1248:
as a form of soft power in its post-WW2 era as a non-militaristic country, they were met with hesitation from many countries in the region, but most significantly, South Korea. While "Cool Japan" efforts have now improved their image in South Korea and the region as a whole, it took awhile for South Korea to trust Japan's intentions, and still faces hesitancy. South
Koreans viewed this initiative as another way that Japan was inserting itself too much into different realms and cultures they did not belong to. Additionally, by attempting to spread their culture as a form of soft power, it was seen by others as Japan trying to put themselves into other countries in a way too similar to when they had done so during its imperial era. It appeared to be reminiscent of the Co-Prosperity Sphere, in which Japan attempted, and ultimately failed, to implement too much of itself into others under imperial rule. However, while this historical legacy of colonization had impeded Japan's efforts to implement "Cool Japan" initiatives in the region, the past two decades have indicated that it is improving their image and relationships. For instance, by coming together to create media and distribute it to each other's countries, Japan has been able to integrate a positive image in South Korea. This was evident when the two countries co-hosted the 2002 World Cup, showing that the two countries were willing to come together for a significant cultural moment, thus creating a positive image for the public. Another issue which challenged the effectiveness of "Cool Japan" was the lack of relatability throughout Asia. This is also due to the combination of Japan's imperial history and the resulting closed approach of other countries to the Japanese media. In Japan's attempts to spread culture through television and movies, they faced difficulties because other countries were not receptive to it and did not feel a connection to the characters. This is rooted in the rejection of Japanese culture and their attempts to separate themselves as different from its neighbors. Japan was forced to shift their approach to media and improve the relatability of how they present characters. However, Japan was successful in this and as a result saw a spread of Japanese media and culture to their neighboring countries.
890:
cultivated and pioneered soft power as its approach to its position on the global stage. In this, Japan was forced to figure out how to go about in security, aid, and leadership, starting with reinventing their image and rebuilding their negative reputation. Japan's "Cool Japan" Initiative was a major cornerstone of its soft power policy and greatly contributed to their reintegration into regional and global leadership.
797:
44:
1247:
Japan's use of soft power through its "Cool Japan" has faced criticism connected to its imperialist history. Under its imperial rule over South Korea, Japan cultivated an extremely negative perception of itself due to its treatment of
Koreans. Thus, when Japan began implementing "Cool Japan" policies
1066:
The adoption of Cool Japan has also spurred changes in culture studies. As a result of the fascination of Cool Japan with
Japanese youth culture and schoolgirls, a new wave of studies called 'girl studies' focuses specifically on the experience of girls and the girls-at-heart. Previously a subject of
889:
Due to the combination of its failures in World War 2 and its aggressive imperial history, Japan was forced by circumstances, specifically the United States, to alter its approach to global diplomacy. Under
Article 9, Japan was no longer able to employ hard power through its military. As a result, it
1288:
criticized the government in 2015 for having set up a huge budget, yet "have no idea where that money should go. It's no exaggeration to say it has fallen into a downward spiral of wasted tax money flowing into little known companies", and that such lack of support is causing Japan to "fall behind
1117:
on cultural activities was ¥116.9 billion in South Korea, ¥477.5 billion in China, and ¥101.8 billion in Japan, forming 0.79%, 0.51%, and 0.12% of total government spending respectively. The fund was launched in 2013, and the
Japanese government committed to the Cool Japan Fund ¥50 billion ($ 500
1079:
established a new
Creative Industries Promotion Office to promote cultural and creative industries as a strategic sector "under the single, long term concept of "Cool Japan", to coordinate different government functions, and to cooperate with the private sector". The
1124:
reported that within five years the fund "suffered pretax losses totaling 10 billion yen ($ 88.9 million)", and that many projects failed to deliver earnings. Since June 2018, the management has been led by former Sony Music
Entertainment (Japan) CEO Naoki Kitagawa.
1292:
In 2017, a senior executive and several other senior male employees of Cool Japan Fund Inc. were accused of sexual harassment targeting female employees of the fund. The employees formed a labor union in order to fight against sexual harassment. In the same year,
1289:
its Asian neighbors in terms of cultural exports". In 2016, Benjamin Boas pointed out that Cool Japan-branded efforts are often promoted without participation of foreigners, leaving out the perspectives of the very foreigners that they are trying to target.
