2424:
283:
2752:
2226:
2762:
202:
In the nineteenth century it became increasingly clear that there was a need for rules to govern scientific nomenclature, and initiatives were taken to refine the body of laws initiated by
Linnaeus. These were published in successively more sophisticated editions. For plants, key dates are 1867
245:
Botanical nomenclature is closely linked to plant taxonomy, and botanical nomenclature serves plant taxonomy, but nevertheless botanical nomenclature is separate from plant taxonomy. Botanical nomenclature is merely the body of rules prescribing which name applies to that taxon (see
218:
Another development was the insight into the delimitation of the concept of 'plant'. Gradually more and more groups of organisms are being recognised as being independent of plants. Nevertheless, the formal names of most of these organisms are governed by the (ICN), even today. Some
405:
can be placed in the subfamily
Scilloideae of the family Asparagaceae. However, a taxonomist is perfectly free to continue to argue that Hyacinthaceae should be maintained as a separate family from the other families which were merged into the
372:
would have been placed in the family
Hyacinthaceae. In the 2009 revision of their classification, the APG no longer recognize the Hyacinthaceae as a separate family, merging it into a greatly enlarged family
388:
requires family names to end with "-aceae" and subfamily names to end with "-oideae". Thus a possible name for the
Hyacinthaceae when treated as a subfamily would be 'Hyacinthoideae'. However, the name
384:
Taxonomists can disagree as to the rank of a taxon. Rather than allow the
Hyacinthaceae to disappear altogether, Chase et al. suggested that it be treated as a subfamily within the Asparagaceae. The
636:
425:
If the confusion is taxonomic, i.e. taxonomists differ in opinion on the circumscription, rank or position of taxa, then only more scientific research can settle the differences, and
318:
have been treated as a single species by some taxonomists or as two species by others. If treated as one species, the earlier published name must be used, so plants previously called
48:
is concerned with grouping and classifying plants; botanical nomenclature then provides names for the results of this process. The starting point for modern botanical nomenclature is
170:, a German physician and botanist, is often considered the originator of Latin names for the rapidly increasing number of plants known to science. For instance he coined the name
2056:
503:
60:
261:(taxonomic grouping, plural: taxa): e.g. "What plants belong to this species?" and "What species belong to this genus?". The definition of the limits of a taxon is called its '
273:. Where they differ in opinion on any of these issues, one and the same plant may be placed in taxa with different names. As an example, consider Siehe's Glory-of-the-Snow,
772:
Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families
Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae",
2061:
525:
85:
731:
Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group III (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III",
642:
677:
2194:
2423:
233:
2459:
883:
Stearn's dictionary of plant names for gardeners : a handbook on the origin and meaning of the botanical names of some cultivated plants
224:
2112:
536:
414:
If the confusion is purely nomenclatural, i.e. it concerns what to call a taxon which has the same circumscription, rank and position, the
418:
provides rules to settle the differences, typically by prescribing that the earliest published name must be used, although names can be
329:
Taxonomists can disagree as to whether two genera are sufficiently distinct to be kept separate or not. While agreeing that the genus
178:
124:
Botanical nomenclature has a long history, going back beyond the period when Latin was the scientific language throughout Europe, to
1928:
2262:
597:
306:
Taxonomists can disagree as to whether two groups of plants are sufficiently distinct to be put into one species or not. Thus
2469:
2765:
2722:
891:
17:
2118:
939:
921:
860:
827:
1013:
2588:
269:
and position (i.e. the higher rank in which it is included) then there is only one name which can apply under the
223:
that do not fit easily into either plant or animal categories are treated under either or both of the ICN and the
2788:
1452:
530:
2634:
1933:
708:
1383:
2594:
2102:
1689:
1204:
31:
345:
considers that their differences warrant maintaining separate genera. Others disagree, and would refer to
2255:
2184:
1938:
2727:
2285:
1918:
439:
365:
262:
2712:
2582:
2403:
2068:
476:
462:
to denote a name that is not accepted because its separate existence cannot be reliably determined.
