruptured slowly. In

2407: 2258:, and Kollam, due to diffraction of the waves around Sri Lanka. The southernmost district of 2220: 1417:

Before the 2004 quake it was thought that giant earthquakes only occurred in regions without

1094: 1032: 984: 471: 367: 10977: 10776: 10507: 9433: 8616: 8523:

Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report

8490: 8367:

Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report

8271:

Fritz, Hermann M.; Borrero, Jose C.; Synolakis, Costas E.; Okal, Emile A. (1 January 2006).

8094: 7960: 7466: 7231: 6371: 6245: 5551: 5248: 4602:"A decade after the 2004 Asian Tsunami: recalling the turning point for disaster management" 4420:

Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report

2289:

Moreover, the cost of damage in the transport sector was reported in the tens of thousands.

13780: 13547: 13200: 12715: 12423: 12402: 12305: 12269: 12193: 12188: 12178: 12067: 12021: 12001: 11996: 11961: 11946: 11886: 11850: 11835: 11830: 11820: 11810: 11365: 10862: 10380: 10130: 9990: 9740: 9112: 9019: 8901: 8715: 8681: 8456: 8403: 8162: 8090: 7682: 7667: 7462: 7407: 7319: 6984: 6940: 6776: 5806: 5665: 5608: 5547: 5480: 5389: 5342: 5293: 5244: 5197: 5150: 5003: 4936: 4763: 4675: 4518: 4335: 4208: 3936: 3793: 3508: 2733: 2499:

0.6–2.3 m (2 ft 0 in – 7 ft 7 in) around the Ayeyarwady delta

2401: 2301: 2043: 1866:

at 2.6–5 m (8 ft 6 in – 16 ft 5 in) in the north-east around

1819: 1012: 468: 13646: 9361:

Australia's response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005

5280:

Menke, William; Abend, Hannah; Bach, Dalia; Newman, Kori; Levin, Vadim (1 November 2006).

2457:

2.2–2.9 m (7 ft 3 in – 9 ft 6 in) at Laamu Atoll, Gan Island

2182:

The tsunami runup height measured in mainland India by Ministry of Home Affairs includes:

1015:(magnitude 9.2). The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off 8: 14119: 13728: 13412: 13235: 12670: 12483: 12416: 12409: 10851:"The international humanitarian system and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamis" 10724: 10196: 9789: 6300: 5085: 4752:"The rotational and gravitational signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran earthquake" 4638: 4503: 4111: 4094: 4052:(2010), a main character's life is affected after surviving the tsunami while on vacation 3902:

sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such as

3865: 3726: 2706: 2618: 2595: 2579: 2523: 2485: 2337:

Due to close proximity to the earthquake, the tsunami took just minutes to devastate the

1810:

3 m (9.8 ft) on the opposite side of the coast of Weh Island facing the tsunami

1748: 1354: 1016: 10866: 10664: 10161: 10134: 10118: 9994: 9744: 9116: 8685: 8460: 8166: 7918:

The Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004: Mission Findings in Sri Lanka and Thailand

7847:"Damage to Andaman & Nicobar Islands due to Earthquake and Tsunami of Dec. 26, 2004" 7686: 7573: 7323: 7164:

Yalciner, A.C.; Perincek, D.; Ersoy, S.; Presateya, G.; Hidayat, R.; McAdoo, B. (2005).

6988: 6780: 6077: 5810: 5669: 5612: 5484: 5393: 5346: 5297: 5201: 5154: 5007: 4940: 4866: 4767: 4679: 4522: 4339: 4166: 13621: 13429: 12600: 12593: 12579: 12522: 12462: 10094: 10061: 9756: 9752: 9551: 8792: 8697: 8178: 8108: 7698: 7480: 7382: 7335: 7066: 7000: 6830: 6215: 5830: 5035: 4960: 4542: 4091:

Paint the Sky with Stars: Selected Poetry in Remembrance of the Boxing Day Tsunami 2004

3846: 3789: 3781: 3490: 2644: 2406:

10–12 m (33–39 ft) high at Malacca (in Car Nicobar Island) and at Hut Bay on

2259: 2224: 1855: 1752: 1526: 1467: 10829: 10745: 10598: 10241:"Memorandum of Understanding between Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement" 9217: 8867: 8029: 6518: 5925: 4367: 2000:

Thailand experienced the second largest tsunami run-up. The tsunami heights recorded:

1678: 1414:

Slow plate motion. Previously it was thought that the convergence rate had to be fast.

14196: 14023: 13871: 13816: 13575: 12607: 12565: 12476: 11093:"Compilation of videos that show the moment the quake and the subsequent tsunami hit" 10983: 10946: 10880: 10875: 10850: 10332: 10166: 10148: 10099: 10081: 9725: 9534:

Gunatillake, Daya (2007). "The 2004 Tsunami in Sri Lanka: Destruction and recovery".

9413: 8784: 8701: 8534: 8472: 8378: 8272: 8242:"International Tsunami Information Center - International Tsunami Information Center" 8182: 8112: 7925: 7889: 7807: 7803: 7702: 7615: 7414: 7374: 7339: 7293: 7122: 7058: 7050: 7004: 6822: 6406: 5822: 5797: 5681: 5446: 5405: 5358: 5311: 5262: 5213: 5166: 5075: 5027: 4952: 4927: 4779: 4732: 4728: 4693: 4642: 4534: 4431: 4387: 4232:

Estimates of this earthquake are on par or smaller than the 1964 Alaska earthquake (M

4141: 3753: 3430: 2666: 2625: 2489: 2267: 1933: 1715: 1640: 1087: 687: 11052: 9569: 9101:"On the weak impact of the 26 December Indian Ocean tsunami on the Bangladesh coast" 8796: 8561: 7763: 7484: 7448:"The 2004 Indian tsunami in Thailand: Surveyed runup heights and tide gauge records" 7386: 6863: 6834: 6737: 6451: 6286: 5834: 5138: 4964: 4546: 2386:

at these locations, whereas the open terrain along the eastern coast at Malacca and

2163:

Tree stumps and debris remain on Karaikal beach several years after the 2004 tsunami

2143:

Moreover, the tsunami was detected by scuba divers around offshore islands like the

2060:

is located on a stretch of golden sandy beach, famed for its hotels overlooking the

14271: 14259: 14028: 13826: 13360: 13349: 12572: 12455: 12310: 10870: 10639: 10634: 10428: 10396: 10211:"Associated Press û Tsunami survivors cling tightly to faith across ravaged region" 10156: 10138: 10089: 10073: 9998: 9748: 9699: 9547: 9543: 9502: 9158: 9120: 8776: 8745: 8689: 8464: 8397: 8170: 8098: 7912: 7690: 7518: 7470: 7366: 7354: 7327: 7246: 7070: 7042: 6992: 6900:. Los Angeles: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California. 6814: 6784: 6569:. West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (USGS). 31 December 2004. Archived from 5814: 5673: 5616: 5555: 5498: 5488: 5436: 5397: 5350: 5301: 5252: 5205: 5158: 5039: 5019: 5011: 4994: 4944: 4771: 4724: 4683: 4634: 4526: 4379: 4366:

Paris, Raphaël; Cachão, Mário; Fournier, Jérôme; Voldoire, Olivier (1 April 2010).

4343: 4069: 4048: 3898: 2748: 2359:

5.5 m (18 ft) in maximum tsunami height and run-up at Corbyn's Cove Beach

1435: 1370: 1217: 1213: 895: 738: 692: 682: 9866: 9099:

Ioualalen, M.; Pelinovsky, E.; Asavanant, J.; Lipikorn, R.; Deschamps, A. (2007).

7731: 7197: 2466:

more than 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) at North Male Atoll, Kuda Huraa Island

2250:

experienced tsunami-related damage in three southern densely populated districts,

1205:

still be measured, providing valuable scientific data about the Earth's interior.

431:"Boxing Day earthquake" redirects here. For the 2010 Christchurch earthquake, see 110:

rescue workers recovering a body under debris • a man searching through rubble in

14283: 14242: 14071: 13856: 13831: 13821: 13372: 12722: 12379: 12320: 11070: 11066: 10836: 10731: 10407: 10191: 9798: 9584: 9316: 8037: 7609: 6689: 6194: 6013: 5705: 5423:

Fujii, Yushiro; Satake, Kenji; Watada, Shingo; Ho, Tung-Cheng (1 December 2021).

4347: 3840: 3821: 3817: 3745: 3729:. The earthquake was the third-most-powerful earthquake recorded since 1900. The 3563: 2144: 2136: 2125: 2109: 2102: 1994: 1978: 1534: 1332: 1324: 1293: 1181: 1177: 1083: 1079: 1062: 1048: 1031:

occurred. Some examples of significant historical megathrust earthquakes are the

983:

Great earthquakes, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, are associated with

549: 14210: 10629: 10301: 8811: 8468: 7251: 5959: 5184:

Tsai, Victor C.; Nettles, Meredith; Ekström, Göran; Dziewonski, Adam M. (2005).

4575: 4383: 3511:

become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to

2632:, the tsunami killed two people with a maximum runup of 2 m (6.6 ft). 2397:

1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) at Diglipur and Rangat at North Andaman Island

2039:

5 m (16 ft) at Hat Praphat (Ranong Coastal Resources Research Station)

1710:

and Nasi Island. Coastal villages were destroyed by the waves. On the island of

1577:

observed on the eastern earthquake rupture zone such as the coastlines of Aceh,

14319: 14307: 14181: 14155: 13998: 13876: 13866: 13846: 13641: 12621: 12315: 10811: 10003: 9724:

Rigg, Johnathan; Lisa Lawt; May Tan-Mullins; Carl Grundy-Warr (December 2005).

9162: 7611:

Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters: Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation

6335:"TOPEX/Poseidon Satellite Data on 26 December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean" 5559: 5441: 5424: 4867:"Analysis of the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Reveals Longest Fault Rupture Ever" 2571:

was measured on a cliff near the town of Eyl, solely on an eyewitness account.

2544: 2540: 2522:

Interviews with local people indicate that they did not feel the earthquake in

2285: 2223:, with 6,051 fatalities caused by a 5 m (16 ft) tsunami, followed by 2168: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1870:

and 4–5 m (13–16 ft) in the west coast from Moratuwa to Ambalangoda.

1636: 1550: 1484: 1459: 1418: 1385: 1378: 1358: 1227:

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake is thought to have triggered activity in both

1164: 1106: 992: 856: 11091: 9927:"Scientists Find Evidence of Tsunamis on Indian Ocean Shores Long Before 2004" 9507: 8780: 8444: 7961:"Quick Report on the Study of the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami Effects" 7147: 7111: 7089: 6818: 6788: 6094:. National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey. Archived from 5306: 5281: 5233:"The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: Tsunami source model from satellite altimetry" 4775: 4688: 4663: 3831: 2624:

Bangladesh escaped major damage and deaths because the water displaced by the

1648:

of water". Almost all of the Onge people seemed to have survived the tsunami.

595: 14353: 13861: 12336: 11086: 10950: 10152: 10085: 10077: 9574: 9125: 9100: 8993: 8476: 7054: 6930:"Chapter 2 Earthquake, Tsunami and Damage in Banda Aceh and Northern Sumatra" 6492: 6446: 6281: 5685: 5493: 5450: 5409: 5362: 5315: 5266: 5217: 5170: 5139:"Seismological Aspects of the December 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake" 4783: 4736: 4697: 4391: 4040: 2556: 2378: 2300:. On the western coast, the runup elevations were 4.5 m (15 ft) at 2148: 2083: 1990: 1707: 1630: 1606: 1478: 1300: 1098: 836: 347: 334: 11117: 10723:

Chapter 3, "The matter of money", in Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley,

10455:"Ministers Admit Handling of Tsunami Crisis Caused Suffering - Radio Sweden" 10143: 9926: 9723: 7370: 7046: 5850:"Poster of the Northern Sumatra Earthquake of 28 March 2005 – Magnitude 8.7" 5818: 4948: 4751: 4530: 1007:

Since 1900, the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the

14343: 14295: 14215: 14150: 14140: 14051: 13952: 13841: 13707: 13407: 12300: 11755: 11083:

Asian Tsunami Anniversary – Thailand Tsunami Then and Now Comparison Series

10941: 10884: 10170: 10110: 10103: 8788: 7574:"Zoltán Grossman – Member of the Faculty in Geography & Native Studies" 7378: 7062: 6826: 5826: 5031: 4956: 4538: 4137: 4130: 4076: 3939:

provided food aid to more than 1.3 million people affected by the tsunami.