1031:", an increasing number of more reform-minded government officials and business leaders in Japan began to refer to the country's "gross national cool" and to adopt the unofficial slogan "Cool Japan". In a 2005 press conference, the
1275:
in charge of
Japanese foods. Lecturer Roland Kelts has also suggested that a failure to fully distinguish, brand and engage the overseas audience and market may mean that "Cool Japan" is "over". In 2011,
1299:
journalist Yuta Saito criticized fund's ambitions because their "lack of strategy, discipline gives rise to unprofitable projects", and there's possible conflict of interest by the executives. In 2018,
946:
titled "Japan's Gross
National Cool", Douglas McGray wrote of Japan "reinventing superpower" as its cultural influence expanded internationally, despite the economic and political problems of the "
1238:
available, stating that Sentai had achieved better financial results in 2019 compared to 2018, with plans for medium and long-term growth, and strategic changes following the COVID-19 pandemic.
2051:
2358:
2305:
2635:
937:
and multiple other television shows, Japan successfully established the idea of "Cool Japan" as a method of establishing and improving the country's cultural perception.
2092:
1234:, aiming to provide support at the copyright level, and increasing the presence of anime in North America. On September 30, 2020, the Cool Japan Fund made an additional
1109:
The deputy director described its mission as to "brand
Japanese products with the uniqueness of Japanese culture", with a budget of ¥19 billion for 2011 alone. In the
2332:
1730:
2254:
1272:
874:'s overall brand strategy, aiming to disseminate Japan's attractiveness and allure to the world. The target of Cool Japan "encompasses everything from games,
1169:
who contributed ¥6.6 billion out of ¥11 billion, but failed to expand in multiple markets and generate viewership, with nearly ¥4 billion losses until 2017.
1002:, McGray highlighted Japan's considerable cultural soft power, posing the question of what message the country might project. He also argued that Japan's
1606:
2115:
1531:
Iwabuchi, Koichi (8 August 2015). "Pop-culture diplomacy in Japan: soft power, nation branding and the question of 'international cultural exchange'".
1206:, to promote Japanese goods and services. However, lack of demand resulted with a loss of circa $ 4.5 million, and all Cool Japan Fund shares sold to
1055:, which by the end of 2009 had reached over 100 episodes. Academic initiatives include the establishment of a "Cool Japan" research project at the
2061:
647:
2690:
1165:, Japanese satellite television channel that broadcasts Japanese programs to overseas viewers in Asia. It was a joint venture with broadcaster
2557:
2144:
2593:
1820:
1637:
1450:
Iwabuchi, K. (2015). Pop-culture diplomacy in Japan: Soft power, nation branding and the question of ‘international cultural exchange’.
1284:
referred to Cool Japan as a form of state-sponsored cultural retreading she calls Gross National Propaganda. Japanese singer-songwriter
1960:
827:
86:
2719:
1763:
2181:
2500:
1452:
1067:
adolescent psychology or feminism, girl studies emerged from Cool Japan to include an interdisciplinary analysis of girl culture.
1964:
1264:
1175:
1081:
1076:
2662:
1508:
979:
322:
1860:
1056:
709:
101:
1306:
reported that it was too soon to consider it "grossly incompetent or corrupt", but was at least "under-performing" for now.
1799:
1032:
1575:
1268:
1259:
argued that the government was not doing enough to advance the country's business interests in this sphere, allowing the
906:
1075:
The Japanese government has identified the culture industry as one of five potential areas of growth. In June 2010, the
1644:
257:
1882:
2744:
1674:
2019:
1437:
Groot, G. (2018). Cool Japan Versus the China Threat: Does Japan’s Popular Culture Success Mean More Soft Power?.
1280:
critiqued Cool Japan campaign as exploiting and misrepresenting youth subcultural fashion and language. In 2013,
1118:
million) over 20 years, with a target of ¥60 billion ($ 600 million) via private investor partnerships. However,
820:
495:
1740:
1178:
starts Nippon Quest, a website to showcase and disseminate unknown Japanese regional specialties to the world.
1277:
615:
82:
1933:
2359:"The role of public diplomacy in shaping international relations: Lessons from Japan's Soft Power Strategy"
1614:
1476:
931:
was distributed at no cost outside of Japan, and was well received in 46 countries. Through the success of
359:
897:, with the ability to "indirectly influence behavior or interests through cultural or ideological means".
