1698:
city to his nephew
Saladin, Shirkuh left to Upper Egypt, hoping that part of the opposing army would follow him, but the maneuver did not materialize. At Alexandria, the besieged troops agreed to leave Egypt alone in return for a crusader withdrawal in August 1167. Amalric left with a favorable treaty resulting in Egyptian tribute to Jerusalem and a friendly Shawar in control. The Crusaders had also left a small garrison in Alexandria, and Shawar had to pay King Amalric, 100,000 bezants each year, through the Alexandrian garrison. However, while waiting for the payment of the agreed sum, Amalric delegated a representative to the court of Cairo and also installed a garrison there, putting Egypt under a Crusader protectorate.
1853:
them by announcing that a negotiated surrender of
Damietta had just taken place. The discipline and cohesion of the Byzantine army almost instantly disintegrated after the news of the peace deal were announced, with troops burning the engines and boarding the ships in groups without order. Left with only six ships, Kontostephanos accompanied Amalric back to Palestine, returning home with part of his army by land through the crusader states of the Levant, while about half of the Byzantine ships that had sailed from Damietta was lost in a series of storms on its return journey, with the last ships arriving in their home ports only in late spring 1170.
1602:
146:
239:
124:
168:
3667:
190:
201:
179:
1849:
Kontostephanos and his men constructing huge siege towers, but the besiegers were hampered by the growing mistrust between
Byzantines and Crusaders, especially as the Byzantines' supplies dwindled, and Amalric refused to share his own with them but sold them at exorbitant prices. However, Byzantines had urged the Franks to attack the city, but Amalric hesitated and did not want to risk great losses. In addition, winter rains occurred in December weakened the attackers' combat readiness.
37:
214:
1707:
1651:
1521:
157:
135:
3643:
249:
1789:
1512:. In May 1164, Shawar became vizier of Egypt, and Dirgham was killed, after he had been abandoned by the people and the army. Shawar was, however, a mere figurehead to Nur ad-Din, who had installed Shirkuh as ruler of Egypt. Shawar became unsatisfied with this and called upon the enemy of the Sunni Muslims, King Amalric I of Jerusalem.
1578:
Therefore, the great devastator of the
Christian people, who rules near us, collected together from all sides the kings and races of the infidels arid offered a peace and truce to our prince and very frequently urged it. His reason was that he wished to traverse our land with greater freedom in order
1527:
Shawar then argued with
Shirkuh, and allied with the Crusader king, Amalric I, who attacked Shirkuh at Bilbeis, in AugustâOctober 1164. The siege ended with a stalemate, and both Shirkuh and Amalric agreed to withdraw from Egypt. In the meantime, Nur ad-Din moved his forces against the Crusader state
1852:
Exasperated by the dragging-on of the siege and the suffering of his troops, Kontostephanos once again disobeyed Manuel's instructions ordering him to obey
Amalric in all things, and launched with his troops a final attack on the city. As the Byzantines were about to storm the walls, Amalric stopped
1697:
as a port came to nothing when the crusader fleet arrived. The people of
Alexandria decided to open the city gates to Shirkuh without resistance, as Shawar was not popular there. The city was not ready for war, supplies were rapidly depleting, and the besieged was threatened with famine. Leaving the
1574:
The former, therefore, as we have said, entered Egypt and favored by certain men of that land, captured and fortified a certain city. In the meantime the sultan made an alliance with the lord king by promising to pay tribute each year and to release all the
Christian captives in Egypt, and obtained
1713:
The presence of a
Frankish adviser at the court of the Caliph, a garrison in Cairo, as well as officials responsible for collecting the indemnities increased the discontent of the Egyptian people, because it implied additional taxes. Members of the court began to regard the alliance with Nur ad-Din
1861:
In 1171, after the death of Caliph Al-Adid, Saladin proclaimed himself Sultan while the crusaders under
Amalric were forced to retreat, having lost many men due to disease and warfare. The Knights Hospitaller became bankrupt after the operation but made a quick recovery financially. The same could
1489:
dams and let the river flood, hoping to prevent Amalric from invading any further, thus he returned home. However, Dirgham preferred to negotiate with Amalric, offering him a peace treaty guaranteed by the surrender of hostages, and the payment of an annual tribute. Meanwhile, Nur ad-Din agreed to
1779:
Later on, Amalric demanded tribute from Shawar for exchange for his withdrawal, which would be a million bezants, but the approach of Shirkuh forces forced him to lower his demands and give up half of the tribute. On 2 January 1169, the troops of Amalric withdrew from the vicinity of Cairo. Later
1465:. Dirgham attempted to thwart his rival's plans by opening negotiations with Nur al-Din for an alliance against the Crusaders, but the Syrian ruler's reply was non-committal, and on his way to Egypt, Dirgham's envoy was arrested by the Crusaders, possibly on the instigation of Nur al-Din himself.
1765:
Shawar ordered that Fustat be evacuated. He forced to leave their money and property behind and flee for their lives with their children. In the panic and chaos of the exodus, the fleeing crowd looked like a massive army of ghosts.... Some took refuge in the mosques and bathhouses...awaiting a
1865:
The Kingdom of Jerusalem, surrounded by enemies, now faced inevitable defeat. Saladin could raise armies potentially numbering 100,000 or more with Syria and Egypt under his control . Nur ad-Din however was still alive until 1174 and Saladin's power in Egypt was seen as a rebellion against his
1714:
as a lesser evil. The Frankish knights and officials became worried and began to send distress messages to Amalric. The latter hesitated, because he was negotiating an alliance with Byzantines for the conquest of Egypt, but a large fraction of his entourage pushed him to intervene immediately.
