33:
123:(ETP). This is the most common copper. It is ubiquitous in electrical applications. ETP has a minimum conductivity rating of 100% IACS and is required to be 99.9% pure. It has 0.02% to 0.04% oxygen content (typical). Most ETP sold today meets or exceeds the 101% IACS specification. As with OF copper, silver (Ag) content is counted as copper (Cu) for purity purposes.
147:
of the pure oxygen-free metal during processing. The method of producing OFHC copper ensures an extra high grade of metal with a copper content of 99.99%. With so small a content of extraneous elements, the inherent properties of elemental copper are brought forth to a high degree. In practice the
116:(OF). While OF is considered oxygen-free, its conductivity rating is no better than the more common ETP grade below. It has a 0.001% oxygen content, 99.95% purity and minimum 100% IACS conductivity. For the purposes of purity percentage, silver (Ag) content is counted as copper (Cu).
278:
transmission. In fact, conductivity specifications for common C11000 (ETP) and higher-cost C10200 oxygen-free (OF) coppers are identical; and even the much more expensive C10100 has only a one-percent higher conductivity—insignificant in audio applications.
233:
than can achieve impurity levels below the C10100 specification by reducing copper grain density. At this time, there are currently no UNS/ASTM classifications for these specialty coppers and the IACS conductivity of these coppers is not readily available.
108:
conductivity rating. This copper is finished to a final form in a carefully regulated, oxygen-free environment. Silver (Ag) is considered an impurity in the OFE chemical specification. This is also the most expensive of the three grades listed
79:
to 0.001% or below. Oxygen-free copper is a premium grade of copper that has a high level of conductivity and is virtually free from oxygen content. The oxygen content of copper affects its electrical properties and can reduce conductivity.
426:
242:
For industrial applications, oxygen-free copper is valued more for its chemical purity than its electrical conductivity. OF/OFE-grade copper is used in plasma deposition (
262:. In any of these applications, the release of oxygen or other impurities can cause undesirable chemical reactions with other materials in the local environment.
208:. Advances in the refining process now yield OF and ETP copper that can meet or exceed 101% of this standard. (Ultra-pure copper has a conductivity of
536:
511:
302:(CuOFP) is typically used for structural and thermal applications where the copper material will be subject to temperatures high enough to cause
325:
Copper alloys containing oxygen as an impurity (in the form of residual oxides present in the metal matrix) can be embrittled if exposed to hot
757:
401:
717:
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industry markets oxygen-free copper as having enhanced conductivity or other electrical properties that are supposedly advantageous to
189:
105:
686:
226:
process, oxygen is deliberately injected into the melt to scavenge impurities that would otherwise degrade conductivity.
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oxygen content is typically 0.001 to 0.003% with a total maximum impurity level of 0.03%. These characteristics are high
469:
659:
588:
Akita, H.; Sampar, D. S.; Fiore, N. F. (1973). "Substructure control by solidification control in Cu crystals".
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369:
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515:
307:
89:
405:
216: S/m, 102.75% IACS.) Note that OF and ETP coppers have identical conductivity requirements.
153:
303:
623:
Kato, Masanori (1995). "The production of ultrahigh-purity copper for advanced applications".
72:
381:
294:
High-electrical-conductivity coppers are distinct from coppers deoxidized by the addition of
259:
93:
17:
104:(OFE). This is a 99.99% pure copper with 0.0005% oxygen content. It achieves a minimum 101%
157:
8:
230:
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OFC is nevertheless sold for both audio and video signals in audio playback systems and
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605:
470:"ASTM Standard Designation for Wrought and Cast Copper and Copper Alloys: Introduction"
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41:
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349:. This process can cause the grains to be forced away from each other and is known as
711:
644:
609:
574:
255:
251:
177:
561:
Tanner, B. K. (1972). "The perfection of
Czochralski grown copper single crystals".
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632:
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570:
346:
784:
330:
512:"Innovations in Copper: Electrical and Metallurgy of Copper: High Copper Alloys"
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plays a beneficial role for improving copper conductivity. During the copper
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CuOFP has been selected as corrosion-resistant material for the overpack of
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427:"ASTM Standard Designation for Wrought and Cast Copper and Copper Alloys"
329:. The hydrogen diffuses through the copper and reacts with inclusions of
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96:. Of these, three are widely used and two are considered oxygen-free:
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database. The UNS database includes many different compositions of
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is produced, not because exposure to steam causes the problem).
