1542:
2094:
379:
classification and became the starting point for scientific botanical nomenclature for 6000 of the 10,000 species he estimated made up the world's flora. Here too, for the first time, the species, rather than the genus, becomes the fundamental taxonomic unit. Linnaeus defined species as "... all structures in nature that do not owe their shape to the conditions of the growth place and other occasional features." There was also the innovation of the now familiar
2992:
1870:
227:
1880:
410:("The Foundations of Botany") of 1736 consisted of 365 aphorisms (principles) with principles 210–324 devoted to nomenclature. He followed this form of presentation in his other work on nomenclature. Linnaeus apparently regarded these as a "grammar and a syntax" for the study of botany. Chapters VII to X comprised principles 210 to 324 to do with the nomenclature of genera, species and varieties and how to treat synonyms. The
661:
according to precise rules and a classification proposed which permitted rapid and efficient storage and retrieval of taxonomic information. No wonder that much of what
Linnaeus proposed stood the test of time. The designation of species by binary names which have the character of code designations is only one element out of many which show the profound practicality underlying Linnaeus's activities and publications.
134:, Linnaeus presented a series of rules which guided him in his own publications, established standards of procedure for his followers, and led him to discard on a grand scale the names used by his predecessors. Many of his canons have long since been disregarded, but they ensured that modern botanical nomenclature at least began with a series of well-formed, euphonious and convenient names.
603:, by which arranging subjects into classes is classification; distinguishing divisions of classes is logical division. The group to be divided is the genus; the parts into which it is divided are the species. The terms genus and species acquired their specialized biological usage from Linnaeus's predecessors, in particular
172:. Each time a new species was described the diagnostic phrase-names had to be adjusted, and lists of names, especially those including synonyms (alternative names for the same plant) became extremely unwieldy. Linnaeus's solution was to associate with the generic name an additional single word, what he termed the
22:
635:
Linnaeus was the master of the botany of his time, and his influence on the development of botanical science powerful and lasting ... his work demonstrated the success of his improved methods of description, diagnosis and nomenclature, and made detailed systematic observation the guide and criterion
689:
By the introduction of his binomial system of nomenclature
Linnaeus gave plants and animals an essentially Latin nomenclature like vernacular nomenclature in style but linked to published, and hence relatively stable and verifiable, scientific concepts and thus suitable for international use. This
438:
ran to five editions, the first in 1737 containing short descriptions of the 935 plant genera known at that time. Observing his own principle to keep generic names as short, euphonious, distinctive and memorable as possible he rejected many names that had gone before, including those of his fellow
378:
was his most acclaimed work and a summary of all his botanical knowledge. Here was a global Flora that codified the usage of morphological terminology and acted as a bibliography of all the pre-Linnaean botanical literature of scientific importance. It presented his new 'sexual system' of plant
660:
Linnaeus's methods were based on philosophical principles and logical a priori assumptions which gradually lost their relevance to the natural sciences during the eighteenth century. Even so, the direct results of his work were salutary: descriptions were standardised, ranks fixed, names given
281:
In the early eighteenth century colonial expansion and exploration created a demand for the description of thousands of new organisms. This highlighted difficulties in communication about plants, the replication of descriptions, and the importance of an agreed way of presenting, publishing and
188:
became the Latin "diagnosis" that must, according to the rules of the
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, accompany the description of all new plant species: it was that part of the plant description distinguishing that particular species from all others. Linnaeus did not invent the
67:
Critica botanica in qua nomina plantarum generica, specifica & variantia examini subjiciuntur, selectoria confirmantur, indigna rejiciuntur; simulque doctrina circa denominationem plantarum traditur. Seu
Fundamentorum botanicorum pars IV Accedit Johannis Browallii De necessitate historiae
492:§ 159 Linnaeus had stated that a genus of plants was a group of species possessing similarly constructed organs of fructification, i.e. flowers and fruits, and hence distinguishable by these from other genera. Some examples of the aphorisms (principles) concerned with genera are given below:
636:
in taxonomy. ... In his theoretical ideas, on the contrary, Linnaeus was a man of the past who never escaped from the restricting circle of idealist-essentialist thought in which his early high school training had confined him. This was the background to the contradictory statements in the
307:
who had an impressive garden containing four large glasshouses that were filled with tropical and sub-tropical plants collected overseas. Linnaeus was enthralled by these collections and prepared a detailed systematic catalogue of the plants in the garden, which he published in 1738 as
391:
or "phrase names" which embodied the diagnosis for the species – although be was eventually to regard the trivial name (specific epithet) as one of his great inventions. Sketches of the book are known from 1733 and the final effort resulted in his temporary collapse.