1848:
two weeks later. The Christians delayed three days in attacking the city, allowing Saladin to hastily move in troops and supplies. Damietta's defenders stretched strong chains across the Nile to prevent the Navy from attacking directly. The siege was prosecuted with vigour on both sides, with
1622:(though to be fair there were few Syrian ports to the Mediterranean under Nur ad-Din) and took a quick coastal route to Egypt, allowing him to link up with his ally Shawar just as Nur ad-Din's deputy Shirkuh arrived in January 1167. Shirkuh who had marched through the Desert of Tih south of
1571:, distrusting his own valor and that of his men, held a most warlike council to determine how to meet the advancing Turks and how he could obtain the aid of the king of Jerusalem. For he wisely preferred to rule under tribute rather than to be deprived of both life and kingdom.
1617:
Shawar's rule in Egypt did not last long before Shirkuh returned in 1166 to take back Egypt. Shawar played his crusader card again and this time Amalric believed an open battle would be able to settle the scores. Unlike Shirkuh, Amalric had naval supremacy in the
1886:
recognized the importance of Egypt and twice suggested an invasion of the region. An assault against the Levant could not succeed without the resources and manpower of Egypt, which currently gave the Islamic powers in the region a decisive advantage. The
1870:
and a failed Ayyubid siege of Tiberias allowed the crusaders to stave off defeat until 1187. By 1189 the crusader realm had been diminished beyond all strength and relied increasingly on politically motivated and inexperienced western reinforcements.
1634:
opposite to Cairo. Amalric troops had tried to intercept Shirkuh's army, but failed to surprise the convoy. While in Bilbeis, Amalric had an agreement with Shawar to not leave the country as long as Shirkuh remained there, for a sum of 400,000
1740:
The alliance between the Crusaders and Byzantines was still being finalized when Amalric who utilized the fact that the vizier did not pay the agreed tribute to the Crusaders in Alexandria in time as an excuse, launched a quick attack against
1688:
to defend Cairo along with the sultan's son Kamil, while the other commanded by GĂŠrard de Pougy, marshal of Jerusalem and another son of Shawar to hold Giza and set out in pursuit of Shirkuh. The Fatimid-crusader army followed to the
1355:, the other called for Crusader assistance. As the war progressed, however, it became a war of conquest. A number of Syrian campaigns into Egypt were stopped short of total victory by the aggressive campaigning of
1809:
was appointed commander of a fleet carrying a Byzantine army to invade Egypt in alliance with the forces of Amalric. The campaign had been planned possibly since the marriage of Amalric with Manuel's great-niece
1507:
Dirgham appealed to Amalric for help, but the King of Jerusalem was unable to intervene in time, and in late April 1164, the Syrians surprised and defeated Dirgham's brother Mulham at Bilbeis, opening the way to
1371:
took power in Egypt as vizier. In 1171, Saladin became sultan of Egypt and the crusaders thereafter turned their attention to the defence of their kingdom, which, despite being surrounded by Syria and Egypt,
1575:
the aid of the lord king. The latter, before setting out, committed the care of his kingdom and land, until his return, to us and to our new prince, his kinsman Bohemond, son of the former prince Raymond.
1792:
Upper register: Manuel and the envoys of Amalric, an embassy which resulted in the despatch of the Byzantine force under Kontostephanos to invade Egypt. Lower register: arrival of the crusaders in Egypt
1737:
fleet, which at that time often operated in the eastern Mediterranean, refused to take part in the Egyptian campaigns because they did not want to jeopardize their trade relations with Egypt by war.
1841:
in late September to find that Amalric had undertaken no preparations whatsoever. The delays on the part of the Crusaders infuriated Kontostephanos and sow mistrust among the ostensible allies.
2002:
At the siege of Bilbeis during the same Egyptian campaign, according to Ibelin family tradition, Hugh's life was saved by Philip of Milly, after breaking his leg and falling under his horse.
1567:
having gotten possession of Damascus, the latter entered Egypt with a great force of Turks, in order to conquer the country. Accordingly, the king of Egypt, who is also called the sultan of
3403:
1753:, where the bloodshed was repeated, could not go up the Nile and was ordered to withdraw. When faced with an imminent attack by Amalric, Shawar ordered the burning of his own capital city,
1657:
Afterwards, the Crusaders started to build a bridge over the Nile in March 1167, but the Syrian archers prevent the end of the work. However, Shirkuh's army remained garrisoned outside the
1673:. The combined Fatimid-crusader army contemplated the next move and tried to cross the Nile further north using an island, and Shirkuh, deeming his position very precarious, withdrew to
1579:
to devastate the kingdom of Jerusalem and to be able to bear aid to his vassal fighting in Egypt. But our prince was unwilling to make peace with him until the return of our lord king.
1960:, the last major crusader fortress in the Holy Land, fell to the forces of the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, and any remaining territories on the mainland were lost over the next decade.
1770:
pots and 10,000 lighting bombs and distributed them throughout the city. Flames and smoke engulfed the city and rose to the sky in a terrifying scene. The blaze raged for 54 days.
1218:
1930:
fleet. The army marched on Cairo but was cut off by flooding of the Nile and the campaign ended in disaster with Pelagio forced to surrender with what remained of his army.
1057:
1661:, because leaving the place would allow the crusaders to cross the Nile and take it from behind. A Syrian detachment sent for supplies north of Cairo was defeated by
1749:
population of Egypt and led to them ending their support of the Crusaders. Shawar appealed to Damascus and Shirkuh returned. Meanwhile, Amalric's fleet after taking
2574:
379:
2066:
INSTITUTIONALIZING EDUCATION AND THE CULTURE OF LEARNING IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM: THE AYYĹŞBIDS (569/966 AH) (1174/1263 AD) LEARNING PRACTICES IN EGYPT AS A CASE STUDY
1441:, resulting in the capture of the city in 1153. This meant that the kingdom was now at war in two fronts, but Egypt now had an enemy supply base close at hand.