3861: 3532: 3447: 3392:

Does not include approximately 19,000 missing people initially declared by

2510: 2293: 2113: 2003: 1566: 1320: 1232: 1228: 1119: 1110: 1070: 934: 712: 483: 81: 11222: 10643: 10454: 9627:"Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihoods" 7966:. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. 7668:"Effects of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the Indian Mainland" 5015: 1308:, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the 14247: 13811: 13656: 9811: 8716:"One year after the tsunami, Sri Lankan survivors still live in squalour" 5502: 5401: 5209: 3924: 3919: 3451: 3393: 2605:

The tsunami also reached Malaysia, mainly on the northern states such as

2480: 2371: 2263: 2212: 2117: 2065: 2061: 1950: 1867: 1742: 1644: 1626: 1622: 1506: 1493: 1444: 1430: 1344: 1340: 1284: 1131: 1102: 942: 479: 107: 9555: 8273:"Field Surveys of 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami From Sumatra to East Africa" 3868:

a little and thus shortening the length of the day by 2.68 microseconds.

2089:

In addition, the tsunami inflicted damage to the popular resort town of

74: 13881: 11436: 10356: 9760: 8766: 8103: 7736: 7475: 5677: 5620: 5466:"Earthquake related tsunami hazard along the western coast of Thailand" 5378:"A Bayesian source model for the 2004 great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake" 5354: 5257: 5232: 4301: 4102:(2006), two teenagers struggle to survive in the days after the tsunami 3966: 3950: 3907: 3887: 3548: 2736: 2637: 2515:

0.4–2.6 m (1 ft 4 in – 8 ft 6 in) around

2509:

0.7–2.2 m (2 ft 4 in – 7 ft 3 in) around

2431:

untrue. The highest tsunami wave measured was 4 m (13 ft) at

2427: 2346: 2325: 2228: 2203: 2172: 2121: 2112:, the island province's western beaches were struck by the tsunami. At 2069: 1863: 1859: 1824: 1804: 1760: 1756: 1733: 1699: 1674: 1518: 1513: 1474: 1394: 1366: 1173: 1066: 1053: 988: 938: 899: 887: 534: 522: 502: 443: 439: 285: 279: 273: 99: 9255: 8693: 8174: 7694: 7331: 6996: 5376:

Bletery, Quentin; Sladen, Anthony; Jiang, Junle; Simons, Mark (2016).

5162: 5023: 4325: 4265: 3562:

Both the earthquake and the tsunami may have affected shipping in the

1684: 847:

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was initially documented as having a

13836: 13806: 13785: 12782: 12692: 11048: 10058: 3970: 3911: 3504: 3443: 2717: 2564: 2516: 2309: 2255: 2251: 2237: 2094: 2007: 1958: 1909: 1832: 1711: 1530: 1455: 1328: 1313: 1309: 1240: 1123: 966: 919: 702: 518: 464: 456: 103: 11058: 10699:"United Nations: World Food Programme: Report on the Tsunami Crisis" 9596: 9098: 8398:

UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery (January 2006).

7355:"Observations by the International Tsunami Survey Team in Sri Lanka" 7232:"Survey of the December 26th 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka" 6968:

Borrero, Jose C.; Synolakis, Costas E.; Fritz, Hermann (June 2006).

4060:(2011), an Indonesian movie with the tsunami as the initial incident 2590: 2502:

0.9–2.9 m (2 ft 11 in – 9 ft 6 in) at

2024:

2 m (6 ft 7 in) along the east coast of Phuket island

1401: 13318: 10816: 10383:(30 December 2004) "Alert scaled down, capping day long confusion." 9815: 9468:"United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development" 8148:"Somalia Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami" 7852:. Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee. Archived from 7768: 4028:(2005), educational television-series documentary about the tsunami 3804: 3741: 3435: 2614: 2599: 2560: 2422: 2317: 2273: 2075: 2057: 2053: 2018:

3–6 m (9.8–19.7 ft) along the west coast of Phuket island

1966: 1954: 1929: 1919: 1897: 1848: 1766: 1614: 1582: 1278: 923: 915: 907: 891: 561: 530: 111: 10907:

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

8558:"Myanmar is withholding true casualties figures, says Thai priest" 7204:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 31 March 2015. 4824:"M 9.5 - 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake) 1960" 2662:

Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

2277:

A car deposited on top of a fence and various pieces of debris in

1545: 1152: 9788:

Chapter 6, "Thailand", in Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley,

9400:. 30 December 2004. Archived from the original on 11 January 2005 9310:

Water sanitation and health: WHO technical notes for emergencies.

9275:"Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami" 8671: 8027: 7108:"Great Tsunami 12-26-04 at Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia 3 of 3" 5795:

Bilham, Roger (20 May 2005). "A Flying Start, Then a Slow Slip".

3915: 3903: 3850: 3715: 3528: 3524: 3463: 2536: 2476: 2448:

2 m (6 ft 7 in) at North Male Atoll, Huhule Island

2412:

3 m (9.8 ft) high at Port Blair on South Andaman Island

2387: 2297: 2278: 2207: 2098: 2090: 2079: 1986: 1878: 1770: 1729: 1689: 1553:

at 10:25 a.m., prior to the third—and strongest—tsunami wave

1389: 1130:

1,600 km (1,000 mi) length of the rupture (acting as a

927: 911: 717: 494: 460: 9973: 6212:"Italian scientists say Asian quakes cause Earth's axis shifted" 2563:

province. Most of the victims were reported along the low-lying

1224:

sees no evidence of a causal relationship between these events.

1090:(the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions). 193: 168: 143: 13552: 11079: – Amateur Seismic Centre (ASC) (archived 21 January 2007) 10116: 9597:"Tsunamis Devastate Fisherfolk of Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea" 6801: 4802:"M 9.2 - The 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska Earthquake 1964" 4068:(2012), an English-language Spanish film based on the story of 3455: 2610: 2313: 2305: 2247: 2176: 1962: 1774: 1586: 1578: 1497: 1305: 1267: 1156:

Initial earthquake and aftershocks measuring greater than 4.0 M

954: 557: 115: 114:• people running away from the tsunami • a tsunami memorial in 9726:"The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Socio-Economic Impacts in Thailand" 9394:"Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami" 9334:

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government

7910: 7239:

Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering

7163: 3576:

Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

2078:

also experienced the largest tsunami run-up height outside of

1665:

Tsunami inundation height can be seen on a house in Banda Aceh

1393:

understanding of the earthquake and tsunami. Unlike data from

1208:

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake came just three days after a

875: 9.25, while a 2021 study revised its 2007 estimate of M 13768: 13733: 13666: 10567:

Cook-Anderson, Gretchen; Beasley, Dolores (10 January 2005).

8141: 8139: 8137: 7512: 7445: 6924: 6922: 6156:

Cook-Anderson, Gretchen; Beasley, Dolores (10 January 2005).

6120:

Studies of earth dynamics with the superconducting gravimeter

5186:"Multiple CMT source analysis of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake" 4145: 3978: 2725: 2629: 2606: 2575: 2552: 2548: 2503: 2021:

3 m (9.8 ft) along the south coast of Phuket island

1887: 1844: 1797: 1463: 1274: 1235:, volcanoes in Aceh along the same range of peaks, while the 1065:

slipped (or ruptured) about 15 m (50 ft) along the

958: 903: 526: 119: 10725:"The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster" 9192:"YEMEN: Tsunami damage over US$ 1 million – UNEP assessment" 5463: 5183: 4980: 4080:(2014), a Tamil drama film which culminates with the tsunami 4036:(2006), a two-part television miniseries about its aftermath 1381:

several kilometres wide was exposed in the earthquake zone.

497:

with waves up to 30 m (100 ft) high, known as the

13942: 13447: 8649:(in Finnish). Onnettomuustutkintakeskus. 26 December 2004. 6586:"Tsunami Waves Channeled Around the Globe in 2004 Disaster" 6407:"NOAA Scientists able to Measure Tsunami Height from Space" 6308: 6161: 6034:"Volcano erupts on same Indonesian island as earlier quake" 5230: 4365: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4266:

National Earthquake Information Center (26 December 2004).

3849:, a meteorologist who had predicted that an earthquake and 3777: 1670: 1189: 1188:, which originated off the coast of the Sumatran island of 1075: 950: 946: 840: 514: 9791:

The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster

8955: 8639: 8134: 7876: 7874: 6919: 6543:. Hydrographic and Oceanographic Dept. Japan Coast Guard. 6301:"NASA/French Satellite Data Reveal New Details of Tsunami" 5530: 5071:

The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster

4504:"The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 26 December 2004" 1262:) by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was estimated at 1.1 9495:"Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way?" 8270: 7793: 7791: 6983:(S3). Earthquake Engineering Research Institute: 93–104. 6656: 6491:. Tsunami Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia. Archived from 4898: 4713:"Indian Ocean Tsunami: Disaster, Generosity and Recovery" 3878:

Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

3812:

between Sumatra and New Zealand. In response, the Indian

1961:. Major locations damaged included the western shores of 1737: 546:

third most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the world

11103: 10401:

False tsunami alarm sparks panic in Indian Ocean region.

7665: 7305: 7303: 5375: 4750:

Gross, Richard S.; Chao, Benjamin F. (1 November 2006).

4354: 4190:– notable people killed in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 2052:

The province of Phang Nga was the most affected area in

871: 9.3. A 2016 study estimated the magnitude to be M 10734:. Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar, 2010. 9801:. Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar, 2010. 7871: 6369: 5958:. Earthquake.usgs.gov. 10 December 2012. Archived from 4501: 3756:

where the earthquake and tsunami killed about 123,000.

1617:, close to the epicentre. Island folklore recounted an 1537:

which run along the margins of the continental plates.

9284:(10). International Water Management Institute. 2010. 8073: 7788: 7603: 7601: 7599: 6009:"Thousands flee as Indonesian volcano spews into life" 5982:"Magnitude 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake FAQ" 3318: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3248: 3243: 3216: 3211: 3184: 3179: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2983: 2962: 2953: 2948: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2390:

contributed to the great height of the tsunami waves.

1787:

15–30 m (49–98 ft) on the west coast of Aceh

478:, was caused by a rupture along the fault between the 14231: 8868:"Asia-Pacific | 'Hundreds feared dead' in Burma" 7300: 6967: 5766:"How do they measure earthquakes from 250 years ago?" 1004:(1960), account for almost half of the total moment. 27:

Earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean

11424:

indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths

10566: 9570:

Tsunami's salt water may leave islands uninhabitable

8916: 8552: 8550: 7580:. Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen State College. 7292:. University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Archived from 6541:"Indian Ocean Tsunami" at Syowa Station, Antarctica" 6155: 5279: 2720:, 8,000 km (5,000 mi) from the epicentre. 1803:

3–6 m (9.8–19.7 ft) on the north coast of

1361:

release of the largest earthquakes from 1906 to 2005

1137: 11077:

M9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake & Tsunami, 2004

8960:"Death toll in Asian tsunami disaster tops 159,000" 7596: 7441: 7439: 7309: 5422: 4268:"M 9.1 - 2004 Sumatra - Andaman Islands Earthquake" 4044:(2008), a Tamil thriller film involving the tsunami 2010:

boat stranded almost 2 km (1.2 mi) inland

1790:

6–12 m (20–39 ft) on the Banda Aceh coast

13435:International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission 8069: 8067: 7542: 7540: 7538: 6963: 6961: 5067: 4981:Nalbant, Suleyman S.; Steacy, Sandy; Sieh, Kerry; 4633:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 189. 2304:in Tamil Nadu and 3.4 m (11 ft) each at 1985:and small offshore islands like Ko Racha Yai, the 1288:Vertical-component ground motions recorded by the 1011:(magnitude 9.5) and the 1964 Alaska earthquake in 10353:"Asia Pacific Journalism Centre – Home Page" 9139: 8547: 8391: 8146:Fritz, Hermann M.; Borrero, Jose C. (June 2006). 8028:Ramanamurthy, M. V.; et al. (10 June 2005). 5074:. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. 4987:"Seismology: Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench" 4924: 4894:"Scientists: Sumatra quake longest ever recorded" 3748:. The deadliest tsunami before 2004 was Italy's 2027:4–6 m (13–20 ft) on the Phi Phi Islands 1673:province, about 20 minutes after the earthquake. 1402:Assessment of potential earthquakes in the future 1216:, an uninhabited region west of New Zealand, and 945:that runs along the south and west from Sumatra, 537:reported the largest number of deaths. It is the 14351: 14192:United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic 9435:UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 9068:"Tsunami Evaluation Coalition: Initial Findings" 9018:. Australia: ABC. 3 January 2005. Archived from 8449:International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 7436: 5658:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 5597:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 5335:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 4372:Géomorphologie: Relief, Processus, Environnement 3965:Memorial dedicated to victims of the tsunami in 3721:The 2004 earthquake and tsunami combined is the 3496:In response to the unprecedented situation, the 1969:in Phang Nga Province, the coastal provinces of 1714:, strong surges were experienced in the port of 1625:, Thailand, a 10-year-old British tourist named 1160:  from 26 December 2004 to 10 January 2005 11016:"Book Review: The Killing Sea by Richard Lewis" 10848: 10630:"Mass graves not necessary for tsunami victims" 10123:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8519: 8363: 8064: 7535: 7225: 7223: 6958: 6707:"Girl, 10, used geography lesson to save lives" 6647:"Sri Lankans Seek Lost Relatives After Tsunami" 6415:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4416: 4001:The 2004 disaster prompted the creation of the 3481:as part of its series of Emergency Guidelines. 2206:, the 13 km (8.1 mi) Marina Beach in 511:deadliest natural disasters in recorded history 13307:Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority 12366: 11429:indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year 10569:"NASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth" 10215:Media and Public Relations | Baylor University 9897:"Researchers uncover 2004 tsunami predecessor" 8718:. World Socialist Web Site. 29 December 2005. 8647:"A2/2004Y Aasian luonnonkatastrofi 26.12.2004" 6442:"Radar satellites capture tsunami wave height" 6373:Earthquakes and tsunamis: high school textbook 6158:"NASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth" 5329:Stein, Seth; Okal, Emile A. (1 January 2007). 4842:"What are the biggest historical earthquakes?" 2400:8 m (26 ft) high at Campbell Bay on 2332: 1941:10 in) higher than the top of the train. 1793:6 m (20 ft) on the Krueng Raya coast 969:, preceding the main event by over two years. 539:deadliest natural disaster of the 21st century 13334: 12352: 11771: 11452: 11238: 11146: 11122: 10573:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 8560:. AsiaNews.it. 4 January 2005. Archived from 8442: 7904: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7279: 7277: 6735: 6465:Pearce, Fred; Holmes, Bob (15 January 2005). 5974: 5652:Bird, Peter; Kreemer, Corné (February 2015). 5464:Løvholt, F.; et al. (30 November 2006). 3396:authorities from regions under their control. 2539:. Around 289 fatalities were reported in the 817: 438:On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time ( 14187:Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks 11785: 10937:"15 tsunami aid staff executed in Sri Lanka" 10849:Telford, John; Cosgrave, John (March 2007). 10743: 10062:"Mental Health in Sumatra After the Tsunami" 8809: 8443:Parwanto, Novia Budi; Oyama, Tatsuo (2014). 8145: 7220: 7141: 7086:"Seconds From Disaster S03E13 Asian Tsunami" 6464: 6357:"Rethinking the Causes of Giant Earthquakes" 6232: 5531:Sibuet, J.; et al. (15 November 2007). 5382:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 5068:Jayasuriya, Sisira; McCawley, Peter (2010). 4869:. National Science Foundation. 19 May 2005. 2219:. The worst affected area in Tamil Nadu was 1928:A regular passenger train operating between 1251:The energy released on the Earth's surface ( 1105:(which is considered a portion of the great 937:along the north-eastern islands adjacent to 11252: 10777:"The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of the 'Quad'" 10774: 10768: 10326: 9533: 7198:"Tsunami Wave Run-ups: Indian Ocean – 2004" 7127:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6847:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6766: 6681:Campbell, Matthew; Loveard, Keith; et al. " 6467:"Tsunami: The impact will last for decades" 5651: 4976: 4974: 2680: moderate damage and some loss of life 2105:, the tsunami appeared as a wall of water. 1949:The tsunami travelled eastward through the 1540: 1496:around such landmasses. Thus, the state of 1168:Aftershocks of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 1025:Tōhoku, Japan (magnitude 9.1) in March 2011 474:, known by the scientific community as the 13744:Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation 13341: 13327: 12359: 12345: 11778: 11764: 11459: 11445: 11245: 11231: 11153: 11139: 10982:. Rayne, Essex, England: Re-invention UK. 10673:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 10486:"'Mad' Scientist Gets Belated Recognition" 9352: 9092: 7882:"Tsunami in Andaman & Nicobar Islands" 7844: 7640: 7393: 7274: 7105: 7083: 6683:Tsunami disaster: Focus: Nature's timebomb 6567:"Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004" 6370:Lorca, Emilio; Recabarren, Margot (1997). 6277:"Asian tsunami seabed pictured with sonar" 4710: 4626: 3835:Patong Beach in Thailand after the tsunami 1997:. Approximately 8,000 people were killed. 1918:4.8 m (16 ft) at North Beach of 824: 810: 10874: 10376: 10374: 10160: 10142: 10093: 10002: 9983:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9812:Tsunami redrew ship channels, ocean floor 9693:"Demand for FRP boats rise after tsunami" 9506: 9426: 9124: 9105:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9016:"Asian tsunami death toll passes 144,000" 8760: 8734: 8102: 7845:Paul, D.K.; Singh, Yogendra; Dubey, R.N. 7831: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7614:. Springer Science & Business Media. 7526: 7474: 7250: 7095:on 11 September 2016 – via YouTube. 6031: 5901:"M 7.2 - 284 km WNW of Sabang, Indonesia" 5876:"M 6.9 - 89 km WSW of Singkil, Indonesia" 5841: 5492: 5473:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5440: 5328: 5305: 5256: 5100: 4812: 4749: 4687: 4470:"Indian Ocean Tsunami – Economic Aspects" 3843:was heavily criticized for its inaction. 2030:19.6 m (64 ft) at Ban Thung Dap 972: 448: 308: 14360:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 11466: 11166:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 10391: 10389: 9827: 9269: 9267: 9265: 7283: 6116: 6110: 5984:. USGS. 29 December 2014. Archived from 5136: 4971: 4790: 4454:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from 4452:"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths" 4300:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from 4177:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 3960: 3881: 3871: 3830: 3763: 3523: 3503:Evidence suggested that the presence of 3471:International Water Management Institute 3429: 3406:Data includes at least 2,464 foreigners. 2665: 2589: 2272: 2158: 2036:6.8 m (22 ft) at Ban Thale Nok 2002: 1818: 1747: 1720: 1683: 1669:The tsunami devastated the coastline of 1660: 1595: 1544: 1483: 1477:, which lies at the northern end of the 1429: 1353: 1283: 1163: 1151: 1052: 835: 564:and mainland Sumatra. The plight of the 33:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 10304:. BBC World Service. 30 December 2005. 10282:. BBC World Service. 30 December 2005. 9486: 8483: 7153:on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube. 7117:on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube. 7032: 6892: 6861: 6068:"Volcano on Indonesia's Sumatra Erupts" 6006: 4321: 4319: 4204:List of natural disasters by death toll 3886:German tsunami relief mission visiting 3513:ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction 3425: 2015:6–10 m (20–33 ft) in Khao Lak 1549:Maximum recession of tsunami waters at 1097:, which underlies the Indian Ocean and 14: 14352: 13279:National Disaster Management Authority 11059:The Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake 10934: 10371: 9945: 9864: 9492: 8922: 8708: 8665: 8520:Telford, John; Cosgrave, John (2006). 8364:Telford, John; Cosgrave, John (2006). 8345:from the original on 22 September 2019 8052:from the original on 27 September 2016 7941:from the original on 27 September 2016 7822: 7744:from the original on 24 September 2015 7666:Sheth, Alpa; et al. (June 2006). 7548:"Tsunami Affected Areas in India 2004" 7494:from the original on 21 September 2016 7446:Tsuji, Yoshinobu; et al. (2006). 7144:"Boxing Day Tsunami Banda Aceh 4 of 4" 7014:from the original on 27 September 2016 6874:from the original on 30 September 2009 6404: 6386:from the original on 29 September 2018 6274: 5956:"USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: FAQ" 5794: 5763: 5587: 5581: 4891: 4661: 4417:Telford, John; Cosgrave, John (2006). 4278:from the original on 26 September 2019 4261: 4259: 4257: 4013: 3493:, in Australia's northeastern waters. 2686: minor damage and no loss of life 1938:derailed and overturned by the tsunami 1905:4.7 m (15 ft) at Ambalangoda 1837:degradation of the natural environment 13322: 13300:State Disaster Response Force (Assam) 12340: 11759: 11440: 11226: 11134: 11121: 10897: 10787:from the original on 13 February 2021 10705:from the original on 12 December 2013 10548:from the original on 27 February 2019 10518:from the original on 26 February 2021 10421:"Suspect quake forecast causes panic" 10386: 10034:"The world's worst natural disasters" 9907:from the original on 17 December 2013 9877:from the original on 15 February 2009 9262: 9228:from the original on 10 February 2009 9133: 8992:. Channelnewsasia.com. Archived from 8722:from the original on 23 November 2012 8597:from the original on 15 November 2022 8279:from the original on 30 December 2021 8222:from the original on 15 November 2019 8192:from the original on 24 February 2021 7732:"Velankanni: Death in the churchyard" 7584:from the original on 30 December 2021 7424:from the original on 15 February 2017 7208:from the original on 30 December 2016 6748:from the original on 12 December 2010 6663:from the original on 23 November 2016 6644: 6626:from the original on 23 February 2015 6596:from the original on 20 December 2016 6583: 6439: 6256:from the original on 20 December 2016 6243: 6044:from the original on 16 February 2020 5776:from the original on 10 December 2022 5745:from the original on 10 December 2022 5698: 5647: 5645: 4906:from the original on 14 February 2012 4582:from the original on 26 December 2018 4144:, frontman of Swedish grindcore band 4008: 3569: 2703:worst earthquakes in recorded history 2697:According to the final report of the 2655: 2643:Tidal surges also occurred along the 2370:In Malacca, located on the island of 1258:, the energy magnitude, which is the 433:December 2010 Christchurch earthquake 13774:The State of the Humanitarian System 13348: 11026:from the original on 26 January 2021 10975: 10916:from the original on 12 January 2019 10669:Natural Disasters and Severe Weather 10627: 10579:from the original on 27 January 2011 10483: 10435:from the original on 16 October 2019 10327:Brighton, Paul; Foy, Dennis (2007). 10040:from the original on 19 January 2011 9673:from the original on 21 January 2020 8878:from the original on 4 November 2012 8822:from the original on 1 December 2012 8424:from the original on 19 January 2011 8315:from the original on 10 October 2017 8009:from the original on 10 October 2016 7973:from the original on 10 October 2017 7776:from the original on 2 November 2014 7756: 7724: 7628:from the original on 3 December 2016 7554:from the original on 7 December 2015 7262:from the original on 27 January 2016 7229: 7171:. ITST of UNESCO IOC. Archived from 6907:from the original on 10 October 2016 6893:Borrero, Jose C. (9 February 2005). 6864:"Tsunami folklore 'saved islanders'" 6717:from the original on 25 January 2017 6188:Earthquakes vs. the Earth's Rotation 6168:from the original on 27 January 2011 6092:"USGS Energy and Broadband Solution" 5936:from the original on 3 November 2012 5847: 5630:from the original on 10 October 2016 5118:from the original on 18 October 2022 4497: 4495: 4316: 3768:Tsunami aftermath in Aceh, Indonesia 3498:United Nations Environment Programme 2674: severe damage and loss of life 2441:The Maldives tsunami wave analysis: 1953:and hit the south-western coasts of 1736:-covered hills, overlooking a large 1725:Overturned cement carrier in Lhoknga 1057:Epicentre and associated aftershocks 411:15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft); 10679:from the original on 31 August 2023 10308:from the original on 2 October 2013 10302:"Iraq war and tsunami top BBC poll" 10289:from the original on 2 October 2013 9846:from the original on 11 August 2021 9515:from the original on 16 August 2021 9448:from the original on 11 August 2021 9374:from the original on 11 August 2021 9367:. Commonwealth of Australia. 