2366:
1975:
772:. It surrounds the viscera in the disc and has branches within the stalk and arms, with smaller branches extending into the pinnules. It is the contraction of the ring canal that extends the tube feet. Three narrow branches of the coelom enter each arm, two on the oral side and one aborally, and pinnules. The action of cilia cause there to be a slow flow of fluid (1mm per second) in these canals, outward in the oral branches and inward in the aboral ones, and this is the main means of transport of nutrients and waste products. There is no heart and separate circulatory system but at the base of the disc there is a large blood vessel known as the axial organ, containing some slender blind-ended tubes of unknown function, which extends into the stalk.
1123:
573:
2283:
2221:
2311:
1115:
1107:
902:. In general, crinoids move to new locations by crawling, using the cirri as legs. Such a movement may be induced in relation to a change in current direction, the need to climb to an elevated perch to feed, or because of an agonistic behaviour by an encountered individual. Crinoids can also swim. They do this by co-ordinated, repeated sequential movements of the arms in three groups. At first the direction of travel is upwards but soon becomes horizontal, travelling at about 7 cm (2.8 in) per second with the oral surface in front. Swimming usually takes place as short bursts of activity lasting up to half a minute, and in the comatulid
543:
526:
935:
2354:
113:
2085:
2260:
561:
2339:
510:
2233:
601:
134:
2245:
1489:
952:
883:
1955:
1764:
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2065:
450:. Further cirri may occur higher up the stem. In crinoids that attach to hard surfaces, the cirri may be robust and curved, resembling birds' feet, but when crinoids live on soft sediment, the cirri may be slender and rod-like. Juvenile feather stars have a stem, but this is later lost, with many species retaining a few cirri at the base of the crown. The majority of living crinoids are free-swimming and have only a
2045:
2025:
915:. While it has been known that stalked crinoids could move, before this recording the fastest motion known for a stalked crinoid was 0.6 metres (2 feet) per hour. The 2005 recording showed one of these moving across the seabed at the much faster rate of 4 to 5 cm (1.6 to 2.0 in) per second, or 144 to 180 m (472 to 591 ft) per hour.
793:
in nature, and control the musculature of the tube feet. The third portion of the nervous system lies aborally, and is responsible for the flexing and movement actions of the arms, pinnules and cirri. This is centred on a mass of neural tissue near the base of the calyx, and provides a single nerve to each arm and a number of nerves to the stalk.
792:
with the nervous systems of other echinoderms. It consists of a central nerve ring surrounding the mouth, and radial nerves branching into the arms and is sensory in function. Below this lies an intermediate nerve ring, giving off radial nerves supplying the arms and pinnules. These nerves are motor
775:
These various fluid-filled spaces, in addition to transporting nutrients around the body, also function as both a respiratory and an excretory system. Oxygen is absorbed primarily through the tube feet, which are the most thin-walled parts of the body, with further gas exchange taking place over the
620:
from the sea water flowing past them with their feather-like arms. The arms are raised to form a fan-shape which is held perpendicular to the current. Mobile crinoids move to perch on rocks, coral heads or other eminences to maximise their feeding opportunities. The food particles are caught by the
312:
Adult crinoids are characterised by having the mouth located on the upper surface. This is surrounded by feeding arms, and is linked to a U-shaped gut, with the anus being located on the oral disc near the mouth. Although the basic echinoderm pattern of fivefold symmetry can be recognised, in most
1048:
period, during which all blastoids and most crinoids became extinct. After the end-Permian extinction, crinoids never regained the morphological diversity and dominant position they enjoyed in the
Paleozoic; they employed a different suite of ecological strategies open to them from those that had
493:
The arms are supported by a series of articulating ossicles similar to those in the stalk. Primitively, crinoids had only five arms, but in most modern forms these are divided into two at ossicle II, giving ten arms in total. In most living species, especially the free-swimming feather stars, the
857:
running round the body, and a tuft of sensory hairs at the upper pole. While both feeding (planktotrophic) and non-feeding (lecithotrophic) larvae exist among the four other extant echinoderm classes, all present day crinoids appear to be descendants from a surviving clade that went through a
387:
3763:
Rouse, Greg W.; Jermiin, Lars S.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Eeckhaut, Igor; Lanterbecq, Deborah; Oji, Tatsuo; Young, Craig M.; Browning, Teena; Cisternas, Paula; Helgen, Lauren E.; Stuckey, Michelle; Messing, Charles G. (2013). "Fixed, free, and fixed: the fickle phylogeny of extant
Crinoidea
494:
arms branch several more times, producing up to two hundred branches in total. Being jointed, the arms can curl up. They are lined, on either side alternately, by smaller jointed appendages known as "pinnules" which give them their feather-like appearance. Both arms and pinnules have
454:
stalk. In those deep-sea species that still retain a stalk, it may reach up to 1 m (3 ft) in length (although usually much smaller), and fossil species are known with 20 m (66 ft) stems, the largest recorded crinoid having a stem 40 m (130 ft) in length.
1391:
was discussed by Wright et al. (2017). These authors presented new phylogeny-based and rank-based classifications based on results of recent phylogenetic analyses. Their rank-based classification of crinoid higher taxa (down to Order), not fully resolved and with numerous groups
637:
with 24 cm (9 in) arms, have a total length of 80 m (260 ft) including the pinnules. Generally speaking, crinoids living in environments with relatively little plankton have longer and more highly branched arms than those living in food-rich environments.
681:, have been shown to contain large quantities of stem portions in their guts. These consist of articulated ossicles with soft tissue, whereas the local sediment contained only disarticulated ossicles without soft tissue. This makes it highly likely that these sea urchins are
866:, at that time losing the feeding larval stage. The larva's free-swimming period lasts for only a few days before it settles on the bottom and attaches itself to the underlying surface using an adhesive gland on its underside. The larva then undergoes an extended period of
2365:
366:
meaning "like". Those crinoids which in their adult form are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk are commonly called sea lilies, while the unstalked forms are called feather stars or comatulids, being members of the largest crinoid
632:
groove, where the cilia propel the mucus and food particles towards the mouth. Lappets at the side of the groove help keep the mucus stream in place. The total length of the food-trapping surface may be very large; the 56 arms of a
3314:
Guensburg, Thomas E.; Mooi, Rich; Sprinkle, James; David, Bruno; Lefebvre, Bertrand (2010). "Pelmatozoan arms from the mid-Cambrian of
Australia: Bridging the gap between brachioles and brachials? Comment: There is no bridge".