886:, and traditional culture to robots, eco-friendly technologies, and other high-tech industrial products".
1220:, becoming a minority shareholder, to support making of content promoting Japanese food and destinations.
354:
91:
1385:
1373:
1207:
719:
677:
2529:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2211:"Traditional Japanese Crafts will be Showcased to the World as a Result of the Cool Japan Initiative"
1335:
813:
729:
724:
416:
111:
77:
1085:
1036:
761:
317:
1938:
971:
364:
215:
106:
2568:
1990:
1166:
453:
220:
116:
1424:
2729:
1831:
1648:
1281:
1263:
to overshadow Japan's efforts. The editorial highlighted structural inefficiencies, with the
983:
967:
756:
714:
687:
662:
448:
327:
286:
121:
67:
1968:
1059:, while some western universities have reported an increase in the number of applicants for
1006:
may even have boosted its national cool, due to the partial discrediting of erstwhile rigid
2636:"Gackt lashes out at Cool Japan: 'Almost no results of Japanese culture exported overseas'"
2507:
1773:
1185:
682:
625:
620:
401:
2443:
2279:
158:
8:
1827:
1735:
947:
672:
667:
595:
509:
2232:
2210:
2093:"After four years Cool Japan is Y4.4 bil in the hole and continuing to show few results"
1795:
870:," the Japanese government started using the phrase. The Cool Japan strategy is part of
205:
2336:
2309:
1679:
1556:
1181:
US cafes focused on Japanese tea, on which was spent ¥250 million for nearly 50% stake.
1020:
1007:
701:
378:
332:
305:
247:
200:
182:
2564:
1560:
1548:
1505:
1411:
1315:
657:
652:
443:
435:
421:
391:
309:
272:
242:
195:
190:
72:
62:
2471:
1184:
Funding of the development of content creators for anime and manga outside Japan by
1151:, the world's largest trade fair for interior goods and designs, to promote Japan's
1540:
1485:
1231:
1060:
987:
883:
863:
859:
781:
743:
545:
346:
252:
148:
54:
34:
1701:
1544:
2667:
2448:
2024:
1768:
1517:
1512:
1325:
1254:
1148:
1114:
975:
910:
600:
527:
485:
291:
168:
143:
135:
96:
1638:"J-brand: What image of youth is getting sold in Japan's "gross national cool"?"
1610:
1583:
1579:
1350:
1320:
1162:
942:
867:
639:
590:
582:
541:
386:
210:
25:
2306:"Cool Japan Fund Invests in North American Anime Group Led by Sentai Holdings"
1490:
1471:
2738:
2534:
2476:
2333:"Cool Japan Fund Makes Additional $ 3.6 Million Available to Sentai Holdings"
1552:
1089:
951:
751:
411:
163:
2255:"Cool Japan Fund Invests In Kadokawa's Content Creator Development Projects"
1199:
1138:
801:
472:
563:
2724:
2639:
1340:
1302:
1260:
1154:
1110:
999:
517:
396:
153:
1088:
is one of the key elements for Cool Japan and that pop culture includes
2607:
2189:
2152:
1472:"Wink on Pink: Interpreting Japanese Cute as It Grabs Global Headlines"
1330:
1295:
1120:
922:
894:
234:
1025:
267:
1887:
1764:"Forget about salarymen, gridlocked politics and zombie corporations"
1217:
1003:
610:
1910:
1374:
https://www.cao.go.jp/cool_japan/english/pdf/published_document2.pdf
1203:
406:
281:
2145:"Cool Japan Fund invests $ 12.5m in Tastemade food video service"
1028:
490:
2714:
2413:
Schmitt, G.J. (2014). "A hard look at soft power in East Asia".
1856:
43:
1216:
The first investment with new management was $ 12.5 million in
1195:
993:
558:
480:
458:
262:
2691:"Government-Backed 'Cool Japan' Fund Hit by Harassment Claims"
2472:"South Korea, China overtaking Japan in "cool" culture battle"
2688:
1402:
Walker, J. "Soft Power and Japan's role in a complex world".
