141:
343:, who had worked with Nance, published a new system based on the works of the later Cornish writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, just before the language died out. This variety, called Modern Cornish, also known as Late Cornish, uses later, somewhat simpler grammatical constructions and a vocabulary and spelling that was more influenced by English. The orthography has undergone a number of changes. The main body promoting Modern Cornish is
88:
419:
proposed orthography were mixed from the various language groups, Kowethas an Yeth
Kernewek, Cussel an Tavaz Kernûak, Kesva an Taves Kernewek and Agan Tavas, but the majority wanted resolution and acceptance. The Cornish Language Partnership said that it would 'create an opportunity to break down barriers and the agreement marked a significant stepping stone in the Cornish language'.
386:, based on traditional orthographic forms and having a clear relation between spelling and pronunciation, taking both Middle Cornish and Late Cornish dialects of Revived Cornish into account. Since the publication of the Standard Written Form, Kernowak Standard has evolved to become a set of proposed amendments to the SWF.
464:
and now designated KS1) for the SWF, developed by a group called UdnFormScrefys. After the publication of the SWF specification, members of this group established a new group, Spellyans, to identify shortcomings in the SWF and propose solutions for consideration for the SWF review which took place in
255:
agreed to adopt it. Its adoption by the
Cornish Language Board caused a division in the Cornish language community, especially since people had been using Nance's old system for many years and were unfamiliar with the new one. While it was adopted by a majority of Cornish speakers (various estimates
361:
In practice these different written forms did not prevent
Cornish speakers from communicating with each other effectively. However, the existence of multiple orthographies was unsustainable with regards to using the language in education and public life, as no single orthography had ever achieved a
418:
On 9 May 2008, the
Cornish Language Partnership met with the specification for the Standard Written Form as the main item on the agenda. All four Cornish language groups, Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Kernewek Kemmyn and Modern Cornish were represented at this meeting. Reactions to the
369:
In 2007 an independent
Cornish Language Commission consisting of sociolinguists and linguists from outside of Cornwall was formed to review the four existing forms (Unified, UCR, Late Cornish and Kemmyn) and consider whether any of these existing orthographies might be suitable for adoption as a
200:
Nance's work became the basis of revived
Cornish and his orthography was the only one in use for most of the 20th century. However, as the focus shifted from written to spoken Cornish, Nance's stiff, archaic formulation of the language seemed less suitable for a spoken revival. Also, Nance's
295:. As an alternative, Williams devised and proposed a revision of Unified Cornish, called Unified Cornish Revised (or UCR). UCR built on Unified Cornish, making the spellings regular while keeping as close as possible to the orthographic practices of the medieval scribes. In common with
189:), was based mainly on the Middle Cornish of the 14th and 15th centuries. Nance believed that this period represented a high point for Cornish literature. As well as presenting a standardised spelling system, Nance also extended the attested vocabulary with forms based largely on
201:
phonology lacked some distinctions which later research showed must have existed in traditional
Cornish. Unified Cornish is still in use by some speakers who, while acknowledging its shortcomings, feel it has served well for the first decades of the revival.
301:, UCR made use of Tudor and Late Cornish prose materials unavailable to Nance. A comprehensive English-Cornish dictionary of Unified Cornish Revised was published in 2000 and sold enough copies to merit a second edition. A response to the criticisms in
148:
During the 19th century the
Cornish language was the subject of antiquarian interest and a number of lectures were given on the subject and pamphlets on it were published. In 1904, the Celtic language scholar and Cornish cultural activist
157:. The publication of this book is often considered to be the start of the current revival movement. The spelling in this book was based on that used when Cornish was last a community language in the 18th century.
197:, and published a dictionary of Unified Cornish in 1938. Nance's purist approach favoured older 'Celtic' forms rather than the historically more recent forms deriving from Middle and Early Modern English.
424:"This marks a significant stepping-stone in the development of the Cornish language. In time this step will allow the Cornish language to move forward to become part of the lives of all in Cornwall."
393:(Cornish Re-unified) which endeavoured to reconcile UC, KK, RLC, and UCR orthographies. This proposal was used as a source of input for the SWF but is not being used as a separate orthography.
465:
2013. The orthography resulting from the application of these revisions, Kernowek
Standard, has been used in a number of books, including an edition of the Bible and a comprehensive grammar,
404:
The SWF process eventually decided that the existing orthographies were too contentious to be considered and that a new compromise orthography that all groups could support was needed.