419:
where the mouth is on the underside. The numerous calcareous plates make up the bulk of the crinoid, with only a small percentage of soft tissue. These ossicles fossilise well and there are beds of limestone dating from the
1091:", these are the oldest molecules to be definitively associated with particular individual fossils, as they are believed to have been sealed inside ossicle pores by precipitated calcite during the fossilization process.
768:(body cavity). The main fluid reservoir is the muscular-walled ring canal which is connected to the coelom by stone canals lined with calcareous material. The coelom is divided into a number of interconnecting spaces by
542:
394:
The basic body form of a crinoid is a stem (not present in adult feather stars) and a crown consisting of a cup-like central body known as the theca, and a set of five rays or arms, usually branched and feathery. The
1063:, seem to have lived attached to floating driftwood and complete colonies are often found. Sometimes this driftwood would become waterlogged and sink to the bottom, taking the attached crinoids with it. The stem of
621:
primary (longest) tube feet, which are fully extended and held erect from the pinnules, forming a food-trapping mesh, while the secondary and tertiary tube feet are involved in manipulating anything encountered.
498:
along the margins of the ambulacral grooves. The tube feet come in groups of three of different size; they have no suction pads and are used to hold and manipulate food particles. The grooves are equipped with
2310:
1009:. The debate is difficult to settle, in part because all three candidate ancestors share many characteristics, including radial symmetry, calcareous plates, and stalked or direct attachment to the substrate.
1094:
Crinoid fossils, and in particular disarticulated crinoid columnals, can be so abundant that they at times serve as the primary supporting clasts in sedimentary rocks. Rocks of this nature are called
1025:
rank, only five of which survived the mass extinction events that followed. The long and varied geological history of the crinoids demonstrates how well the echinoderms had adapted to filter-feeding.
1032:, the first during the Ordovician (485 to 444 mya), and the other during the early Triassic (around 230 mya). This Triassic radiation resulted in forms possessing flexible arms becoming widespread;
572:
661:, which projects from a small conical protuberance at the edge of the tegmen. Faecal matter is formed into large, mucous-cemented pellets which fall onto the tegmen and thence the substrate.
2282:
2353:
1021:(540 mya), and during the next 100 million years, the crinoids and blastoids (also stalked filter-feeders) were dominant. At that time, the Echinodermata included twenty taxa of
3571:
Note that the first sentence of the phys.org article contradicts the paper itself, which reviews several isolations of molecules from particular fossils over the past decade.
2491:
890:
Most modern crinoids, i.e., the feather stars, are free-moving and lack a stem as adults. Examples of fossil crinoids that have been interpreted as free-swimming include
2373:
989:, 480 million years ago. There are two competing hypotheses pertaining to the origin of the group: the traditional viewpoint holds that crinoids evolved from within the
2976:
Baumiller, Tomasz K.; Mooi, Rich; Messing, Charles G. (2008). "Urchins in the meadow: Paleobiological and evolutionary implications of cidaroid predation on crinoids".
2289:
2220:
2259:
3545:
O'Malley, C. E.; Ausich, W. I.; Chin, Y.-P. (2013). "Isolation and characterization of the earliest taxon-specific organic molecules (Mississippian, Crinoidea)".
874:, becoming radially symmetric in the process. Even the free-swimming feather stars go through this stage, with the adult eventually breaking away from the stalk.
442:
The stem of sea lilies is composed of a column of highly porous ossicles which are connected by ligamentary tissue. It attaches to the substrate with a flattened
3525:
509:
842:, the fertilised eggs are cemented to the arms with secretions from epidermal glands; in others, especially cold water species from Antarctica, the eggs are
2318:
560:
3133:"Infestation of Middle Devonian (Givetian) camerate crinoids by platyceratid gastropods and its implications for the nature of their biotic interaction"
2744:
Jach, Renata (April 2005). "Storm-dominated deposition of the Lower
Jurassic crinoidal limestones in the Krížna unit, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland".
1582:
1223:
1073:
live in gentle currents attached to rocks by the end of their stem. The largest fossil crinoid on record had a stem 40 m (130 ft) in length.
809:, but are capable of regenerating lost body parts. Arms torn off by predators or damaged by adverse environmental conditions can regrow, and even the
3056:
Gorzelak, Przemys Law; Rakowicz, Lukasz; Salamon, Mariusz A.; Szrek, Piotr (2011). "Inferred placoderm bite marks on
Devonian crinoids from Poland".
2583:"The Shallow-Water Crinoid Fauna of Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands: Ecological Observations, Interatoll Comparisons, and Zoogeographic Affinities"
1567:
1217:
824:
are located in the pinnules but in a few, they are located in the arms. Not all the pinnules are reproductive, just those closest to the crown. The
2338:
1870:
1552:
1423:
1211:
1166:
1138:
of echinoderms since the definition of the group by Miller in 1821. It includes many extinct orders as well as four closely related living orders (
1036:, predominantly a response to predation pressure, also became far more prevalent than sessility. This radiation occurred somewhat earlier than the
1974:
4067:
1893:
1847:
1824:
1779:
1697:
1659:
1597:
1289:
1269:
1243:
1229:
230:
3281:
2232:
2005:
1990:
1810:
1636:
1338:
1332:
1302:
788:
The crinoid nervous system is divided into three parts, with numerous connections between them. The oral or uppermost portion is the only one
4093:
1934:
1759:
1725:
1710:
1613:
1320:
1275:
1255:
1249:
4185:
1454:
1950:
1314:
1040:, possibly because it was mainly prompted by increases in benthic predation, specifically of echinoids. There then followed a selective
3879:
2481:
525:
4041:
4080:
466:
with the body or disc of other echinoderms. The base of the theca is formed from a cup-shaped set of ossicles (bony plates), the
3084:
3807:
Lane, N. Gary; Ausich, William I. (2001). "The Legend of St
Cuthbert's Beads: A Palaeontological and Geological Perspective".
