329:, in "Deeper into Bullshit", contrasted the kind of "bullshit" Frankfurt describes with a type he referred to as "unclarifiable unclarity" (i.e., nonsensical discourse presented as coherent and sincere but is incapable of being meaningful). Cohen points out that this sort of bullshit can be produced either accidentally or deliberately, but is especially prevalent in academia (what he calls "academic bullshit"). According to Cohen, a sincere person might be disposed to produce a large amount of nonsense unintentionally or be deceived by and innocently repeat a piece of bullshit without intent to deceive others. However, he defined "aim-bullshitters" as those who intentionally produce "unclarifiable unclarity" (i.e., Cohen-bullshit) in situations "when they have reason to want what they say to be unintelligible, for example, in order to impress, or in order to give spurious support to a claim" (p. 133).
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439:." The researchers found that those who were the worst at detecting bullshit were not only grossly overconfident in their BS detection abilities but also believed that they were better at detecting it than the average person (i.e., they have a bullshit blind spot). Conversely, those who were the best at detecting bullshit were not only underconfident in their abilities, they also believed they were somewhat worse at detecting it than the average person. The researchers referred to this underconfidence bias among the high performers as "bullshit
383:, also known as the "bullshit asymmetry principle", holds that "the amount of energy needed to refute bullshit is an order of magnitude bigger than what’s needed to produce it". This truism highlights that while the battle against misinformation more generally must be fought "face to face", the larger war against belief in misinformation won’t be won without prevention. Once people are set in their ways, beliefs are notoriously hard to change. Building immunity against false beliefs in the first place is the more effective long-term strategy.
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liar, it is correspondingly indispensable that he considers his statements to be false. For the bullshitter, however, all these bets are off: he is neither on the side of the true nor on the side of the false. His eye is not on the facts at all, as the eyes of the honest man and of the liar are, except insofar as they may be pertinent to his interest in getting away with what he says. He does not care whether the things he says describe reality correctly. He just picks them out, or makes them up, to suit his purpose.
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have theorized that social media offers a prime environment for bullshitting as it combines the social pressure to offer one's opinions on a wide variety of topics along with an anonymity that arguably provides a social “pass”. According to researchers from Queen’s
University in Belfast (2008): “along with a pervasive and balkanized social media ecosystem and high internet immersion, public life provides abundant opportunities to bullshit and lie on a scale we could have scarcely credited 30 years ago”.
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considered to be a social practice that people engage with to become part of a speech community, to get things done in that community, and to reinforce their identity. Research has also produced the
Organizational Bullshit Perception Scale (OBPS) that reveals three factors of organizational bullshit (regard for truth, the boss, and bullshit language) that can be used to gauge perceptions of the extent of organizational bullshit that exists in a workplace.
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bullshit, and fake news. They found that higher scores of "persuasive bullshitting" positively predicted scores for all three types of "bullshit receptivity". In other words, those who are most likely to persuasively bullshit others are in turn more likely to believe persuasive bullshit, suggesting that you can indeed bullshit a bullshitter after all.
427:
Further research from Wake Forest
University psychologists found evidence to support Frankfurt's notion that a person is more likely to engage in bullshitting when they feel a social pressure to provide an opinion and perceive that they will be given a social “pass” to get away with it. Indeed, some
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characterizes bullshit as a form of falsehood distinct from lying. The liar, Frankfurt holds, knows and cares about the truth, but deliberately sets out to mislead instead of telling the truth. The "bullshitter", on the other hand, does not care about the truth and is only seeking "to manipulate the
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My claim was that bullshitters, although they represent themselves as being engaged simply in conveying information, are not engaged in that enterprise at all. Instead, and most essentially, they are fakers and phonies who are attempting by what they say to manipulate the opinions and the attitudes
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Building on these findings, the researchers also tested the familiar adage that “you can’t bullshit a bullshitter”. To do so, they explored associations between scores on the
Bullshitting Frequency Scale (BSF) and performance on measures of receptivity to pseudo-profound bullshit, pseudoscientific
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It is impossible for someone to lie unless he thinks he knows the truth. Producing bullshit requires no such conviction. A person who lies is thereby responding to the truth, and he is to that extent respectful of it. When an honest man speaks, he says only what he believes to be true; and for the
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intended to subvert the truth. In business and management, guidance for comprehending, recognizing, acting on and preventing bullshit, are proposed for stifling the production and spread of this form of misrepresentation in the workplace, media and society. Within organizations bullshitting is
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developed the "Bullshitting
Frequency Scale" (BSF) which measures two types of bullshitting: "persuasive" and "evasive". They defined "persuasive bullshitting" as a rhetorical strategy intended to impress, persuade, or otherwise fit in with others by bullshitting about one's knowledge, ideas,
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Given that much of the early scientific work on bullshit focused on those more likely to fall for it (i.e., the "bullshittees"), some researchers have turned their attention to examining those more likely to produce it (i.e., the "bullshitters"). For example, in 2021, a research team at the
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gave a talk entitled "Bullshit and the Art of Crap
Detection" at the 1969 National Convention for Teachers of English in Washington DC. He started by telling his audience that "helping kids to activate their crap-detectors should take precedence over any other legitimate educational aim".