699:
Full bibliographic details including exact dates of publication, pagination, editions, facsimiles, brief outline of contents, location of copies, secondary sources, translations, reprints, travelogues, and commentaries are given in
Stafleu and Cowan's
286:, Sweden, he planned a listing of all the genera and species of plants known to western science in his day. Before this could be achieved, he needed to establish the principles of classification and nomenclature on which these works were to be based.
558:
Linnaeus considered that generic names should be apt in meaning, pleasant to hear, easy to say, and not more than 12 letters long. He advocates the use of commemorative personal names as botanical names, quoting his own name as an example:
2483:
426:
are repeated essentially unchanged but with extensive additions in smaller print. It was this work, with its dogmatic, often amusing and provocative statements, that was to spread his ideas and enthrall intellects of the stature of
2372:
274:) each of which he further divided into classes, orders, genera and species, with characters, differences, synonyms, and places of occurrence. The tenth edition of this book in 1758 has been adopted as the starting point for
249:
was
Linnaeus's early attempt to organise nature. The first edition was published in 1735 and in it he outlines his ideas for the hierarchical classification of the natural world (the "system of nature") by dividing it into the
2459:
630:
Botanical historian Alan Morton, though praising
Linnaeus's contribution to classification and nomenclature, is less complimentary about the theoretical ideas expressed in the publications discussed above:
2380:
434:
These works established ground rules in a field which, at this time, had only "gentlemen's agreements". Conventions such as: no two genera should have the same name; no universally agreed mechanisms.
673:
Most subsequent classifications of botanical literature, including geographical entities, would be more or less empirically based highlighting a recurrent conflict between essentialism, empiricism,
368:
With the foundations of plant nomenclature and classification now in place
Linnaeus then set about the monumental task of describing all the plants known in his day and, with the publication of
2388:
290:
We can never hope for a lasting peace and better times till
Botanists come to an agreement among themselves about the fixed laws in accordance with which judgment can be pronounced on names.
2364:
439:
botanists which was not popular. In their place he used names that commemorated patrons, friends and fellow botanists as well as many names taken from Greek and Roman mythology.
2204:
2419:
2244:
2356:
2292:
2284:
278:. The first edition of 1735 was just eleven pages long, but this expanded with further editions until the final thirteenth edition of 1767 had reached over 3000 pages.
2411:
312:. It was during this exceptionally productive period of his life that he published the works that were to lay the foundations for biological nomenclature. These were
2443:
1289:
Stafleu, Frans A. & Cowan, Richard S. 1981. Taxonomic
Literature. A Selective Guide to Botanical Publications with dates, Commentaries and Types. Vol III: Lh–O.
517:§ 217 If one and the same generic name has been adopted to designate two different genera, it will have to be banished from one of the positions which it occupies.
2252:
2196:
2348:
590:§ 258 The specific name will identify the plant which bears it at the first glance, since it expresses the differentia which is imprinted on the plant itself.
2228:
2260:
168:
for its day, and by the 10th edition had reached over 3000 species. Linnaeus had learned plant names as short descriptive phrases (polynomials) known as
2188:
2156:
83:(principles) 210 to 324 that outlined the rules for the acceptance and formation of names. These were later elaborated, with numerous examples, in his
1296:
Stearn, William T. 1960. "Notes on Linnaeus’s ‘Genera Plantarum’". In Carl Linnaeus, Genera plantarum fifth edition 1754. Facsimile reprint Weinheim.
152:
it is first necessary to appreciate the state of botanical nomenclature at the time of Linnaeus. In accordance with the provisions of the present-day
2396:
1541:
640:, to his narrow view of botany, his blindness to the advances in plant physiology and anatomy, his unquestioning acceptance of special creation.
1577:
153:
1918:
431:. He was, however, dismissive of botanical work other than taxonomy and presented his principles as dogma rather than reasoned argument.
2977:
2236:
563:
it is commonly believed that the name of a plant which is derived from that of a botanist shows no connection between the two ...
1380:
176:, to designate a species. Linnaeus emphasized that this was simply a matter of convenience, it was not to replace the diagnostic
619:). Linnaeus was inclined to take the first approach using the Method of Logical Division based on definition, what he called in
576:
and is a plant of Lapland, lowly, insignificant, disregarded, flowering but for a brief space—after Linnaeus who resembles it.