139:. OFHC is produced by the direct conversion of selected refined
88:
Oxygen-free copper is typically specified according to the ASTM/
219:
76:
68:
452:"Oxygen Free Copper Market opportunity and forecast 2023-2030"
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and castings under carefully controlled conditions to prevent
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45:
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345:), which then forms pressurized water steam bubbles at the
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188:
Conductivity is generally specified relative to the 1913
127:
402:"Innovations: Introduction to Copper: Types of Copper"
368:
concept developed in Sweden and
Finland to dispose of
758:"High Conductivity Copper for Electrical Engineering"
537:"Innovations : The Metallurgy of Copper Wire"
229:There are advanced refining processes such as the
67:) copper is a group of wrought high-conductivity
27:Pure copper without oxygen in its crystal lattice
776:
587:
760:. Copper Development Association. 2016-02-01
660:"Characteristics of Our 9N-Cu(99.9999999%)"
731:
729:
727:
246:) processes, including the manufacture of
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539:. Copper.org. 2010-08-25. Archived from
514:. Copper.org. 2010-08-25. Archived from
404:. Copper.org. 2010-08-25. Archived from
300:Oxygen-free phosphorus-containing copper
290:Oxygen-free phosphorus-containing copper
31:
724:
14:
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716:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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190:International Annealed Copper Standard
431:Resources: Standards & Properties
133:Oxygen-free high thermal conductivity
128:Oxygen-free high thermal conductivity
61:oxygen-free high thermal conductivity
622:
265:
735:
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94:high conductivity electrical copper
24:
25:
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372:in crystalline rock formations.
254:components, as well as in other
135:(OFHC) copper is widely used in
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738:"Speaker Wire – A History"
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40:capsule used as overpack for
575:10.1016/0022-0248(72)90094-2
370:high-level radioactive waste
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7:
375:
10:
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667:ACROTEC High Purity Metals
590:Metallurgical Transactions
563:Journal of Crystal Growth
298:in the smelting process.
48:concept (Swedish version)
472:. Copper.org. 2010-08-25
433:. Copper.org. 2010-08-25
121:electrolytic-tough-pitch
73:electrolytically refined
238:Industrial applications
119:C11000 – also known as
112:C10200 – also known as
100:C10100 – also known as
75:to reduce the level of
304:hydrogen embrittlement
102:oxygen-free electronic
71:alloys that have been
49:
382:Copper wire and cable
260:particle accelerators
35:
491:"Oxygen-Free Copper"
168:resistance, ease of
158:thermal conductivity
351:steam embrittlement
310:. Examples include
308:steam embrittlement
231:Czochralski process
174:relative volatility
637:10.1007/BF03221340
602:10.1007/BF02668013
596:(6): 15935–15937.
493:. Anchorbronze.com
362:spent nuclear fuel
53:Oxygen-free copper
50:
42:spent nuclear fuel
266:Use in home audio
256:ultra-high vacuum
178:ultra-high vacuum
16:(Redirected from
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162:impact strength
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320:heat exchanger
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252:superconductor
248:semiconductors
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699:on 2007-09-29
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631:(12): 44–46.
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762:. Retrieved
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741:. Retrieved
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694:the original
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569:(1): 86–87.
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516:the original
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435:. Retrieved
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406:the original
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276:audio signal
272:speaker wire
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337:, forming H
284:home cinema
114:oxygen-free
764:2016-02-11
743:2011-08-25
703:2007-05-26
672:2016-05-21
547:2011-07-05
522:2011-07-05
497:2011-07-05
476:2011-07-05
437:2011-07-05
412:2011-07-05
388:References
296:phosphorus
244:sputtering
172:, and low
154:electrical
137:cryogenics
658:Isohara.
645:138140372
610:137114174
353:(because
318:rods and
184:Standards
150:ductility
779:Category
712:cite web
376:See also
327:hydrogen
322:tubing.
224:smelting
141:cathodes
364:in the
316:brazing
312:welding
170:welding
164:, good
160:, high
152:, high
785:Copper
643:
608:
220:Oxygen
200:
176:under
77:oxygen
69:copper
697:(PDF)
690:(PDF)
663:(PDF)
641:S2CID
606:S2CID
366:KBS-3
355:steam
343:water
210:5.865
166:creep
109:here.
59:) or
46:KBS-3
38:CuOFP
18:CuOFP
718:link
250:and
156:and
106:IACS
65:OFHC
36:The
633:doi
625:JOM
598:doi
571:doi
341:O (
194:5.8
192:of
90:UNS
57:OFC
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331:Cu
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339:2
335:O
333:2
314:/
212:Ă—
206:m
204:/
202:S
196:Ă—
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