3040:
2960:
2930:
2903:
2464:
1041:
863:
324:
There are only about 700 living species of crinoid, but the class was much more abundant and diverse in the past. Some thick
4085:
2244:
3531:
2662:
628:
that traps any particles which come in contact. Once they have caught a particle of food, the tube feet flick it into the
2701:
Blyth Cain, J. D. (September 1968). "Aspects of the depositional environment and palaeoecology of crinoidal limestones".
478:
project, and five "interambulacral areas" between them. The mouth is near the centre or on the margin of the tegmen, and
317:
particles from the water. At some stage in their lives, most crinoids have a short stem used to attach themselves to the
3382:
Foote, Mike (1999). "Morphological diversity in the evolutionary radiation of
Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic crinoids".
813:
can regenerate over the course of a few weeks. This regeneration may be vital in surviving attacks by predatory fish.
744:
commensal, while others have the animal directly situated over a borehole, suggesting a more pernicious relationship.
2557:
2182:. Similarly, in the Midwestern United States, fossilized segments of the columns of crinoids are sometimes known as
886:
A stalked crinoid (white) and a comatulid (red) in deep sea, showing the differences between these two sister groups
4190:
4152:
3683:"Bayesian estimation of fossil phylogenies and the evolution of early to middle Paleozoic crinoids (Echinodermata)"
2435:
313:
crinoids the five arms are subdivided into ten or more. These have feathery pinnules and are spread wide to gather
4098:
3132:
3282:"Crawling In Stalked Crinoids: In Situ Observations, Functional Morphology, and Implications for Paleozoic Taxa"
474:, a membranous disc. The tegmen is divided into five "ambulacral areas", including a deep groove from which the
3395:
1122:
3576:
3470:"Post-Paleozoic crinoid radiation in response to benthic predation preceded the Mesozoic marine revolution"
2412:
1114:
924:
828:
are produced in genital canals enclosed in genital coeloms. The pinnules eventually rupture to release the
2799:
1076:
In 2012, three geologists reported they had isolated complex organic molecules from 340-million-year-old (
776:
large surface area of the arms. There are no specialised organs for excretion while waste is collected by
649:, which runs in a single loop right around the inside of the calyx. The intestine often includes numerous
4002:
3989:
3598:
2804:
3724:"Phylogeny and morphologic evolution of the Ordovician Camerata (Class Crinoidea, Phylum Echinodermata)"
1106:
2193:
2179:
1037:
908:
at least, only takes place after mechanical stimulation or as an escape response evoked by a predator.
318:
3640:
Wright, David F.; Ausich, William I.; Cole, Selina R.; Peter, Mark E.; Rhenberg, Elizabeth C. (2017).
352:
133:
4157:
4108:
4007:
2427:
554:. The mouth is located at the center of the 5 feeding grooves, and the anus at the top of the column.
459:
3289:
2549:
939:
586:
17:
2457:
New
Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia
2844:
2175:
1077:
934:
904:
421:
2687:
4134:
3929:
3639:
1921:
1308:
1155:
1127:
736:, intimately associated with them. Some have the snail situated over the anus, suggesting that
217:
3468:
Baumiller, T. K.; Salamon, M. A.; Gorzelak, P.; Mooi, R.; Messing, C. G.; Gahn, F. J. (2010).
3028:
2950:
2918:
2893:
2394:, a database that contains information about various echinoderms, including a crinoid species.
2359:
Internal mold of crinoid stem lumen (and external mold of stem) from Lower
Carboniferous, Ohio
1005:), whereas the most popular alternative suggests that the crinoids split early from among the
653:, some of which may be long or branched. The end of the intestine opens into a short muscular
4144:
4129:
3762:
2819:
859:
753:
532:
4121:
3577:"Ancient fossilized sea creatures yield oldest biomolecules isolated directly from a fossil"
112:
4072:
4028:
3976:
3773:
3735:
3694:
3653:
3612:
3554:
3481:
3454:
3442:
3351:
3324:
3147:
2985:
2753:
2710:
2084:
580:
503:
which facilitate feeding by moving the organic particles along the arm and into the mouth.
3856:
850:
8:
3967:
2582:
871:
769:
685:
of the crinoids, and that the crinoids flee, offering part of their stem in the process.
677:
634:
550:
3777:
3739:
3698:
3657:
3616:
3599:
Ausich, William I.; Kammer, Thomas W.; Rhenberg, Elizabeth C.; Wright, David F. (2015).
3558:
3485:
3446:
3328:
3151:
2989:
2757:
2714:
4180:
3816:
3512:
3499:
3469:
3415:
3407:
3009:
3001:
2769:
2726:
2645:
2618:
2486:
1443:
1179:
1029:
789:
671:
463:
443:
207:
190:
128:
4116:
4015:
3789:
3517:
3399:
3336:
3206:
3107:
3036:
2956:
2926:
2899:
2773:
2730:
2637:
2563:
2553:
2460:
2202:
764:, as in other echinoderms, but only connected through a large number of pores to the
696:
have been found containing ossicles of various crinoids, such as the pelagic crinoid
609:
309:. They live in both shallow water and in depths over 9,000 metres (30,000 ft).
3419:
3069:
3013:
2614:"Discovery of Dense Aggregations of Stalked Crinoids in Izu-Ogasawara Trench, Japan"
2482:"Scientists found a new sea creature with 20 'arms' and named it after a strawberry"
407:(upper) surface the oral surface, unlike in the other echinoderm groups such as the
3781:
3743:
3702:
3661:
3620:
3562:
3507:
3489:
3450:
3391:
3332:
3262:
3196:
3163:
3155:
3099:
3065:
2993:
2761:
2718:
2683:
2649:
2627:
2594:
2326:
968:
911:
In 2005, a stalked crinoid was recorded pulling itself along the sea floor off the
447:
404:
339:
3981:
3994:
3224:
2920:
2542:
2297:
1022:
1006:
810:
490:
area. The theca is relatively small and contains the crinoid's digestive organs.
467:
368:
275:
252:
4020:
3785:
1970:
1898:
1875:
1852:
1829:
1664:
1641:
1618:
1519:
1428:
1394:
1326:
1294:
1199:
1171:
843:
516:
321:, but many live attached only as juveniles and become free-swimming as adults.