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of those to whom they speak. What they care about primarily, therefore, is whether what they say is effective in accomplishing this manipulation. Correspondingly, they are more or less indifferent to whether what they say is true or whether it is false. (p. 3-4)
301:'s disdain of "non-sense" talk and with the popular concept of a "bull session", in which speakers may try out unusual views without commitment. He fixes the blame for the prevalence of "bullshit" in modern society upon the (at that time) growing influence of
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bullshit (i.e., "aim-bullshitting"). Indeed, Sokal's aim in creating it was to show that the "postmodernist" editors who accepted his paper for publication could not distinguish nonsense from sense, and thereby by implication that their field was "bullshit".
415:
developed the "Bullshit
Receptivity Scale" (BSR), a questionnaire designed to quantify receptivity to a particular kind of bullshit that they called "pseudo-profound bullshit". The development of the BSR led to Pennycook and his colleagues winning the 2016
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attitudes, skills, or competence. "Evasive bullshitting" refers to an evasive rhetorical strategy in which one provides "non-relevant truths" in response to inquiries when direct answers could result in reputational harm for oneself or others.
233:"Bullshit" is commonly used to describe statements made by people concerned with the response of the audience rather than with truth and accuracy. On one prominent occasion, the word itself was part of a controversial advertisement. During the
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Although attempts had been made in the past to examine bullshit and bullshitting from a scientific perspective, it did not gain attention among cognitive scientists as a legitimate area of research until 2015 when
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will play the word "bullshit". These are normally programmed with the voices of celebrity guests, except for the "People's
Bullshit Button", which is programmed with the collective voices of a past audience.
208:, is that the term was popularized by the Australian and New Zealand troops from about 1916 arriving at the front during World War I. Partridge claims that the British commanding officers placed emphasis on
130:, the term "bullshit" is sometimes used to specifically refer to statements produced without particular concern for truth, clarity, or meaning, distinguishing "bullshit" from a deliberate, manipulative
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and professor Jevin West began a college course on "Calling
Bullshit: Data Reasoning in a Digital World". They then launched the Calling Bullshit website and published a book with the same title.
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Although there is no confirmed etymological connection, these older meanings are synonymous with the modern expression "bull", generally considered and used as a contraction of "bullshit".
875:
Ferreira, Caitlin; Hannah, David; McCarthy, Ian; Pitt, Leyland; Ferguson, Sarah Lord (3 December 2020). "This Place Is Full of It: Towards an
Organizational Bullshit Perception Scale".
785:, Gordon Pennycook, James Allan Cheyne, Nathaniel Barr, Derek J. Koehler, Jonathan A. Fugelsang. Judgment and Decision Making, Vol. 10, No. 6, November 2015, pp. 549–563.
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154:; the liar tells untruth, the bullshitter aims to convey a certain impression of themselves without being concerned about whether anything at all is true—it may be.
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The word is generally used in a depreciatory sense, but it may imply a measure of respect for language skills or frivolity, among various other benign usages. In
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argues the existence and societal harm of meaningless jobs. He contends that over half of societal work is pointless, which becomes psychologically destructive.
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area, "bullshit" can be used as an adjective to communicate that one is angry or upset, for example, "I was wicked bullshit after someone parked in my spot".