3717:
2766:
307:
1780:
that month, Shirkuh entered Cairo and had the untrustworthy Shawar executed. He himself died two months later and his nephew, Saladin, took power as regent.
3566:
2027:
Amalric's army had fought a pitched battle against the Muslims at Cairo, but they did not have the resources to conquer Egypt and were forced to retreat.
3722:
2611:
1211:
1067:
1050:
3707:
3712:
3727:
3697:
2018:. However, most of his knights participated in Amalric's campaign, and were probably responsible for the massacre of the population of Bilbeis.
2272:
2133:
1425:
The Fatimid Caliphate in the 12th century was riddled with internal squabbles. In the 1160s, power lay not in the hands of the Fatimid caliph
3747:
1204:
2730:
1953:
where his entire army was either killed or captured. The king suffered the humiliation of having to pay an enormous ransom for his freedom.
1343:
The invasions began as part of a succession crisis in the caliphate, which began to crumble under the pressure of Muslim Syria ruled by the
3178:
1043:
1717:
At this point in time the crusaders should have focused on strengthening their position against Syria, but instead Amalric was tempted by
1473:
In 1163, King Amalric went to invade Egypt, claiming that the Fatimids had not paid the yearly tribute that had begun during the reign of
3165:
3161:
1822:
139:
3742:
3737:
3170:
300:
1496:) revenue to Nur al-Din. The latter manoeuvred to attract the Crusaders' attention away from the expeditionary force, as his general
3433:
2560:
1874:
However, after the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, the focus of the crusaders shifted decisively towards Egypt and less so towards the
2747:
2741:
2604:
2753:
3611:
3438:
2510:
293:
3428:
3285:
2459:
1956:
The temporary victories were followed by defeats, evacuations or negotiationsâultimately amounting to nothing. By 1291,
1866:
vassalage to Nur ad-Din. After the latter's death Syria and Egypt remained united. A few crusader victories, notably at
3702:
3646:
3398:
2814:
2790:
2735:
2786:
2597:
2549:
1811:
881:
2068:â. Al-Shajarah: Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC), January, 245-75.
1693:, where fighting was bloody but inconclusive. Even so, the crusader-Fatimids pursued the Syrians, whose plan to use
1376:. Later crusades tried to support the Kingdom of Jerusalem by targeting the danger that was Egypt, but to no avail.
1359:. Even so, the Crusaders generally speaking did not have things go their way, despite several sackings. A combined
3692:
1095:
580:
531:
516:
3423:
2667:
1433:. The situation in Egypt made it ripe for conquest, either by crusaders or by the forces of Zengi's successor,
852:
737:
3580:
3408:
2958:
2832:
2803:
796:
712:
2036:
Having suffered heavy losses in the last campaign, the Crusaders needed some time to replenish their troops.
3393:
2725:
2642:
2424:. Vol. The Experience of Crusading, vol. 2: Defining the Crusader Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
1941:
invaded Egypt (1249â1250) and after occupying Damietta he marched towards Cairo. However the forces led by
801:
2530:
1422:, Zengi's most powerful rival. The siege failed and forced the Kingdom to turn south for better fortunes.
421:
3732:
3687:
3383:
3275:
3008:
2943:
2011:
1160:
1085:
989:
632:
521:
194:
2065:
1601:
3657:
3585:
3561:
3418:
3183:
2923:
2077:
1553:
1457:, who had fled to Syria called Nur ad-Din for support in reinstating him to his former position as the
677:
585:
354:
3601:
3573:
3341:
2973:
2848:
2772:
2697:
2652:
2637:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1926:
took Damietta. The expeditionary force included French, German, Flemish and Austrian crusaders and a
1806:
1477:. The vizier, Dirgham, who had recently overthrown the vizier Shawar, marched out to meet Amalric at
1373:
1242:
1228:
945:
940:
911:
891:
886:
747:
384:
252:
3671:
3388:
3130:
2282:
1474:
1419:
1140:
999:
935:
806:
762:
717:
702:
667:
605:
590:
486:
369:
3504:
3443:
2629:
1529:
1411:
994:
979:
921:
777:
757:
161:
3146:
3018:
2963:
2843:
2780:
2682:
1533:
1356:
1282:
1277:
1262:
1257:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1014:
857:
828:
816:
767:
600:
566:
561:
556:
546:
506:
461:
451:
431:
426:
416:
364:
270:
243:
285:
3551:
3346:
3203:
3013:
2884:
2837:
2819:
2662:
1883:
1004:
974:
906:
782:
707:
687:
595:
511:
476:
1788:
3606:
3491:
3413:
3351:
3329:
3028:
3023:
3003:
2938:
2902:
2880:
2852:
1867:
1817:
According to the chronicler William of Tyre: 150 galleys, sixty horse-carriers and a dozen
1666:
1658:
1329:
1272:
1252:
1019:
969:
871:
752:
697:
682:
441:
401:
128:
2045:
Saladin was surprised by the attack on Damietta, as he was expecting an attack on Bilbeis.
1544:. Even so, Shirkuh evacuated Egypt too so it was a victory for Shawar who retained Egypt.
8:
3621:
3541:
3093:
2983:
2672:
1908:
1722:
1718:
1690:
1588:
1560:
1312:
1185:
1170:
1105:
1100:
1090:
876:
772:
657:
642:
541:
536:
526:
374:
339:
172:
1844:
It was not until mid-October that the combined armies and fleets set forth, arriving at
3626:
3516:
3334:
3102:
3088:
2993:
2277:
1938:
1734:
1399:
662:
411:
406:
2080:. Eric BĂśhme. The Expansion of the Faith. Volume 14. January 1, 2022. Pages 269 - 280.