2717:
2206:
2051:
1101:
513:
101:
912:
Gods and goddesses in the garden : Greco-Roman mythology and the scientific names of plants
2755:
2692:
2248:
1960:
1765:
2464:
2201:
508:
481:
426:
247:
190:
104:. This implies that animals can have the same generic names as plants (e.g. there is a genus
2499:
2411:
2379:
2347:
2315:
2307:
1923:
1820:
1775:
1447:
1006:
518:
1423:
8:
2687:
2624:
2562:
2395:
2299:
2093:
1638:
314:
2642:
973:
2682:
2479:
2443:
2438:
2031:
1896:
1674:
1366:
1152:
1048:
700:
486:
452:
443:
398:
353:. The earliest published genus name must be used when genera are merged; in this case
2737:
2489:
2484:
2448:
2387:
2355:
2189:
1038:
1033:
917:
910:
887:
856:
823:
786:
745:
308:
275:
195:
54:
2697:
2522:
603:
450:, e.g. accepted species. If a name is not accepted, it may be because the name is a
410:
In summary, if a plant has different names or is placed in differently named taxa:
393:
had already been published in 1835 as the name for a subfamily containing the genus
265:'. For a particular taxon, if two taxonomists agree exactly on its circumscription,
100:
Botanical nomenclature is independent of other systems of nomenclature, for example
2614:
2517:
2339:
2323:
1975:
1881:
1876:
1830:
1723:
1708:
1669:
1594:
1435:
1359:
1256:
1198:
849:
781:
750:
740:
692:
638:
Hyacinthaceae – little blue bulbs (RHS Plant Trials and Awards, Bulletin Number 11)
2547:
1770:
401:
and must be used. Hence for those taxonomists who accept the APG system of 2009,
148:) in Europe. Most written plant knowledge was the property of monks, particularly
144:(23–79 AD). From Mediaeval times, Latin became the universal scientific language (
2652:
2619:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2474:
2331:
2291:
2229:
2211:
2073:
1902:
1852:
1840:
1802:
1738:
1565:
1533:
1494:
1467:
1296:
1291:
1182:
1118:
999:
881:
817:
266:
257:
is an empirical science, a science that determines what constitutes a particular
141:
2578:
2532:
40:
is the formal, scientific naming of plants. It is related to, but distinct from
2732:
2599:
2512:
2123:
2088:
2041:
2023:
1987:
1743:
1570:
1548:
1514:
1489:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1339:
1157:
1142:
1096:
1091:
969:
498:
419:
254:
167:
161:
45:
41:
2782:
2707:
2677:
2604:
2507:
2371:
2363:
2271:
2159:
1907:
1825:
1797:
1760:
1728:
1664:
1633:
1584:
1484:
1286:
1269:
1192:
1172:
1113:
1108:
1056:
186:
145:
133:
112:
49:
456:
for a name that is already accepted, and is listed as such. Another term is
282:
2609:
2154:
2144:
2046:
1755:
1264:
1231:
851:
Botanical Latin : history, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary
374:
342:
125:
106:
77:
950:
368:(APG) first published its classification of the flowering plants in 1998,
2672:
2537:
1970:
1955:
1950:
1886:
1748:
1528:
1499:
1398:
1393:
1241:
1081:
1076:
1061:
813:
541:
390:
149:
129:
1999:
1992:
1982:
1965:
1648:
1643:
1579:
1371:
1218:
1177:
1071:
755:
704:
331:
83:
Within the limits set by that code there is another set of rules, the
2667:
2662:
2527:
2107:
2004:
1733:
1538:
1519:
1430:
1354:
1274:
1226:
1167:
1147:
1086:
877:
844:
458:
172:
2702:
696:
2149:
2139:
2083:
2078:
1845:
1718:
1694:
1611:
1281:
1066:
94:
90:
2647:
1334:
1329:
1246:
1236:
220:
2240:
678:"An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants"
364:
Taxonomists can disagree as to the limits of families. When the
86:
International Code of
Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1787:
1679:
1599:
1553:
1543:
1504:
1442:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1022:
819:
The naming of names the search for order in the world of plants
504:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
337:
153:
93:
that have been deliberately altered or selected by humans (see
61:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
730:
2011:
1945:
1867:
1835:
1792:
1684:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1604:
1589:
1558:
1479:
1137:
1128:
258:
137:
1862:
1857:
1509:
1349:
1324:
1319:
1303:
1162:
675:
599:
Botanical Nomenclature (Nomenclature, Names, and Taxonomy)
1782:
1344:
991:
526:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
231:
was adopted to govern the nomenclature of Bacteria, the
164:(1450) to make such information more widely available.