1062:
422:
The vote to ratify the SWF was carried and on 19 May 2008 it was announced that the orthography had been agreed on. Eric Brooke, chairman of the
Cornish Language Partnership, said:
362:
wide consensus. Following the recognition in 2002 of Cornish under Part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, and the subsequent establishment of the
437:
Vanessa Beeman adopted, by overwhelming majority and after two decades of debate, the SWF for their ceremonies and correspondence. From the earliest days under Grand Bards
366:, the need for consensus became more urgent. In response to this, the Partnership initiated a process to agree on a standard form for use in education and public life.
400:(Campaign for Kernewek Kemmyn) did not agree with the creation of a new standard, and argued that the existing Kernewek Kemmyn orthography should become the standard.
1219:
Ferdinand, Siarl (2-December-2013). "A Brief History of the Cornish Language, its Revival and its Current Status" (PDF). e-Keltoi 2: 199–227. Retrieved 18 April 2016
1408:
74:
movement. In 2009, UNESCO changed its classification of Cornish from "extinct" to "critically endangered", seen as a milestone for the revival of the language.
1054:
There are organisations set up to grow and strengthen the Cornish revival, many listed in the table below working together under the banner Speak Cornish.
62:
to have full knowledge of a traditional form of Cornish, John Davey, died in 1891. The revival movement started in the late 19th century as a result of
244:, based on his research. Like Unified Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn retained a Middle Cornish base but implemented an orthography that aspired to be as
260:
and Jon Mills for various reasons, as well as those who found its novel orthography too different from traditional Cornish spelling conventions.
248:
as possible. George argued that this much closer relationship between sounds and writing would make Cornish much easier to teach and learn.
1717:
1371:
105:
54:, England. The Cornish language's disappearance began to hasten during the 13th century, but its decline began with the spread of
370:
standard form of Cornish, or whether a new fifth form should be adopted. Two groups made proposals of compromise orthographies:
1462:
Kernowek Standard: An orthography for the Cornish Language/Wolcum dhe Gernowek Standard! Standard rag Screfa an Tavas Kernowek
1449:
1441:
1416:
1245:
1745:
59:
1520:
389:
Two members of the CLP's Linguistic Working Group, Albert Bock and Benjamin Bruch, proposed another orthography called
2041:
1268:
127:
171:
The first project to codify Cornish spelling and provide a regular orthography for the revived language was that of
2046:
1833:
17:
1710:
109:
1943:
1897:
363:
356:
460:(Standard Cornish) is a proposed set of revisions to the SWF. It is based on the initial proposal (called
1667:
2051:
1917:
1703:
1671:
1618:
1304:
1192:
1187:
1168:
1475:
1197:
1988:
1922:
257:
1912:
1902:
1237:
1152:
1120:
493:
344:
98:
1163:
They recognise SWF "for use in schools and public life". They also produce publications in SWF.
252:
1927:
1849:
505:
413:
1173:
To promote "the Cornish language through a wide range of publications, projects and events"
501:
245:
1375:
1351:
1331:
8:
2004:
1973:
1793:
172:
67:
41:
1799:
1785:
1492:
1859:
1755:
1534:
1445:
1437:
1241:
509:
473:
450:
383:
318:
264:
205:
46:''resurrection of Cornish'') is an ongoing process to revive the use of the
2009:
1963:
1887:
1813:
1765:
1760:
1726:
1088:
488:
This table compares the spelling of some Cornish words in different orthographies (
179:
in 1929. Unlike the Late Cornish-based work of Jenner, Nance's orthography, called
47:
32:
2021:
1978:
1948:
1869:
1854:
1770:
1750:
497:
489:
340:
225:
190:
180:
166:
1069:
Existent Cornish language organisations and their relationship to orthographies
1983:
1907:
1864:
1622:
1136:
1058:
430:
426:
The fourth and final Standard Written Form draft was generated on 30 May 2008.
334:
314:
by Ken George and Paul Dunbar. A counter-reply to the latter appeared in 2007.
194:
71:
1584:
2035:
1827:
1775:
1506:
1968:
1958:
438:
150:
1553:
1093:
To "advance knowledge and education of the public in the Cornish Language"
441:
and Morton Nance, Unified Cornish had been used for the Gorseth ceremony.