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1602:, "Bullshit". This entry gives a cross-reference to the definition of "Bull", 4.3: "Trivial, insincere, or untruthful talk or writing; nonsense."
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in academia as well as situations in which people are expected to speak or have opinions without appropriate knowledge of the subject matter.
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As an exclamation, "Bullshit!" conveys a measure of dissatisfaction with something or someone, but this usage need not be a comment on the
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1526:"You can't bullshit a bullshitter (or can you?): Bullshitting frequency predicts receptivity to various types of misleading information"
169:"Bull", meaning nonsense, dates from the 17th century, while the term "bullshit" has been used as early as 1915 in British and American
123:. A person who excels at communicating nonsense on a given subject is sometimes referred to as a "bullshit artist" instead of a "liar".
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stated the name was chosen because you could be sued for saying someone is a liar, but not if you said they were talking bullshit.
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Several political commentators have noted that Frankfurt's concept of bullshit provides insights into political campaigns.
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refused to run the advertisement because of its use of the expletive, but Commoner's campaign successfully appealed to the
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to another's discourse. It simply labels something that the speaker does not like and feels he is unable to change.
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conveys general displeasure, an objection to, or points to unfairness within, some state of affairs. With this
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1804: – Halifax academic Laura Penny's study of the phenomenon of bullshit and its impact on modern society.
360:) that had been used to describe cases where ChatGPT would utter falsehoods (such as making up references).
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and similar programs should be regarded as bullshit. This is particularly in response to terminology (see
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1631:"'Our humour gets very dark, very fast': The Last Leg presenters on busting disability taboos"
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Cohen, G. A. (2002). "Deeper into Bullshit". Originally appeared in Buss and Overton, eds.,
844:"Playing the Bullshit Game: How Empty and Misleading Communication Takes Over Organizations"
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Weingartner, C. "Public doublespeak: every little movement has a meaning all of its own".
8:
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186:, meaning "fraud, deceit". The term "horseshit" is a near synonym. An occasionally used
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McCarthy, Ian P.; Hannah, David; Pitt, Leyland F.; McCarthy, Jane M. (2020-05-01).
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usage of "bullshit", which began in the 20th century, "bullshit" does not give a
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279:(originally written in 1986, and published as a monograph in 2005), philosopher
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debunks many common beliefs and often criticizes specific people's comments.
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107:", especially as a rebuke in response to communication or actions viewed as
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1453:"The Bullshitting Frequency Scale: Development and psychometric properties"
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1268:"'Calling bullshit': the college class on how not to be duped by the news"
1159:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Reprinted in Hardcastle and Reich,
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Another application of Frankfurt's concept of bullshit is with regards to
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ran a radio advertisement that began with an actor exclaiming: "Bullshit!
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1741: – Harry Frankfurt's detailed analysis of the concept of bullshit.
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549: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Calling bullshit : the art of skepticism in a data-driven world
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316:, Frankfurt clarified and updated his definition of bullshitters:
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Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
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Contours of Agency: Themes from the Philosophy of Harry Frankfurt
353:
1524:
Littrell, Shane; Risko, Evan F.; Fugelsang, Jonathan A. (2021).
1451:
Littrell, Shane; Risko, Evan F.; Fugelsang, Jonathan A. (2021).
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are sold as novelty items under the name of "bullshit grinders".
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411:(still a graduate student at that time) and his colleagues at
2995:
1347:"Lies, bullshit and fake news: some epistemological concerns"
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Hicks, Michael; Humphries, James; Slater, Joe (8 June 2024).
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David Graeber's theory of bullshit work in the modern economy
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783:"On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit"
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opinions and the attitudes of those to whom they speak":
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30:
This article is about the expletive. For other uses, see
1811:, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Sep., 1975), pp. 54–61.
1680:
We're Gonna Need a Bigger B*llshit Button – The Last Leg
376:
Education and reasoning as immunization against bullshit
1500:"New study suggests you can bullshit some bullshitters"
1293:"The Ubiquity, Functions, and Contexts of Bullshitting"
1789:
Your Call Is Important To Us: The Truth About Bullshit
1523:
1450:
2293:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
1925:
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Hardcastle, Gary L.; Reisch, George A., eds. (2006).