212:
3834:
3159:
3103:
2765:
1017:
Echinoderms with mineralized skeletons entered the fossil record in the early
706:
600:
428:, England, formed almost exclusively from a diverse fauna of crinoid fossils.
4174:
3403:
2919:
Hess, Hans; Brett, Carlton E.; Ausich, William I.; Simms, Michael J. (2002).
1468:
1185:
1065:
1059:
982:
977:
944:
867:
760:
pressure in the tube feet. This is not connected to external sea water via a
727:
436:
332:
70:
3494:
2567:
1488:
362:
3952:
3918:
3793:
3642:"Phylogenetic taxonomy and classification of the Crinoidea (Echinodermata)"
3521:
3210:
3201:
3184:
2641:
2020:
1484:
1350:
1191:
1143:
1085:
912:
806:
713:
650:
451:
416:
306:
298:
712:, while damaged crinoid stems with bite marks matching the toothplates of
4054:
3961:
3748:
3723:
3707:
3682:
3666:
3641:
3168:
2611:
2183:
2163:
994:
951:
761:
741:
566:
Close-up on the cirri that allow comatulids to walk and attach themselves
45:
3503:
3005:
2722:
3820:
3625:
3600:
3411:
2632:
2613:
2391:
2270:
2188:
2080:
2060:
2040:
1954:
1746:
1362:
1356:
1344:
1263:
1151:
1147:
1139:
986:
882:
732:
716:
693:
645:. There is no true stomach, so the oesophagus connects directly to the
642:
629:
487:
479:
408:
372:
302:
290:
283:
279:
236:
165:
90:
55:
3031:. In Brett, Carlton E.; Ausich, William I.; Simms, Michael J. (eds.).
4059:
3566:
2598:
2301:
2159:
1800:
1763:
1539:
1529:
1399:
1388:
1384:
1283:
1205:
1095:
1002:
990:
960:
820:, with individuals being either male or female. In most species, the
777:
757:
709:
698:
689:
682:
646:
500:
495:
486:
is also located on the tegmen, often on a small elevated cone, in an
475:
425:
329:
325:
259:
224:
145:
121:
95:
3923:
3266:
3249:
Shaw, G.D.; Fontaine, A.R. (2011). "The locomotion of the comatulid
2997:
2064:
431:
4046:
3946:
2323:
2294:
2274:
2238:
Fossil from
Germany showing the stem, calyx, and arms with pinnules
2197:
2167:
1081:
1033:
1018:
998:
956:
853:. The bilaterally symmetrical larva is barrel-shaped with rings of
802:
720:
703:
617:
613:
412:
336:
314:
294:
175:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
1080:) fossils of multiple species of crinoids. Identified as "resembl
386:
2266:
1687:
1237:
1088:
1045:
985:, the earliest known unequivocal crinoid groups date back to the
838:
342:
are almost entirely made up of disarticulated crinoid fragments.
100:
75:
688:
Various crinoid fossils hint at possible prehistoric predators.
3884:
3806:
2891:
2540:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
2344:
Root-like crinoid holdfast from the Upper Ordovician, southern
2171:
2044:
854:
825:
817:
765:
723:
654:
471:
287:
155:
3911:
3433:
Baumiller, Tomasz K. (2008). "Crinoid Ecological Morphology".
3358:. Museum of Paleontology: University of California at Berkeley
2870:
2674:
Lucia, F. Jerry (1962). "Diagenesis of a Crinoidal Sediment".
4033:
2663:
Reproduction and Development in Echinodermata and Prochordata
2612:
Oji, T.; Ogawa, Y.; Hunter, A. W. & Kitazawa, K. (2009).
2226:
Crushed crinoid stems from Shamshak Formation, Jurassic, Iran
2166:, or found washed up along the foreshore, were threaded into
1135:
829:
821:
625:
396:
3467:
3280:
Baumiller, Tomasz K.; Messing, Charles G. (6 October 2005).
3058:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
3055:
801:
Crinoids are not capable of clonal reproduction as are some
470:, while the upper surface is formed by the weakly-calcified
403:
are both located on the upper side of the theca, making the
3253:(Echinodermata: Crinoidea) and its adaptive significance".
2548:(7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole. pp.
2345:
2330:
2251:
836:
into the surrounding sea water. In certain genera, such as
833:
658:
515:
Stem, theca and arms of a "true" (stalked) crinoid (family
483:
400:
3601:"Early phylogeny of crinoids within the pelmatozoan clade"
3313:
3085:"Predators and predation in Paleozoic marine environments"
2459:. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press. p. 373.
2377:
from the Jurassic Holzmaden Black Shale Formation, Germany
2024:
3029:"Upper Jurassic Solnhofen Plattenkalk of Bavaria, German"
482:
grooves lead from the base of the arms to the mouth. The
446:
or with whorls of jointed, root-like structures known as
3248:
2544:
Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach
3396:
10.1666/0094-8373(1999)25[1:MDITER]2.0.CO;2
2948:
350:
The name "Crinoidea" comes from the Ancient Greek word
3544:
2895:
Australian Echinoderms: Biology, Ecology and Evolution
3837:. Kentucky Geological Survey / University of Kentucky
3286:
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
2480:
McFall-Johnsen, Morgan; Lee, Lloyd (12 August 2023).
3764:(Echinodermata) and their Permian-Triassic origin".
3185:"The active evolutionary lives of echinoderm larvae"
2975:
2944:
2942:
2158:
Fossilised crinoid columnal segments extracted from
2925:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–5, 45–46.
849:The fertilised eggs hatch to release free-swimming
262:by a stalk in their adult form are commonly called
2541:
1158:. Living articulates comprise around 540 species.
2939:
2479:
604:Two arms with pinnules and tube feet outstretched
4172:
3680:
3574:
3309:
3307:
3279:
2539:
1398:(of uncertain placement), is illustrated in the
1110:Colorful crinoids in shallow waters in Indonesia
1069:can be several metres long. Modern relatives of
3721:
3474:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3035:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–24.
3835:"Identifying Unknown Fossils (by their shape)"
3131:Gahn, Forest J.; Baumiller, Tomasz K. (2003).
2787:Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary.
1387:, geologic history, and classification of the
796:
3594:
3592:
3461:
3435:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
3426:
3349:
3304:
3130:
2580:
2425:
1028:The crinoids underwent two periods of abrupt
846:in specialised sacs on the arms or pinnules.