1368:
Cool Japan Strategy Public-Private Collaboration Initiative,
1285:
1093:
963:
959:
955:
916:
879:
875:
871:
605:
553:
522:
277:
2430:
Structure, Audience and Soft Power in East Asian Pop Culture
2400:
Structure, Audience and Soft Power in East Asian Pop Culture
2385:
Structure, Audience and Soft Power in East Asian Pop Culture
882:, and other forms of content, fashion, commercial products,
2592:
Miller, Laura. "Cute masquerade and the pimping of Japan."
2501:"Japan and Korea as a Source of Media and Cultural Capital"
1961:"Establishment of the Creative Industries Promotion Office"
1391:. Intellectual Property Headquarters, Cabinet Office. 2020.
1345:
913:
efforts through the release of a television series titled
2056:
1706:
1043:
568:
1070:
1042:
The phrase gained greater exposure in the mid-2000s as
1252:
1152:
1050:
991:
932:
926:
914:
1607:"Japan's Gross National Cool (subscription required)"
2116:"Can METI's ¥50 billion fund unfreeze 'Cool Japan'?"
2663:"'Cool Japan' needs to listen to its target market"
2182:"Cool Japan Fund's big ambitions mostly fall flat"
1469:
1911:"Taking girls seriously in 'Cool Japan' ideology"
905:Starting in 1980, following the emergence of the
2736:
2689:Yuji Nakamura; Takako Taniguchi (11 July 2017).
1931:
1672:
1137:Establishment of Cool Japan Fund Inc. under the
1128:
2498:
2432:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 119–144.
2402:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 119–144.
2387:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 119–144.
2235:. 経済産業省 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
2213:. 経済産業省 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1728:
1604:
1573:
1273:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
851:
2725:Japan External Trade Organization - Cool Japan
2014:
2012:
1761:
1099:
845:
2555:
2527:
2049:
1635:
1194:Isetan the Japan Store, a joint venture with
821:
2052:"Can Japan profit from its national "cool"?"
2594:International Journal of Japanese Sociology
2558:"The Politics of Popular Culture - Panel 2"
2009:
1880:
1271:responsible for cultural exchange, and the
893:Cool Japan has been described as a form of
2596:. Vol. 20, Issue. 1, pp. 18–29, 2011.
2179:
2142:
1796:"Press Conference 27 September 2005 - III"
1018:Taken up in the international media, with
828:
814:
2682:
2444:"Time to capitalise on "Cool Japan" boom"
1489:
1198:to make a five-floor department store in
1147:Traditional Japanese crafts showcased at
2530:"Japanamerica: Why "Cool Japan" is over"
2330:
1533:International Journal of Cultural Policy
1530:
1453:International Journal of Cultural Policy
1439:Japanese language and soft power in Asia
2720:Cool Japan / Creative Industries Policy
2412:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
1995:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1965:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1265:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1082:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1077:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1035:linked the idea to Bhutan's concept of
2737:
2331:Hodgkins, Crystalyn (3 October 2020).
2280:"Cool Japan Fund drops Malaysia store"
2138:
2136:
2045:
2043:
1908:
1883:""Cool Japan" suffers from cruel cuts"
862:that non-Japanese people perceive as "
2356:
2113:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
1861:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1673:Talbot, Margaret (15 December 2002).
1567:
1370:Cool Japan Strategy Promotion Council
1057:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1024:running a retrospect "Year in Ideas:
2660:
2605:
2397:
2382:
2166:
1800:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
1729:Faiola, Anthony (27 December 2003).
1675:"The Year in Ideas; Pokemon Hegemon"
1230:in American anime licensing company
1071:Creative Industries Promotion Office
909:(MOFA), Japan began to increase its
907:Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2730:JETRO report on "Cool Japan" (2005)
2133:
2040:
13:
2076:
2050:Mackay, Mairi (19 November 2010).
1645:University of California, Berkeley
1506:Exporting culture via 'Cool Japan'
1401:
1063:courses due to the "cool" effect.
14:
2771:
2708:
1932:Amano, Tomomichi (14 June 2010).
1498:
1362:
2661:Boas, Benjamin (24 April 2016).
2427:
1762:Frederick, Jim (4 August 2003).
1636:Allison, Anne (5 October 2007).
795:
122:Post-Japanese occupation history
42:
2654:
2628:
2606:Snow, Nancy (7 November 2013).