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More recently, researchers have identified a type of
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Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
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1218:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
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386:
Almost 20 years before Dr. Frankfurt, NYU professor
1719:
177:. The word "bull" itself may have derived from the
43:
Bullshit stamp on the desk of a street photographer
2265:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
297:Frankfurt connects this analysis of bullshit with
216:allegedly ridiculed the British by calling it bull
2817:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2369:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1657:Mhairi Black's New Bullsh*t Buzzer – The Last Leg
1385:
1073:
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204:Another proposal, according to the lexicographer
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2712:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
1744:
1386:Littrell, Shane; Fugelsang, Jonathan A. (2021).
1497:
1424:
1066:
1018:
3025:Election denial movement in the United States
1911:
1821:
1729:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1706:Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909–1917
1782:
993:
991:
268:
265:to allow the advertisement to run unedited.
95:" is a comparable expletive. It is mostly a
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1822:Bergstrom, Carl T.; West, Jevin D. (2020).
1427:"New study reveals the bullshit blind spot"
1045:
352:. It has been argued that the outputs from
2697:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
1918:
1904:
1854:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1749:. Chicago: Open Court (Carus Publishing).
1313:
1265:
1498:Kara-Yakoubian, Mane (16 December 2021).
1362:
1344:
1320:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
1238:
1198:
1077:
988:
949:
859:
565:Learn how and when to remove this message
3050:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
173:and came into popular usage only during
146:, among others, analyzed the concept of
38:
2849:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
1213:
950:Frankfurt, Harry G. (30 January 2005).
459:
358:Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
224:In the philosophy of truth and rhetoric
14:
3267:Concepts in the philosophy of language
3234:
2976:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
2767:Soviet influence on the peace movement
2364:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
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1021:"US looks Down Under to stop poll rot"
922:
841:
402:As an object of psychological research
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2701:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
2489:
2402:
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1941:
1899:
1290:
514:
435:for bullshit receptivity called the "
228:
1530:British Journal of Social Psychology
1457:British Journal of Social Psychology
1425:Kara-Yakoubian, Mane (31 May 2023).
755:
547:adding citations to reliable sources
518:
368:Anthropologist David Graeber's book
2971:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
2181:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
1239:MacMillan, Thomas (June 26, 2017).
776:
394:University of Washington biologist
24:
2442:Misinformation related to abortion
1815:
1570:
1241:"A Beginner's Guide to Calling BS"
350:Generative artificial intelligence
190:equivalent, though more common in
150:as related to, but distinct from,
119:, and can carry a wide variety of
25:
3278:
2659:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
2272:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
1863:
1573:"Can You Bullshit a Bullshitter?"
1351:Postdigital Science and Education
1187:Ethics and Information Technology
1052:. Paul Siegel. pp. 507–508.
984:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
263:Federal Communications Commission
3212:United States Information Agency
2491:Operations and events by country
1881:
1869:
1266:McWilliams, James (2019-04-17).
592:
581:
523:
126:In philosophy and psychology of
2812:Information war against Ukraine
2359:International Jewish conspiracy
2327:Congo Free State propaganda war
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534:needs additional citations for
235:1980 U.S. presidential campaign
3124:
3040:Information Operations Roadmap
2950:Psychological Warfare Division
2520:Chinese information operations
2469:Water fluoridation controversy
1345:MacKenzie, A (February 2020).
977:
956:. Princeton University Press.
943:
868:
835:
788:
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672:, also known as bullshit bingo
338:"Transgressing the Boundaries"
71:which may be shortened to the
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1:
3147:Active Measures Working Group
2805:during the Russo-Georgian War
2772:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
1886:The dictionary definition of
1404:10.1080/13546783.2023.2189163
1316:"Antecedents of bullshitting"
1214:Graeber, David (2018-05-15).
1163:(Chicago: Open Court, 2006),
1133:"The Limits of Fact-Checking"
1104:"Harry Frankfurt on bullshit"
1019:Peter Hartcher (2012-11-06).
999:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
923:Pierre, Joe (February 2020).
842:Spicer, André (4 June 2020).