1426:
3466:
3150:
3122:
2620:
2578:
2545:
2506:
2477:
2473:
1977:
1584:
1556:
1403:
1337:
1247:
1165:
1155:
732:
722:
637:
471:
389:
344:
219:
205:
150:
82:
66:
1757:, to keep it from falling into Amalric's hands. According to the Egyptian historian
3666:
3188:
3118:
3108:
3078:
2998:
2897:
2865:
2808:
2647:
2469:
2442:
1568:
1438:
1434:
1407:
1385:
1352:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1267:
1150:
1115:
964:
952:
916:
742:
692:
652:
627:
622:
551:
501:
496:
481:
446:
436:
359:
1821:
specially constructed to carry siege engines. The fleet set sail from the port of
1035:
3526:
2708:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1900:
1794:
1730:
1670:
1662:
1644:
1623:
1537:
1348:
1175:
1009:
928:
811:
647:
456:
349:
183:
2134:"Letter from Aymeric, Patriarch of Antioch, to Louis VII, King of France (1164)"
1610:
3556:
2978:
2677:
2657:
2454:
2450:
2417:
1888:
1685:
1454:
1415:
1389:
1344:
1287:
1145:
984:
840:
833:
727:
617:
573:
466:
224:
78:
3681:
3373:
3322:
3294:
3290:
3260:
3213:
3074:
3068:
2860:
2582:
2489:
2481:
2446:
2438:
1993:
Hugh was the first crusader ever to see the Fatimid sultan's palace in Cairo.
1915:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1879:
1834:
1619:
1528:
of Antioch and despite being a Byzantine protectorate, defeated and captured
1395:
1125:
959:
898:
864:
847:
789:
672:
491:
333:
2542:
Prier et combattre: dictionnaire europĂŠen des ordres militaires au Moyen Ăge
1665:, causing discouragement in Shirkuh's army, as reinforcements arrive led by
1444:
36:
3616:
3536:
3531:
3246:
3229:
2953:
2589:
2078:
Legitimising the Conquest of Egypt: The Frankish Campaign of 1163 Revisited
2015:
1957:
1838:
1640:
1024:
1490:
support Shawar who offered to hand over one third of the annual land tax (
3546:
3509:
3487:
3461:
3378:
3208:
1826:
1681:
1674:
1596:
62:
1829:
on 8 July 1169. After defeating a small Egyptian scouting squadron near
1196:
3312:
3198:
2522:
Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de JĂŠrusalem - II. 1131-1187
1758:
1694:
1627:
1606:
1766:
Christian onslaught similar to the one in Bilbeis. Shawar sent 20,000
3136:
3098:
2827:
2760:
1726:
1706:
1650:
1520:
1360:
1492:
3126:
3082:
2988:
2948:
2875:
2871:
2797:
2692:
2687:
2228:
1845:
1478:
1364:
317:
28:
3239:
3064:
3048:
3043:
3038:
2933:
2702:
1981:
1767:
1742:
1636:
1501:
1497:
1482:
1462:
1368:
278:
274:
265:
257:
2296:
1504:, crossed the lands of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to enter Egypt.
3642:
3499:
3234:
3193:
3112:
3033:
1927:
1918:(1218â1221) a large force of crusaders led by the papal legate
1875:
1830:
1818:
1754:
1745:
in November 1168, massacring the population. This outraged the
1541:
1450:
1430:
1333:
321:
315:
261:
2014:
intended to join the invasion, but died shortly afterwards in
3521:
3363:
3317:
3280:
3140:
2968:
1750:
1746:
1509:
1406:
of Syria launched a series of successful attacks against the
248:
2216:
2204:
2180:
2168:
1949:
and then King Louis and his main army were defeated at the
1631:
1563:, in which he described the events in the Crusader States:
1486:
2422:
The career of Philip of Nablus in the kingdom of Jerusalem
2395:
2383:
2371:
2320:
2156:
2144:
2102:
1445:
Amalric invades and intervention of Nur ad-Din, 1163â1164
1437:. The first Crusader invasion of Egypt culminated in the
1351:. While one side called for help from the emir of Syria,
2575:
Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki
2532:
Les Hospitaliers en Terre Sainte et Ă Chypre (1100-1310)
2349:
2347:
2308:
1418:
aimed to reverse the gains of Zengi, ironically with an
1394:
Following the capture of Jerusalem by the forces of the
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
1701:
1597:
Shirkuh returns and third Crusader invasion, 1166â1167
3655:
2359:
2344:
2332:
2252:
2192:
1725:, who provided five hundred knights and five hundred
2240:
2083:
1630:
there rather than alerting the Crusaders, camped at
1398:, the Fatimids of Egypt launched regular raids into
1332:
from 1163 to 1169 to strengthen its position in the
1065:
2528:
2302:
2234:
1515:
3679:
2420:(2003). Peter Edbury; Jonathan Phillips (eds.).
2114:
1540:. Amalric immediately raced north to rescue his
1468:
1911:crusades all had Egypt as the intended target.
1647:were sent on an embassy to ratify the treaty.
16:Campaigns in Egypt by the Kingdom of Jerusalem
3718:Battles involving the Principality of Antioch
2605:
1212:
1051:
301:
2619:
2270:
1481:, but was defeated and forced to retreat to
2064:Souad, Merah, and Tahraoui Ramdane. 2018. â
1680:Amalric and Shawar left two detachments in
1547:
1429:, but in the hands of the vizier of Egypt,
1336:by taking advantage of the weakness of the
2612:
2598:
2460:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1219:
1205:
1058:
1044:
308:
294:
95:Later establishment of the Ayyubid dynasty
3723:Battles involving the Knights Hospitaller
3179:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi
2539:
2468:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317â319.