648:
points out that Linnaeus's training and background was scholastic. He excelled in logic, "... which was almost certainly the
611:. There was also the question of whether plants should a) be put together or separated because they conform to a definition (
156:
the starting point for the scientific names of plants effectively dates back to the list of species enumerated in Linnaeus's
3028:
1587:
665:
Linnaeus's philosophical approach to classification is also noted by botanist David Frodin who observed that applying the
1883:
2435:
1840:
348:(1738). The ideas he explored in these works were revised until, in 1751, his mature thinking was finally published as
669:
to books and people as well as plants, animals and minerals, was a mark of Linnaeus's 'scholastic' view of the world:
2882:
2467:
2149:
1352:
1333:
1318:
1283:
1233:
189:
binomial system but he was the person who provided the theoretical framework that lead to its universal acceptance.
1706:
3033:
3018:
2922:
2892:
2339:
1911:
2713:
2947:
2815:
2113:
1752:
484:
is that dealing with generic names – here we clearly see the forces shaping the present-day provisions of the
3038:
2474:
2403:
2942:
2877:
1712:
1224:
History of Botanical Science: An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day
2641:
2587:
1373:
615:) or b) put together with plants having similar characteristics generally, regardless of the definition (
608:
2996:
2701:
2503:
2133:
1904:
1845:
1403:
1194:
Jonsell, Bengt (2005). "Linnaeus at his Zenith – the Rise to the Species Plantarum and its Aftermath".
507:§ 214 All those plants which belong to different genera must be designated by different generic names.
428:
2093:
723:(everything is either A or not A) used as the basis for dichotomous keys used in plant identification.
2518:
1830:
1700:
1521:
521:
Nominum genericum unum idemque, ad diversa designandum genera assumtum, altero loco excludendum erit.
61:(1707–1778). The book was published in Germany when Linnaeus was 29 with a discursus by the botanist
87:
of 1737. The practical application of these rules was soon seen in subsequent publications such as
3023:
2912:
2743:
2427:
2275:
1835:
304:
2952:
2902:
2647:
2179:
2118:
2008:
275:
2683:
3048:
2897:
2737:
2719:
2523:
1873:
1810:
1572:
1366:
572:
496:§ 213 All those plants which belong to one genus must be designated by the same generic name.
65:(1707–1755), bishop of Åbo. The first edition was published in July 1737 under the full title
3043:
2972:
2809:
2707:
2123:
1582:
1159:
Ekedahl, Nils (2005). "Collecting Flowers. Linnaean Method and the Humanist Art of Reading".
234:
143:
511:
Quaecunque, e contrario, plantae genere differunt, diverso nomine generico designandae sunt.
2957:
2785:
2773:
2563:
2324:
2220:
1617:
1529:
1497:
1465:
1433:
1425:
401:
350:
318:
282:
applying plant names. From about 1730 when Linnaeus was in his early twenties and still in
123:
118:
95:
8:
3053:
2937:
2927:
2833:
2513:
2128:
1993:
1963:
1805:
1742:
1680:
1513:
1417:
1187:
300:
75:
62:
2605:
1760:
1276:
Linnaeus and the Linnaeans: the Spreading of their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1735–1789
584:§ 225 A plant is completely named when it is furnished with a generic and specific name.
299:
From 1735 to 1738 Linnaeus worked in the Netherlands where he was personal physician to
2967:
2962:
2932:
2917:
2907:
2827:
2791:
2659:
2528:
2300:
2108:
2023:
1800:
1597:
1561:
1556:
1260:
1222:
1183:
843:
795:
600:
587:§ 256 The specific name should distinguish the plant from all others of the same genus.
238:
2635:
2332:
2268:
2172:
1927:
1855:
1607:
1602:
1566:
1505:
1473:
1348:
1329:
1314:
1306:
1279:
1229:
741:
682:
370:
363:
340:
2689:
1815:
1640:
531:
Nominum Genericorum terminatio & Sonus, quantity fieri possit, facilitanda sunt.
245:
2862:
2845:
2803:
2797:
2767:
2755:
2599:
2316:
2078:
2068:
1732:
1635:
1457:
1252:
787:
328:
2725:
1665:
2821:
2749:
2617:
2593:
2581:
2575:
2557:
2308:
2073:
2018:
1973:
1770:
1737:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1592:
1449:
1409:
541:
Nomina Generica Sesquipedalia, enunciatu difficilia, vel nausepsa, fugienda sunt.
334:
89:
2212:
1696:
1650:
2872:
2731:
2677:
2671:
2611:
2533:
2063:
2048:
2043:
1850:
1717:
1630:
3012:
2779:
2665:
2653:
2629:
2569:
2451:
2058:
2053:
1825:
1795:
1722:
1625:
1489:
1481:
1389:
1271:
839:
677:
and other doctrines in the theory and practice of any kind of classification.