2005. 9340:from the original on 11 August 2021 9034: 8744:. 28 September 2007. Archived from 8501:from the original on 21 August 2021 8212:"Tsunami death toll passes 283,000" 8122:from the original on 4 October 2018 8074:Satake, Kenji; et al. (2006). 7607: 7352: 6645:Block, Melissa (27 December 2004). 5540:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 4873:from the original on 12 August 2021 4630:Tsunami: The World's Greatest Waves 4254: 4003:Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System 3855:Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System 2296:in Tamil Nadu directly across from 1893:8.7 m (29 ft) at Nonagama 1886:4.8 m (16 ft) around the 1883:6 m (20 ft) at Galle port 933:Indonesia lies between the Pacific 24: 14079:The State of the World's Cash 2020 14004:Central African Republic Civil War 13293:Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force 11104:International Seismological Centre 10807:Clinton, Bush: Tsunami Aid Helping 10701:. Reliefweb.int. 4 November 2005. 10609:from the original on 12 April 2013 9818:/Associated Press. 5 January 2005. 9753:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00175_3.x 9474:from the original on 12 April 2006 9252:United Nations Atlas of the Oceans 9248:"Impact of Tsunamis on Ecosystems" 9218:"Tsunami devastates Somali island" 9198:from the original on 26 March 2014 9194:. Irinnews.org. 22 February 2005. 9172:from the original on 17 April 2012 9140:Okal, E.A.; Hartnady C.J. (2010). 8812:"Tsunami: Somalia's slow recovery" 8617:"Most tsunami dead female – Oxfam" 8491:"Indonesia quake toll jumps again" 8252:from the original on 19 April 2016 7797: 7764:"Tsunami sufferers question faith" 6862:Bhaumik, Subir (20 January 2005). 6806:International Review of Psychiatry 6769:Disaster Prevention and Management 6738:"Andaman aborigines' fate unclear" 6736:Subir Bhaumik (30 December 2004). 6517:. Staff.aist.go.jp. Archived from 6244:Bagla, Pallava (28 January 2005). 6218:. 29 December 2004. Archived from 5926:"Sumatra shaken by new earthquake" 5642: 4711:Athukorala, Prema-chandra (2012). 4662:Satake, Kenji (13 November 2014). 4639:10.1093/oso/9780197546123.001.0001 4020:Children of Tsunami: No More Tears 3519: 2585: 2421:The tsunami severely affected the 2167:The tsunami reached the states of 2048:6.8 m (22 ft) at Rai Dan 1924:6 m (20 ft) at Paiyagala 1902:4 m (13 ft) at Dodundawa 1807:directly facing the tsunami source 1512:The tsunami was noticed as far as 1246: 1042: 879: 9.1 to a new magnitude of M 861:California Institute of Technology 25: 14506: 14435:Megathrust earthquakes in Sumatra 13948:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 13687:Koyamada International Foundation 11042: 10996:from the original on 24 July 2020 10935:Ramesh, Randeep (7 August 2006). 10756:from the original on 22 June 2006 10599:"UN upbeat on tsunami hunger aid" 10465:from the original on 25 July 2021 10277:"Most significant events of 2005" 10257:from the original on 29 June 2006 10221:from the original on 24 July 2020 10185:Divining a Reason for Devastation 10066:American Journal of Public Health 9929:. Newswise.com. 27 October 2008. 9867:"Tsunami in 2004 'not the first'" 9865:Palmer, Jason (29 October 2008). 9770:from the original on 24 July 2020 9643:from the original on 8 March 2021 9607:from the original on 3 March 2019 9493:Zimmer, Katarina (22 July 2021). 9291:from the original on 2 March 2012 9042:"The Seychelles raises its voice" 8810:Martin Plaut (26 December 2005). 8769:Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 8653:from the original on 25 July 2021 8627:from the original on 26 July 2008 7712:from the original on 3 March 2016 7142:geoffmackley (19 November 2009). 6547:from the original on 21 June 2017 6315:from the original on 5 March 2016 6275:Knight, Will (10 February 2005). 6007:Rinaldo, Aditya (12 April 2005). 5764:Palmer, Brian (14 January 2010). 5512:from the original on 25 July 2021 4985:; McCloskey, John (9 June 2005). 4556:from the original on 22 July 2021 4492: 4398:from the original on 25 July 2020 2559:region), which forms part of the 2231:a sea shore town with a Catholic 1873:Sri Lanka tsunami height survey: 1343:(the southern regions are on the 1138:Aftershocks and other earthquakes 14337: 14325: 14313: 14301: 14289: 14277: 14265: 14253: 14241: 14209: 13286:National Disaster Response Force 11008: 10969: 10928: 10891: 10876:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.00337.x 10842: 10830:Tsunami aid shortfall over $ 4bn 10822: 10799: 10775:Tanvi Madan (16 November 2017). 10746:"Tsunami aid: Who's giving what" 10744:Staff Writer (27 January 2005). 10737: 10717: 10691: 10657: 10621: 10591: 10560: 10530: 10500: 10477: 10447: 10413: 10345: 10320: 10269: 10233: 10203: 10177: 10052: 10026: 10014:from the original on 6 July 2020 9967: 9933:from the original on 31 May 2013 9919: 9889: 9858: 9821: 9804: 9782: 9717: 9685: 9655: 9619: 9589: 9562: 9527: 9460: 9386: 9322: 9319:Page. Retrieved 25 February 2011 9303: 9240: 9210: 9184: 9150:South African Journal of Geology 9060: 9008: 8982: 8970:from the original on 9 June 2011 8949: 8890: 8860: 8834: 8803: 8609: 8579: 8513: 8436: 8410: 8357: 8335:"WA feels the tsunami's ripples" 8327: 8291: 8264: 8234: 8204: 8021: 7985: 7953: 7838: 6440:McKee, Maggie (6 January 2005). 6421:from the original on 3 June 2018 6405:Leslie, John (10 January 2005). 5605:Seismological Society of America 4729:10.1111/j.1467-8381.2012.02083.x 4199:List of earthquakes in Indonesia 4159: 3759: 3725:natural disaster since the 1976 3677: 3659: 3641: 3623: 3605: 3589: 3582: 3299: 3264: 3232: 3200: 3168: 3130: 3095: 3053: 3014: 2972: 2937: 2896: 2858: 2820: 2781: 2613:and on offshore islands such as 2393:Reports of tsunami wave height: 1915:10 m (33 ft) at Kahawa 1783:The tsunami heights in Sumatra: 1301:Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves 1243:, a massive caldera in Sumatra. 1144:List of earthquakes in Indonesia 1093:The Indian Plate is part of the 594: 192: 185: 167: 160: 142: 135: 80: 73: 62: 55: 44: 14430:Megathrust earthquakes in India 14095:Attacks on humanitarian workers 13499:Inter-Agency Standing Committee 11276:(7.0 & 7.3, Feb 5 & 7) 11162:Regional humanitarian situation 10957:from the original on 4 May 2020 10628:Ball, Philip (7 January 2005). 10508:"A "Natural Disaster" Foretold" 10484:Tima, Raffy Jr. (12 May 2010). 10395:Tran, Tina. (30 December 2004) 9957:United States Geological Survey 9254:. 10 March 2005. Archived from 9048:from the original on 6 May 2008 8848:from the original on 7 May 2008 7566: 7515:Asian Journal of Geoinformatics 7506: 7346: 7286:"Tsunami Disaster in Sri Lanka" 7190: 7157: 7135: 7106:red17khmer (30 November 2008). 7099: 7077: 7026: 6886: 6855: 6795: 6760: 6729: 6699: 6675: 6638: 6608: 6584:Carey, Bjorn (25 August 2005). 6577: 6559: 6533: 6507: 6481: 6458: 6433: 6398: 6363: 6349: 6327: 6293: 6268: 6237: 6226: 6204: 6180: 6149: 6084: 6076:. 11 April 2005. Archived from 6060: 6025: 6000: 5948: 5918: 5893: 5868: 5788: 5757: 5725: 5692: 5524: 5457: 5416: 5369: 5322: 5273: 5224: 5177: 5130: 5061: 4918: 4885: 4859: 4834: 4743: 4704: 4655: 4620: 4594: 4272:United States Geological Survey 4226: 4022:(2005), a 24-minute documentary 3956:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue 2033:5 m (16 ft) at Ramson 853:United States Geological Survey 459:off the west coast of northern 384: 14455:Natural disasters in Sri Lanka 14445:Natural disasters in Indonesia 14110:Health Care In Danger Campaign 14009:Western African Ebola outbreak 13637:International Rescue Committee 13494:Humanitarian-Development Nexus 13383:International humanitarian law 10900:"Funding the Tsunami Response" 10490:Southeast Asian Press Alliance 9828:Birchard, Emma Louise (2020). 9548:10.1080/00167487.2007.12094208 8000:EERI Special Earthquake Report 7284:Helgeson, T.J. (Spring 2005). 7084:Kaget Mera (25 January 2016). 4892:Walton, Marsha (20 May 2005). 4846:Earth Observatory of Singapore 4568: 4474:indianoceantsunami.web.unc.edu 4462: 4444: 4410: 4290: 4214:List of megathrust earthquakes 3409: 3399: 3385: 3375: 3365: 2574:The highest death toll was in 2284:Many villages in the state of 1619:earthquake and tsunami in 1907 979:List of megathrust earthquakes 554:remotely triggered earthquakes 13: 1: 14057:Sexual exploitation and abuse 13456:History of the United Nations 7353:Liu, P. L.-F. (1 July 2005). 7230:Goff, James (December 2005). 6616:"The 2004 Boxing Day tsunami" 4247: 4084: 4026:The Wave That Shook The World 3944:Health risks from dead bodies 2753: 2692: loss of citizens abroad 1796:5 m (16 ft) on the 1237:2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake 1186:2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake 575: 566:affected people and countries 14450:Natural disasters in Somalia 14415:December 2004 events in Asia 14172:2015 European migrant crisis 14100:Aid Worker Security Database 13974:Great Indian Famine of 1870s 13791:Global Humanitarian Overview 12326:Flores Back Arc Thrust Fault 11020:The Therapeutic Care Journal 10898:Flint, Michael (July 2006). 10665:"Health Effects of Tsunamis" 10331:. London: Sage. p. 44. 10036:. CBC News. 31 August 2010. 8531:Tsunami Evaluation Coalition 8375:Tsunami Evaluation Coalition 6032:Eileen Ng (3 October 2018). 5190:Geophysical Research Letters 4428:Tsunami Evaluation Coalition 4348:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.009 3678: 3660: 3642: 3624: 3606: 3590: 2699:Tsunami Evaluation Coalition 1814: 1651: 1609:an hour after the earthquake 1589:island of Malaysia, and the 1290:Global Seismographic Network 1260:seismic potential for damage 723:World Cricket Tsunami Appeal 560:. Its epicentre was between 446:with a magnitude of 9.2–9.3 414:max. 51 m (167 ft) 378:Indian Ocean coastline areas 18:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 7: 14425:History of the Indian Ocean 14385:2004 disasters in Indonesia 14370:2004 disasters in Sri Lanka 13632:International Medical Corps 13504:Humanitarian Cluster System 10839:." BBC News. 18 March 2005. 8930:. p. i. Archived from 8469:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.10.003 7800:"Tsunami's Impact on India" 7252:10.5459/bnzsee.38.4.235-244 5429:Pure and Applied Geophysics 4384:10.4000/geomorphologie.7865 4194:List of earthquakes in 2004 4152: 3708:, six occurred near Sumatra 2416: 2339:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2333:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2056:. The quiet resort town of 2042:6.3 m (21 ft) at 1965:island, the resort town of 1944: 1908:4.7 m (15 ft) at 1896:4.9 m (16 ft) at 1639:had initially expected the 1591:Andaman and Nicobar islands 1488:Average height of the waves 1349:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1323:, due to a decrease in the 1194:triggered by stress changes 1148:List of earthquakes in 2004 965:is believed to have been a 10: 14511: 14440:Natural disasters in India 14177:Detention Centres in Libya 14062:Core Humanitarian Standard 13739:Network for Refugee Voices 13713:Global Refugee-Led Network 12368:Natural disasters in India 10004:10.5194/nhess-10-1793-2010 9163:10.2113/gssajg.112.3-4.359 6937:tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp 6713:. London. 1 January 2005. 5560:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.005 5442:10.1007/s00024-021-02909-6 4136:"Where the Wave Broke" by 3941: 3875: 3731:deadliest-known earthquake 3573: 3411: 3401: 3387: 3377: 3367: 2659: 2530: 2470: 1773:, Lhokruet, Lamno, Patek, 1605:Tsunami wave field in the 1425: 1141: 1046: 1039:in western North America. 976: 855:has its estimate of 9.1. 476:Sumatra–Andaman earthquake 430: 14420:History of Southeast Asia 14205: 14164: 14146:International development 14133: 14115:Kunduz hospital airstrike 14087: 14042: 13961: 13890: 13799: 13756: 13721: 13695: 13662:Norwegian Refugee Council 13604: 13566: 13525: 13516: 13479:World Humanitarian Summit 13469: 13445: 13398: 13391: 13356: 13270: 13245: 13183: 13107:October Hindu Kush (2015) 13049: 12905: 12831: 12822: 12781: 12691: 12493: 12433: 12387: 12374: 12293: 12252: 12169:2011 Aceh Singkil Regency 12154:May 2010 Northern Sumatra 12141: 12050: 11864: 11793: 11740:Earthquake zones of India 11732: 11636: 11530: 11474: 11419: 11390: 11358: 11338: 11321: 11301: 11266: 11172: 11128: 11123:Links to related articles 10835:12 September 2005 at the 10190:14 September 2017 at the 9508:10.1146/knowable-072221-1 9418:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8781:10.1017/S1049023X0000368X 8339:The Sydney Morning Herald 8216:The Sydney Morning Herald 7636:– via Google Books. 6819:10.1080/09540260600656001 6789:10.1108/09653560610654248 6489:"Tsunami time travel map" 6305:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6117:Virtanen, Heikki (2006). 5307:10.1007/s10712-006-9013-4 4830:. U.S. Geological Survey. 4808:. U.S. Geological Survey. 4776:10.1007/s10712-006-9008-1 4689:10.1186/s40562-014-0015-7 4334:(1–4). Elsevier: 93–106. 3996: 3479:World Health Organization 3361: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2650: 2217:Vivekananda Rock Memorial 1877:9 m (30 ft) at 1823:Fishing boat stranded in 1571:1883 eruption of Krakatoa 421: 404: 383: 373: 363: 326: 318: 302: 294: 265: 247: 234: 221: 210: 129: 37: 14019:South Sudanese Civil War 13994:2011 East Africa drought 13652:Médecins Sans Frontières 13617:Catholic Relief Services 11787:Earthquakes in Indonesia 10979:Paint the sky with Stars 10078:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120915 9901:ABC Radio Australia News 9733:The Geographical Journal 9315:12 February 2016 at the 9126:10.5194/nhess-7-141-2007 5494:10.5194/nhess-6-979-2006 5237:Earth, Planets and Space 5137:Kanamori, Hiroo (2006). 