737:
3030:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
2707:Fake news in the Philippines
2311:
2079:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
1314:Petrocelli, John V. (2018).
1049:Communication Law in America
925:"The Psychology of Bullshit"
813:10.1016/j.bushor.2020.01.001
758:"Donald Trump Is Not a Liar"
621:Penn & Teller: Bullshit!
312:In his 2006 follow-up book,
164:
7:
3157:Counter Misinformation Team
3152:Counter disinformation unit
2602:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
2089:Forgery as covert operation
1297:Journal of Mundane Behavior
662:
332:Cohen gives the example of
10:
3283:
3167:The Disinformation Project
2597:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
1953:Algorithmic radicalization
1332:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.004
1245:New York Magazine, The Cut
1200:10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5
29:
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2991:CIA Kennedy assassination
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1948:
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1599:Oxford English Dictionary
1504:Psypost - Psychology News
1431:Psypost - Psychology News
1364:10.1007/s42438-018-0025-4
1291:Mears, Daniel P. (2002).
1078:Frankfurt, Harry (2006).
756:Heer, Jeet (2015-12-01).
269:Harry Frankfurt's concept
32:Bullshit (disambiguation)
3172:East StratCom Task Force
2986:9/11 conspiracy theories
1983:List of cognitive biases
889:10.1177/0033294120978162
861:10.1177/2631787720929704
742:
3098:Public opinion brigades
3055:Niger uranium forgeries
3045:Litter boxes in schools
2415:COVID-19 misinformation
2337:Free energy suppression
2246:Books and documentaries
2020:Euphemistic misspeaking
1747:Bullshit and Philosophy
1216:Bullshit Jobs: A Theory
1161:Bullshit and Philosophy
654:Wooden versions of the
370:Bullshit Jobs: A Theory
182:
2844:2016 Brexit referendum
2193:Scientific fabrication
2104:Historical negationism
1874:Quotations related to
1704:Eliot, T. S. (1997).
1392:Thinking and Reasoning
474:North American English
449:University of Waterloo
413:University of Waterloo
323:
295:
257:, it's all bullshit!"
44:
3140:Fact-checking website
2945:Operation Mass Appeal
2927:Clockwork Orange plot
2437:Mental illness denial
2332:Climate change denial
2149:Psychological warfare
2119:Internet manipulation
2084:Firehose of falsehood
2010:Disinformation attack
1183:"ChatGPT is bullshit"
1131:(December 24, 2015),
1026:Sydney Morning Herald
877:Psychological Reports
656:Trammel of Archimedes
433:Dunning-Kruger Effect
318:
290:
188:South African English
42:
2279:Who's Who in the CIA
1779:, (August 22, 2005).
1046:Paul Siegel (2007).
543:improve this article
460:In everyday language
285:Princeton University
2981:Conspiracy theories
2922:Double-Cross System
2891:Conspiracy theories
2752:Operation INFEKTION
2540:Internet Water Army
2394:Strategy of tension
2259:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
2144:Post-truth politics
1721:Frankfurt, Harry G.
1579:. Sussex Publishing
931:. Sussex Publishing
848:Organization Theory
437:bullshit blind spot
299:Ludwig Wittgenstein
115:, or as many other
2877:HIV/AIDS denialism
2854:Trolls from Olgino
2628:Paid news in India
2618:Fake news in India
2432:HIV/AIDS denialism
2286:Merchants of Doubt
2159:Military deception
2134:Media manipulation
1973:Circular reporting
1683:, 16 December 2019
1542:10.1111/bjso.12447
1469:10.1111/bjso.12379
643:is that the host,
515:In popular culture
501:colloquial English
229:Assertions of fact
45:
27:Slang profane term
3242:English profanity
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3065:Operation Shocker
2867:
2866:
2747:K-1000 battleship
2578:Operation Neptune
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2302:
2301:
2236:
2235:
2228:Yellow journalism
2176:counterpropaganda
2057:List of fallacies
1990:Conspiracy theory
1958:Alternative facts
1833:978-0-525-50918-9
1225:978-1-5011-4331-1
1137:Politico Magazine
1059:978-0-7425-5387-3
801:Business Horizons
575:
574:
567:
175:World War II
16:(Redirected from
3274:
3121:
3120:
2940:MMR autism fraud
2823:On US elections
2757:Operation Toucan
2730:
2729:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2486:
2452:anti-vaccination
2400:
2399:
2347:Holocaust denial
2322:Bermuda Triangle
2308:
2307:
2242:
2241:
2171:black propaganda
2139:Potemkin village
2064:False accusation
2040:list of websites
1939:
1938:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1873:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1803:
1792:. Random House.
