Economic history of Japan

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Fuhito. Fuhito was succeeded by four sons, Muchimaro, Umakai, Fusasaki, and Maro. They put Emperor Shōmu, the prince by Fuhito's daughter, on the throne. In 729, they arrested Nagaya and regained control. However, as a major outbreak of smallpox spread from Kyūshū in 735, all four brothers died two years later, resulting in temporary reduction in the Fujiwara dominance. In 740, a member of the Fujiwara clan, Hirotsugu, launched a rebellion from his base in Fukuoka, Kyushu. Although defeated, it is without doubt that the Emperor was heavily shocked about these events, and he moved the palace three times in only five years from 740, until he eventually returned to Nara. In the late Nara period, financial burdens on the state increased, and the court began dismissing nonessential officials. In 792 universal conscription was abandoned, and district heads were allowed to establish private militia forces for local police work. Decentralization of authority became the rule despite the reforms of the Nara period. Eventually, to return control to imperial hands, the capital was moved in 784 to Nagaoka-kyō and in 794 to Heian-kyō (literally Capital of Peace and Tranquility), about twenty-six kilometers north of Nara. By the late eleventh century, the city was popularly called Kyoto (capital city), the name it has had ever since.

3305:), and an overall membership of more than 130 members representing universities, corporations, political parties, the bureaucracy, social workers, and labor." US assistance totaled about US$ 1.9 billion during the occupation, or about 15% of the nation's imports and 4% of GNP in that period. About 59% of this aid was in the form of food, 15% in industrial materials, and 12% in transportation equipment. US grant assistance, however, tapered off quickly in the mid-1950s. US military procurement from Japan peaked at a level equivalent to 7% of Japan's GNP in 1953 and fell below 1% after 1960. A variety of United States-sponsored measures during the occupation, such as land reform, contributed to the economy's later performance by increasing competition. In particular, the post-war purge of industrial leaders allowed new talent to rise in the management of the nation's rebuilt industries. Finally, the economy benefited from foreign trade because it was able to expand exports rapidly enough to pay for imports of equipment and technology without falling into debt, as had a number of developing nations in the 1980s. 2214: 2524:, "Iron Duke", to Japan, which he demonstrated on an 8-mile track in the Ōura district of Nagasaki. However, after centuries of a culture of 'distrust of foreigners', construction of the premier railway built by non-Japanese was considered politically unacceptable to the new Japanese regime. Therefore, the government of Japan decided to build a railway from the major port of Yokohama to Tokyo using British financing and 300 British and European technical advisors: civil engineers, general managers, locomotive builders and drivers. In order to undertake its construction, foreign experts were contracted, with the specific intent that such experts would educate Japanese co-workers so that Japan could become self-sufficient in railway construction expertise, at which time the foreign contractors were expected to leave the country. In late 1872, the first railway, between 3364:"law on the expulsion of Zaibatsu-affiliated controls" of January 1948 enforced the resignation of Zaibatsu board members who were related closely to Zaibatsu families, while a measure was taken to ban on holding the concurrent board posts of their affiliated companies. In addition, a government employees law was enacted, the first group of Japanese Supreme Court justices was appointed, local government and the police were reorganised, the Ministries of Home Affairs, Navy, and War were abolished, extensive revisions were made to criminal law, and progress was made on land reform. Finally, the unionization of Japanese workers was encouraged by US occupying forces that forced companies to compete on technology and innovation. 1234: 1585: 1609:

the old Shōtoku land reform systems declined. By the mid-eighth century, shōen (landed estates), one of the most important economic institutions in prehistoric Japan, began to rise as a result of the search for a more manageable form of landholding. Local administration gradually became more self-sufficient, while the breakdown of the old land distribution system and the rise of taxes led to the loss or abandonment of land by many people who became the "wave people" (furōsha). Some of these formerly "public people" were privately employed by large landholders, and "public lands" increasingly reverted to the shōen.