140:
translations. The principal Latin writer on botany was
136:
writers. Many of these works have come down to us in
630:
628:
58:of 1753. Botanical nomenclature is governed by the
909:
848:
156:was primarily medicinal rather than plant science
916:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
625:
577:
565:
553:
381:moves from the Hyacinthaceae to the Asparagaceae.
2780:
533:: lists names of published seed plants and ferns
30:For terminology used in describing plants, see
771:
635:Dashwood, Melanie & Mathew, Brian (2005),
634:
234:International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
80:are also covered by the code of nomenclature.
2256:
1007:
641:, Royal Horticultural Society, archived from
250:) and if a new name may (or must) be coined.
209:International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature
2113:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
767:
765:
537:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
446:make determinations as to whether a name is
70:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
27:Scientific naming of algae, fungi and plants
940:"Botanical Latin: The Poetry of Herb Names"
855:(4 ed.). Portland, Or.: Timber Press.
240:
2263:
2249:
1014:
1000:
211:, 'Vienna Rules'). The most recent is the
975:De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes
907:
785:
762:
754:
744:
662:
660:
595:
179:De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes
2057:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
774:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
733:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
281:
160:. It would require the invention of the
685:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
357:was published earlier and is used (not
14:
2781:
2761:
937:
876:
843:
812:
657:
583:
571:
559:
2244:
995:
968:
978:. Basileae: In officina Isingriniana
602:, University of Utah, archived from
438:Various botanical databases such as
119:
676:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998),
341:, nevertheless the bulb specialist
24:
2723:Linnean Society of New South Wales
666:McNeill et al. 2012, Principle III
25:
2800:
2270:
2062:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
938:Morgan, Michelle (October 2005).
799:McNeill et al. 2012, Article 19.1
622:McNeill et al. 2012, Principle IV
433:
152:, and the purpose of those early
2760:
2751:
2750:
2422:
2225:
2224:
787:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
746:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
335:is closely related to the genus
886:. Portland, Or.: Timber Press.
805:
793:
531:International Plant Names Index
724:
669:
616:
589:
13:
1:
2657:including the Linnaeus Museum
2589:Elisabeth Christina von Linné
547:
2103:History of plant systematics
1690:Thorns, spines, and prickles
32:Glossary of plant morphology
7:
465:
290:, which can also be called
10:
2805:
2728:Linnean Tercentenary Medal
1919:Alternation of generations
1021:
949:. MediHerb. Archived from
470:
440:Plants of the World Online
366:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
132:(c. 40 – 90 AD) and other
29:
2746:
2713:Linnean Society of London
2633:
2583:Carl Linnaeus the Younger
2571:
2498:
2451:(Linnaean classification)
2431:
2420:
2404:Mantissa Plantarum Altera
2278:
2220:
2168:
2132:
2069:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2032:Biological classification
2022:
1895:
1811:
1707:
1657:
1382:
1312:
1255:
1217:
1191:
1127:
1047:
1029:
908:Bernhardt, Peter (2008).
492:
477:Scientific classification
193:for plant species in his
2718:Swedish Linnaeus Society
1929:Evolutionary development
822:. New York: Bloomsbury.
514:Author citation (botany)
427:even then only sometimes
241:Relationship to taxonomy
2460:Zoological nomenclature
1580:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
207:de Candolle) and 1906 (
102:zoological nomenclature
89:which applies to plant
2789:Botanical nomenclature
2470:Taxa named by Linnaeus
2455:Botanical nomenclature
2195:by author abbreviation
2119:Plant taxonomy systems
2037:Botanical nomenclature
596:Barkworth, M. (2004),
302:
110:in plants and a genus
68:), which replaces the
38:Botanical nomenclature
2465:Binomial nomenclature
2286:Linnaeus bibliography
2202:Botanical expeditions
509:Correct name (botany)
482:Binomial nomenclature
285:
2595:Students of Linnaeus
2500:Apostles of Linnaeus
2412:Systema Vegetabilium
2380:Philosophia Botanica
2348:Hortus Cliffortianus
2308:Bibliotheca Botanica
1934:Evolutionary history
1924:Double fertilization
1776:Cellular respiration
519:Hybrid name (botany)
2693:Linnaeus's Hammarby
2688:Linnaeus University
2625:George Clifford III
2563:Carl Peter Thunberg
2396:Centuria Insectorum
2300:Fundamenta Botanica
1153:Non-vascular plants
956:on 4 September 2012
397:, so this name has
324:Chionodoxa forbesii
315:Chionodoxa forbesii
296:Chionodoxa forbesii
215:, adopted in 2018.