645:
230:
221:
101:
58:
26:
500:
Quaecunque plantae genere conveniunt, eodem nomine generico designandae sunt
387:) of the binary name although Linnaeus still regarded the real names as the
79:("Foundations of botany") of 1736, in chapters VII to X which contained the
2695:
2551:
1998:
1948:
1727:
612:
114:
354:("Science of botany") released simultaneously in Stockholm and Amsterdam.
2839:
2508:
2083:
2028:
2003:
1978:
1943:
1790:
1655:
537:§ 238 The pronunciation of the name should be made as easy as possible.
73:
Linnaeus's principles of botanical nomenclature were first expounded in
21:
2033:
1983:
1958:
1264:
799:
674:
616:
55:
1207:
Jørgensen, Per M. (2005). "Linnaeus at Work with 'Species Plantarum".
226:
2887:
2163:
2038:
1785:
1780:
1645:
422:
which was published a year later in July 1737, the principles of the
51:
47:
1896:
1820:
1256:
791:
2761:
2623:
2013:
1988:
1968:
1953:
604:
80:
43:
887:
Uggla, Arvid H. 1953. "The Preparation of the Species Plantarum."
1765:
653:
649:
547:§ 247 Greek generic names are to be written in Latin characters.
283:
267:
259:
42:("Critique of botany", Leiden, July 1737) was written by Swedish
1358:
2867:
374:
in 1753, his ambitions of the 1730s were finally accomplished.
251:
778:
Svenson, Henry K. (1953). "Linnaeus and the Species Problem".
685:
has summarised Linnaeus's contribution to biology as follows:
599:
Linnaeus's system of classification follows the principles of
326:(1737) He soon put his theoretical ideas into practice in his
215:
165:
527:§ 228 Generic names with a similar sound lead to confusion.
1343:. In "The Oxford Companion to Gardens". Jellicoe, Geoffrey
303:(1685–1760) a wealthy Anglo-Dutch merchant–banker with the
2484:
An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
1278:. Utrecht: International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
475:
656:
generally taught in secondary schools all over Europe":
414:
was an extension of these nomenclatural chapters of the
1243:
Sprague, T.A. (1953). "Linnaeus as a Nomenclaturist".
1052:
1050:
848:(in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii)
395:
1182:
London : Ray Society. (English translation rev.
551:
Nomina Generica Greaca Latinis literis pingenda sunt.
164:
was, for European scientists, a comprehensive global
1047:
968:
Stockholm: R. Kiesewetter; Amsterdam: Z. Chatelain.
1221:
1206:
777:
3010:
2460:Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage
2397:Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
764:
762:
760:
758:
690:was his most important contribution to biology.
99:("In honour of Clifford's garden", 1738), and
1193:
1912:
1374:
1242:
1173:Guide to Standard Floras of the World, 2nd ed
1158:
755:
719:Another example of Aristotelian logic is the
121:which he later revised and elaborated in his
2373:Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale
644:Linnaean historian, chronicler, and analyst
627:– but in practice he employed both methods.
154:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
1311:The Compleat Naturalist: a Life of Linnaeus
216:Historical context of Linnaean publications
196:as Linnaeus called it, is now known as the
1919:
1905:
1381:
1367:
2978:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
2168:of Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC
480:By far the most important section of the
2237:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
1347:(eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1175:. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
838:
694:
594:
225:
137:
113:summarised Linnaeus's thoughts on plant
105:("Flora of Sweden", 1746). Together the
20:
832:
3011:
2381:Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation
1879:
1219:
869:Ed. 10. 2 vols. Stockholm: L. Salvius.
476:English translation of some principles
457:1.1.3 Variety names (Nomina Variantia)
454:1.1.2 Species names (Nomina Specifica)
322:("Botanical bibliography", 1736), and
1926:
1900:
1362:
451:1.1.1 Generic names (Nomina Generica)
192:The second word of the binomial, the
442:
357:
148:To understand the objectives of the
1180:The "Critica Botanica" of Linnaeus.
580:And in relation to specific names:
396:Fundamenta, Critica and Philosophia
294:
160:, ed. 1, published 1 May 1753. The
13:
2436:Experiments on Plant Hybridization
2389:Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen
1841:Linnean Society of New South Wales
460:1.1.4 Synonyms – (Nomina Synonyma)
316:(1736) ("Foundations of botany"),
14:
3065:
2468:Variation and Evolution in Plants
1388:
233:(1707–1778), who established the
2991:
2990:
2092:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1540:
2923:History of evolutionary thought
2893:History of agricultural science
1152:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
980:
971:
958:
945:
932:
919:
906:
897:
881:
713:
184:became the "real" name and the
2948:History of molecular evolution
2816:Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper
2365:Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen
2114:Natural History Museum, London
1209:Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis
1196:Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis
1161:Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis
990:2 vols. Stockholm: L. Salvius.