3859:. Office of the Secretary of State, Missouri
3377:
3375:
3373:
3083:Brett, Carlton E.; Walker, Sally E. (2002).
2792:
3912:"Sea Star on a Stick: Introducing Crinoids"
3082:
2955:. Vancouver: Raincoast Books. p. 129.
2688:10.1306/74D70D8F-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
2473:
2413:"Crinoidea – Digital atlas of Ancient life"
752:Like other echinoderms, crinoids possess a
730:-aged crinoids have the shells of a snail,
120:Crinoid on the reef of Batu Moncho Island,
3589:
3288:. Vol. 37. p. 62. Archived from
2700:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2250:330 million year old crinoid fossils from
1134:Crinoidea has been accepted as a distinct
251:are marine invertebrates that make up the
111:
3747:
3706:
3665:
3624:
3511:
3493:
3432:
3370:
3200:
3182:
3167:
2949:Ponsonby, David; Dussart, George (2005).
2912:
2868:
2631:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2209:
3343:
2869:Ausich, William I.; Messing, Charles G.
2574:
1121:
1118:Multiple crinoids on a reef in Indonesia
1113:
1105:
950:
933:
881:
747:
599:
430:
385:
3877:
3244:
3242:
1049:proven so successful in the Paleozoic.
258:. Crinoids that remain attached to the
14:
4173:
3455:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124116
2898:. Csiro Publishing. pp. 171–180.
2892:O'Hara, Timothy; Byrne, Maria (2017).
2862:
2605:
2506:
2454:
624:The tube feet are covered with sticky
3928:
3927:
3766:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3381:
2885:
2673:
2200:. The aliens in the movie franchise
726:. The calyxes of several Devonian to
675:found in the vicinity of the crinoid
274:, are members of the largest crinoid
4109:a4f5be12-7f61-4349-99ce-c40b1e0faec4
3239:
3026:
3020:
2743:
2676:SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research
2419:
266:, while the unstalked forms, called
4186:Extant Ordovician first appearances
3909:
3880:"The Fossils That Inspired 'Alien'"
2494:from the original on 12 August 2023
997:and their derived descendants, the
24:
1154:), which are part of the subgroup
25:
4202:
3903:
3575:Pam Frost Gorder (Feb 19, 2013).
3356:Introduction to the Echinodermata
3350:Waggoner, Ben (16 January 1995).
783:
3878:Bressan, David (26 April 2019).
3337:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00220.x
2436:World Register of Marine Species
2364:
2352:
2337:
2309:
2281:
2258:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2083:
2063:
2043:
2023:
1973:
1953:
1762:
1487:
967:crinoid pluricolumnals from the
641:The mouth descends into a short
571:
559:
541:
524:
508:
462:(has five-part symmetry) and is
132:
43:
3919:Charles Messing's Crinoid Pages
3871:
3849:
3827:
3800:
3756:
3715:
3674:
3633:
3538:
3273:
3217:
3176:
3124:
3076:
3049:
2969:
2837:
2812:
2780:
2737:
2694:
3352:"Echinodermata: Fossil Record"
3092:Paleontological Society Papers
2667:
2656:
2448:
2405:
1057:Some fossil crinoids, such as
578:Close-up on the pinnules of a
13:
1:
2398:
2153:
975:If one ignores the enigmatic
877:
381:
360:), "a lily", with the suffix
3183:Raff, R A; Byrne, M (2006).
1378:
1012:
943:, a fossil crinoid from the
925:List of echinodermata orders
918:
669:Specimens of the sea urchin
664:
390:Anatomy of a stalked crinoid
345:
7:
3786:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.018
3255:Canadian Journal of Zoology
3070:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0111
2805:Online Etymology Dictionary
2703:Scottish Journal of Geology
2385:
2206:were inspired by crinoids.
2189:Eperisocrinus missouriensis
1101:
797:Reproduction and life cycle
657:. This ascends towards the
10:
4207:
2329:at Mount Carmel Junction,
1052:
1038:Mesozoic marine revolution
929:
922:
595:
293:, which also includes the
3936:
3857:"Missouri's State Fossil"
3681:Wright, David F. (2017).
3160:10.1080/00241160310003072
3104:10.1017/S1089332600001078
2766:10.1007/s10347-004-0028-3
2374:Seirocrinus subsingularis
2078:
2058:
2038:
2018:
2003:
1988:
1968:
1947:
1932:
1925:
1890:
1867:
1844:
1821:
1814:
1804:
1777:
1757:
1750:
1723:
1708:
1701:
1691:
1656:
1633:
1610:
1595:
1580:
1565:
1550:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1481:
1465:
1458:
1447:
1420:
1413:
435:Stalked crinoid drawn by
203:
198:
129:Scientific classification
127:
119:
110:
34:
3722:Cole, Selina R. (2017).
2290:Seirocrinus subangularis
2186:. A species of crinoid,
940:Agaricocrinus americanus
719:have been found in Late
587:Myzostoma fuscomaculatum
4191:Paleozoic invertebrates
3728:Journal of Paleontology
3687:Journal of Paleontology
3646:Journal of Paleontology
3495:10.1073/pnas.0914199107
3251:Florometra serratissima
2849:Encyclopædia Britannica
2824:Encyclopædia Britannica
905:Florometra serratissima
616:and small particles of
328:beds dating to the mid-
3202:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800866
2952:The Anatomy of the Sea
2581:Zmarzly, D.L. (1985).
2426:Hansson, Hans (2012).
2265:Crinoid holdfasts and
2210:Fossil crinoid gallery
2174:, and became known as
1131:
1128:Wakatobi National Park
1119:
1111:
972:
948:
887:
605:
439:
391:
4130:Paleobiology Database
2455:Gordon, D.P. (2009).
2273:cobble from northern
1125:
1117:
1109:
954:
937:
885:
754:water vascular system
748:Water vascular system
608:Crinoids are passive
603:
533:Oxycomanthus bennetti
434:
389:
3749:10.1017/jpa.2016.137
3708:10.1017/jpa.2016.141
3667:10.1017/jpa.2016.142
2176:St. Cuthbert's beads
581:Tropiometra carinata
220:(700 living species)
27:Class of echinoderms
3778:2013MolPE..66..161R
3740:2017JPal...91..815C
3699:2017JPal...91..799W
3658:2017JPal...91..829W
3617:2015Palgy..58..937A
3559:2013Geo....41..347O
3486:2010PNAS..107.5893B
3447:2008AREPS..36..221B
3329:2010Letha..43..432G
3152:2003Letha..36...71G
3027:Hess, Hans (2003).