2683:Linnaeus Arboretum
2480:History of biology
2444:Linnaean Herbarium
2439:Taxonomy (biology)
1658:Surface structures
1453:Flower development
878:Stearn, William T.
845:Stearn, William T.
487:Nomenclature Codes
444:World Flora Online
303:
18:Plant nomenclature
2776:
2775:
2738:Linneus, Missouri
2490:Scientific racism
2485:History of botany
2449:Linnaean taxonomy
2388:Species Plantarum
2356:Classes Plantarum
2316:Musa Cliffortiana
2238:
2237:
1877:Herbaceous plants
1703:
1702:
403:Chionodoxa siehei
379:Chionodoxa siehei
370:Chionodoxa siehei
347:Chionodoxa siehei
320:Chionodoxa siehei
309:Chionodoxa siehei
294:, or included in
288:Chionodoxa siehei
276:Chionodoxa siehei
196:Species Plantarum
128:(c. 370–287 BC),
120:History and scope
55:Species Plantarum
16:(Redirected from
2796:
2764:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2643:Expedition Linné
2615:Herman Boerhaave
2518:Johan Peter Falk
2426:
2340:Genera Plantarum
2324:Critica Botanica
2265:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2207:Individual trees
1882:Secondary growth
1853:Succulent plants
1841:Prostrate shrubs
1724:Apical dominance
1709:Plant physiology
1670:Epicuticular wax
1215:
1214:
1208:
1199:Plant morphology
1016:
1009:
1002:
993:
992:
987:
985:
983:
965:
963:
961:
955:
944:
934:
932:
930:
915:
904:
902:
900:
873:
871:
869:
854:
840:
838:
836:
800:
797:
791:
790:
789:
769:
760:
759:
758:
748:
728:
722:
721:
720:
719:
713:
707:, archived from
682:
673:
667:
664:
655:
653:
652:
650:
645:on 6 August 2011
632:
623:
620:
614:
613:
612:
611:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
185:A key event was
21:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2742:
2653:Linnaean Garden
2629:
2620:Johannes Burman
2567:
2558:Anders Sparrman
2553:Daniel Solander
2543:Daniel Rolander
2494:
2475:Natural history
2427:
2418:
2332:Flora Lapponica
2292:Systema Naturae
2279:Published works
2274:
2269:
2239:
2234:
2216:
2185:Botanical terms
2178:
2164:
2128:
2074:Citrus taxonomy
2052:Author citation
2018:
1912:
1891:
1813:
1807:
1803:Turgor pressure
1711:
1699:
1653:
1468:Floral symmetry
1386:
1378:
1308:
1297:Vascular bundle
1292:Vascular tissue
1251:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1187:
1158:Vascular plants
1123:
1119:Plant pathology
1043:
1025:
1020:
990:
981:
979:
970:Fuchs, Leonhart
959:
957:
953:
942:
928:
926:
924:
898:
896:
894:
867:
865:
863:
834:
832:
830:
808:
803:
798:
794:
770:
763:
729:
725:
717:
715:
711:
697:10.2307/2992015
680:
674:
670:
665:
658:
648:
646:
633:
626:
621:
617:
609:
607:
594:
590:
582:
578:
570:
566:
558:
554:
550:
495:
473:
468:
436:
300:Scilla forbesii
263:circumscription
243:
142:Pliny the Elder
122:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2733:Linneus, Maine
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Linné (crater)
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Gaspard Bauhin
2597:
2592:
2586:
2575:
2573:
2572:Related people
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2523:Peter ForsskĂĄl
2520:
2515:
2513:Andreas Berlin
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2175:Related topics
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2124:Taxonomic rank
2121:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2042:Botanical name
2034:
2028:
2026:
2024:Plant taxonomy
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2000:Megasporangium
1997:
1996:
1995:
1988:Microsporangia
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1826:Cushion plants
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1761:Plant hormones
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1744:Photosynthesis
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1463:Floral formula
1460:
1458:Floral diagram
1455:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1387:(incl. Flower)
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1287:Storage organs
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1173:Spermatophytes
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:Archaeplastida
1140:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1097:Phytogeography
1094:
1092:Phytochemistry
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1049:Subdisciplines
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1004:
996:
989:
988:
966:
935:
922:
905:
893:978-0881925562
892:
874:
861:
841:
828:
809:
807:
804:
802:
801:
792:
780:(2): 132–136,
761:
739:(2): 105–121,
723:
691:(4): 531–553,
668:
656:
624:
615:
588:
576:
564:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
539:
534:
528:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
501:
499:Botanical name
494:
491:
490:
489:
484:
479:
472:
469:
467:
464:
435:
434:Accepted names
432:
431:
430:
423:
408:
407:
382:
362:
327:
242:
239:
191:binomial names
168:Leonhart Fuchs
162:printing press
121:
118:
46:Plant taxonomy
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2801:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2769:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Linnean Medal
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:7412 Linnaeus
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Johann Bauhin
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Göran Rothman
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Adam Afzelius
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
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2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:Fauna Svecica
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:Flora Svecica
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:Carl Linnaeus
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2160:Phytochemical
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
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1864:
1861:
1859:
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1854:
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1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Transpiration
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
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1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
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1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
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1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
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1714:
1710:
1706:
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1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
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1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
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1662:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:Inflorescence
1583:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
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1540:
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1527:
1521:
1518:
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1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:Ground tissue
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:Plant anatomy
1190:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Plant ecology
1112:
1110:
1109:Plant anatomy
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:Archaeobotany
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
997:
994:
977:
976:
971:
967:
952:
948:
941:
936:
925:
923:9780813542669
919:
914:
913:
906:
895:
889:
885:
884:
879:
875:
864:
862:9780881923216
858:
853:
852:
846:
842:
831:
829:9781596919655
825:
821:
820:
815:
811:
810:
796:
788:
783:
779:
775:
768:
766:
757:
752:
747:
742:
738:
734:
727:
714:on 2011-06-08
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
672:
663:
661:
644:
640:
639:
631:
629:
619:
606:on 2011-07-20
605:
601:
600:
592:
585:
580:
573:
568:
561:
556:
552:
543:
540:
538:
535:
532:
529:
527:
524:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
463:
461:
460:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
412:
411:
406:Asparagaceae.
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
383:
380:
376:
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
351:Scilla siehei
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
333:
328:
325:
321:
317:
316:
311:
310:
305:
304:
301:
297:
293:
292:Scilla siehei
289:
284:
280:
278:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
238:
236:
235:
230:
227:. A separate
226:
222:
216:
214:
213:Shenzhen Code
210:
206:
200:
198:
197:
192:
188:
183:
181:
180:
175:
174:
169:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:lingua franca
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
117:
116:in animals).
115:
114:
109:
108:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
87:
81:
79:
78:Fossil plants
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:
57:
56:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2766:
2656:
2635:Recognitions
2610:Peter Artedi
2533:Pehr Löfling
2454:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2155:Horticulture
2145:Floriculture
2047:Correct name
2036:
1897:Reproduction
1887:Woody plants
1812:Plant growth
1771:Gas Exchange
1756:Phytomelanin
1634:Plant embryo
1384:Reproductive
1232:Phragmoplast
980:. Retrieved
974:
958:. Retrieved
951:the original
946:
927:. Retrieved
911:
897:. Retrieved
882:
866:. Retrieved
850:
833:. Retrieved
818:
814:Pavord, Anna
806:Bibliography
795:
777:
773:
736:
732:
726:
716:, retrieved
709:the original
688:
684:
671:
647:, retrieved
643:the original
637:
618:
608:, retrieved
604:the original
598:
591:
579:
567:
555:
457:
451:
447:
437:
415:
409:
402:
394:
385:
378:
375:Asparagaceae
369:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:Brian Mathew
336:
330:
323:
319:
313:
307:
299:
295:
291:
287:
274:
270:
252:
248:correct name
244:
232:
228:
217:
212:
208:
204:
201:
194:
189:adoption of
184:
177:
171:
166:
157:
126:Theophrastus
123:
111:
105:
99:
84:
82:
73:
69:
65:
59:
53:
37:
36:
2673:Linnaemyini
2591:(daughter))
2538:Pehr Osbeck
1971:Pollen tube
1966:Pollinators
1956:Pollination
1951:Germination
1766:Respiration
1749:Chlorophyll
1595:Pedicellate
1529:Gametophyte
1448:Aestivation
1399:Antheridium
1394:Archegonium
1242:Plasmodesma
1219:Plant cells
1082:Paleobotany
1077:Ethnobotany
1062:Astrobotany
982:20 February
960:19 February
929:19 February
899:19 February
868:19 February
835:18 February
756:10654/18083
649:19 February
584:Pavord 2005
572:Stearn 2002
560:Stearn 1992
542:Paleobotany
391:Scilloideae
286:Flowers of
150:Benedictine
130:Dioscorides
1993:Microspore
1983:Sporangium
1961:Artificial
1649:Sporophyte
1644:Sporophyll
1639:Receptacle
1534:Gynandrium
1404:Androecium
1313:Vegetative
1183:Angiosperm
1178:Gymnosperm
1072:Dendrology
718:2011-02-19
610:2011-02-20
548:References
359:Chionodoxa
332:Chionodoxa
2767:Wikiquote
2668:Linnaemya
2663:Linnaeite
2528:Pehr Kalm
2190:Botanists
2108:Herbarium
2005:Megaspore
1903:Evolution
1846:Subshrubs
1814:and habit
1739:Nutrition
1734:Cellulose
1729:Bulk flow
1712:Materials
1675:Epidermis
1539:Gynoecium
1520:Endosperm
1515:Dispersal
1431:Staminode
1367:Sessility
1355:Cataphyll
1275:Mesophyll
1227:Cell wall
1168:Lycophyte
1148:Bryophyte
1102:Geobotany
1087:Phycology
947:Number 89
880:(2002) .
847:(1992) .
459:ambiguous
420:conserved
187:Linnaeus’
173:Digitalis
91:cultivars
2783:Category
2756:Category
2230:Category
2150:Forestry
2140:Agronomy
2133:Practice
2084:Cultivar
2079:Cultigen
1939:timeline
1831:Rosettes
1719:Aleurone
1695:Trichome
1612:Perianth
1424:Filament
1282:Meristem
1205:glossary
1067:Bryology
972:(1642).
816:(2005).
466:See also
448:accepted
399:priority
255:taxonomy
221:protists
199:(1753).
182:(1542).
95:cultigen
50:Linnaeus
42:taxonomy
2648:Linnaea
2432:General
1908:Ecology
1665:Cuticle
1495:Capsule
1485:Anatomy
1436:Tapetum
1360:Petiole
1335:Rhizome
1330:Rhizoid
1257:Tissues
1247:Vacuole
1237:Plastid
1039:Outline
1034:History
705:2992015
471:General
453:synonym
377:. Thus
322:become
176:in his
154:herbals
2703:Linnéa
2579:Family
2415:(1774)
2407:(1771)
2399:(1763)
2391:(1753)
2383:(1751)
2375:(1746)
2367:(1745)
2359:(1738)
2351:(1737)
2343:(1737)
2335:(1737)
2327:(1737)
2319:(1736)
2311:(1736)
2303:(1736)
2295:(1735)
2212:Plants
2115:(IAPT)
1868:Lianas
1836:Shrubs
1788:Starch
1680:Nectar
1600:Raceme
1566:Stigma
1554:Locule
1544:Carpel
1505:Pyrena
1443:Flower
1419:Anther
1414:Stamen
1409:Pollen
1131:groups
1023:Botany
920:
890:
859:
826:
703:
654:, p. 5
493:Botany
395:Scilla
355:Scilla
338:Scilla
298:or in
253:Plant
158:per se
2585:(son)
2172:Lists
2089:Group
2012:Spore
1946:Flora
1863:Vines
1858:Trees
1821:Habit
1793:Sugar
1685:Stoma
1627:Sepal
1622:Petal
1617:Tepal
1605:Umbel
1590:Bract
1571:Style
1559:Ovule
1549:Ovary
1490:Berry
1480:Fruit
1473:Whorl
1340:Shoot
1138:Algae
1129:Plant
954:(PDF)
943:(PDF)
712:(PDF)
701:JSTOR
681:(PDF)
259:taxon
138:Latin
134:Greek
2094:Grex
1976:Self
1510:Seed
1372:Stem
1350:Leaf
1325:Root
1320:Bulb
1304:Wood
1265:Cork
1163:Fern
984:2015
962:2015
931:2015
918:ISBN
901:2015
888:ISBN
870:2015
857:ISBN
837:2015
824:ISBN
651:2011
442:and
312:and
267:rank
229:Code
225:ICZN
205:lois
113:Iris
107:Iris
74:ICBN
1783:Sap
1500:Nut
1345:Bud
782:doi
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