872:
859:
819:
816:. New York: Macmillan. p. 194.
806:
771:
746:
735:
465:1.2 Names in honour of persons
1:
2205:Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus
1775:including the Linnaeus Museum
1707:Elisabeth Christina von Linné
1328:London: David & Charles.
1313:. New York: Frances Lincoln.
729:
344:("Plant classes", 1738), and
2943:History of molecular biology
2878:History of plant systematics
2714:Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure
2420:Vergleichende Untersuchungen
2245:Prodromus Theatrici Botanici
1298:Historiae Naturalis Classica
916:Amsterdam: Solomon Schouten.
812:Lawrence, George H.M. 1951.
570:was named by the celebrated
332:("Genera of plants", 1737),
93:("Flora of Lapland", 1737),
7:
3029:18th-century books in Latin
2642:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
2357:Experiments Upon Vegetables
1309:1971. In Blunt, William.
1186:, with Introduction by Sir
1146:Stafleu & Cowan, p. 80.
814:Taxonomy of Vascular Plants
10:
3070:
2702:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2504:Alternation of generations
2285:De Sexu Plantarum Epistola
2192:of Albertus Magnus c. 1256
2134:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1846:Linnean Tercentenary Medal
1228:. London: Academic Press.
742:Full view and pdf download
681:Finally, Linnaean scholar
399:
361:
219:
141:
2986:
2883:Systems of plant taxonomy
2855:
2542:
2519:Phylogenetic nomenclature
2494:
2341:Systema Naturae, 10th ed.
2160:of Theophrastus c. 300 BC
2142:
2101:
2090:
1934:
1864:
1831:Linnean Society of London
1751:
1701:Carl Linnaeus the Younger
1689:
1616:
1569:(Linnaean classification)
1549:
1538:
1522:Mantissa Plantarum Altera
1396:
1341:Linnaeus and his students
1339:Stearn, William T. 1986.
1324:Stearn, William T. 1983.
1074:quoted in Stafleu, p. 83.
903:Hort, p. xxiii. (Preface)
752:Stearn 1983, pp. 283–286.
2913:History of biotechnology
2744:Matthias Jakob Schleiden
2428:On the Origin of Species
2412:Die Vegetabilische Zelle
1836:Swedish Linnaeus Society
1220:Morton, Alan G. (1981).
305:Dutch East India Company
2953:History of paleontology
2903:History of biochemistry
2648:Rudolf Jakob Camerarius
2444:Die Vegetation der Erde
2216:of Hieronymus Bock 1539
2176:of Dioscorides c. 60 AD
2119:Orto botanico di Padova
2009:Molecular phylogenetics
1578:Zoological nomenclature
955:Leiden: Conrad Wishoff.
942:Leiden: Conrad Wishoff.
929:Leiden: Conrad Wishoff.
707:
389:differentiae specificae
276:zoological nomenclature
200:and the two words, the
3034:Botanical nomenclature
3019:1737 non-fiction books
2898:History of agriculture
2738:Joakim Frederik Schouw
2720:Alexander von Humboldt
2524:Spontaneous generation
2476:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
2253:Pinax theatri botanici
1588:Taxa named by Linnaeus
1573:Botanical nomenclature
986:Linnaeus, Carl. 1753.
964:Linnaeus, Carl. 1751.
951:Linnaeus, Carl. 1738.
938:Linnaeus, Carl. 1737.
925:Linnaeus, Carl. 1737.
912:Linnaeus, Carl. 1736.
865:Linnaeus, Carl. 1758.
825:Linnaeus, Carl. 1735.
721:Law of Excluded Middle
692:
679:
663:
642:
578:
292:
241:
34:
2973:Philosophy of biology
2810:William Gilson Farlow
2708:Carl Ludwig Willdenow
2293:Éléments de botanique
2280:of John Ray 1686–1704
2197:Herbarum Vivae Icones
2124:Orto botanico di Pisa
1583:Binomial nomenclature
1404:Linnaeus bibliography
1008:Jørgensen, pp. 81–89.
966:Philosophia botanica.
829:Leiden: Theodor Haak.