4219: 4123: 3862:displaced the North Pole 3814:Minister of Home Affairs 2495:Tsunami survey heights: 2154: 2130:1993 Hokkaido earthquake 1755:survived the tsunami in 1541:Early signs and warnings 1210:magnitude 8.1 earthquake 1037:1700 Cascadia earthquake 1009:1960 Valdivia earthquake 1002:Great Chilean earthquake 998:Great Alaskan earthquake 490:up to IX in some areas. 151:Show map of Indian Ocean 14475:2000s in Andhra Pradesh 14460:Earthquakes in Thailand 14365:2004 disasters in India 14125:Dolo hospital airstrike 13969:Chinese Famine of 1870s 13461:1951 Refugee Convention 13378:Humanitarian principles 11745:Geology of the Himalaya 11679:October 2015 Hindu Kush 11065:21 October 2015 at the 10144:10.1073/pnas.2306497120 8742:"TsunamiMemorial.or.th" 8095:2006EP&S...58..243S 7467:2006EP&S...58..223T 7371:10.1126/science.1110730 7047:10.1126/science.1110957 6246:"After the Earth Moved" 5819:10.1126/science.1113363 5701:"Cumulative Moment Mag" 5552:2007E&PSL.263...88S 5249:2006EP&S...58..195H 4949:10.1126/science.1112462 4531:10.1126/science.1112250 4188:Deaths in December 2004 4140:, written in memory of 3750:1908 Messina earthquake 3733:in history occurred in 2266:and on the east by the 1656: 1559:tsunami warning systems 1509:off its western coast. 1199:Richter magnitude scale 963:2002 Sumatra earthquake 322:30 km (19 mi) 96:From top, left to right 14465:Earthquakes in Myanmar 14375:Earthquakes in Sumatra 14105:World Humanitarian Day 13979:Ethiopian famine 1980s 13757:Analysis and reporting 13627:Danish Refugee Council 13605:International agencies 12942:Andaman Islands (1941) 12133:September 2009 Sumatra 12103:September 2007 Sumatra 11897:1931 Southwest Sumatra 11882:1913 Sulawesi–Mindanao 10976:Kuta, Stephen (2005). 9330:"Indian Ocean tsunami" 8420:. Islamic Relief USA. 8299:"Unesco Yemen Tsunami" 7886:Andamanconnections.com 7578:academic.evergreen.edu 6128:University of Helsinki 5738:U.S. Geological Survey 4717:Asian Economic Journal 4578:. Walrus.wr.usgs.gov. 4033:Tsunami: The Aftermath 3986:Asian Development Bank 3974: 3894: 3836: 3776:The hardest-hit area, 3769: 3735:1556 in Shaanxi, China 3702:Indonesian earthquakes 3536: 3439: 3434:Tsunami inundation in 2694: 2602: 2488:were protected by the 2281: 2164: 2011: 1827: 1763: 1726: 1694: 1666: 1610: 1554: 1489: 1439: 1365:In February 2005, the 1362: 1296: 1222:U.S. Geological Survey 1176:were reported off the 1169: 1161: 1058: 973:Historical comparisons 844: 843:Shakemap for the event 708:Tsunami Relief Cardiff 587:earthquake and tsunami 253:; 19 years ago 106:, after the tsunami • 14067:Sphere (organization) 13989:2010 Haiti earthquake 13852:Rachel Kiddell-Monroe 13612:Action Against Hunger 13586:The Federation (IFRC) 13419:A Memory of Solferino 12470:Andhra Pradesh (1990) 12449:Andhra Pradesh (1977) 12214:19 August 2018 Lombok 11977:1984 Northern Sumatra 10644:10.1038/news050103-10 9583:22 April 2008 at the 6652:All Things Considered 6620:Australian Geographic 6454:on 24 September 2008. 6080:on 19 September 2005. 5848:USGS (22 July 2010). 5286:Surveys in Geophysics 5016:10.1038/nature435756a 4828:Comprehensive Catalog 4806:Comprehensive Catalog 4756:Surveys in Geophysics 4057:Hafalan Shalat Delisa 3964: 3942:Further information: 3885: 3872:Humanitarian response 3834: 3826:earthquake forecaster 3767: 3700:Of the ten strongest 3527: 3433: 2742:humanitarian response 2669: 2593: 2408:Little Andaman Island 2276: 2221:Nagapattinam district 2162: 2006: 1822: 1751: 1724: 1687: 1664: 1641:aboriginal population 1604: 1548: 1487: 1436:tsunami's propagation 1433: 1357: 1292:and displayed by the 1287: 1212:in the sub-antarctic 1167: 1155: 1095:Indo-Australian Plate 1056: 1033:1868 Arica earthquake 839: 776:Sri Lanka train wreck 674:Humanitarian response 570:humanitarian response 568:prompted a worldwide 472:megathrust earthquake 251:26 December 2004 14490:Tsunamis in Thailand 14395:2004 in the Maldives 13781:The New Humanitarian 12861:Rann of Kutch (1819) 12306:Great Sumatran fault 12209:5 August 2018 Lombok 12073:November 2004 Nabire 12063:February 2004 Nabire 12037:2000 Banggai Islands 11659:2009 Andaman Islands 11558:1941 Andaman Islands 11512:1881 Nicobar Islands 11502:1833 Kathmandu–Bihar 11468:Earthquakes in India 10730:22 July 2011 at the 10542:iotic.ioc-unesco.org 10512:The Internationalist 10461:. 16 February 2006. 10431:. 31 December 2004. 10406:21 June 2009 at the 10381:Press Trust of India 9963:on 1 September 2009. 9797:22 July 2011 at the 9669:. 18 February 2005. 9336:. 19 December 2014. 9224:. 29 December 2004. 8898:"TsunamiMaldives.mv" 8748:on 28 September 2007 8680:(3_suppl): 777–802. 8591:www.sahistory.org.za 8341:. 28 December 2004. 7740:. 28 December 2004. 7290:Waves of Devastation 6622:. 18 December 2014. 6289:on 27 February 2005. 6193:12 June 2018 at the 6021:on 17 February 2006. 5402:10.1002/2016JB012911 5210:10.1029/2005GL023813 4209:Lists of earthquakes 4110:(2013), a memoir by 3937:World Food Programme 3794:Muhammad Al-Munajjid 3697:class=notpageimage| 3509:mangrove restoration 3426:Environmental impact 2734:UN Secretary-General 2402:Great Nicobar Island 2302:Kanyakumari District 2044:Thai Mueang District 1239:sparked activity in 1023:(magnitude 9.0) and 1013:Prince William Sound 14495:Tsunamis in Myanmar 14485:2000s in Tamil Nadu 14120:Airstrikes on Yemen 13413:Battle of Solferino 13065:Indian Ocean (2004) 12123:2009 Talaud Islands 11917:1943 Alahan Panjang 11892:1926 Padang Panjang 11406:(9.1–9.3, Dec 26) 11257:Earthquakes in 2004 11022:. 1 December 2006. 10867:2007Disas..31....1T 10819:. 21 February 2005. 10197:The Washington Post 10135:2023PNAS..12006497L 10129:(44): e2306497120. 9995:2010NHESS..10.1793L 9903:. 30 October 2008. 9745:2005GeogJ.171..374R 9117:2007NHESS...7..141I 9044:. 4 November 2005. 8958:(13 January 2005). 8923:UNICEF (May 2006). 8686:2006EarSp..22..777M 8497:. 25 January 2005. 8461:2014IJDRR...7..122P 8306:smartech.gatech.edu 8246:itic.ioc-unesco.org 8218:. 28 January 2005. 8167:2006EarSp..22..219F 8083:Earth Planets Space 7911:Pomonis, Antonios; 7892:on 16 December 2016 7687:2006EarSp..22..435S 7455:Earth Planets Space 7324:2006EarSp..22..155G 7202:Science on a Sphere 6989:2006EarSp..22...93B 6946:on 15 February 2017 6781:2006DisPM..15...67G 6688:16 May 2018 at the 6573:on 4 February 2012. 6311:. 11 January 2005. 5988:on 13 December 2014 5962:on 20 November 2014 5905:earthquake.usgs.gov 5880:earthquake.usgs.gov 5811:2005Sci...308.1126B 5805:(5725): 1126–1127. 5713:on 20 November 2022 5670:2015BuSSA.105..152B 5613:2007BuSSA..97S.103V 5588:Vallée, M. (2007). 5485:2006NHESS...6..979L 5394:2016JGRB..121.5116B 5347:2007BuSSA..97S.279S 5298:2006SGeo...27..603M 5202:2005GeoRL..3217304T 5155:2006EarSp..22....1K 5008:2005Natur.435..756N 4941:2005Sci...308.1144W 4935:(5725): 1144–1146. 4768:2006SGeo...27..615G 4680:2014GSL.....1...15S 4523:2005Sci...308.1127L 4517:(5725): 1127–1133. 4340:2007MGeol.238...93P 4112:Sonali Deraniyagala 4095:Stephen Robert Kuta 4014:Film and television 3808:Journalism Centre. 3786:Indonesian military 3727:Tangshan earthquake 2707:Siti Fadilah Supari 2619:Peninsular Malaysia 2580:Indian subcontinent 2524:Taninthayi Division 2486:Taninthayi Division 2377:In Campbell Bay of 2202:Along the coast of 2120:, Kamala Beach and 1995:Similan archipelago 1468:orders of magnitude 731:Military operations 505:holiday, or as the 344: / 217:2004-12-26 00:58:53 176:Show map of Sumatra 34: 13891:Donors and funding 13596:Protective Emblems 13591:National Societies 13568:Red Cross Movement 13430:Geneva Conventions 13425:Red Cross Movement 13399:1850s, Creation of 13142:Uttarakhand (2017) 13093:Nepal (April 2015) 12984:Pithoragarh (1980) 12928:Nepal–India (1934) 12813:Uttarakhand (2022) 12806:Uttarakhand (2021) 12765:Uttarakhand (2023) 12671:South India (2023) 12657:North India (2023) 12643:South India (2021) 12636:Maharashtra (2021) 12629:Uttarakhand (2021) 12587:West Bengal (2017) 12559:South India (2015) 12544:North India (2014) 12537:North India (2013) 12509:Maharashtra (2005) 12477:North India (1993) 12260:2021 West Sulawesi 12149:April 2010 Sumatra 12098:March 2007 Sumatra 12083:2005 Nias–Simeulue 11598:1988 Myanmar–India 11497:1819 Rann of Kutch 11112:authoritative data 10605:. 9 January 2005. 10359:on 13 October 2007 10250:. 15 August 2005. 9837:Radboud University 9636:. 7 January 2005. 9258:on 20 August 2008. 8996:on 23 October 2012 8937:on 18 January 2012 8874:. 4 January 2005. 8674:Earthquake Spectra 8155:Earthquake Spectra 8104:10.1186/BF03353384 7810:on 8 February 2008 7675:Earthquake Spectra 7608:Jha, M.K. (2010). 7476:10.1186/BF03353382 7312:Earthquake Spectra 7178:on 10 October 2016 6977:Earthquake Spectra 5678:10.1785/0120140129 5621:10.1785/0120050616 5355:10.1785/0120050617 5258:10.1186/BF03353378 5143:Earthquake Spectra 4983:Natawidjaja, Danny 4668:Geoscience Letters 4608:. 24 December 2014 4009:In popular culture 3984:In mid-March, the 3975: 3895: 3847:Smith Dharmasaroja 3837: 3790:Free Aceh Movement 3770: 3570:Historical context 3537: 3491:Great Barrier Reef 3469:The Colombo-based 3440: 2695: 2656:Countries affected 2645:Western Australian 2603: 2282: 2260:Thiruvananthapuram 2225:Cuddalore district 2165: 2012: 1828: 1764: 1753:Baiturrahim Mosque 1727: 1695: 1667: 1611: 1585:area in Thailand, 1555: 1490: 1440: 1363: 1297: 1170: 1162: 1059: 845: 754:Unified Assistance 604:Countries affected 499:Boxing Day Tsunami 488:Mercalli intensity 32: 14470:Tsunamis in India 14390:2004 in Sri Lanka 14229: 14228: 14223: 14222: 14197:Aid effectiveness 14088:Aid worker safety 14024:Rohingya genocide 13962:Major emergencies 13872:Michael Bloomberg 13817:Christos Christou 13752: 13751: 13677:Save the Children 13647:Médecins du Monde 13576:Seville Agreement 13512: 13511: 13366:in conflict zones 13316: 13315: 13261:Dust storm (2018) 13179: 13178: 13163:Badakhshan (2023) 13033:North East (1997) 13012:Uttarkashi (1991) 12970:Koynanagar (1967) 12840:Lo Mustang (1505) 12687: 12686: 12622:East India (2020) 12530:East India (2010) 12502:East India (2000) 12442:Rameswaram (1964) 12334: 12333: 12280:2022 West Sumatra 12239:2019 Sunda Strait 12234:2019 North Maluku 12174:2012 Indian Ocean 12078:2004 Indian Ocean 12032:1999 Sunda Strait 12027:1998 North Maluku 11922:1943 Central Java 11753: 11752: 11649:2004 Indian Ocean 11434: 11433: 11220: 11219: 10989:978-0-9549899-0-3 10575:(press release). 10496:on 19 March 2018. 10425:The Seattle Times 10200:. 8 January 2005. 10183:Broadway, Bill. " 9499:Knowable Magazine 8844:. Reliefweb.int. 8694:10.1193/1.2201668 8623:. 26 March 2005. 8564:on 9 October 2006 8406:on 23 April 2006. 8175:10.1193/1.2201972 8161:(S3): S219–S233. 8045:(11): 1736–1740. 7931:978-0-901297-41-9 7913:Rossetto, Tiziana 7859:on 1 October 2018 7804:Evergreen College 7798:Cramer, Brandon. 7772:. 27 March 2005. 7695:10.1193/1.2208562 7681:(S3): S435–S473. 7550:. Maps of India. 7415:Tohoku University 7332:10.1193/1.2205897 6997:10.1193/1.2206793 6696:. 2 January 2005. 6477:on 17 April 2008. 6201:27 December 2004. 6186:Schechner, Sam. " 6160:(Press release). 5932:. 10 April 2005. 5699:Callender, Rick. 5435:(12): 4777–4796. 5341:(1A): S279–S295. 5163:10.1193/1.2201969 5149:(3_suppl): 1–12. 5081:978-1-84844-692-2 5002:(7043): 756–757. 4304:on 27 August 2016 4142:Mieszko Talarczyk 4093:(2005) edited by 3892:Northern Province 3754:Mediterranean Sea 3723:world's deadliest 3535:after the tsunami 3423: 3422: 2763:Estimated deaths 2760:Confirmed deaths 2757:Affected country 2626:strike-slip fault 2565:Xaafuun Peninsula 2490:Myeik Archipelago 2268:Kerala backwaters 1602: 834: 833: 698:Reach Out to Asia 688:Football for Hope 588: 584:2004 Indian Ocean 429: 428: 201:Show map of Earth 16:(Redirected from 14502: 14405:2004 in Thailand 14380:2004 earthquakes 14342: 14341: 14340: 14330: 14329: 14328: 14318: 14317: 14316: 14306: 14305: 14304: 14294: 14293: 14292: 14282: 14281: 14280: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14258: 14257: 14256: 14246: 14245: 14237: 14216:World portal 14214: 14213: 14165:Related articles 14034:Yemeni Civil War 14029:Syrian civil war 13827:Martin Griffiths 13523: 13522: 13396: 13395: 13361:Humanitarian aid 13350:Humanitarian aid 13343: 13336: 13329: 13320: 13319: 13309: 13302: 13295: 13288: 13281: 13263: 13256: 13254:Cold wave (2017) 13238: 13231: 13224: 13217: 13210: 13203: 13196: 13172: 13165: 13158: 13151: 13144: 13137: 13130: 13123: 13116: 13109: 13102: 13100:Nepal (May 2015) 13095: 13088: 13081: 13074: 13067: 13060: 13042: 13035: 13028: 13021: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12993: 12986: 12979: 12972: 12965: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12937: 12930: 12923: 12916: 12898: 12891: 12884: 12877: 12870: 12863: 12856: 12849: 12842: 12829: 12828: 12815: 12808: 12801: 12794: 12774: 12767: 12760: 12753: 12746: 12739: 12732: 12730:Pettimudi (2020) 12725: 12718: 12711: 12704: 12680: 12673: 12666: 12664:Himalayas (2023) 12659: 12652: 12650:Balrampur (2022) 12645: 12638: 12631: 12624: 12617: 12615:Hyderabad (2020) 12610: 12603: 12596: 12589: 12582: 12575: 12568: 12561: 12554: 12547: 12539: 12532: 12525: 12518: 12511: 12504: 12486: 12479: 12472: 12465: 12458: 12451: 12444: 12426: 12419: 12412: 12405: 12398: 12385: 12384: 12361: 12354: 12347: 12338: 12337: 12311:Sunda megathrust 12204:July 2018 Lombok 12093:2006 Pangandaran 11780: 11773: 11766: 11757: 11756: 11704:2017 Uttarakhand 11669:April 2015 Nepal 11588:1980 Pithoragarh 11568:1950 Assam–Tibet 11548:1934 Nepal–India 11461: 11454: 11447: 11438: 11437: 11247: 11240: 11233: 11224: 11223: 11155: 11148: 11141: 11132: 11131: 11119: 11118: 11094: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11012: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10932: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10921: 10915: 10904: 10895: 10889: 10888: 10878: 10846: 10840: 10826: 10820: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10781:War on the Rocks 10772: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10741: 10735: 10721: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10695: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10661: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10625: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10534: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10514:. January 2005. 