234:
undertook a study of the sounds of Cornish and devised a new orthography,
63:
55:
1953:
1892:
1820:
1229:
1104:
434:
231:
140:
112: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
144:
Commemorative plaque on Henry Jenner's home with bilingual inscription
1806:
1685:
87:
1695:
1636:
1356:
1336:
51:
1464:(in Cornish and English), kernowek.net; accessed 17 January 2016.
1601:
1570:
1131:
They recognise "the need for pedagogic and official purposes"
1065:
with a class dedicated to publications in the Cornish language.
1372:"Cornish Language Partnership – Standard Written Form Ratified"
1115:
They are "fully committed for use in schools and public life"
230:
In 1986, in response to dissatisfaction with Unified Cornish,
1234:
An Gerlyver Meur: Cornish-English; English-Cornish Dictionary
1521:"Holyer an Gof winners announced at Kresen Kernow ceremony"
285:
was itself challenged by Nicholas Williams who in his book
1308:
1292:
1653:
66:
and academic interest in the language, which was already
1396:
1147:
They "adopted the Standard Written Form" in June 2009.
1461:
1109:
To "promote the use and study of the Cornish language"
1141:
To "maintain the national Celtic spirit of Cornwall"
2033:
382:) Group developed and proposed an orthography,
350:
256:put it at around 55–80%), it was criticised by
1585:"Time for change: the case for Modern Cornish"
1711:
1286:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
455:
307:
296:
290:
280:
235:
216:
184:
1432:Desky Kernowek: A complete guide to Cornish
251:In 1987, after one year of discussion, the
1718:
1704:
274:
1565:
1563:
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
1648:
1646:
1429:
407:
139:
1473:
14:
2034:
1560:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1329:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1228:
312:– Cornish for the Twenty First Century
1699:
1643:
1613:
1611:
1485:
1467:
1125:To promote and support Modern Cornish
1725:
1654:"Welcome The Cornish Language Board"
1215:
1213:
483:
444:
110:adding citations to reliable sources
81:
1541:
1409:"At last, the language of progress"
1332:"Breakthrough for Cornish language"
1254:
24:
1879:
1608:
1352:"Standard Cornish spelling agreed"
429:On 17 June 2009, the bards of the
215:
160:
155:A Handbook of the Cornish Language
25:
2063:
1210:
328:
1330:Morris, Jonathan (19 May 2008).
1049:
86:
1678:
1660:
1629:
1594:
1577:
1527:
1513:
1499:
1455:
1423:
1401:
1157:To promote the Cornish language
1063:Holyer an Gof Publishers Awards
477:
322:
268:
209:
97:needs additional citations for
1476:"Gerva Kynsa dhe Dressa Gradh"
1415:. 17 June 2009. Archived from
1390:
1364:
1344:
1323:
1297:
1222:
70:, and also as a result of the
58:in the 5th and 6th centuries.
13:
1:
1203:
549:
1898:Cornish Language Partnership
1688:. Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek.
542:
456:
364:Cornish Language Partnership
357:Cornish Language Partnership
351:Cornish Language Partnership
289:listed 26 supposed flaws in
236:
185:
7:
1619:"Welcome to Gorsedh Kernow"
1430:Williams, Nicholas (2012).
1181:
10:
2068:
1639:. Kesva an Taves Kernewek.
1305:"Kernowek Dasunys website"
1269:"Language Subtag Registry"
1232:, ed. (2009). "Kernewek".
448:
433:, under the leadership of
411:
396:Members of a group called
354:
332:
223:
164:
77:
2018:
1997:
1936:
1918:Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek
1878:
1842:
1784:
1733:
1672:Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek
1397:Kernowek official website
1293:Kernowek Standard website
1193:Livonian language revival
1188:List of revived languages
1169:Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek
175:who outlined his work in
2042:Cornish language revival
1923:Movyans Skolyow Meythrin
398:Kaskyrgh Kernewek Kemmyn
60:The last reported person
29:Cornish language revival
2047:Celtic language revival
1913:Kesva an Taves Kernewek
1903:Cussel an Tavas Kernuak
1668:"Standard Written Form"
1238:Kesva an Taves Kernewek
1153:Kesva an Taves Kernewek
1121:Cussel an Tavas Kernuak
494:Unified Cornish Revised
345:Cussel an Tavas Kernuak
305:appeared soon after in
275:Unified Cornish Revised
1198:Māori language revival
577:
570:
563:
556:
308:
297:
291:
281:
253:Cornish Language Board
217:
145:
36:
1928:Skol Veythrin Karenza
1850:Standard Written Form
1419:on 12 September 2012.