1158: 1072: 3269:, the economies of Japan and its occupied territories all suffered severely. Inflation was rampant; Japanese heavy industry, forced to devote nearly all its production to meet military needs, was unable to meet the commercial requirements of Japan (which had previously relied on trade with Western countries for their manufactured goods). Local industries were unable to produce at high enough levels to avoid severe shortfalls. Furthermore, maritime trade, upon which the Empire depended greatly, was sharply curtailed by damage to the Japanese merchant fleet over the course of the war. 2370: 1093:, the most commonly used method of housing at the time, with some even having paved stone floors. At the end of the Jōmon period the local population declined sharply. Scientists suggest that this was possibly caused by food shortages and other environmental problems. They concluded that not all Jōmon groups suffered under these circumstances but the overall population declined. Examining the remains of the people who lived throughout the Jōmon period, there is evidence that these deaths were not inflicted by warfare or violence on a large enough scale to cause these deaths. 3860:

and of consumers to go on a buying spree. Japan's imports grew at a faster rate than exports. Japanese post-war technological research was carried out for the sake of economic growth rather than military development. The growth in high-technology industries in the 1980s resulted from heightened domestic demand for high-technology products such as electronics, and for higher living, housing, and environmental standards; better medical care and more welfare; expanded leisure-time facilities; and improved ways to accommodate a rapidly aging society.

884: 4055: 990: 3329:, causing large-scale dejection and despondency. The term "gifts from Heaven" was coined by cartoonist Kato Etsuro in his first illustrations under US military occupation. These gifts referred to the bloodless democratic revolution from above ushered in by US forces that put an end to a socially debilitating war. Of the many aspects of the revolution from above, the reforms extending the right to vote to women, strengthening labor unionization, and liberalizing the economy were some of the most enduring changes that stand to this day. 1742: 1102: 9421: 4268: 4184: 2015: 3301:

strike, and bargain collectively, which was passed by the Diet of Japan on 22 December 1945. While the law was created while Japan was under occupation, the law itself was largely a Japanese work. It was put together by a large legal advisory commission headed by the legal scholar Suehiro Izutaro. The commission was quite large, consisting of "three Welfare ministry bureaucrats and two scholars, a steering committee of 30 members (including the communist firebrand

11648: 4311: 1133:, lived in permanent farming villages, and constructed buildings with wood and stone. They also accumulated wealth through land ownership and the storage of grain. Such factors promoted the development of distinct social classes. Yayoi chiefs, in some parts of Kyūshū, appear to have sponsored, and politically manipulated, trade in bronze and other prestige objects. That was made possible by the introduction of an irrigated, wet-rice agriculture from the 4242:

decision to collect on the collateral, hoping asset prices would improve. These delays were allowed by national banking regulators. Some banks make even more loans to these companies that are used to service the debt they already have. This continuing process is known as maintaining an "unrealized loss", and until the assets are completely revalued and/or sold off (and the loss realized), it will continue to be a deflationary force in the economy.

3355:. One of the first and most significant economic reforms was the division and distribution of rural land to Japanese tenant farmers. Previously, property belonged to landlords and farmers worked on it in a feudal type system. Modern capitalist theory held that this feudal practice did not incentivize growth and the rural landlord class was dissolved. In addition to the dissolution of the landlord class, the massive business conglomerates known as 11658: 3288:

equipped with the best modern machines, giving Japan an initial competitive advantage over the victor states, who now had older factories. As Japan's second period of economic development began, millions of former soldiers joined a well-disciplined and highly educated work force to rebuild Japan. Japan's colonies were lost as a result of World War II, but since then the Japanese had extended their economic influence throughout Asia and beyond.

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710. The capital was moved shortly (for reasons described later in this section) to Kuni-kyō (present-day Kizugawa) in 740–744, to Naniwa-kyō (present-day Osaka) in 744–745, to Shigarakinomiya (紫香楽宮, present-day Shigaraki) in 745, and moved back to Nara in 745. Nara was Japan's first truly urban center. It soon had a population of 200,000 (representing nearly 7% of the country's population) and some 10,000 people worked in government jobs.

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to invest in that would return a profit. Meanwhile, the extremely low interest rate offered for deposits, such as 0.1%, meant that ordinary Japanese savers were just as inclined to put their money under their beds as they were to put it in savings accounts. Correcting the credit problem became even more difficult as the government began to subsidize failing banks and businesses, creating many so-called "zombie businesses". Eventually a

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average growth rate of 5% in the late 1980s, for example, was far higher than the 3.8% growth rate of the United States. Despite more petroleum price increases in 1979, the strength of the Japanese economy was apparent. It expanded without the double-digit inflation that afflicted other industrial nations (and that had bothered Japan itself after the first oil crisis in 1973). Japan experienced slower growth in the mid-1980s, but its