2314:
1226:
2519:
2222:
2210:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2108:
1787:
1705:
1649:
1600:
1519:
953:End of the Crusader states in the Levant
3708:Wars involving the Kingdom of Jerusalem
2573:(in Greek). Vol. B. Thessaloniki:
2558:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2326:
1461:ruler of Egypt against the new vizier,
3713:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire
3680:
2488:
2437:
2428:
2416:
2365:
2353:
2338:
2271:Zayn Bilkadi (JanuaryâFebruary 1995).
2258:
2246:
2198:
2096:
3728:Battles involving the Knights Templar
3698:12th century in the Fatimid Caliphate
3612:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi
2593:
1733:received the idea well. However, the
1200:
1039:
289:
3748:Battles involving the Zengid dynasty
2500:
2120:
2071:
2058:
1783:
2529:Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph (1904).
2494:The Story of the Crusades 1097â1291
1702:Fourth Crusader invasion, 1168â1169
1485:. The Egyptians then opened up the
1367:failed in 1169, the same year that
13:
14:
3759:
3743:Egypt under the Fatimid Caliphate
3738:1160s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
3665:
3641:
2474:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1874
2281:. pp. 20â27. Archived from
247:
237:
212:
199:
195:Armenian Principality of Cilicia
188:
177:
166:
155:
144:
133:
122:
35:
3439:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
2264:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2005:
1996:
1987:
92:Fatimid-Crusader border changed
3429:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
3424:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
2126:
1970:
1516:Second Crusader invasion, 1164
1:
3581:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque
2833:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya
2793:Qarmatian invasions (971â974)
2726:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya
2567:The Genealogy of the Komnenoi
2559:Varzos, Konstantinos (1984).
2535:(in French). Paris E. Leroux.
2052:
1862:not be said for the kingdom.
1729:to attack Egypt and take it.
1469:First Crusader invasion, 1163
1402:against the Crusaders, while
1379:
89:Crusaders withdraw from Egypt
3394:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi
2898:End of the Fatimid Caliphate
2540:Josserand, Philippe (2009).
1856:
1833:, Kontostephanos arrived at
7:
3384:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
2893:Crusader invasions of Egypt
2668:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
2524:(in French). Paris: Perrin.
2505:. Oxford University Press.
2501:Gibb, Sir Hamilton (2006).
2012:William IV, Count of Nevers
1500:accompanied by his nephew,
1326:Crusader invasions of Egypt
1308:Crusader invasions of Egypt
1181:Crusader invasions of Egypt
41:Crusader invasions of Egypt
10:
3764:
3562:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
3409:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman
3184:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi
2959:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
2410:
1878:. This can be seen in the
1559:had sent a letter to King
1554:Latin Patriarch of Antioch
1383:
612:Period post-Second Crusade
238:
189:
178:
167:
156:
145:
134:
123:
22:Fatimid-Crusader conflicts
3639:
3602:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi
3594:
3486:
3479:
3452:
3362:
3305:
3268:
3259:
3222:
3160:
3057:
2974:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
2922:
2913:
2820:Bedouin alliance uprising
2718:
2628:
2562:Î ÎξνξιΝογίι ĎĎν ÎοΟνΡνĎν
1943:Robert I, Count of Artois
1807:Andronikos Kontostephanos
1374:held for another 16 years
1238:
1081:
823:Period post-Third Crusade
396:Period post-First Crusade
330:
253:Andronikos Kontostephanos
230:
115:
45:
34:
26:
21:
1963:
1548:Letter to King of France
3595:Literature and learning
3586:Shrine of Husayn's Head
3505:Great Mosque of Mahdiya
3444:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
3419:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2773:Conquest of Egypt (969)
2520:Grousset, RenĂŠ (1935).
2429:Bridge, Antony (1982).
2303:Delaville Le Roulx 1904
2235:Delaville Le Roulx 1904
1626:, preferring to face a
1530:Bohemond III of Antioch
1412:Principality of Antioch
1328:were undertaken by the
162:Principality of Antioch
3693:12th-century conflicts
3574:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
3306:Branches and offshoots
3019:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
2964:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri
2698:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
2683:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
2653:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
1802:
1777:
1721:, Grand Master of the
1710:
1654:
1614:
1594:
1534:Raymond III of Tripoli
1524:
1357:Amalric I of Jerusalem
231:Commanders and leaders
3703:CrusaderâFatimid wars
3552:Fatimid Great Palaces
3389:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
3204:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
3014:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar
3009:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
2838:Mustansirite Hardship
2777:Expansion into Syria
2748:2nd invasion of Egypt
2742:1st invasion of Egypt
2693:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah
2688:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
2663:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
2643:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
2544:(in French). Fayard.
1947:Battle of Al Mansurah
1945:were defeated at the
1884:Richard the Lionheart
1791:
1763:
1709:
1653:
1605:The Syrian army by a
1604:
1565:
1523:
1230:CrusaderâFatimid wars
1000:Lord Edward's Crusade
3004:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi
2903:Battle of the Blacks
2703:al-Adid li-Din Allah
2496:. Faber & Faber.
1667:Humphrey II of Toron
1330:Kingdom of Jerusalem
129:Kingdom of Jerusalem
3622:al-Azhar University
2984:al-Afdal Shahanshah
2815:Muffarij b. Daghfal
2767:Conquest of Morocco
2754:2nd Sicilian revolt
2736:1st Sicilian revolt
2673:al-Mustansir Billah
2503:The Life of Saladin
2404:, pp. 269â270.
2392:, pp. 266â269.
2380:, pp. 262â266.
2329:, pp. 261â263.
2225:, pp. 484â497.
2213:, pp. 479â480.
2189:, pp. 466â476.
2177:, pp. 464â466.
2165:, pp. 458â460.
2153:, pp. 456â458.
2111:, pp. 430â431.