1080:Preferred Orthography
506:Standard Written Form
414:Standard Written Form
408:Standard Written Form
143:
37:dasserghyans Kernowek
1493:"Cornish Dictionary"
502:Revived Late Cornish
339:In the early 1980s,
106:improve this article
2005:Brittonic languages
1974:Robert Morton Nance
1794:Bodmin manumissions
1537:. Akademi Kernewek.
1495:. Akademi Kernewek.
1311:on 7 September 2008
1274:. IETF. 16 May 2024
1070:
380:Single Written Form
173:Robert Morton Nance
1834:Bible translations
1800:Pascon agan Arluth
1554:"About Agan Tavas"
1099:Maintainer of SWF
1068:
571:Kernewek, Kernowek
146:
2029:
2028:
1989:Nicholas Williams
1860:Kernowek Standard
1604:. Gorsedh Kernow.
1523:. Gorsedh Kernow.
1450:978-1-904808-95-4
1442:978-1-904808-99-2
1247:978-1-902917-84-9
1179:
1178:
1047:
1046:
510:Kernowek Standard
484:Comparison tables
474:IETF language tag
462:Kernowak Standard
457:Kernowek Standard
451:Kernowek Standard
445:Kernowek Standard
384:Kernowak Standard
319:IETF language tag
265:IETF language tag
258:Nicholas Williams
206:IETF language tag
138:
137:
130:
45:
16:(Redirected from
2059:
2052:Language revival
2010:Celtic languages
1998:Related articles
1964:Kitty Lee Jenner
1888:Akademi Kernewek
1814:Beunans Meriasek
1766:Cornish surnames
1727:Cornish language
1720:
1713:
1706:
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1696:
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1627:
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1615:
1606:
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1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:"Modern Cornish"
1567:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1509:. Speak Cornish.
1503:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1471:
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1435:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1413:This is Cornwall
1405:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1374:. Archived from
1368:
1362:
1361:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1307:. Archived from
1301:
1295:
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1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1252:
1251:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1089:Akademi Kernewek
1071:
1067:
945:hwibana, whibana
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
515:
514:
479:
459:
391:Kernowek Dasunys
324:
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48:Cornish language
40:
21:
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2057:
2056:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2022:Cornwall Portal
2014:
1993:
1979:Dolly Pentreath
1949:Richard Gendall
1932:
1874:
1870:Unified Cornish
1855:Kernewek Kemmyn
1838:
1780:
1771:Glasney College
1729:
1724:
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1693:
1684:
1683:
1679:
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1303:
1302:
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1267:
1266:
1255:
1248:
1240:. p. 343.
1227:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1184:
1160:Kernewek Kemmyn
1112:Unified Cornish
1061:have an annual
1052:
498:Kernewek Kemmyn
490:Unified Cornish
486:
453:
447:
416:
410:
359:
353:
341:Richard Gendall
337:
331:
309:Kernewek Kemmyn
298:Kernewek Kemmyn
292:Kernewek Kemmyn
282:Kernewek Kemmyn
277:
237:Kernewek Kemmyn
228:
226:Kernewek Kemmyn
222:
218:Kernewek Kemmyn
181:Unified Cornish
177:Cornish for All
169:
167:Unified Cornish
163:
161:Unified Cornish
134:
123:
117:
114:
103:
91:
80:
23:
22:
18:Cornish revival
15:
12:
11:
5:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:A. S. D. Smith
1981:
1976:
1971:
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1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
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1938:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1908:Gorsedh Kernow
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:Modern Cornish
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
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1840:
1839:
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1810:
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1723:
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1715:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1677:
1659:
1642:
1628:
1623:Gorsedh Kernow
1607:
1593:
1576:
1559:
1540:
1526:
1512:
1498:
1484:
1466:
1454:
1422:
1400:
1389:
1378:on 5 June 2008
1363:
1360:. 19 May 2008.