1964: 86: 3521: 4693: 1721:'s victory, the defense so depleted its finances that it was unable to provide compensation to its vassals for their role in the victory. This had permanent negative consequences for the shogunate's relations with the samurai class. Japan nevertheless entered a period of prosperity and population growth starting around 1250. In rural areas, the greater use of iron tools and fertilizer, improved irrigation techniques, and 4474:, which also forced a national state of emergency, gave the nation its worst economic crisis since the end of World War II. Jun Saito of the Japan Center for Economic Research stated that the pandemic delivered the "final blow" to Japan's long fledging economy, which also resumed slow growth in 2018. Two stimulus packages, in April and May 2020, injected 234 trillion yen (US$ 2.2 trillion), or almost 40% of Japan's GDP. 1529: 4000: 4721: 2426:

shippers were also competing with European traders to carry these goods across Asia and even to Europe. As in the West, the textile mills employed mainly women, half of them under age twenty. They were sent there by their fathers, and they turned over their wages to their fathers. Japan largely skipped water power and moved straight to steam powered mills, which were more productive and created a demand for coal.

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Japanese Government only funding routes not able to be privately constructed. By that year the privately owned network was ~2,124 km compared to the government owned sections totaling ~887 km. While this figure seemed to indicate the potential for further private funding of railway construction (notwithstanding the routes already targeted by private companies), subsequent events demonstrated otherwise.

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automobiles, electronics, ships, and machine tools assumed new importance. The value added to manufacturing and mining grew at the rate of 17% per year between 1965 and 1970. Growth rates moderated to about 8% and evened out between the industrial and service sectors between 1970 and 1973, as retail trade, finance, real estate, information technology, and other service industries streamlined their operations.

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1970s, however, the Japanese economy began to move away from heavy manufacturing toward a more service-oriented (tertiary sector) base. During the 1980s, jobs in wholesaling, retailing, finance, insurance, real estate, transportation, communications, and government grew rapidly, while secondary-sector employment remained stable. The tertiary sector grew from 47% of the work force in 1970 to 59.2% in 1990.

4707: 22: 8308: 4466:'s record by more than US$ 5 billion (when not adjusted for inflation). In the resort town of Hakone, record rainfall of almost a meter (942.3 mm, 37.1 inches) fell in only 24 hours. This adds to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people's lives and the economy, the prime minister unveiling a "massive" stimulus amounting to 20% of GDP. In April 2020, Prime Minister 4494:, citing gave the nation its worst economic crisis since the end of World War II. Jun Saito of the Japan Center for Economic Research stated that the pandemic delivered the "final blow" to Japan's long fledging economy, which also resumed slow growth in 2018. Less than a quarter of Japanese people expect living conditions to improve in the coming decades. 3864:

and power. The rise of an information-based economy was led by major research in highly sophisticated technology, such as advanced computers. The selling and use of information became very beneficial to the economy. Tokyo became a major financial center, home to some of the world's major banks, financial firms, insurance companies, and the world's largest

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an exceptional debt to GDP level is only possible because Japanese hold most of the debt: "“Japanese households hold most of their savings in bank accounts (48%) and these sums are used by commercial banks to buy Japanese government bonds. Thus, 85.7% of these bonds are held by Japanese investors.” However, an aging population could decrease savings.

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would become cheaper and foreign trade would grow. In a broader sense, modernized transportation would inspire the people and facilitate growth. The government made the final decision to build the system in 1870, using a million-pound sterling loan from Britain and British engineers. The Japanese Public Works Ministry handled the actual construction.

3636:, productive agriculture, a closely unified nation with highly developed financial and marketing systems, and a national infrastructure of roads. The buildup of industry during the Meiji period to the point where Japan could vie for world power was an important prelude to post-war growth from 1955 to 1973, and provided a pool of experienced labor. 2891:. From the mid-1880s until 1891 new railway companies had little difficulty in attracting funding, usually through issuing shares. However, in 1891 the failure of a company proposing to build a line from Gotenba to Matsumoto ended the 'mania', and the Government realized a more planned approach to the network expansion it desired was required. 3475:

lost momentum but also surpassed the growth rates of earlier periods. Between 1953 and 1965, GDP expanded by more than 9% per year, manufacturing and mining by 13%, construction by 11%, and infrastructure by 12%. In 1965 these sectors employed more than 41% of the labor force, whereas only 26% remained in agriculture.