10504: 10498: 10497: 10492:. Archived from 10481: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10451: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10429:Associated Press 10417: 10411: 10397:Associated Press 10393: 10384: 10378: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10355:. Archived from 10349: 10343: 10342: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10288: 10281: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10256: 10245: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10207: 10201: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10164: 10146: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10097: 10072:(9): 1671–1677. 10056: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10013: 10006: 9989:(9): 1793–1806. 9980: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9959:. Archived from 9949: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9845: 9834: 9825: 9819: 9808: 9802: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9769: 9730: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9704: 9698:. Archived from 9697: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9642: 9631: 9623: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9593: 9587: 9579:5 January 2005. 9566: 9560: 9559: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9510: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9447: 9440: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9417: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9373: 9366: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9326: 9320: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9290: 9279: 9271: 9260: 9259: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9171: 9157:(3–4): 359–370. 9146: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9080:on 24 March 2006 9079: 9073:. Archived from 9072: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8936: 8929: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8900:. Archived from 8894: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8764: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8569: 8554: 8545: 8544: 8528: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8402:. Archived from 8400:"The Human Toll" 8395: 8389: 8388: 8372: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8314: 8303: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8191: 8152: 8143: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8121: 8106: 8080: 8071: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8051: 8034: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8008: 7997: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7940: 7923: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7888:. Archived from 7878: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7858: 7851: 7842: 7836: 7833: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7806:. Archived from 7795: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7711: 7672: 7663: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7605: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7544: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7519:Chiba University 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7493: 7478: 7452: 7443: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7423: 7412: 7404: 7391: 7390: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7296:on 17 June 2008. 7281: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7261: 7254: 7236: 7227: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7177: 7170: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7146:. Archived from 7139: 7133: 7132: 7126: 7118: 7116: 7110:. Archived from 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7088:. Archived from 7081: 7075: 7074: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7013: 6974: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6945: 6939:. Archived from 6934: 6926: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6906: 6899: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6846: 6838: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6703: 6697: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6473:. Archived from 6462: 6456: 6455: 6450:. Archived from 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6378: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6345:on 24 June 2011. 6341:. Archived from 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6285:. Archived from 6272: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6208: 6202: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6136: 6130:. Archived from 6126:(Dissertation). 6125: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6038:Associated Press 6029: 6023: 6022: 6017:. Archived from 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5852:. Archived from 5845: 5839: 5838: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5709:. Archived from 5696: 5690: 5689: 5649: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5629: 5594: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5568: 5562:. Archived from 5537: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5511: 5496: 5470: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5444: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5388:(7): 5116–5135. 5373: 5367: 5366: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5309: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5260: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5084:. Archived from 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5042:. Archived from 4991: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4555: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4480:on 18 April 2019 4476:. Archived from 4466: 4460: 4459: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4425: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4363: 4352: 4351: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4263: 4241: 4230: 4163: 4162: 3973:written in Tamil 3927: 3899:humanitarian aid 3897:A great deal of 3866:Earth's rotation 3681: 3680: 3663: 3662: 3645: 3644: 3627: 3626: 3609: 3608: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3415: 3405: 3391: 3381: 3371: 3320: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3250: 3245: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3218: 3213: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3186: 3181: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2985: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2964: 2955: 2950: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2754: 2749:Nordic countries 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2433:Vilufushi Island 1603: 1535:mid-ocean ridges 1265: 1218:Macquarie Island 1214:Auckland Islands 1035:in Peru and the 896:Sunda megathrust 863:estimates that M 849:moment magnitude 826: 819: 812: 693:Music for Relief 683:Classic Response 598: 586: 580: 579: 486:, and reached a 453: 400: 398: 386: 359: 358: 356: 355: 354: 349: 348:3.316°N 95.854°E 345: 342: 341: 340: 337: 313: 261: 259: 254: 202: 196: 195: 189: 177: 171: 170: 164: 152: 146: 145: 139: 84: 77: 66: 59: 48: 35: 31: 21: 14510: 14509: 14505: 14504: 14503: 14501: 14500: 14499: 14480:2000s in Kerala 14400:2004 in Somalia 14350: 14349: 14348: 14338: 14336: 14326: 14324: 14314: 14312: 14302: 14300: 14290: 14288: 14278: 14276: 14266: 14264: 14254: 14252: 14240: 14232: 14230: 14225: 14224: 14219: 14208: 14201: 14160: 14129: 14083: 14072:Sphere Handbook 14044: 14038: 13957: 13886: 13857:MacKenzie Scott 13832:Jemilah Mahmood 13822:Winnie Byanyima 13795: 13748: 13717: 13691: 13600: 13562: 13518: 13508: 13472:reform attempts 13471: 13465: 13441: 13400: 13387: 13373:Humanitarianism 13352: 13347: 13317: 13312: 13305: 13298: 13291: 13284: 13277: 13266: 13259: 13252: 13241: 13234: 13227: 13220: 13213: 13206: 13199: 13192: 13175: 13168: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13140: 13133: 13126: 13119: 13112: 13105: 13098: 13091: 13084: 13077: 13070: 13063: 13056: 13045: 13038: 13031: 13026:Jabalpur (1997) 13024: 13017: 13010: 13003: 12996: 12989: 12982: 12975: 12968: 12961: 12954: 12947: 12940: 12933: 12926: 12919: 12912: 12901: 12894: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12866: 12859: 12852: 12845: 12838: 12818: 12811: 12804: 12797: 12790: 12777: 12770: 12763: 12756: 12749: 12742: 12735: 12728: 12721: 12714: 12707: 12702:Amarnath (1996) 12700: 12683: 12676: 12669: 12662: 12655: 12648: 12641: 12634: 12627: 12620: 12613: 12606: 12599: 12592: 12585: 12578: 12571: 12564: 12557: 12550: 12542: 12535: 12528: 12521: 12514: 12507: 12500: 12489: 12482: 12475: 12468: 12461: 12454: 12447: 12440: 12429: 12422: 12415: 12408: 12401: 12396:Calcutta (1737) 12394: 12370: 12365: 12335: 12330: 12321:Palu-Koro Fault 12289: 12248: 12137: 12118:2009 West Papua 12088:2006 Yogyakarta 12046: 11982:1989 Irian Jaya 11967:1981 Irian Jaya 11860: 11789: 11784: 11754: 11749: 11728: 11719:2023 Badakhshan 11632: 11623:1997 Chittagong 11608:1991 Uttarkashi 11578:1967 Koynanagar 11526: 11482:1505 Lo Mustang 11470: 11465: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11415: 11404:Sumatra–Andaman 11386: 11354: 11334: 11317: 11297: 11262: 11251: 11221: 11216: 11168: 11159: 11124: 11114:for this event. 11092: 11071:IRIS Consortium 11067:Wayback Machine 11055:for this event. 11045: 11040: 11039: 11029: 11027: 11014: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10997: 10990: 10974: 10970: 10960: 10958: 10933: 10929: 10919: 10917: 10913: 10902: 10896: 10892: 10847: 10843: 10837:Wayback Machine 10828:Staff Writer. " 10827: 10823: 10805:Staff Writer. " 10804: 10800: 10790: 10788: 10773: 10769: 10759: 10757: 10742: 10738: 10732:Wayback Machine 10722: 10718: 10708: 10706: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10682: 10680: 10663: 10662: 10658: 10648: 10646: 10626: 10622: 10612: 10610: 10597: 10596: 10592: 10582: 10580: 10565: 10561: 10551: 10549: 10536: 10535: 10531: 10521: 10519: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10482: 10478: 10468: 10466: 10453: 10452: 10448: 10438: 10436: 10419: 10418: 10414: 10408:Wayback Machine 10394: 10387: 10379: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10351: 10350: 10346: 10339: 10325: 10321: 10311: 10309: 10300: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10279: 10275: 10274: 10270: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10243: 10239: 10238: 10234: 10224: 10222: 10209: 10208: 10204: 10192:Wayback Machine 10182: 10178: 10115: 10111: 10057: 10053: 10043: 10041: 10032: 10031: 10027: 10017: 10015: 10011: 9978: 9972: 9968: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9936: 9934: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9895: 9894: 9890: 9880: 9878: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9843: 9832: 9826: 9822: 9810:Staff Writer. " 9809: 9805: 9799:Wayback Machine 9787: 9783: 9773: 9771: 9767: 9728: 9722: 9718: 9708: 9706: 9705:on 24 June 2011 9702: 9695: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9676: 9674: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9629: 9625: 9624: 9620: 9610: 9608: 9595: 9594: 9590: 9585:Wayback Machine 9568:Pearce, Fred. " 9567: 9563: 9532: 9528: 9518: 9516: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9475: 9466: 9465: 9461: 9451: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9427: 9411: 9410: 9403: 9401: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9375: 9371: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9353: 9343: 9341: 9328: 9327: 9323: 9317:Wayback Machine 9308: 9304: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9282:Success Stories 9277: 9273: 9272: 9263: 9246: 9245: 9241: 9231: 9229: 9216: 9215: 9211: 9201: 9199: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9144: 9138: 9134: 9097: 9093: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9051: 9049: 9040: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9022:on 17 June 2009 9014: 9013: 9009: 8999: 8997: 8988: 8987: 8983: 8973: 8971: 8954: 8950: 8940: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8921: 8917: 8907: 8905: 8904:on 17 June 2009 8896: 8895: 8891: 8881: 8879: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8851: 8849: 8840: 8839: 8835: 8825: 8823: 8808: 8804: 8765: 8761: 8751: 8749: 8740: 8739: 8735: 8725: 8723: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8670: 8666: 8656: 8654: 8645: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8585: 8584: 8580: 8567: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8533:. p. 159. 8526: 8518: 8514: 8504: 8502: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8441: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8370: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8301: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8225: 8223: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8150: 8144: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8078: 8072: 8065: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8038:Current Science 8032: 8026: 8022: 8012: 8010: 8006: 7995: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7954: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7921: 7909: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7849: 7843: 7839: 7834: 7823: 7813: 7811: 7796: 7789: 7779: 7777: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7747: 7745: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7670: 7664: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7622: 7606: 7597: 7587: 7585: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7555: 7546: 7545: 7536: 7528:10.1.1.564.5976 7511: 7507: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7450: 7444: 7437: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7394: 7351: 7347: 7318:(S3): 155–172. 