1723:Knights Hospitaller
1719:Gilbert of Assailly
1691:Battle of al-Babein
1684:, one commanded by
1589:Louis VII of France
1561:Louis VII of France
1420:assault on Damascus
1363:âCrusader siege of
1069:ZengidâCrusader War
990:Krak des Chevaliers
173:Knights Hospitaller
107:Zengids seize Egypt
3733:Battles of Saladin
3688:Invasions of Egypt
3627:House of Knowledge
2994:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz
2678:al-Musta'li Billah
2278:Saudi Aramco World
1951:Battle of Fariskur
1939:Louis IX of France
1803:
1711:
1655:
1615:
1525:
1347:and the Christian
858:3rd Constantinople
853:2nd Constantinople
758:2nd Belvoir Castle
718:1st Belvoir Castle
581:1st Constantinople
3672:Fatimid Caliphate
3653:
3652:
3635:
3634:
3607:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
3475:
3474:
3467:Baghdad Manifesto
3414:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
3399:Abu Hatim al-Razi
3255:
3254:
3094:Sharifs of Medina
3029:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
3024:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik
2939:Ya'qub ibn Killis
2874:and accession of
2621:Fatimid Caliphate
2512:978-0-86356-928-9
2433:. Franklin Watts.
2273:"The Oil Weapons"
2237:, pp. 70â71.
1976:In the meantime,
1784:Siege of Damietta
1585:Aimery of Limoges
1557:Aimery of Limoges
1338:Fatimid Caliphate
1321:
1320:
1194:
1193:
1033:
1032:
320:: battles in the
284:
283:
220:Fatimid Caliphate
151:County of Tripoli
111:
110:
67:Fatimid Caliphate
3755:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3645:
3484:
3483:
3266:
3265:
3089:Sharifs of Mecca
3058:Vassal dynasties
2999:Bahram al-Armani
2920:
2919:
2866:Siege of Ascalon
2648:al-Mansur Billah
2614:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2572:
2555:
2536:
2525:
2516:
2497:
2485:
2434:
2425:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1974:
1775:
1659:pyramids of Giza
1592:
1439:siege of Ascalon
1408:County of Edessa
1386:Siege of Ascalon
1353:Nur ad-Din Zengi
1233:
1231:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1036:
325:
310:
303:
296:
287:
286:
251:
242:
241:
240:
218:
216:
215:
204:
203:
202:
193:
192:
191:
182:
181:
180:
171:
170:
169:
160:
159:
158:
149:
148:
147:
140:Byzantine Empire
138:
137:
136:
127:
126:
125:
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3631:
3590:
3567:Portable mihrab
3527:Al-Hakim Mosque
3471:
3454:
3448:
3367:and theologians
3366:
3358:
3301:
3251:
3218:
3168:
3156:
3053:
2926:
2915:
2909:
2714:
2638:al-Mahdi Billah
2624:
2618:
2570:
2552:
2513:
2418:Barber, Malcolm
2413:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2140:. 4 March 2013.
2132:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1978:Manuel Komnenos
1975:
1971:
1966:
1935:Seventh Crusade
1924:John of Brienne
1920:Pelagio Galvani
1859:
1795:William of Tyre
1786:
1776:
1774:
1731:Manuel Komnenos
1704:
1671:Philip of Milly
1663:Miles of Plancy
1645:William of Tyre
1624:Sinai Peninsula
1599:
1593:
1587:letter to King
1583:
1550:
1538:Battle of Harim
1518:
1471:
1447:
1392:
1382:
1349:Crusader states
1322:
1317:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1195:
1190:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1034:
1029:
929:Seventh Crusade
326:
316:
314:
277:
273:
264:
260:
246:
236:
213:
211:
200:
198:
197:
187:
186:
184:Knights Templar
176:
175:
165:
164:
154:
153:
143:
142:
132:
131:
121:
103:
69:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3675:
3674:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3557:Juyushi Mosque
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3496:
3494:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3116:
3106:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3072:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2979:Badr al-Jamali
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:Struggle with
2794:
2784:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:al-Aziz Billah
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2556:
2550:
2537:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2498:
2490:Duggan, Alfred
2486:
2439:Canard, Marius
2435:
2426:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2368:, p. 115.
2358:
2356:, p. 133.
2343:
2341:, p. 132.
2331:
2319:
2317:, p. 390.
2315:Josserand 2009
2307:
2295:
2263:
2261:, p. 131.
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2201:, p. 113.
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2138:De Re Militari
2125:
2113:
2101:
2099:, p. 318.
2082:
2070:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1858:
1855:
1785:
1782:
1772:
1703:
1700:
1686:Hugh of Ibelin
1598:
1595:
1581:
1549:
1546:
1517:
1514:
1470:
1467:
1455:Fatimid vizier
1446:
1443:
1416:Second Crusade
1390:Second Crusade
1381:
1378:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
985:Eighth Crusade
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
949:
948:
943:
938:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
861:
860:
855:
850:
841:Fourth Crusade
837:
836:
831:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
609:
608:
603:
598:
596:Meander Valley
593:
588:
583:
574:Second Crusade
570:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Marj al-Saffar
514:
509:
504:
499:
497:Jaffa and Tyre
494:
489:
487:Ager Sanguinis
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
331:
328:
327:
313:
312:
305:
298:
290:
282:
281:
268:
255:
233:
232:
228:
227:
225:Zengid dynasty
222:
209:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
99:
98:
97:
96:
93:
90:
75:
71:
70:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3760:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:Hamdan Qarmat
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3323:Hamza ibn Ali
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3214:Qadi al-Fadil
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:First Crusade
2859:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:Uprisings of
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:Rebellion of
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Establishment
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2551:9782213627205
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2305:, p. 72.
2304:
2299:
2285:on 2011-06-09
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2249:, p. 61.
