102:
128:
284:, extend from the oral plate and form the food-capture mechanism of Articulata. The arms of Articulata are pinnulate in that they have alternating pinnules branching out along them to effectively increase the surface area for feeding. These pinnules all have ciliated ambulacral grooves that converge to form larger grooves in the arms that lead down to the mouth located beside the anus on the upper surface of the oral plate.
288:
locomotory mechanisms at the base of the stalk or by detaching and pulling themselves with their arms. As of 2004, there are 540 described species of living
Articulata that fall into two major orders. The bourgueticrinids which have the traditional stalked body form account for about 15% percent of the known species while the comatulids are unstalked and account for most of the rest.
287:
Articulata are passive suspension feeders. They capture algae with triplets of tube feet located on the pinnules, and the ciliated ambulacral canals transport this algae to the mouth. Although they are passive feeders, some
Articulata have been observed to move to better feeding areas either with
279:
Articulata exhibit pentamerous symmetry. The stalk, which consists of numerous disks held together by ligaments, supports a calyx or cup made of circlets of calcerous plates. In
Comatulids, the stalk develops following the larval stage, but the juveniles shed all but the topmost disk to take up a
263:(unstalked crinoids). The Articulata are differentiated from the extinct subclasses by their lack of an anal plate in the adult stage and the presence of an entoneural system. Articulata first appeared in the fossil record during the
477:
755:
486:
392:
857:
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981:
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297:
994:
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Wright, David F.; Ausich, William I.; Cole, Selina R.; Peter, Mark E.; Rhenberg, Elizabeth C. (2017-02-22).
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1030:
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903:
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free-living existence. Five often branched arms, which consist of articulated series of
851:
332:
122:
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815:
711:
604:
568:
522:
457:
428:
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361:
59:
790:"Phylogenetic taxonomy and classification of the Crinoidea (Echinodermata)"
617:
504:
466:
437:
372:
341:
198:
935:
806:
720:
688:
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34:
789:
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682:
674:
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79:
44:
267:
period although other, now extinct crinoid groups, originated in the
252:
139:
84:
897:
920:
264:
255:, including all living crinoid species. They are commonly known as
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
169:
89:
64:
832:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
149:
968:
787:
1045:
870:
831:
300:, Articulata includes the following families:
251:are a subclass or superorder within the class
856:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
563:Messing, 2011 (in Hess & Messing, 2011)
100:
827:
825:
805:
1046:
836:. Cengage Learning. pp. 917–918.
822:
902:
901:
1005:9afcccc2-8d5b-4db3-9a7c-b25d1454b8b0
13:
274:
14:
1075:
834:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition
291:
881:World Register of Marine Species
298:World Register of Marine Species
126:
32:
864:
781:
109:A passion flower feather star
1:
774:
590:Mironov & Sorokina, 1998
7:
10:
1080:
1064:Triassic first appearances
910:
871:Messing, Charles (2007).
190:
185:
123:Scientific classification
121:
108:
99:
23:
794:Journal of Paleontology
1054:Articulata (Crinoidea)
942:Articulata (Crinoidea)
259:(stalked crinoids) or
1013:Paleobiology Database
807:10.1017/jpa.2016.142
114:Ptilometra australis
16:Subclass of crinoids
333:Pentametrocrinidae
1059:Animal subclasses
1041:
1040:
904:Taxon identifiers
760:
743:
734:
725:
716:
693:
660:
651:
634:
609:
600:
591:
582:
578:Bourgueticrinidae
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564:
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536:
527:
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509:
500:
491:
482:
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462:
453:
442:
433:
424:
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377:
366:
357:
346:
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328:
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310:
296:According to the
246:
245:
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1021:
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1007:
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997:
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984:
972:
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945:
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931:
930:
929:
899:
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891:
889:
887:
868:
862:
861:
855:
847:
829:
820:
819:
809:
785:
758:
741:
733:Klikushkin, 1977
732:
723:
714:
691:
658:
649:
632:
607:
598:
589:
580:
571:
562:
543:
534:
532:Thalassometridae
525:
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
478:Paracomatuloidea
469:
460:
451:
440:
431:
422:
413:
404:
395:
384:
375:
364:
355:
344:
335:
326:
317:
308:
131:
130:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1044:
1043:
1042:
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975:
967:
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954:
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934:
925:
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919:
906:
896:
895:
885:
883:
869:
865:
849:
848:
844:
830:
823:
786:
782:
777:
756:Pentacrinitidae
742:Rasmussen, 1978
692:Carpenter, 1884
514:Charitometridae
487:Tropiometroidea
470:Mortensen, 1918
452:Mortensen, 1918
393:Himerometroidea
294:
277:
275:Characteristics
125:
110:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
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37:
30:Triassic–recent
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1038:
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1022:
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999:
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960:
947:
932:
916:
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908:
907:
894:
893:
863:
842:
821:
800:(4): 829–846.
779:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
769:Millericrinida
765:
764:
763:
762:
761:
750:Pentacrinitina
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745:
744:
739:Proisocrinidae
735:
730:Isselicrinidae
726:
717:
696:
695:
694:
679:
678:
677:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
652:
647:Eudesicrinidae
637:
636:
635:
630:Sclerocrinidae
614:
613:
612:
611:
610:
601:
599:AH Clark, 1907
596:Phrynocrinidae
592:
587:Guillecrinidae
583:
574:
565:
553:incertae sedis
548:
547:
546:
544:AH Clark, 1908
541:Tropiometridae
537:
535:AH Clark, 1908
528:
526:AH Clark, 1914
519:
517:AH Clark, 1909
510:
508:AH Clark, 1911
501:
496:Asterometridae
490:AH Clark, 1908
483:
476:super-family †
474:
473:
472:
463:
461:HL Clark, 1938
445:
444:
443:
441:AH Clark, 1908
434:
432:AH Clark, 1909
425:
423:AH Clark, 1907
420:Himerometridae
416:
414:AH Clark, 1907
407:
405:AH Clark, 1909
402:Colobometridae
396:AH Clark, 1908
389:
388:
387:
369:
368:
367:
353:Atelecrinoidea
349:
348:
347:
345:AH Clark, 1909
338:
336:AH Clark, 1908
329:
293:
292:Classification
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276:
273:
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227:Millericrinida
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843:81-315-0104-3
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766:
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736:
731:
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712:Cainocrinidae
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631:
627:
626:
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620:
619:
615:
608:Mironov, 2000
606:
605:Septocrinidae
602:
597:
593:
588:
584:
579:
575:
570:
569:Bathycrinidae
566:
561:
560:Atopocrinidae
557:
556:
555:
554:
549:
542:
538:
533:
529:
524:
523:Ptilometridae
520:
515:
511:
506:
502:
497:
493:
492:
488:
485:super-family
484:
479:
475:
468:
464:
459:
458:Aporometridae
455:
454:
450:
449:Notocrinoidea
447:super-family
446:
439:
435:
430:
429:Mariametridae
426:
421:
417:
412:
411:Eudiocrinidae
408:
403:
399:
398:
394:
391:super-family
390:
385:Fleming, 1828
383:
379:
378:
376:Fleming, 1828
374:
371:super-family
370:
363:
362:Atelecrinidae
359:
358:
354:
351:super-family
350:
343:
339:
334:
330:
325:
321:
320:
316:
313:super-family
312:
311:
307:
303:
302:
301:
299:
289:
285:
283:
272:
270:
266:
262:
261:feather stars
258:
254:
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160:Echinodermata
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61:
56:
51:
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36:
22:
19:
911:
884:. Retrieved
876:
873:"Articulata"
866:
833:
797:
793:
783:
724:Gislén, 1924
659:Zittel, 1879
650:Bather, 1899
633:Jaekel, 1918
624:Cyrtocrinina
618:Cyrtocrinida
581:Loriol, 1882
572:Bather, 1899
551:
505:Calometridae
499:Gislén, 1924
467:Notocrinidae
438:Zygometridae
373:Comatuloidea
365:Bather, 1899
356:Bather, 1899
342:Zenometridae
327:Norman, 1865
318:Norman, 1865
315:Antedonoidea
295:
286:
278:
260:
256:
248:
247:
239:Uintacrinida
233:Roveacrinida
199:Cyrtocrinida
179:
112:
18:
936:Wikispecies
748:Sub-order †
721:Isocrinidae
715:Simms, 1988
689:Hyocrinidae
656:Holopodidae
550:Comatulida
382:Comatulidae
324:Antedonidae
309:Clark, 1908
221:Holocrinida
1048:Categories
956:Articulata
912:Articulata
775:References
759:Gray, 1842
706:Isocrinina
704:Sub-order
700:Isocrinida
683:Hyocrinida
675:Encrinidae
641:Holopodina
639:Sub-order
622:Sub-order
481:Hess, 1951
306:Comatulida
269:Ordovician
257:sea lilies
249:Articulata
209:Isocrinida
204:Hyocrinida
194:Comatulida
180:Articulata
176:Subclass:
24:Articulata
852:cite book
816:0022-3360
669:Encrinida
253:Crinoidea
215:Encrinida
170:Crinoidea
146:Kingdom:
140:Eukaryota
921:Wikidata
886:31 March
754:family †
673:family †
282:ossicles
265:Triassic
156:Phylum:
150:Animalia
136:Domain:
927:Q607044
767:order †
737:family
728:family
719:family
710:family
687:family
667:order †
654:family
645:family
628:family
603:family
594:family
585:family
576:family
567:family
558:family
539:family
530:family
521:family
512:family
503:family
494:family
465:family
456:family
436:family
427:family
418:family
409:family
400:family
380:family
360:family
340:family
331:family
322:family
186:Orders
166:Class:
1031:183494
1018:129759
1002:NZOR:
982:158543
840:
814:
698:order
681:order
616:order
304:order
1026:WoRMS
995:35070
877:WoRMS
990:NCBI
977:ITIS
969:1499
888:2019
858:link
838:ISBN
812:ISSN
35:PreꞒ
964:EoL
951:ADW
802:doi
1050::
1028::
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992::
979::
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923::
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850:{{
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85:Pg
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818:.
804::
237:†
231:†
225:†
219:†
213:†
111:(
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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