2990:2008Pbio...34...22B
2758:2005Faci...50..561J
2723:10.1144/sjg04030191
2715:1968ScJG....4..191B
2316:Crinoid columnals (
913:Grand Bahama Island
678:Endoxocrinus parrae
551:Lamprometra palmata
422:Lower Carboniferous
3910:Messing, Charles.
3626:10.1111/pala.12204
2633:10.2108/zsj.26.406
2619:Zoological Science
2322:) from the Middle
2319:Isocrinus nicoleti
1132:
1120:
1112:
1044:at the end of the
1030:adaptive radiation
973:
971:in southern Israel
949:
888:
864:Permian extinction
672:Calocidaris micans
610:suspension feeders
606:
440:
392:
4168:
4167:
4117:Open Tree of Life
3930:Taxon identifiers
3480:(13): 5893–5896.
3042:978-0-521-52440-7
2962:978-0-8118-4633-2
2932:978-0-521-52440-7
2905:978-1-4863-0763-0
2466:978-1-877257-72-8
2150:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2095:
1911:
1910:
1790:
1789:
1736:
1735:
1677:
1676:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1499:
851:vitellaria larvae
692:of both fish and
635:Japanese sea lily
246:
245:
194:
41:Ordovician–recent
16:(Redirected from
4198:
4161:
4160:
4148:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4125:
4124:
4112:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4089:
4088:
4076:
4075:
4063:
4062:
4050:
4049:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4023:
4011:
4010:
3998:
3997:
3985:
3984:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3925:
3924:
3915:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3596:
3587:
3584:
3570:
3567:10.1130/G33792.1
3542:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3515:
3497:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3379:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3225:"About Crinoids"
3221:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3137:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3106:. Archived from
3089:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2752:(3–4): 561–572.
2741:
2735:
2734:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2671:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2635:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2547:
2537:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2368:
2356:
2341:
2327:Carmel Formation
2313:
2285:
2262:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2087:
2067:
2047:
2027:
1977:
1957:
1928:
1927:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1704:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1583:Tetragonocrinida
1546:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1491:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1224:Tetragonocrinida
1162:Class Crinoidea
969:Matmor Formation
584:(with parasites
575:
563:
545:
528:
512:
189:
137:
136:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4156:
4151:
4143:
4141:
4133:
4128:
4120:
4115:
4107:
4105:
4097:
4092:
4084:
4079:
4071:
4066:
4058:
4053:
4045:
4040:
4032:
4027:
4019:
4014:
4006:
4001:
3993:
3988:
3980:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3932:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3805:
3801:
3761:
3757:
3720:
3716:
3679:
3675:
3638:
3634:
3597:
3590:
3543:
3539:
3528:
3466:
3462:
3431:
3427:
3380:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3348:
3344:
3312:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3292:on 7 April 2014
3278:
3274:
3267:10.1139/z90-135
3247:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3181:
3177:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3033:Fossil Crinoids
3025:
3021:
2998:10.1666/07031.1
2974:
2970:
2963:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2922:Fossil Crinoids
2917:
2913:
2906:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2742:
2738:
2699:
2695:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2610:
2606:
2587:Pacific Science
2579:
2575:
2560:
2538:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2333:
2314:
2305:
2298:Posidonia Shale
2293:from the Early
2286:
2277:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2239:
2236:
2227:
2224:
2212:
2156:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
1912:
1791:
1737:
1678:
1568:Maennilicrinida
1510:
1501:
1381:
1218:Maennilicrinida
1104:
1055:
1042:mass extinction
1015:
932:
927:
921:
880:
870:into a stalked
799:
786:
756:that maintains
750:
667:
598:
591:
576:
567:
564:
555:
546:
537:
529:
520:
513:
488:interambulacral
384:
378:
348:
282:. Crinoids are
188:
131:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4149:
4139:
4126:
4113:
4103:
4090:
4077:
4064:
4051:
4038:
4025:
4012:
3999:
3986:
3973:
3958:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3905:
3904:External links
3902:
3899:
3898:
3870:
3848:
3826:
3799:
3772:(6): 161–181.
3755:
3734:(4): 815–828.
3714:
3693:(4): 799–814.
3673:
3652:(4): 829–846.
3632:
3611:(6): 937–952.
3588:
3586:
3585:
3537:
3460:
3425:
3390:(sp1): 1–116.
3369:
3342:
3323:(3): 432–440.
3303:
3272:
3261:(5): 942–950.
3238:
3216:
3175:
3123:
3075:
3048:
3041:
3019:
2968:
2961:
2938:
2931:
2911:
2904:
2884:
2873:. Tree of Life
2861:
2845:"Feather star"
2836:
2811:
2791:
2779:
2736:
2709:(3): 191–208.
2693:
2666:
2655:
2626:(6): 406–408.
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2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1971:Millericrinida
1967:
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1963:
1960:
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1939:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
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1908:
1905:
1904:
1899:incertae sedis
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1876:incertae sedis
1871:Poteriocrinida
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1853:incertae sedis
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:incertae sedis
1820:
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1665:incertae sedis
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1642:incertae sedis
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1619:incertae sedis
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:Eustenocrinida
1549:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1520:Pentacrinoidea
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1429:incertae sedis
1424:Protocrinoidea
1419:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1395:incertae sedis
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1327:Millericrinida
1323:
1317:
1305:
1299:
1295:incertae sedis
1280:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1212:Eustenocrinida
1200:Pentacrinoidea
1196:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1176:
1172:incertae sedis
1167:Protocrinoidea
1103:
1100:
1054:
1051:
1014:
1011:
1007:edrioasteroids
931:
928:
920:
917:
879:
876:
798:
795:
785:
784:Nervous system
782:
780:coelomocytes.