695:Bibliographic details
687:
671:
658:
633:
625:dispositio theoretica
595:Historical assessment
561:
288:
229:
208:together make up the
144:Binomial nomenclature
138:Binomial nomenclature
24:
16:Book by Carl Linnaeus
3039:Florae (publication)
2958:History of phycology
2786:Nathanael Pringsheim
2684:José Celestino Mutis
2564:Pedanius Dioscorides
2349:Familles des Plantes
2325:Philosophia Botanica
2221:De plantis libri XVI
1713:Students of Linnaeus
1618:Apostles of Linnaeus
1530:Systema Vegetabilium
1498:Philosophia Botanica
1466:Hortus Cliffortianus
1426:Bibliotheca Botanica
1171:Frodin, David 2002.
1056:Stearn 1971, p. 246.
914:Fundamenta botanica.
702:Taxonomic Literature
621:Philosophia Botanica
490:Philosophia Botanica
402:Philosophia Botanica
351:Philosophia Botanica
346:Hortus Cliffortianus
319:Bibliotheca Botanica
310:Hortus Cliffortianus
180:. But over time the
124:Philosophia Botanica
96:Hortus Cliffortianus
2938:History of medicine
2928:History of genetics
2834:G. Ledyard Stebbins
2514:Center of diversity
2129:Rothamsted Research
1994:Genetic engineering
1964:Comparative anatomy
1811:Linnaeus's Hammarby
1806:Linnaeus University
1743:George Clifford III
1681:Carl Peter Thunberg
1514:Centuria Insectorum
1418:Fundamenta Botanica
1178:Hort, Arthur 1938.
1137:Stearn 1959, p. 10.
1083:Stearn 1959, p. 16.
408:Fundamenta Botanica
314:Fundamenta Botanica
76:Fundamenta Botanica
68:naturalis discursus
63:Johannes Browallius
2968:Natural philosophy
2963:History of science
2933:History of geology
2918:History of ecology
2908:History of biology
2828:Barbara McClintock
2792:Wilhelm Hofmeister
2660:Bernard de Jussieu
2301:Vegetable Staticks
2277:Historia Plantarum
2229:Stirpium Historiae
2224:of Caesalpino 1583
2181:Naturalis Historia
2151:Historia Plantarum
2109:Jardin des Plantes
2024:Numerical taxonomy
1801:Linnaeus Arboretum
1598:History of biology
1562:Linnaean Herbarium
1557:Taxonomy (biology)
1307:Stearn, William T.
1092:Stearn 1959, p. 19
1065:Stearn 1959, p. 8.
988:Species plantarum.
953:Classes plantarum.
667:methodus naturalis
601:Aristotelian logic
242:
239:plant nomenclature
35:
3006:
3005:
2636:Marcello Malpighi
2333:Species Plantarum
2269:Anatomy of Plants
2261:Anatome Plantarum
2173:De Materia Medica
1928:History of botany
1894:
1893:
1856:Linneus, Missouri
1608:Scientific racism
1603:History of botany
1567:Linnaean taxonomy
1506:Species Plantarum
1474:Classes Plantarum
1434:Musa Cliffortiana
1291:Regnum Vegetabile
1272:Stafleu, Frans A.
940:Genera plantarum.
927:Critica botanica.
894:(3): 60-62. p.60.
840:Linnaeus, Carolus
683:William T. Stearn
443:Table of contents
376:Species Plantarum
371:Species Plantarum
364:Species Plantarum
358:Species plantarum
341:Classes Plantarum
264:Regnum vegetabile
162:Species Plantarum
158:Species Plantarum
3061:
2994:
2993:
2863:Botanical garden
2846:Arthur Cronquist
2804:Eugenius Warming
2798:Julius von Sachs
2768:August Grisebach
2756:George Engelmann
2666:Carolus Linnaeus
2606:Cristóbal Acosta
2600:Andrea Cesalpino
2317:Genera Plantarum
2189:De Vegetabilibus
2157:Causes of Plants
2096:
2079:Plant physiology
2069:Plant morphology
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1761:Expedition Linné
1733:Herman Boerhaave
1636:Johan Peter Falk
1544:
1458:Genera Plantarum
1442:Critica Botanica
1383:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1326:Botanical Latin.
1268:
1239:
1227:
1216:
1203:
1168:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1119:Stafleu, p. 337.
1117:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
991:
984:
978:
975:
969:
962:
956:
949:
943:
936:
930:
923:
917:
910:
904:
901:
895:
885:
879:
876:
870:
867:Systema naturae.
863:
857:
856:
854:
853:
836:
830:
827:Systema naturae.