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2223:Grousset 1935
2219:
2212:
2211:Grousset 1935
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2187:Grousset 1935
2183:
2176:
2175:Grousset 1935
2171:
2164:
2163:Grousset 1935
2159:
2152:
2151:Grousset 1935
2147:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2109:Grousset 1935
2105:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:Fifth Crusade
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1880:Third Crusade
1877:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1761:(1346â1442):
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:Mediterranean
1612:
1608:
1603:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:, the ousted
1452:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:First Crusade
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
955:
954:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
930:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:3rd Jerusalem
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:
901:and aftermath
900:
899:Sixth Crusade
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
867:
866:
865:Fifth Crusade
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
843:
842:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
824:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
790:Third Crusade
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
748:2nd Jerusalem
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
613:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
586:2nd Dorylaeum
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
576:
575:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:
391:
388:
386:
385:1st Jerusalem
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
355:1st Dorylaeum
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
336:
335:
334:First Crusade
329:
323:
319:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
291:
288:
280:
276:
272:
269:
267:
263:
259:
256:
254:
250:
245:
235:
234:
229:
226:
223:
221:
210:
207:
196:
185:
174:
163:
152:
141:
130:
120:
119:
114:
106:
101:
100:
94:
91:
88:
87:
86:
84:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3617:al-Musabbihi
3537:Bab al-Futuh
3532:Aqmar Mosque
3492:architecture
3453:Anti-Fatimid
3364:Missionaries
3247:Fatimid navy
3230:Fatimid army
2954:Sitt al-Mulk
2916:and military
2892:
2781:Alexandretta
2707:
2630:Imam-Caliphs
2566:
2561:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2502:
2493:
2465:
2458:
2431:The Crusades
2430:
2421:
2402:Varzos 1984b
2397:
2390:Varzos 1984b
2385:
2378:Varzos 1984b
2373:
2361:
2334:
2327:Varzos 1984b
2322:
2310:
2298:
2287:. Retrieved
2283:the original
2276:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2123:, p. 8.
2116:
2104:
2073:
2060:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1972:
1955:
1932:
1913:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1843:
1816:
1804:
1798:
1778:
1764:
1739:
1716:
1712:
1679:
1656:
1641:Hugh Grenier
1616:
1611:Gustave DorĂŠ
1577:
1573:
1566:
1551:
1526:
1506:
1491:
1472:
1458:
1448:
1424:
1393:
1342:
1325:
1324:A series of
1323:
1307:
1180:
951:
950:
946:2nd Fariskur
941:2nd Mansurah
936:3rd Damietta
927:
926:
897:
896:
892:1st Mansurah
887:1st Fariskur
882:2nd Damietta
863:
862:
839:
838:
822:
821:
788:
787:
703:Jacob's Ford
668:1st Damietta
611:
610:
601:Mount Cadmus
572:
571:
422:2nd Heraclea
417:1st Heraclea
395:
394:
332:
116:Belligerents
77:
27:Part of the
3547:Bab Zuweila
3542:Bab al-Nasr
3510:Skifa Kahla
3462:Akhu Muhsin
3379:Ibn Hawshab
3286:Esotericism
3209:al-Basasiri
2927:and regents
2455:Schacht, J.
2451:Pellat, Ch.
2443:"á¸irg̲h̲Äm"
2366:Duggan 1963
2354:Bridge 1982
2339:Bridge 1982
2259:Bridge 1982
2247:Barber 2003
2199:Duggan 1963
2097:Canard 1965
1980:was in the
1933:During the
1914:During the
1909:Alexandrian
1827:Dardanelles
1682:Lower Egypt
1675:Upper Egypt
1475:Baldwin III
1303:2nd Ascalon
1248:1st Ascalon
1131:Edessa 1146
1121:Edessa 1144
1074:(1127â1174)
1015:3rd Tripoli
995:2nd Tripoli
980:2nd Antioch
922:3rd Ascalon
872:Mount Tabor
802:Philomelion
663:2nd Bilbeis
653:1st Bilbeis
628:2nd Ascalon
562:Edessa 1146
557:Edessa 1144
552:2nd Shaizar
477:Al-Sannabra
472:1st Shaizar
437:1st Tripoli
390:1st Ascalon
370:2nd Antioch
360:1st Antioch
324:(1096â1303)
102:Territorial
3682:Categories
3404:Abu Tammam
3313:Qarmatians
3261:Isma'ilism
3199:Manjutakin
2914:Government
2870:Regime of
2842:Revolt of
2826:Revolt of
2464:Volume II:
2289:2007-08-09
2053:References
1868:Montgisard
1759:Al-Maqrizi
1727:turcopoles
1695:Alexandria
1628:sand storm
1607:sand storm
1435:Nur ad-Din
1384:See also:
1380:Background
1161:Lake Huleh
1086:al-Atharib
773:Al-Shughur
698:Marj Ayyun
683:Montgisard
678:Alexandria
633:Lake Huleh
547:2nd Aleppo
522:al-Atharib
507:1st Aleppo
340:Xerigordos
271:Nur ad-Din
3517:Mansuriya
3335:Assassins
3269:Doctrines
3166:governors
3162:Officials
3137:Banu Kanz
3123:Hamdanids
3119:Sulayhids
3109:Mirdasids
3103:Palestine
3099:Jarrahids
3079:Hammadids
2944:Ibn Ammar
2828:Abu Rakwa
2800:(974â978)
2769:(958â960)
2763:(943â947)
2761:Abu Yazid
2756:(937â941)
2750:(919â921)
2744:(914â915)
2738:(913â917)
2583:834784665
2482:495469475
2447:Lewis, B.
2121:Gibb 2006
1857:Aftermath
1823:Melibotos
1814:in 1167.