749:
746:
666:
663:
597:
594:
593:
592:
577:
570:
568:
565:
558:
556:
547:
540:
538:
530:
523:
521:
517:Isselicrinidae
514:
507:
383:
380:
347:
344:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
239:
233:
227:
221:
213:Pentacrinoidea
210:
201:
200:
196:
195:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
125:
124:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4203:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3874:
3858:
3852:
3836:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3605:Palaeontology
3602:
3595:
3593:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3308:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3226:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3195:(3): 244–52.
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3170:
3169:2027.42/75509
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3113:on 2012-08-13
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2872:
2865:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2789:2nd ed. 1979.
2788:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2559:9780030259821
2555:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:Ampelocrinida
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1848:Dendrocrinida
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:Cyathocrinida
1819:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:Sagenocrinida
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1698:Porocrinoidea
1696:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:Pisocrinoidea
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:Calceocrinida
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:Diplobathrida
1463:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:Ampelocrinida
1287:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:Sagenocrinida
1267:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:Porocrinoidea
1241:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:Calceocrinida
1227:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:Diplobathrida
1183:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Mississippian
1074:
1072:
1071:Pentacrinites
1068:
1067:
1066:Pentacrinites
1062:
1061:
1060:Pentacrinites
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:Burgess Shale
980:
979:
978:Echmatocrinus
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
946:
945:Carboniferous
942:
941:
936:
926:
916:
914:
909:
907:
906:
901:
897:
893:
884:
875:
873:
869:
868:metamorphoses
865:
861:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:Crinoids are
814:
812:
811:visceral mass
808:
807:brittle stars
804:
794:
791:
781:
779:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
745:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
728:Carboniferous
725:
722:
718:
715:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
679:
674:
673:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
636:
631:
627:
622:
619:
615:
611:
602:
589:
588:
583:
582:
574:
569:
562:
557:
553:
552:
544:
539:
535:
534:
527:
522:
518:
511:
506:
505:
504:
502:
497:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:The theca is
456:
453:
449:
445:
438:
437:Ernst Haeckel
433:
429:
427:
423:
418:
417:brittle stars
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
388:
379:
376:
374:
370:
365:
364:
359:
355:
354:
343:
341:
338:
334:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
310:
308:
307:sea cucumbers
304:
300:
299:brittle stars
296:
292:
291:Echinodermata
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:feather stars
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
238:
234:
232:
231:Porocrinoidea
228:
226:
222:
219:
216:
215:
214:
211:
209:
205:
204:
202:
199:Major groups
197:
192:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:Echinodermata
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
130:
126:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
3937:
3889:. Retrieved
3883:
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3829:
3815:(1): 65–73.
3812:
3808:
3802:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3608:
3604:
3580:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3387:
3384:Paleobiology
3383:
3360:. Retrieved
3355:
3345:
3320:
3316:
3294:. Retrieved
3290:the original
3285:
3275:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3229:. Retrieved
3219:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3146:(2): 71–82.
3143:
3139:
3126:
3115:. Retrieved
3108:the original
3095:
3091:
3078:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3032:
3022:
2984:(1): 22–34.
2981:
2978:Paleobiology
2977:
2971:
2951:
2921:
2914:
2894:
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:
2814:
2803:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2658:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2543:
2496:. Retrieved
2485:
2475:
2456:
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2431:
2421:
2407:
2372:
2317:
2288:
2269:on an Upper
2201:
2194:state fossil
2187:
2184:Indian beads
2162:quarried on
2157:
2079:
2059:
2039:
2021:Cyrtocrinida
2019:
2006:Roveacrinida
2004:
1991:Uintacrinida
1989:
1969:
1948:
1933:
1897:
1891:
1874:
1868:
1851:
1845:
1828:
1822:
1811:Cyathoformes
1778:
1758:
1724:
1709:
1663:
1657:
1640:
1637:Myelodactyla
1634:
1617:
1611:
1596:
1581:
1566:
1551:
1485:Monobathrida
1482:
1466:
1427:
1421:
1409:
1393:
1382:
1351:Cyrtocrinida
1339:Uintacrinida
1333:Roveacrinida
1303:Cyathoformes
1301:Superorder †
1293:
1262:Superorder †
1242:Superorder †
1192:Monobathrida
1170:
1144:Cyrtocrinida
1133:
1093:
1086:polyaromatic
1075:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1027:
1016:
976:
974:
965:Apiocrinites
964:
938:
910:
903:
899:
895:
891:
889:
848:
837:
815:
800:
787:
774:
751:
742:coprophagous
737:
731:
707:lagerstatten
697:
687:
676:
670:
668:
651:diverticulae
640:
623:
612:, filtering
607:
585:
579:
549:
548:Tegmen of a
531:
492:
457:
441:
393:
377:
361:
357:
351:
349:
323:
311:
271:
267:
263:
255:
248:
247:
185:
29:
4055:iNaturalist
3962:Wikispecies
3441:: 221–249.
3227:. FossilEra
2871:"Crinoidea"
2682:: 848–865.
2593:: 340–358.
2428:"Crinoidea"
2371:Fossils of
2180:Middle Ages
2164:Lindisfarne
1935:Holocrinida
1760:Taxocrinida
1726:Hybocrinida
1711:Porocrinida
1614:Homocrinida
1321:Holocrinida
1307:Superorder
1276:Taxocrinida
1256:Porocrinida
1250:Hybocrinida
1204:Parvclass †
1126:Crinoid at
991:blastozoans
900:Uintacrinus
770:mesenteries
762:madreporite
702:, from the
694:cephalopods
536:(comatulid)
460:pentamerous
409:sea urchins
303:sea urchins
284:echinoderms
172:Subphylum:
4175:Categories
3891:1 February
3553:(3): 347.
3117:2014-04-06
3098:: 93–118.
3064:: 105–12.