1760:
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1603:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1577:Psychology Today
1568:
1562:
1561:
1536:(4): 1484–1505.
1521:
1515:
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1247:. VOX Media, LLC
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1172:
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1147:
1146:
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1125:
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1118:
1116:
1115:
1106:. Archived from
1100:
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1043:
1037:
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1034:
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1016:
1010:
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1001:. Etymonline.com
995:
986:
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938:
936:
929:Psychology Today
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763:The New Republic
753:
596:
585:
570:
563:
559:
556:
550:
527:
519:
409:Gordon Pennycook
381:Brandolini's law
192:Australian slang
185:
21:
3282:
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3277:
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3275:
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3272:
3271:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3126:
3107:
3086:
3074:
2959:
2955:Zinoviev letter
2905:
2879:
2863:
2787:Post-Soviet era
2781:
2742:Active Measures
2725:
2716:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2606:
2580:
2568:
2508:
2506:Jihadunspun.com
2492:
2473:
2398:
2374:New World Order
2342:Genocide denial
2313:
2298:
2247:
2232:
2154:Memetic warfare
1944:
1933:
1924:
1866:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1818:
1816:Further reading
1809:College English
1800:
1771:Critic At Large
1757:
1737:
1701:
1696:
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873:
869:
840:
836:
793:
789:
781:
777:
768:
766:
754:
750:
745:
740:
735:
731:Waffle (speech)
665:
611:
610:
609:
608:
607:
597:
588:
587:
586:
571:
560:
554:
551:
540:
528:
517:
464:Outside of the
462:
404:
378:
366:
281:Harry Frankfurt
271:
231:
226:
167:
161:of the matter.
144:Harry Frankfurt
117:parts of speech
89:British English
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3280:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
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3227:
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3223:
3222:
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3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
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3179:
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3169:
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3159:
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3131:
3128:
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3117:
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3112:
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3094:
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3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Habbush letter
3032:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2978:
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2961:
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2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2917:Bell Pottinger
2913:
2911:
2910:United Kingdom
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
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2791:
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2727:
2718:
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2715:
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2709:
2704:
2693:
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2687:
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2663:
2662:
2657:
2655:
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2650:
2645:
2643:
2639:
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2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2573:Czechoslovakia
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:PLA Unit 61398
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:by governments
2412:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2257:Disinformation
2252:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1978:Cognitive bias
1975:
1970:
1968:Cherry picking
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1931:misinformation
1927:Disinformation
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1879:
1865:
1864:External links
1862:
1861:
1860:
1832:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1780:
1776:The New Yorker
1761:
1755:
1742:
1735:
1717:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1670:
1647:
1622:
1604:
1590:
1563:
1516:
1490:
1463:(1): 248–270.
1443:
1417:
1378:
1337:
1306:
1283:
1258:
1231:
1224:
1206:
1173:
1148:
1120:
1095:
1088:
1065:
1058:
1038:
1011:
987:
976:
962:
942:
910:
883:(1): 448–463.
867:
834:
807:(3): 253–263.
787:
775:
747:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
706:Not even wrong
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
670:Buzzword bingo
666:
664:
661:
660:
659:
652:
649:speaker system
629:
598:
591:
590:
589:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
573:
572:
531:
529:
522:
516:
513:
461:
458:
418:Ig Nobel Prize
403:
400:
396:Carl Bergstrom
377:
374:
365:
362:
340:as a piece of
270:
267:
243:Barry Commoner
239:Citizens Party
230:
227:
225:
222:
206:Eric Partridge
166:
163:
64:) is a common
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3279:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:English words
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Interjections
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:FactCheck.org
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:Fact-checking
3133:
3132:
3129:
3122:
3118:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:United States
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:50 Cent Party
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Media culture
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:False dilemma
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1892:at Wiktionary
1891:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:1-4000-8103-3
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1769:, one of his
1768:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1756:0-8126-9611-5
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:0-691-12294-6
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:0-15-100274-6
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1660:, 29 May 2017
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2777:Useful idiot
2726:Soviet Union
2671:Fintas Group
2563:Global Times
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2530:cyberwarfare
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2223:Whataboutism
2218:Urban legend
2188:Quote mining
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1878:at Wikiquote
1826:. New York.