3644:, Japan was able to avoid some of the trial and error earlier needed by other nations to develop industrial processes. In the 1970s and 1980s, Japan improved its industrial base through licensing from the US, patent purchases, and imitation and improvement of foreign inventions. In the 1980s, industry stepped up its 3838:)—just behind the United States and Soviet Union—and ranked first among major industrial nations in 1990 in per capita GNP at US$ 23,801, up sharply from US$ 9,068 in 1980. After a mild economic slump in the mid-1980s, Japan's economy began a period of expansion in 1986 that continued until it again entered a 2604:), or because the first British agent, whose contract was later cancelled, ordered iron sleepers made for the narrower gauge. It seems most likely, however, that Morel's previous experience building Cape gauge railways in similar New Zealand terrain was a significant influence, and Cape gauge became the 4538:

announced that the national debt reached precisely 1.017 million billion yen. The total public debt of the country, which includes debts contracted by local governments, represents 1.210 million billion yen (9,200 billion dollars) which is nearly 250% of Japan's GDP. Economist Kohei Iwahara said such

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to expand the country's money supply in order to raise expectations of inflation and spur economic growth. Initially, the policy failed to induce any growth, but it eventually began to affect inflationary expectations. By late 2005, the economy finally began what seems to be a sustained recovery. GDP

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With Japan's economy driven by its high rates of reinvestment, this crash hit particularly hard. Investments were increasingly directed out of the country, and Japanese manufacturing firms lost some degree of their technological edge. As Japanese products became less competitive overseas, some people

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Japan's economic growth in the 1960s and 1970s was based on the rapid expansion of heavy manufacturing in such areas as automobiles, steel, shipbuilding, chemicals, and electronics. The secondary sector (manufacturing, construction, and mining) expanded to 35.6% of the work force by 1970. By the late

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Structural economic changes, however, were unable to check the slowing of economic growth as the economy matured in the late 1970s and 1980s, attaining annual growth rates at only 4–6%. But these rates were remarkable in a world of expensive petroleum and in a nation of few natural resources. Japan's

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In 1887 the Japanese Army proposed building its own lines to ensure routes of military significance were given priority. The Railway Department deflected that proposal by commencing development of a policy for a comprehensive national network. The Japanese Government became increasingly interested in

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In spite of the war, Japan's relative economic prosperity, which had begun in the Kamakura period, continued well into the Muromachi period. By 1450 Japan's population stood at ten million, compared to six million at the end of the thirteenth century. Commerce flourished, including considerable trade

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The Yayoi period is generally accepted to date from 300 BCE to 300 CE. However, radio-carbon evidence suggests a date up to 500 years earlier, between 1,000 and 800 BCE. During this period Japan transitioned to a settled agricultural society. As the Yayoi population increased, the society became more

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The easily obtainable credit that had helped create and engorge the real-estate bubble continued to be a problem for several years to come, and as late as 1997, banks were still making loans that had a low guarantee of being repaid. Loan officers and investment staff had a hard time finding anything

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During the 1980s, the Japanese economy shifted its emphasis from primary and secondary activities (notably agriculture, manufacturing, and mining) to processing, with telecommunications and computers becoming increasingly vital. Information became an important resource and product, central to wealth

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propelled the Japanese economy in the late 1980s. This development involved fundamental economic restructuring, moving from dependence on exports to reliance on domestic demand. The boom that started in 1986 was generated by the decisions of companies to increase private plant and equipment spending

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on 15 August 1945, allied forces, mostly American, rapidly began arriving in Japan. Almost immediately, the occupiers began an intensive program of legal changes designed to democratize Japan. One action was to ensure the creation of a Trade Union law to allow for the first time workers to organize,

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The Chuo line, the route of which approximated the initial proposed inland line between Tokyo and Nagoya, was favored by the military as its inland alignment protected it from perceived risk of bombardment by enemy vessels. A privately built line from Shinjuku to the silk industry centre of Hachioji

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accepted a relationship with the Chinese that was to last for half a century. In 1401 he restarted the tribute system, describing himself in a letter to the Chinese Emperor as "Your subject, the King of Japan". Japanese wood, sulfur, copper ore, swords, and folding fans were traded for Chinese silk,