1343:
1322:
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1208:
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1137:Gorsedh Kernow
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1132:
1129:
1128:Modern Cornish
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:
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1101:
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1097:
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1083:Stance on SWF
1081:
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1059:Gorsedh Kernow
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735:choy, chi, chy
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2020:
1969:Edward Lhuyd
1959:Henry Jenner
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1746:Last speaker
1740:
1680:
1662:
1637:"Who We Are"
1631:
1596:
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1501:
1487:
1469:
1457:
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1417:the original
1412:
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1380:. Retrieved
1376:the original
1366:
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1346:
1335:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:the original
1299:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1233:
1224:
1074:Organisation
1056:
1053:
1028:mona, arhans
790:river mouth
758:gwelv, gweus
692:kodha, codha
626:chair, cadar
623:kador, cador
620:cader, chair
614:chayr, cadar
611:cadar, chayr
487:
471:
466:
461:
454:
439:Henry Jenner
428:
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154:
151:Henry Jenner
147:
124:
118:January 2016
115:
104:Please help
99:verification
96:
28:
26:
1937:Key figures
1452:(paperback)
1434:. Evertype.
1230:George, Ken
965:whêl 'work'
882:(to) smoke
787:ryver, aber
775:ryver, aber
772:aber, ryver
64:antiquarian
56:Old English
2036:Categories
1954:Ken George
1944:John Davey
1893:Agan Tavas
1821:Bewnans Ke
1786:Literature
1686:"About Us"
1507:"About Us"
1382:9 November
1315:9 November
1204:References
1105:Agan Tavas
968:hwel, whel
876:megi, megy
853:skol, scol
698:(to) fall
435:Grand Bard
232:Ken George
153:published
1807:Ordinalia
1756:Phonology
1602:"Welcome"
738:chi, chei
594:gwenenenn
323:kw-ucrcor
279:In 1995,
1481:. Kesva.
1357:BBC News
1337:BBC News
1182:See also
675:outside
603:gwenenen
600:gwenenen
591:gwenenen
588:gwenenen
583:Cornish
578:Kernowek
557:Kernewek
550:Kernowek
543:Kernewek
536:English
478:kw-kscor
269:kw-kkcor
246:phonemic
210:kw-uccor
52:Cornwall
1761:Numbers
1751:Grammar
1741:Revival
1535:"About"
1077:Purpose
1020:silver
1014:arghans
1008:arghans
1002:arghans
974:quarry
948:whybana
939:hwibana
936:whybana
933:whybana
893:sterenn
859:school
813:number
652:cheese
564:Kernûak
78:Revival
68:extinct
44:
33:Cornish
1734:Topics
1448:
1440:
1278:23 May
1272:(text)
1244:
1043:money
1017:arhans
1011:arrans
1005:arhans
928:today
925:hedhyw
922:hedhyw
919:hedhiu
916:hedhyw
913:hedhyw
910:hedhyū
902:steren
899:steren
896:steran
890:steren
887:steren
824:perenn
744:house
686:koedha
672:in mes
669:yn-mes
663:yn-mes
660:yn-mēs
657:yn-mēs
629:chair
597:gwenen
508:, and
504:, the
191:Breton
1588:(PDF)
1479:(PDF)
997:full
905:star
850:scoll
836:pear
833:peren
830:peren
827:peran
821:peren
818:peren
810:nyver
807:niver
804:never
801:niver
798:nyver
795:nyver
781:ryvar
764:gweùs
761:gweus
755:gweus
752:gwēus
749:gwēus
721:goat
718:gavar
715:gaver
712:gavar
709:gaver
706:gavar
703:gavar
695:codha
689:codha
683:codha
680:codha
666:a-vêz
617:kador
195:Welsh
1446:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1384:2012
1317:2012
1280:2024
1242:ISBN
1057:The
1040:mona
994:leun
991:leun
988:lean
985:leun
982:luen
971:whel
962:hwel
959:whēl
956:whēl
879:megy
873:megi
870:megi
867:megy
864:megy
856:scol
847:skol
844:scōl
841:scōl
784:aber
778:aber
767:lip
649:keus
646:keus
643:keaz
640:keus
637:cues
606:bee
472:Its
374:The
317:Its
263:Its
204:Its
193:and
42:lit.
27:The
1144:SWF
1096:SWF
979:lün
741:chy
732:chi
729:chȳ
726:chȳ
634:kēs
530:SWF
527:RLC
521:UCR
512:).
476:is
321:is
267:is
240:or
208:is
108:by
50:of
2038::
1670:.
1645:^
1621:.
1610:^
1562:^
1543:^
1436:,
1411:.
1354:.
1334:.
1256:^
1236:.
1212:^
533:KS
524:KK
518:UC
500:,
496:,
492:,
480:.
469:.
347:.
325:.
271:.
212:.
39:,
35::
1830:"
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1719:e
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378:(
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