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1784:Penny, Laura
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641:The Last Leg
633:running joke
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541:Please help
536:verification
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2550:Spamouflage
2535:Little Pink
2389:Rothschilds
2379:Red mercury
2094:Gaslighting
2045:Lying press
2015:Doublespeak
1763:Holt, Jim,
1726:On Bullshit
1326:: 249–258.
953:On Bullshit
691:Gish gallop
555:August 2022
494:truth score
276:On Bullshit
99:term and a
3236:Categories
3197:PolitiFact
3125:Opposition
3001:Sandy Hook
2800:on Estonia
2734:Soviet era
2647:Team Jorge
2623:Godi-media
2384:Reptilians
2354:Illuminati
2213:Truthiness
2203:Social bot
2166:Propaganda
2099:Half-truth
2074:False flag
1842:1127668193
1687:2022-08-24
1664:2022-08-24
1641:2022-08-24
1613:"Bullshit"
1277:2023-02-06
1142:10 January
1114:2013-11-05
1032:2013-11-05
1005:2011-11-12
769:2022-03-13
738:References
711:Sacred cow
645:Adam Hills
618:TV series
490:colloquial
441:blindsight
342:deliberate
334:Alan Sokal
241:candidate
179:Old French
140:philosophy
82:initialism
3257:Deception
3192:NewsGuard
3187:Logically
3182:Full Fact
3079:Venezuela
3013:Fake news
2901:AK Trolls
2592:Funkspiel
2114:Infodemic
2030:Fake news
2005:Denialism
2000:Deception
1850:cite book
1583:March 31,
1558:231805408
1485:215809136
1412:257553913
1398:: 49–78.
1373:158148106
1082:. Knopf.
935:March 31,
905:227260056
829:214037079
821:0007-6813
721:Tall tale
686:Fake news
637:Channel 4
482:adjective
407:Dr.
196:bull dust
165:Etymology
128:cognition
109:deceptive
101:profanity
73:euphemism
69:expletive
55:bullshite
3217:USAFacts
3207:StopFake
3103:Force 47
3008:COVID-19
2932:Euromyth
2683:Peñabots
2557:COVID-19
2462:COVID-19
2447:Vaccines
2312:Examples
2198:Smearing
1889:bullshit
1876:Bullshit
1786:(2005).
1723:(2005).
1550:33538011
1477:32304103
1357:: 9–13.
1251:April 9,
1080:On Truth
897:33269982
696:Holy cow
663:See also
616:Showtime
605:(bottom)
603:and bag
486:bullshit
476:, as an
466:academic
314:On Truth
255:Anderson
148:bullshit
121:meanings
105:nonsense
93:bollocks
61:bullcrap
49:Bullshit
3091:Vietnam
2762:Seat 12
2633:OpIndia
2585:Germany
2052:Fallacy
2025:Factoid
1963:Big lie
1436:May 31,
639:series
635:in the
503:of the
499:In the
470:natural
354:ChatGPT
214:Diggers
80:or the
66:English
18:Cowshit
3202:Snopes
3018:online
2938:Lancet
2884:Turkey
2722:Russia
2678:Mexico
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251:Reagan
247:Carter
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194:, is "
52:(also
3247:Feces
2996:QAnon
2654:Korea
2611:India
2513:China
2427:Ebola
1943:Types
1554:S2CID
1481:S2CID
1408:S2CID
1369:S2CID
901:S2CID
854:(2).
825:S2CID
743:Notes
601:(top)
422:Peace
420:(for
171:slang
159:truth
152:lying
97:slang
2837:2020
2832:2018
2827:2016
2208:Spin
2109:Hoax
1994:list
1929:and
1856:link
1838:OCLC
1828:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1585:2022
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1511:2021
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817:ISSN
614:The
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