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Throughout the Heian period, the power of the imperial court declined. The court became so self-absorbed with power struggles, and with the artistic pursuits of court nobles, that it neglected the administration of government outside the capital. The nationalization of land undertaken as part of the

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While on one hand, the Heian period was an unusually long period of prosperity, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara

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characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture was decorated by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay and is generally accepted to be among the oldest in the world. The Jōmon period was rich in tools and jewelry made from bone, stone, shell and antler; pottery figurines and vessels; and

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By 1998, Japan's public works projects still could not stimulate demand enough to end the economy's stagnation. In desperation, the Japanese government undertook "structural reform" policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Unfortunately, these policies

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Insolvent companies: Banks lent to companies and individuals that invested in real estate. When real estate values dropped, many loans went unpaid. The banks could try to collect on the collateral (land), but due to reduced real estate values, this would not pay off the loan. Banks have delayed the

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contributed significantly to economic growth, because of its availability and literacy, and also because of its reasonable wage demands. Before and immediately after World War II, the transfer of numerous agricultural workers to modern industry resulted in rising productivity and only moderate wage

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Second, and more important, was the level and quality of investment that persisted through the 1980s. Investment in capital equipment, which averaged more than 11% of GNP during the prewar period, rose to about 20% of GNP during the 1950s and to more than 30% in the late 1960s and 1970s. During the

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The early post-war years were devoted to rebuilding lost industrial capacity: major investments were made in electric power, coal, steel, and chemicals. By the mid-1950s, production matched prewar levels. Released from the demands of military-dominated government, the economy not only recovered its

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The Ou line from Fukushima to Yamagata, Akita and Aomori, serving the poorer northern Sea of Japan coastal prefectures, was seen as a priority for national development that was commercially unattractive. The government commenced construction from Aomori towards Hirosaki in 1894, and at the southern

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Despite this, Japanese citizens were given more opportunities for social mobility. Samurai and their descendants were allowed to work in any occupation. Admissions to universities were done on the basis of examination results. Nonetheless, samurai and their descendants were still overrepresented in

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and Besshi, which were only suppressed by the use of troops. None of these early unions were large (the metalworkers union had 3,000 members, only 5% of workers employed in the industry), or lasted longer than three or four years, largely due to strong opposition from employers and the government's

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were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces. By the year 1000, the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing. Instead of a fully realized system of money circulation, rice was the primary unit

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Economic and administrative activity increased during the Nara period. Roads linked Nara to provincial capitals, and taxes were collected more efficiently and routinely. Coins were minted, if not widely used. Outside the Nara area, however, there was little commercial activity, and in the provinces

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2006, the zero-rate policy was ended. In 2008, the Japanese Central Bank still had the lowest interest rates in the developed world, but deflation had still not been eliminated and the Nikkei 225 has fallen over approximately 50% (between June 2007 and December 2008). However, on 5 April 2013, the

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district in 1989, with choice properties fetching over US$ 1.5 million per square meter ($ 139,000 per square foot). Prices were only slightly less in other areas of Tokyo. By 2004, prime "A" property in Tokyo's financial districts had slumped and Tokyo's residential homes were a fraction of their

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that had effectively controlled the Japanese economy for almost 100 years were also broken up and faced market competition. The Law for the Elimination of Excessive Economic Concentration (passed in December 1947) provided for the dissolution of any company considered to be monopolistic, while the

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The war wiped out many of the gains which Japan had made since 1868. About 40% of the nation's industrial plants and infrastructure were destroyed, and production reverted to levels of about fifteen years earlier. The people were shocked by the devastation and swung into action. New factories were

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was approved, approximately paralleling the southern coastline (and Tokaido road) as far as Nagoya. Although ~238 km longer, it was projected to cost 13% less, this saving then being allocated to construct a line from Otsu along the eastern side of Lake Biwa to Nagahama to remove the need for

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After 1868 the new Meiji regime strongly encouraged railroad construction. This modernizing move had multiple objectives. It would weaken feudalistic institutions. Railroads would enable rapid military responses to invasion threats, by Russia in particular. The movement and therefore price of rice

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grew as well. Osaka and Kyoto became busy trading and handicraft production centers, while Edo was the center for the supply of food and essential urban consumer goods. Rice was the base of the economy, as the daimyō collected the taxes from the peasants in the form of rice. Taxes were high, about