2820:"Sea lily"
2441:2013-01-30
2399:References
2392:Echinobase
2271:Ordovician
2154:In culture
2081:Comatulida
2061:Isocrinida
2041:Hyocrinida
1922:Articulata
1747:Flexibilia
1455:Eucamerata
1363:Isocrinida
1357:Hyocrinida
1345:Comatulida
1309:Articulata
1282:Magnorder
1264:Flexibilia
1236:Parvclass
1178:Subclass †
1156:Articulata
1152:Isocrinida
1148:Hyocrinida
1140:Comatulida
1096:encrinites
995:eocrinoids
987:Ordovician
947:of Indiana
923:See also:
892:Marsupites
878:Locomotion
862:after the
860:bottleneck
790:homologous
778:phagocytic
738:Platyceras
733:Platyceras
717:placoderms
714:coccosteid
690:Coprolites
643:oesophagus
630:ambulacral
480:ambulacral
464:homologous
382:Morphology
373:Comatulida
315:planktonic
280:Comatulida
272:comatulids
264:sea lilies
237:Flexibilia
218:Articulata
4181:Crinoidea
3995:Crinoidea
3982:Crinoidea
3968:Crinoidea
3938:Crinoidea
3404:0094-8373
2800:"crinoid"
2774:128947091
2731:219538295
2599:10125/941
2498:13 August
2304:, Germany
2302:Holzmaden
2267:bryozoans
2192:, is the
2168:necklaces
2160:limestone
1951:Encrinida
1801:Eucladida
1540:Disparida
1530:Inadunata
1410:Crinoidea
1400:cladogram
1389:Crinoidea
1385:phylogeny
1379:Phylogeny
1315:Encrinida
1284:Eucladida
1206:Disparida
1198:Subclass
1013:Diversity
999:blastoids
961:Callovian
919:Evolution
896:Saccocoma
818:dioecious
758:hydraulic
710:Solnhofen
699:Saccocoma
683:predators
665:Predation
647:intestine
496:tube feet
476:tube feet
452:vestigial
426:Clitheroe
346:Etymology
330:Paleozoic
326:limestone
319:substrate
260:sea floor
256:Crinoidea
225:Disparida
186:Crinoidea
152:Kingdom:
146:Eukaryota
122:Indonesia
3947:Wikidata
3914:. Vimeo.
3863:31 March
3809:Folklore
3794:23063883
3581:Phys.org
3532:22572914
3522:20231453
3504:25665085
3420:85586709
3362:30 March
3231:15 March
3211:16850040
3189:Heredity
3014:85647638
3006:20445573
2877:14 March
2854:14 March
2829:14 March
2642:19583499
2568:53021401
2492:Archived
2386:See Also
2324:Jurassic
2295:Jurassic
2275:Kentucky
2198:Missouri
2172:rosaries
1444:Camerata
1180:Camerata
1102:Taxonomy
1089:quinones
1082:aromatic
1034:motility
1019:Cambrian
1003:cystoids
1001:and the
957:Jurassic
872:juvenile
803:starfish
721:Devonian
704:Jurassic
618:detritus
614:plankton
444:holdfast
413:starfish
337:Jurassic
295:starfish
249:Crinoids
208:Camerata
176:Crinozoa
162:Phylum:
156:Animalia
142:Domain:
35:Crinoids
18:Crinoids
4145:4780329
3841:21 June
3821:1260865
3774:Bibcode
3736:Bibcode
3695:Bibcode
3654:Bibcode
3613:Bibcode
3555:Bibcode
3547:Geology
3513:2851891
3482:Bibcode
3443:Bibcode
3412:2666042
3325:Bibcode
3317:Lethaia
3296:6 April
3148:Bibcode
3140:Lethaia
2986:Bibcode
2754:Bibcode
2711:Bibcode
2650:5991969
2550:917–918
2487:Insider
2178:in the
1688:Cladida
1453:†
1442:†
1337:Order †
1331:Order †
1325:Order †
1319:Order †
1313:Order †
1274:Order †
1268:Order †
1254:Order †
1248:Order †
1238:Cladida
1228:Order †
1222:Order †
1216:Order †
1210:Order †
1190:Order †
1184:Order †
1053:Fossils
1046:Permian
981:of the
955:Middle
930:Origins
844:brooded
839:Antedon
826:gametes
596:Feeding
424:around
286:in the
182:Class:
4158:123081
4142:uBio:
4122:732545
4106:NZOR:
4086:158541
3953:Q33666
3885:Forbes
3819:
3792:
3529:
3520:
3510:
3502:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3209:
3039:
3012:
3004:
2959:
2929:
2902:
2772:
2746:Facies
2729:
2648:
2640:
2566:
2556:
2463:
1361:Order
1355:Order
1349:Order
1343:Order
1150:, and
1130:, 2018
822:gonads
766:coelom
740:was a
724:Poland
655:rectum
472:tegmen
405:dorsal
358:krínon
353:κρίνον
340:period
288:phylum
193:, 1821
191:Miller
4153:WoRMS
4135:31590
4099:35069
4068:IRMNG
4060:51245
3817:JSTOR
3526:INIST
3500:JSTOR
3416:S2CID
3408:JSTOR
3136:(PDF)
3111:(PDF)
3088:(PDF)
3010:S2CID
3002:JSTOR
2770:S2CID
2727:S2CID
2646:S2CID
2432:WoRMS
2203:Alien
1136:clade
1023:class
993:(the
855:cilia
830:sperm
626:mucus
501:cilia
468:calyx
448:cirri
397:mouth
369:order
276:order
253:class
4094:NCBI
4081:ITIS
4073:1067
4042:GBIF
4034:1960
4003:BOLD
3893:2024
3865:2019
3843:2009
3790:PMID
3518:PMID
3400:ISSN
3364:2019
3298:2014
3233:2019
3207:PMID
3037:ISBN
2957:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2879:2011
2856:2011
2831:2011
2638:PMID
2564:OCLC
2554:ISBN
2500:2023
2461:ISBN
2346:Ohio
2331:Utah
2252:Iowa
1896:' (
1850:' (
1616:' (
1383:The
898:and
834:eggs
832:and
805:and
659:anus
484:anus
415:and
401:anus
399:and
363:–oid
305:and
46:PreꞒ
4047:215
4029:EoL
4016:CoL
3990:AFD
3977:ADW
3813:112
3782:doi
3744:doi
3703:doi
3662:doi
3621:doi
3563:doi
3508:PMC
3490:doi
3478:107
3451:doi
3392:doi
3333:doi
3263:doi
3197:doi
3164:hdl
3156:doi
3100:doi
3066:doi
3062:259
2994:doi
2762:doi
2719:doi
2684:doi
2628:doi
2595:hdl
2300:at
2196:of
2170:or
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335:to
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