2599:
2586:
2549:
2521:
2492:
2464:
2436:
2421:
2406:
2391:
2376:
2350:
2324:
2298:
2272:
2247:
2225:
2203:
2107:
1983:
1953:
1925:
1902:
1874:
1849:
1830:. November 2009. Archived from
1813:
1788:
1755:
1722:
1694:
1666:
1629:
1598:
1010:and big-business career paths.
2180:Yuta Saito (6 November 2017).
2143:Yuji Nitta (24 October 2018).
1881:Corbyn, Zoe (5 October 2007).
1702:"Japan counts on cool culture"
1605:McGray, Douglas (1 May 2002).
1574:McGray, Douglas (1 May 2002).
1524:
1463:
1444:
1431:
1395:
1378:
1:
2556:Kelts, Roland (5 June 2010).
2528:Kelts, Roland (17 May 2010).
2415:American Enterprise Institute
2114:Kelts, Roland (9 July 2013).
1934:"How to Promote "Cool Japan""
1857:"Cool Japan Research Project"
1576:"Japan's Gross National Cool"
1545:10.1080/10286632.2015.1042469
1356:
1129:Timeline of notable endeavors
2233:"METI to Start NIPPON QUEST"
1477:The Journal of Asian Studies
1267:promoting "Cool Japan", the
1242:
7:
1470:Yano, Christine R. (2009).
1309:
1269:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1253:
1153:
1139:Law of Cool Japan Fund Inc.
1051:
1033:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1013:
992:
933:
927:
915:
852:
10:
2776:
1821:""Cool Japan" Goes Global"
1208:Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings
1188:Contents Academy Co., Ltd.
900:
2095:. Japan Today. 4 May 2018
1491:10.1017/s0021911809990015
1336:Japanese economic miracle
1100:
1052:Hakkutsu: Kakkoii Nippon!
866:". After the success of "
858:refers to the aspects of
846:
2745:Japanese popular culture
2499:Yasumoto, Seiko (2006).
2020:"Promoting "Cool Japan""
1731:"Japan's Empire of Cool"
1372:, Cabinet Office, 2015,
1251:A 2010 editorial in the
1226:Cool Japan Fund invests
1159:(manufacturing) culture.
1046:began a series entitled
1037:Gross National Happiness
2357:Singh, A (7 May 2023).
1939:The Wall Street Journal
1511:7 November 2012 at the
1386:"Cool Japan Initiative"
87:Science, and Technology
16:Japanese brand strategy
1991:"クール・ジャパン／クリエイティブ産業政策"
1909:Miller, Laura (2011).
221:Japanese Sign Language
1096:, and B class gourmet
998:("cuteness") such as
940:In a 2002 article in
496:Pottery and porcelain
2715:Cool Japan Fund Inc.
2508:University of Sydney
1915:Japan Studies Review
1141:(Act No.51 of 2013).
1086:Japanese pop culture
980:consumer electronics
710:World Heritage Sites
658:Association football
616:Mobile phone culture
2574:on 31 December 2010
2398:Huat, C.B. (2012).
2383:Huat, C.B. (2012).