1805:In 1169,
1552:In 1164,
1449:In 1163,
1400:Palestine
1361:Byzantine
1313:Al-Babein
1278:3rd Ramla
1263:2nd Ramla
1258:1st Ramla
1243:Jerusalem
1186:al-Babein
1171:al-Buqaia
1156:Turbessel
1101:Qinnasrin
1091:Rafaniyya
960:2nd Arsuf
877:Machghara
829:2nd Jaffa
817:1st Jaffa
812:1st Arsuf
738:2nd Kerak
728:1st Kerak
658:al-Babein
643:al-Buqaia
537:Qinnasrin
527:Rafaniyya
452:3rd Ramla
432:2nd Ramla
427:1st Ramla
244:Amalric I
208:crusaders
53:1163â1169
3455:movement
3434:Abdallah
3342:Musta'li
3223:Military
3171:generals
3127:Zurayids
3083:Ifriqiya
2989:Kutayfat
2949:Barjawan
2876:al-Hafiz
2872:Kutayfat
2849:Musta'li
2798:Alptakin
2492:(1963).
2457:(eds.).
2441:(1965).
1882:, where
1846:Damietta
1799:Historia
1773:â
1735:Venetian
1582:â
1479:Pelusium
1459:de facto
1427:Al-'Äá¸id
1365:Damietta
1141:Damascus
1020:4th Acre
965:Caesarea
797:3rd Acre
763:Laodicea
753:3rd Tyre
708:2nd Acre
606:Damascus
442:1st Acre
412:Mersivan
407:Melitene
365:Samosata
318:Crusades
85:victory
58:Location
29:Crusades
3500:Mahdiya
3480:Culture
3347:Tayyibi
3276:Imamate
3240:Ghilman
3065:Kalbids
3049:Saladin
3044:Shirkuh
3039:Dirgham
2934:Jawdhar
2924:Viziers
2885:Tayyibi
2719:History
2709:Dynasty
2411:Sources
1982:Balkans
1928:Frisian
1901:Seventh
1825:in the
1819:dromons
1768:naphtha
1743:Bilbeis
1637:bezants
1591:, 1164.
1569:Babylon
1536:at the
1502:Saladin
1498:Shirkuh
1483:Bilbeis
1463:Dirgham
1369:Saladin
1345:Zengids
1268:Tripoli
1166:Butaiha
1116:Shaizar
1096:Antioch
807:Iconium
778:Bourzey
733:Cresson
723:Al-Fule
713:Red Sea
638:Butaiha
591:Ephesus
532:Antioch
375:Ma'arra
345:Civetot
279:Saladin
275:Shirkuh
266:Dirgham
258:Al-Adid
104:changes
83:Fatimid
3658:Portal
3352:Hafizi
3330:Nizari
3235:Kutama
3194:Bakjur
3189:Jawhar
3151:Multan
3125:, and
3113:Aleppo
3075:Zirids
3069:Sicily
3034:Shawar
2887:schism
2881:Hafizi
2855:schism
2853:Nizari
2809:Apamea
2804:Aleppo
2623:topics
2581:
2569:]
2548:
2509:
2480:
2453:&
1889:Fourth
1876:Levant
1831:Cyprus
1755:Fustat
1747:Coptic
1542:vassal
1493:kharÄj
1451:Shawar
1431:Shawar
1414:. The
1334:Levant
1298:Yibneh
1283:Beirut
1151:Aintab
1111:Aleppo
1106:Ba'rin
1010:Margat
917:Forbie
768:Sahyun
743:Hattin
693:Banias
623:Aintab
542:Ba'rin
502:Yibneh
482:Sarmin
462:Beirut
447:Harran
350:Nicaea
322:Levant
262:Shawar
217:
206:French
79:Zengid
74:Result
3647:Media
3522:Cairo
3318:Druze
3295:Zahir
3291:Batin
3281:Hujja
3141:Nubia
3131:Yemen
2969:Rasad
2844:Nizar
2783:(971)
2571:(PDF)
2565:[
2445:. In
1964:Notes
1937:King
1905:Ninth
1897:Sixth
1893:Fifth
1812:Maria
1751:Tanis
1510:Cairo
1404:Zengi
1288:Sidon
1253:Arsuf
1176:Harim
1136:Bosra
1126:Saruj
975:Safed
970:Haifa
834:Toron
783:Safed
648:Harim
567:Bosra
467:Sidon
457:Artah
402:Arsuf
63:Egypt
3490:and
3293:and
3169:and
3147:Lodi
3077:and
2789:and
2579:OCLC
2546:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2478:OCLC
2016:Acre
1958:Acre
1922:and
1907:and
1839:Acre
1837:and
1835:Tyre
1669:and
1643:and
1632:Giza
1532:and
1487:Nile
1410:and
1388:and
1293:Tyre
1273:Acre
1146:Inab
1025:Ruad
1005:Homs
907:Gaza
848:Zara
688:Hama
673:Ayla
618:Inab
512:Azaz
380:Arqa
50:Date
3488:Art
2791:2nd
2787:1st
2470:doi
2466:CâG
1797:'s
492:Hab
3684::
3164:,
3121:,
2577:.
2476:.
2462:.
2449:;
2346:^
2275:.
2136:.
2085:^
1903:,
1899:,
1895:,
1891:,
1801:).
1677:.
1639:.
1340:.
65:,
3660::
3153:)
3149:(
3143:)
3139:(
3133:)
3129:(
3115:)
3111:(
3105:)
3101:(
3085:)
3081:(
3071:)
3067:(
2883:â
2851:â
2613:e
2606:t
2599:v
2585:.
2554:.
2515:.
2484:.
2472::
2292:.
1984:.
1793:(
1613:)
1609:(
1220:e
1213:t
1206:v
1059:e
1052:t
1045:v
309:e
302:t
295:v
81:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