7308: 7301: 7282: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7234: 7228: 7221: 7211: 7209: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7150: 7140: 7136: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7104: 7100: 7092: 7082: 7078: 7031: 7027: 7017: 7015: 7011: 6972: 6966: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6897: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6860: 6856: 6840: 6839: 6800: 6796: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6690:Wayback Machine 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6582: 6578: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6521:on 17 July 2012 6513: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6495:on 3 April 2012 6487: 6486: 6482: 6463: 6459: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6273: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6227: 6222:on 5 July 2009. 6210: 6209: 6205: 6195:Wayback Machine 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6098:on 4 April 2010 6090: 6089: 6085: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6047: 6045: 6030: 6026: 6014:Hindustan Times 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5846: 5842: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5716: 5714: 5706:IRIS Consortium 5697: 5693: 5650: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5592: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5546:(1–2): 88–103. 5535: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5468: 5462: 5458: 5421: 5417: 5374: 5370: 5327: 5323: 5278: 5274: 5229: 5225: 5182: 5178: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5088:on 22 July 2011 5082: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5046: 4989: 4979: 4972: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4817: 4813: 4795: 4791: 4748: 4744: 4709: 4705: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4506: 4500: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4458:on 5 June 2013. 4450: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4364: 4355: 4324: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4264: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4126: 4100:The Killing Sea 4087: 4016: 4011: 3999: 3946: 3923: 3890:in Sri Lanka's 3880: 3874: 3841:Persson Cabinet 3822:Nicobar Islands 3800:justification. 3762: 3746:South China Sea 3711: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3578: 3572: 3564:Malacca Straits 3522: 3520:Economic impact 3428: 3419: 3329:Total estimates 3300: 3298: 3265: 3263: 3233: 3231: 3201: 3199: 3169: 3167: 3131: 3129: 3096: 3094: 3054: 3052: 3015: 3013: 2973: 2971: 2938: 2936: 2897: 2895: 2859: 2857: 2821: 2819: 2782: 2780: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2658: 2653: 2588: 2586:Other locations 2533: 2473: 2419: 2335: 2157: 2145:Similan Islands 2137:Phi Phi Islands 2126:Okushiri Island 2110:Phuket Province 2103:Ranong Province 1947: 1912:Fishery Harbour 1817: 1659: 1654: 1637:Anthropologists 1596: 1543: 1460:megatons of TNT 1428: 1419:back-arc basins 1404: 1333:Chandler wobble 1294:IRIS Consortium 1263: 1257: 1249: 1247:Energy released 1229:Leuser Mountain 1182:Nicobar Islands 1178:Andaman Islands 1159: 1150: 1140: 1084:Nicobar Islands 1069:zone where the 1051: 1049:Plate tectonics 1045: 1043:Tectonic plates 1021:5 November 1952 1000:(1964) and the 993:seismic moments 981: 975: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 830: 778: 585: 578: 556:as far away as 455:struck with an 452: 436: 417: 392: 390: 352: 350: 346: 343: 338: 335: 333: 331: 330: 312: 290: 266:Local time 257: 255: 252: 248:Local date 206: 205: 204: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 180: 179: 178: 175: 174: 173: 172: 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 147: 125: 124: 90: 89: 88: 87: 86: 85: 78: 69: 68: 67: 60: 51: 50: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14508: 14498: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14347: 14346: 14334: 14332:Earth sciences 14322: 14310: 14298: 14286: 14274: 14262: 14250: 14227: 14226: 14221: 14220: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14182:Crisis mapping 14179: 14174: 14168: 14166: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14156:Neocolonialism 14153: 14148: 14143: 14137: 14135: 14134:Related fields 14131: 14130: 14128: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14091: 14089: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14048: 14046: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13999:Typhoon Haiyan 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13965: 13963: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13894: 13892: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13884: 13879: 13877:Warren Buffett 13874: 13869: 13867:Jamshedji Tata 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13847:James Orbinski 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13803: 13801: 13800:Notable people 13797: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13777: 13776: 13766: 13760: 13758: 13754: 13753: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13725: 13723: 13722:Local agencies 13719: 13718: 13716: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13699: 13697: 13693: 13692: 13690: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13672:Guardian Girls 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13642:Islamic Relief 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13608: 13606: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13572: 13570: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13529: 13527: 13520: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13475: 13473: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13463: 13458: 13452: 13450: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13427: 13422: 13415: 13410: 13404: 13402: 13393: 13389: 13388: 13386: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13369: 13368: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13346: 13345: 13338: 13331: 13323: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13310: 13303: 13296: 13289: 13282: 13274: 13272: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13264: 13257: 13249: 13247: 13243: 13242: 13240: 13239: 13232: 13225: 13218: 13211: 13204: 13197: 13189: 13187: 13181: 13180: 13177: 13176: 13174: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13152: 13145: 13138: 13135:Tripura (2017) 13131: 13124: 13121:Sagaing (2016) 13117: 13110: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13082: 13079:Andaman (2009) 13075: 13072:Kashmir (2005) 13068: 13061: 13058:Gujarat (2001) 13053: 13051: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13043: 13040:Chamoli (1999) 13036: 13029: 13022: 13015: 13008: 13001: 12994: 12987: 12980: 12977:Kinnaur (1975) 12973: 12966: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12938: 12931: 12924: 12917: 12909: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12892: 12889:Kashmir (1885) 12885: 12882:Nicobar (1881) 12878: 12871: 12864: 12857: 12854:Garhwal (1803) 12850: 12847:Kashmir (1555) 12843: 12835: 12833: 12826: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12816: 12809: 12802: 12795: 12792:Siachen (2016) 12787: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12775: 12772:Wayanad (2024) 12768: 12761: 12754: 12751:Manipur (2022) 12747: 12740: 12733: 12726: 12719: 12712: 12705: 12697: 12695: 12689: 12688: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12681: 12674: 12667: 12660: 12653: 12646: 12639: 12632: 12625: 12618: 12611: 12604: 12597: 12590: 12583: 12580:Gujarat (2017) 12576: 12569: 12562: 12555: 12552:Gujarat (2015) 12548: 12540: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12497: 12495: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12487: 12480: 12473: 12466: 12459: 12452: 12445: 12437: 12435: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12427: 12420: 12413: 12406: 12403:Coringa (1839) 12399: 12391: 12389: 12382: 12372: 12371: 12364: 12363: 12356: 12349: 12341: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12316:Sumatra Trench 12313: 12308: 12303: 12297: 12295: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12287: 12285:2022 West Java 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12265:2021 East Java 12262: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12224:2018 East Java 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12199:2018 West Java 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12145: 12143: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12128:2009 West Java 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12054: 12052: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11927:1965 Ceram Sea 11924: 11919: 11914: 11912:1938 Banda Sea 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11868: 11866: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11841:1852 Banda Sea 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11801:1629 Banda Sea 11797: 11795: 11791: 11790: 11783: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11760: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11747: 11742: 11736: 11734: 11733:Related topics 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11674:May 2015 Nepal 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11640: 11638: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11478: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11464: 11463: 11456: 11449: 11441: 11432: 11431: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11413: 11401: 11394: 11392: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11380:(7.1, Nov 26) 11375: 11369: 11362: 11360: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11352: 11348:(6.8, Oct 23) 11342: 11340: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11332: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11311:(6.3, May 28) 11305: 11303: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11291:(6.3, Feb 24) 11286: 11280: 11270: 11268: 11264: 11263: 11250: 11249: 11242: 11235: 11227: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11158: 11157: 11150: 11143: 11135: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11116: 11115: 11100: 11089: 11080: 11074: 11056: 11044: 11043:External links 11041: 11038: 11037: 11007: 10988: 10968: 10927: 10890: 10841: 10821: 10812:The Early Show 10798: 10767: 10736: 10716: 10690: 10656: 10620: 10590: 10559: 10529: 10499: 10476: 10459:Sveriges Radio 10446: 10412: 10385: 10370: 10344: 10338:978-1412946001 10337: 10319: 10268: 10232: 10202: 10176: 10109: 10051: 10025: 9966: 9944: 9918: 9888: 9857: 9820: 9803: 9781: 9739:(4): 374–379. 9716: 9684: 9654: 9618: 9588: 9561: 9542:(3): 285–293. 9526: 9485: 9459: 9425: 9398:United Nations 9385: 9351: 9321: 9302: 9261: 9239: 9209: 9183: 9132: 9111:(1): 141–147. 9091: 9059: 9033: 9007: 8990:"Killer Waves" 8981: 8964:People's Daily 8948: 8915: 8889: 8859: 8833: 8802: 8775:(3): 204–210. 8759: 8733: 8707: 8664: 8638: 8608: 8578: 8546: 8539: 8512: 8482: 8435: 8409: 8390: 8383: 8377:. p. 33. 8356: 8326: 8290: 8263: 8233: 8203: 8133: 8089:(2): 243–252. 8063: 8020: 8002:. April 2005. 7984: 7952: 7930: 7903: 7870: 7837: 7821: 7787: 7755: 7723: 7639: 7620: 7595: 7565: 7534: 7505: 7461:(2): 223–232. 7435: 7392: 7365:(5728): 1595. 7345: 7299: 7273: 7245:(4): 235–244. 7219: 7189: 7156: 7134: 7098: 7076: 7041:(5728): 1596. 7025: 6957: 6918: 6885: 6854: 6813:(3): 233–239. 6794: 6759: 6728: 6698: 6674: 6637: 6607: 6576: 6558: 6532: 6506: 6480: 6457: 6432: 6397: 6362: 6348: 6326: 6292: 6267: 6236: 6225: 6203: 6179: 6148: 6137:on 5 June 2011 6109: 6083: 6059: 6024: 5999: 5973: 5947: 5917: 5892: 5867: 5856:on 14 May 2011 5840: 5787: 5770:Slate Magazine 5756: 5724: 5691: 5664:(1): 152–166. 5641: 5580: 5569:on 19 May 2009 5523: 5479:(6): 979–997. 5456: 5415: 5368: 5321: 5292:(6): 603–613. 5272: 5243:(2): 195–201. 5223: 5176: 5129: 5099: 5080: 5060: 5049:on 4 June 2010 4970: 4917: 4884: 4858: 4833: 4811: 4789: 4762:(6): 615–632. 4742: 4723:(3): 211–231. 4703: 4654: 4647: 4619: 4593: 4567: 4491: 4461: 4443: 4436: 4430:. p. 33. 4409: 4378:(1): 109–118. 