2186:Nikkei Asian Review
2149:Nikkei Asian Review
1971:on 4 September 2010
1828:Government of Japan
1736:The Washington Post
1617:on 6 September 2014
1586:on 16 December 2012
1521:, 15 May 2012, p. 3
1296:Nikkei Asian Review
1121:Nikkei Asian Review
990:, and phenomena of
725:Cultural Properties
720:Cultural Landscapes
323:Legendary creatures
73:Historical currency
2337:Anime News Network
2310:Anime News Network
2259:Anime News Network
1710:. 13 December 2004
1680:The New York Times
1149:Maison & Objet
1021:The New York Times
1008:social hierarchies
730:National Treasures
417:Cultural festivals
2565:Temple University
1504:Nagata, Kazuaki,
1419:Missing or empty
1316:Cool Biz campaign
838:
837:
678:American football
422:Japanese New Year
402:Buddha's Birthday
392:Coming of Age Day
159:Ōbeikei Islanders
102:Foreign relations
2767:
2760:2000s neologisms
2755:Culture of Japan
2750:Economy of Japan
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2615:Metropolis Japan
2612:
2603:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2567:. Archived from
2562:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2452:. 30 August 2010
2440:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2089:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2060:. Archived from
2047:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2028:. 15 August 2010
2016:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1967:. Archived from
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1837:on 23 March 2011
1836:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1772:. Archived from
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1743:on 27 March 2010
1739:. Archived from
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1647:. Archived from
1642:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1613:. Archived from
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1582:. Archived from
1571:
1565:
1564:
1528:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1467:
1461:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1399:
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2695:. Retrieved
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2666:
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2644:. Retrieved
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:
2601:
2588:
2576:. Retrieved
2569:the original
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2539:. Retrieved
2533:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
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2482:. Retrieved
2475:
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2454:. Retrieved
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2366:. Retrieved
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2193:. Retrieved
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2123:. Retrieved
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2097:. Retrieved
2066:. Retrieved
2062:the original
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1999:. Retrieved
1994:
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1973:. Retrieved
1969:the original
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1943:. Retrieved
1937:
1927:
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1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1886:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1832:the original
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1803:. Retrieved
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:the original
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1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:the original
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1724:
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1705:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1678:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1649:the original
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1615:the original
1600:
1590:11 September
1588:. Retrieved
1584:the original
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1250:
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1200:Kuala Lumpur
1119:
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984:architecture
941:
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888:
840:
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757:Coat of arms
715:Architecture
663:Martial arts
449:Christianity
355:Food history
287:Tea ceremony
280: /
68:Demographics
18:
2693:. Bloomberg
2646:3 September
2640:Japan Today
2428:Huat, C.B.
2264:20 February
2239:27 February
2217:27 February
2125:28 February
1921:(1): 18–29.
1341:Korean Wave
1303:Japan Today
1261:Korean Wave
1155:monodzukuri
1111:fiscal year
1000:Hello Kitty
968:video games
948:lost decade
683:Rugby union
626:Pornography
621:Video games
518:Light novel
397:Hinamatsuri
360:Ingredients
2739:Categories
2697:28 October
2674:7 February
2290:28 October
2195:28 October
2190:The Nikkei
2158:28 October
2153:The Nikkei
2099:28 October
1421:|url=
1357:References
1331:Japan Expo
1282:Nancy Snow
1048:Cool Japan
923:soap opera
895:soft power
853:Kūru Japan
841:Cool Japan
673:Ice hockey
668:Basketball
596:Television
510:Literature
235:Traditions
169:Ryukuyuans
92:Healthcare
2342:4 October
1888:The Times
1561:143257452
1553:1028-6632
1243:Criticism
1218:Tastemade
1004:recession
702:Monuments
611:Media mix
564:Kayōkyoku
379:Festivals
333:Folktales
306:Mythology
248:Etiquette
183:Languages
83:Education
63:Era names
2620:13 April
2578:18 March
2541:18 March
2513:18 March
2484:18 March
2456:18 March
2368:29 April
2316:8 August
2068:18 March
2032:18 March
1975:18 March
1945:18 March
1894:18 March
1866:18 March
1841:18 March
1805:18 March
1780:18 March
1747:18 March
1714:18 March
1686:18 March
1658:18 March
1621:18 March
1509:Archived
1441:, 15-41.
1412:cite web
1310:See also
1204:Malaysia
1186:KADOKAWA
1014:Adoption
688:Olympics
653:Baseball
444:Buddhism
436:Religion
407:Tanabata
310:folklore
273:Marriage
253:Funerals
243:Clothing
201:Ryukyuan
196:Japanese
144:Japanese
26:a series
24:Part of
2001:29 June
1029:Hegemon
1026:Pokémon
988:cuisine
972:fashion
901:Origins
847:クールジャパン
782:Museums
744:Symbols
491:Ikebana
486:Gardens
347:Cuisine
318:Deities
268:Wasōbon
206:Hachijō
191:Japonic
55:History
1559:
1551:
1196:Isetan
1113:2008,
994:kawaii
601:Cinema
559:Anison
528:Poetry
481:Bonsai
459:Shinto
365:Dishes
292:Values
263:Geisha
164:Yamato
136:People
28:on the
2611:(PDF)
2572:(PDF)
2561:(PDF)
2504:(PDF)
1835:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1652:(PDF)
1641:(PDF)
1557:S2CID
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