823:
817:
810:
804:
803:
775:
769:
766:
753:
750:
744:
739:
724:
717:
436:Genera Plantarum
420:Critica Botanica
412:Critica Botanica
385:nomina trivialia
329:Genera Plantarum
324:Critica Botanica
295:The Dutch period
206:specific epithet
198:specific epithet
186:nomen specificum
178:nomen specificum
170:nomina specifica
85:Critica Botanica
39:Critica Botanica
31:Critica Botanica
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3024:1737 in science
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2982:
2851:
2822:Nikolai Vavilov
2750:Alexander Braun
2618:Joachim Jungius
2594:Rembert Dodoens
2582:Valerius Cordus
2576:Hieronymus Bock
2558:Pliny the Elder
2544:
2538:
2496:
2490:
2309:Systema Naturae
2138:
2097:
2088:
2074:Plant pathology
2019:Natural history
1974:Economic botany
1936:
1930:
1925:
1895:
1890:
1860:
1771:Linnaean Garden
1747:
1738:Johannes Burman
1685:
1676:Anders Sparrman
1671:Daniel Solander
1661:Daniel Rolander
1612:
1593:Natural history
1545:
1536:
1450:Flora Lapponica
1410:Systema Naturae
1397:Published works
1392:
1387:
1257:10.2307/1217339
1236:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:Stafleu. p. 25.
1109:
1105:
1101:Morton, p. 276.
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1044:Morton, p. 262.
1043:
1039:
1035:Morton, p. 282.
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:Ekedahl, p. 49.
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:Jonsell, p. 14.
998:
994:
985:
981:
976:
972:
963:
959:
950:
946:
937:
933:
924:
920:
911:
907:
902:
898:
886:
882:
878:Jonsell, p. 17.
877:
873:
864:
860:
851:
849:
845:Systema Naturae
837:
833:
824:
820:
811:
807:
792:10.2307/1217341
776:
772:
767:
756:
751:
747:
740:
736:
732:
727:
718:
714:
710:
697:
654:Thomistic logic
597:
478:
445:
404:
398:
366:
360:
335:Flora Lapponica
301:George Clifford
297:
272:Regnum lapideum
268:mineral kingdom
235:binomial system
224:
218:
146:
140:
90:Flora Lapponica
17:
12:
11:
5:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:Plant taxonomy
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2732:Thomas Nuttall
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2690:Félix de Azara
2687:
2681:
2678:Jan Ingenhousz
2675:
2672:Michel Adanson
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2612:Gaspard Bauhin
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2588:William Turner
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2534:Ultrastructure
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Plant genetics
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Phytogeography
2046:
2044:Phytochemistry
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1851:Linneus, Maine
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:Linné (crater)
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:Gaspard Bauhin
1715:
1710:
1704:
1693:
1691:
1690:Related people
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1641:Peter Forsskål
1638:
1633:
1631:Andreas Berlin
1628:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1337:
1322:
1304:
1294:
1287:
1269:
1240:
1234:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1176:
1169:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1128:Frodin, p. 27.
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1026:Morton p. 262.
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
979:
977:Morton, p.260.
970:
957:
944:
931:
918:
905:
896:
880:
871:
858:
831:
818:
805:
770:
768:Sprague, p. 41
754:
745:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:
711:
709:
706:
696:
693:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
585:
556:
555:
554:
553:
545:
544:
543:
535:
534:
533:
525:
524:
523:
515:
514:
513:
505:
504:
503:
486:Botanical Code
477:
474:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
444:
441:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
381:nomen triviale
362:Main article:
359:
356:
296:
293:
256:Regnum animale
252:animal kingdom
246:Systema Naturæ
220:Main article:
217:
214:
194:nomen triviale
182:nomen triviale
174:nomen triviale
142:Main article:
139:
136:
119:classification
25:Title page of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3066:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Carl Linnaeus
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
2999:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2780:Gregor Mendel
2778:
2775:
2774:Joseph Hooker
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:Aimé Bonpland
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:Stephen Hales
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:Nehemiah Grew
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:Otto Brunfels
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2554:c. 371–287 BC
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:Plantesamfund
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Plant ecology
2057:
2055:
2054:Plant anatomy
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1887:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Linnean Medal
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:7412 Linnaeus
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:Johann Bauhin
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:Göran Rothman
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Adam Afzelius
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:Fauna Svecica
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:Flora Svecica
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:Carl Linnaeus
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27:Carl Linnaeus
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3044:Botany books
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2696:Joseph Banks
2552:Theophrastus
2495:Theories and
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2404:Nepenthaceae
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2213:Kreütterbuch
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2143:Publications
2102:Institutions
1999:Horticulture
1949:Biogeography
1884:
1774:
1753:Recognitions
1728:Peter Artedi
1651:Pehr Löfling
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650:Aristotelian
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613:essentialism
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468:1.3 Editions
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210:species name
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115:nomenclature
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84:
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72:
66:
38:
37:
36:
30:
18:
2840:Eugene Odum
2566:c. 40–90 AD
2543:Influential
2509:Cell theory
2084:Pteridology
2029:Paleobotany
2004:Lichenology
1979:Ethnobotany
1944:Agriculture
1937:disciplines
1791:Linnaemyini
1709:(daughter))
1656:Pehr Osbeck
1215:(3): 81–89.