4353: 4328:Marine Geology 4315: 4289: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4165: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4134: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4114: 4103: 4097: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4072:and her family 4065:The Impossible 4061: 4053: 4045: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 3998: 3995: 3876:Main article: 3873: 3870: 3761: 3758: 3705: 3695: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3675: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3588: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3568: 3521: 3518: 3489:work with the 3427: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3397: 3383: 3373: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2981: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2660:Main article: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2587: 2584: 2541:Horn of Africa 2532: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2500: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2334: 2331: 2286:Andhra Pradesh 2200: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2169:Andhra Pradesh 2156: 2153: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 1946: 1943: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1801: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1551:Kata Noi Beach 1542: 1539: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1386:TOPEX/Poseidon 1379:oceanic trench 1359:Seismic moment 1255: 1248: 1245: 1157: 1139: 1136: 1107:Eurasian Plate 1047:Main article: 1044: 1041: 974: 971: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 857:Hiroo Kanamori 832: 831: 829: 828: 821: 814: 806: 803: 802: 801: 800: 795: 790: 782: 781: 780: 779: 773: 771:Library damage 765: 764: 763:Related topics 760: 759: 758: 757: 750: 747:Sumatra Assist 743: 733: 732: 728: 727: 726: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 677: 676: 670: 669: 668: 667: 662: 653: 652: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 607: 606: 600: 599: 591: 590: 577: 574: 450: 427: 426: 423: 419: 418: 416: 415: 412: 408: 406: 402: 401: 388: 381: 380: 375: 374:Areas affected 371: 370: 365: 361: 360: 328: 324: 323: 320: 316: 315: 310: 304: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 289: 288: 282: 276: 269: 267: 263: 262: 249: 245: 244: 239: 232: 231: 226: 219: 218: 215: 208: 207: 191: 190: 184: 183: 182: 181: 166: 165: 159: 158: 157: 156: 141: 140: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 92: 91: 79: 72: 71: 70: 61: 54: 53: 52: 43: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14507: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14410:2004 tsunamis 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14355: 14345: 14335: 14333: 14323: 14321: 14311: 14309: 14299: 14297: 14287: 14285: 14275: 14273: 14263: 14261: 14251: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14238: 14235: 14218: 14217: 14212: 14204: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 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13808: 13805: 13804: 13802: 13798: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13775: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13755: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13720: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13698: 13694: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13603: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13565: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13530: 13528: 13524: 13521: 13519:organizations 13515: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13484:Grand Bargain 13482: 13480: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13468: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13453: 13451: 13449: 13444: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13420: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13401:the Red Cross 13397: 13394: 13390: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13362: 13359: 13358: 13355: 13351: 13344: 13339: 13337: 13332: 13330: 13325: 13324: 13321: 13308: 13304: 13301: 13297: 13294: 13290: 13287: 13283: 13280: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13269: 13262: 13258: 13255: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13244: 13237: 13233: 13230: 13226: 13223: 13219: 13216: 13212: 13209: 13205: 13202: 13198: 13195: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13186: 13182: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13153: 13150: 13146: 13143: 13139: 13136: 13132: 13129: 13128:Magway (2016) 13125: 13122: 13118: 13115: 13114:Imphal (2016) 13111: 13108: 13104: 13101: 13097: 13094: 13090: 13087: 13086:Sikkim (2011) 13083: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13069: 13066: 13062: 13059: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13048: 13041: 13037: 13034: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13016: 13013: 13009: 13006: 13002: 12999: 12995: 12992: 12991:Cachar (1984) 12988: 12985: 12981: 12978: 12974: 12971: 12967: 12964: 12960: 12957: 12953: 12950: 12946: 12943: 12939: 12936: 12935:Quetta (1935) 12932: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12921:Dhubri (1930) 12918: 12915: 12914:Kangra (1905) 12911: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12897: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12879: 12876: 12875:Cachar (1869) 12872: 12869: 12865: 12862: 12858: 12855: 12851: 12848: 12844: 12841: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12821: 12814: 12810: 12807: 12803: 12800: 12796: 12793: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12780: 12773: 12769: 12766: 12762: 12759: 12758:Raigad (2023) 12755: 12752: 12748: 12745: 12744:Mumbai (2021) 12741: 12738: 12737:Idukki (2020) 12734: 12731: 12727: 12724: 12720: 12717: 12713: 12710: 12709:Mumbai (2000) 12706: 12703: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12690: 12679: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12661: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12633: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12616: 12612: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12598: 12595: 12594:Kerala (2018) 12591: 12588: 12584: 12581: 12577: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12563: 12560: 12556: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12527: 12524: 12523:Ladakh (2010) 12520: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12506: 12503: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12492: 12485: 12484:Odisha (1999) 12481: 12478: 12474: 12471: 12467: 12464: 12463:Punjab (1988) 12460: 12457: 12453: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12425: 12421: 12418: 12417:Odisha (1885) 12414: 12411: 12410:Bengal (1876) 12407: 12404: 12400: 12397: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12362: 12357: 12355: 12350: 12348: 12343: 12342: 12339: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12292: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12251: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12219:2018 Sulawesi 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12184:2016 Mentawai 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12164:2010 Mentawai 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12113:2008 Simeulue 12111: 12109: 12108:2008 Sulawesi 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12017:1996 Sulawesi 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11987:1991 Kalabahi 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11937:1969 Sulawesi 11935: 11933: 11932:1968 Sulawesi 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11863: 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11477: 11473: 11469: 11462: 11457: 11455: 11450: 11448: 11443: 11442: 11439: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11412: 11409: 11405: 11402: 11400:(8.1, Dec 23) 11399: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11379: 11376: 11374:(6.3, Nov 21) 11373: 11370: 11368:(7.5, Nov 11) 11367: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11337: 11331:(5.1, July 2) 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11290: 11287: 11285:(5.5, Feb 14) 11284: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11248: 11243: 11241: 11236: 11234: 11229: 11228: 11225: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11156: 11151: 11149: 11144: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11133: 11127: 11120: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11099: 11095: 11090: 11088: 11087:Zoriah Miller 11084: 11081: 11078: 11075: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11025: 11021: 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Their 990: 986: 980: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 862: 858: 854: 850: 842: 838: 827: 822: 820: 815: 813: 808: 807: 805: 804: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 784: 783: 777: 774: 772: 769: 768: 767: 766: 762: 761: 756: 755: 751: 749: 748: 744: 742: 741: 737: 736: 735: 734: 730: 729: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 679: 678: 675: 672: 671: 666: 663: 661: 657: 656: 655: 654: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 609: 608: 605: 602: 601: 597: 593: 592: 589: 582: 581: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 517:(Indonesia), 516: 512: 508: 507:Asian Tsunami 504: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 445: 441: 434: 424: 420: 413: 410: 409: 407: 403: 399: 396: 389: 382: 379: 376: 372: 369: 366: 362: 357: 353:3.316; 95.854 329: 325: 321: 317: 314: 305: 301: 297: 293: 287: 283: 281: 277: 275: 271: 270: 268: 264: 250: 246: 243: 240: 238: 233: 230: 227: 224: 220: 216: 213: 209: 188: 163: 138: 128: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 93: 83: 76: 65: 58: 47: 36: 30: 19: 14207: 14151:Peacekeeping 14141:Human Rights 14052:CHS Alliance 14045:power, abuse 13984:2004 tsunami 13983: 13953:Yield Giving 13842:Peter Maurer 13703:NEAR Network 13682:World Vision 13517:Humanitarian 13489:Localisation 13470:21st-century 13417: 13408:Henry Dunant 13170:Nepal (2023) 13156:Nepal (2022) 13149:Assam (2021) 13064: 13050:2000–present 13019:Latur (1993) 13005:Bihar (1988) 12998:India (1988) 12963:Anjar (1956) 12956:Assam (1950) 12949:Assam (1947) 12896:Assam (1897) 12868:Bihar (1833) 12799:Gurez (2017) 12723:Malpa (1998) 12716:Malin (2014) 12678:Assam (2024) 12608:Assam (2020) 12601:India (2019) 12573:Bihar (2017) 12566:Assam (2016) 12516:India (2007) 12494:2000–present 12456:Bihar (1987) 12424:Gohna (1894) 12301:Sunda Trench 12077: 12058:2002 Sumatra 12042:2000 Enggano 12012:1995 Kerinci 11907:1935 Sumatra 11902:1933 Sumatra 11877:1909 Kerinci 11872:1907 Sumatra 11865:20th century 11846:1861 Sumatra 11826:1833 Sumatra 11816:1797 Sumatra 11699:2017 Tripura 11689:2016 Sagaing 11654:2005 Kashmir 11648: 11644:2001 Gujarat 11637:21st century 11628:1999 Chamoli 11583:1975 Kinnaur 11531:20th century 11517:1885 Kashmir 11492:1803 Garhwal 11487:1555 Kashmir 11426: 11421: 11410: 11407: 11403: 11381: 11349: 11312: 11292: 11277: 11165: 11108:bibliography 11028:. Retrieved 11019: 11010: 10998:. Retrieved 10978: 10971: 10959:. Retrieved 10942:The Guardian 10940: 10930: 10918:. Retrieved 10906: 10893: 10858: 10854: 10844: 10824: 10810: 10801: 10789:. Retrieved 10780: 10770: 10758:. Retrieved 10749: 10739: 10719: 10707:. Retrieved 10693: 10683:13 September 10681:. Retrieved 10668: 10659: 10649:13 September 10647:. Retrieved 10633: 10623: 10611:. Retrieved 10602: 10593: 10581:. Retrieved 10562: 10550:. Retrieved 10541: 10532: 10520:. Retrieved 10511: 10502: 10494:the original 10489: 10479: 10467:. Retrieved 10458: 10449: 10437:. Retrieved 10424: 10415: 10361:. Retrieved 10357:the original 10347: 10328: 10322: 10312:26 September 10310:. Retrieved 10293:26 September 10291:. Retrieved 10271: 10259:. Retrieved 10247: 10235: 10223:. Retrieved 10214: 10205: 10195: 10179: 10126: 10122: 10112: 10069: 10065: 10054: 10042:. Retrieved 10028: 10016:. Retrieved 9986: 9982: 9969: 9961:the original 9947: 9935:. Retrieved 9921: 9909:. Retrieved 9900: 9891: 9879:. 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Retrieved 6249: 6239: 6228: 6220:the original 6206: 6198: 6182: 6170:. Retrieved 6151: 6141:21 September 6139:. Retrieved 6132:the original 6119: 6112: 6100:. Retrieved 6096:the original 6086: 6078:the original 6071: 6062: 6053: 6046:. Retrieved 6037: 6027: 6019:the original 6012: 6002: 5990:. Retrieved 5986:the original 5976: 5964:. Retrieved 5960:the original 5950: 5938:. Retrieved 5929: 5920: 5908:. Retrieved 5904: 5895: 5883:. Retrieved 5879: 5870: 5858:. Retrieved 5854:the original 5843: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5778:. Retrieved 5769: 5759: 5747:. Retrieved 5736: 5727: 5715:. Retrieved 5711:the original 5704: 5694: 5661: 5657: 5632:. Retrieved 5600: 5596: 5583: 5571:. Retrieved 5564:the original 5543: 5539: 5526: 5514:. Retrieved 5476: 5472: 5459: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5120:. Retrieved 5112:www.usgs.gov 5111: 5102: 5090:. Retrieved 5086:the original 5070: 5063: 5051:. Retrieved 5044:the original 4999: 4993: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4908:. Retrieved 4897: 4887: 4875:. Retrieved 4861: 4849:. Retrieved 4845: 4836: 4827: 4814: 4805: 4792: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4629: 4622: 4610:. Retrieved 4605: 4596: 4584:. Retrieved 4570: 4558:. Retrieved 4514: 4510: 4482:. Retrieved 4478:the original 4473: 4464: 4456:the original 4446: 4419: 4412: 4400:. Retrieved 4375: 4371: 4331: 4327: 4306:. Retrieved 4302:the original 4292: 4280:. Retrieved 4228: 4175: 4174: 4173:profile for 4170: 4131:Kimya Dawson 4116: 4105: 4099: 4090: 4075: 4063: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4000: 3991: 3983: 3976: 3947: 3933: 3930: 3896: 3859: 3845: 3838: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3784:between the 3775: 3771: 3739: 3720: 3712: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533:Marina Beach 3502: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3468: 3460: 3448:biodiversity 3441: 3410: 3400: 3386: 3376: 3366: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3207:South Africa 2746: 2731: 2722: 2711: 2696: 2642: 2634: 2623: 2609:, Perak and 2604: 2594:Flooding in 2573: 2569: 2551:region) and 2534: 2521: 2494: 2474: 2440: 2437: 2420: 2392: 2384: 2376: 2369: 2365: 2351: 2343: 2336: 2294:Nagapattinam 2291: 2283: 2245: 2201: 2181: 2166: 2142: 2134: 2114:Patong Beach 2107: 2088: 2074: 2051: 1999: 1948: 1927: 1872: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1782: 1779: 1765: 1728: 1704: 1696: 1688: 1668: 1635: 1612: 1581:island, and 1575: 1567:Ring of Fire 1564: 1556: 1523: 1511: 1503: 1491: 1472: 1453: 1449: 1441: 1405: 1383: 1372: 1364: 1337: 1321:microseconds 1318: 1298: 1275:tidal forces 1272: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1233:Mount Talang 1226: 1207: 1203: 1171: 1128: 1120:volcanic arc 1111:Sunda Trench 1092: 1071:Indian Plate 1060: 1029: 1006: 982: 935:Ring of Fire 932: 885: 883: 9.2. 851:of 8.8. 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