1188:Arthur Hill
638:Philosophia
471:1.4 Reviews
266:) and the "
3054:Term logic
3013:Categories
2400:1824–1873
2165:De Plantis
2034:Palynology
1984:Floristics
1959:Cladistics
1935:Fields and
1202:(3): 9–19.
1184:M.L. Green
1167:(3): 9–19.
852:2008-09-22
730:References
675:nominalism
617:empiricism
609:Tournefort
424:Fundamenta
416:Fundamenta
107:Fundamenta
56:naturalist
2888:Herbalism
2848:1919–1992
2842:1913–2002
2836:1906–2000
2830:1902–1992
2824:1887–1943
2818:1856–1901
2812:1844–1919
2806:1841–1924
2800:1832–1897
2794:1824–1877
2788:1823–1894
2782:1822–1884
2776:1817–1911
2770:1814–1879
2764:1810–1888
2758:1809–1884
2752:1805–1877
2746:1804–1881
2740:1789–1852
2734:1786–1859
2728:1773–1858
2722:1769–1859
2716:1767–1845
2710:1765–1812
2704:1749–1832
2698:1743–1820
2692:1742–1821
2686:1732–1808
2680:1730–1799
2674:1727–1806
2668:1707–1778
2662:1699–1777
2656:1677–1761
2650:1665–1721
2644:1656–1708
2638:1628–1694
2632:1628–1711
2626:1623–1705
2620:1587–1657
2614:1560–1624
2608:1525–1594
2602:1519–1603
2596:1517–1585
2590:1515–1568
2584:1515–1544
2578:1498–1554
2572:1464–1534
2039:Phycology
1885:Wikiquote
1786:Linnaemya
1781:Linnaeite
1646:Pehr Kalm
623:§152 the
573:Gronovius
488:. In the
127:of 1751.
81:aphorisms
52:zoologist
48:physician
2997:Category
2762:Asa Gray
2624:John Ray
2560:23–79 AD
2529:Taxonomy
2497:concepts
2184:77–79 AD
2014:Mycology
1989:Forestry
1969:Cytology
1954:Bryology
1874:Category
842:(1758).
338:(1737),
44:botanist
2856:Related
2545:figures
2352:1763–64
2344:1758–59
1766:Linnaea
1550:General
1265:1217339
800:1217341
568:Linnaea
482:Critica
284:Uppsala
258:), the
150:Critica
132:Critica
130:In the
111:Critica
33:of 1737
2868:Herbal
1821:Linnéa
1697:Family
1533:(1774)
1525:(1771)
1517:(1763)
1509:(1753)
1501:(1751)
1493:(1746)
1485:(1745)
1477:(1738)
1469:(1737)
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1453:(1737)
1445:(1737)
1437:(1736)
1429:(1736)
1421:(1736)
1413:(1735)
1351:
1345:et al.
1332:
1317:
1282:
1274:1971.
1263:
1232:
798:
429:Goethe
1703:(son)
1261:JSTOR
1245:Taxon
889:Taxon
796:JSTOR
780:Taxon
566:...
383:(pl.
166:Flora
2487:1981
2479:1977
2471:1950
2463:1898
2455:1895
2447:1872
2439:1865
2431:1859
2423:1851
2415:1851
2392:1812
2384:1804
2376:1802
2368:1790
2360:1779
2336:1753
2328:1751
2320:1737
2312:1735
2304:1727
2296:1694
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2272:1682
2264:1675
2256:1623
2248:1620
2240:1597
2232:1583
2208:1538
2200:1530
2154:and
1349:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1293:105.
1280:ISBN
1230:ISBN
708:Note
652:and
607:and
406:The
204:and
117:and
109:and
54:and
1253:doi
788:doi
605:Ray
270:" (
237:of
29:'s
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1200:33
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1163:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