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The cargo of the first Portuguese ships (usually about four small ships every year) that arrived in Japan consisted almost entirely of Chinese goods (silk, porcelain). The Japanese were very much looking forward to acquiring such goods, but had been prohibited from any contacts with the Emperor of

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Factional fighting at the imperial court continued throughout the Nara period. Imperial family members, leading court families, such as the Fujiwara, and Buddhist priests all contended for influence. Earlier during this period, Prince Nagaya seized power at the court after the death of Fujiwara no

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Before the Taihō Code was established, the capital was customarily moved after the death of an emperor because of the ancient belief that a place of death was polluted. Reforms and bureaucratization of government led to the establishment of a permanent imperial capital at Heijō-kyō, or Nara, in AD

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appeared very early at Jōmon sites in 6700–6400 BP (4700–4400 BC). This was already similar to modern cultivated forms. This domesticated type of peach was apparently brought into Japan from China. Nevertheless, in China, itself, this variety is currently attested only at a later date of

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Despite having interest rates down near zero for a long period of time, the quantitative easing strategy did not succeed in stopping price deflation. This led some economists, such as Paul Krugman, and some Japanese politicians, to advocate the generation of higher inflation expectations. In July

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Insolvent banks: Banks with a large percentage of their loans which are "non-performing" (loans for which payments are not being made), but have not yet written them off. These banks cannot lend more money until they increase their cash reserves to cover the bad loans. Thus the number of loans is

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appreciated against foreign currencies. This allowed local companies to invest in capital resources more easily than their overseas competitors, which reduced the price of Japanese-made goods and widened the trade surplus further. And, with the yen appreciating, financial assets became lucrative.

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The mid-1960s ushered in a new type of industrial development as the economy opened itself to international competition in some industries and developed heavy and chemical manufactures. Whereas textiles and light manufactures maintained their profitability internationally, other products, such as

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GNP growth slowed to 1.7%. Even industries such as automobiles and electronics that had experienced phenomenal growth in the 1980s entered a recessionary period in 1992. The domestic market for Japanese automobiles shrank at the same time that Japan's share of the United States' market declined.

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and computers, and to higher productivity in pre-established industries. In 1978, Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry provided subsidies, which was illegal under international law, to help Japanese semiconductor companies sell their chips at artificially low prices in the United

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After the war the Occupation authorities initially encouraged the formation of independent unions. Legislation was passed that enshrined the right to organise, and membership rapidly rose to 5 million by February 1947. The organisation rate, however, peaked at 55.8% in 1949 and subsequently

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contributed strongly to the modernizing process. The world's highest literacy rate and high education standards were major reasons for Japan's success in achieving a technologically advanced economy. Japanese schools also encouraged discipline, another benefit in forming an effective work force.

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in 1890 and the financial panic of 1891. The 1892 Railway Construction Act (RCA) listed a series of priority routes on Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku (Hokkaido was covered separately in 1896 legislation), with the specific policy that private construction of such routes would be encouraged, with the

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from Kobe west to Shimonoseki, a port providing a connection to the port of Moji on Kyushu, from which the Kyushu Railway Co (KRC) built its line to Hakata and Kumamoto opening between 1889 and 1891, extended to Yatsushiro in 1896. The SRC line reached Hiroshima in 1894, and Shimonoseki in 1901.

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Archaeologist Junko Habu claims "he majority of Japanese scholars believed, and still believe, that pottery production was first invented in mainland Asia and subsequently introduced into the Japanese archipelago." This seems to be confirmed by recent archaeology. As of now, the earliest pottery

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Surname. Influential immigrant clan in ancient times. Various theories about origins, but most likely descendants of Chinese immigrants who came to Japan in the fifth century, who are thought to have brought sericulture and weaving technologies and served in the imperial court, and to have been

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than most industrialized nations, its GDP expanding at a rapid rate of 5% per year. Manufacturing and mining came to account for more than 30% of GDP, more than twice the value for the agricultural sector. Most industrial growth, however, was geared toward expanding the nation's military power.

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Early European visitors were amazed by the quality of Japanese craftsmanship and metalsmithing. This stems from the fact that Japan itself is rather poor in natural resources found commonly in Europe, especially iron. Thus, the Japanese were famously frugal with their consumable resources; what

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Nakao, Hisashi, Tamura, Kohei, Arimatsu, Yui, Nakagawa, Tomomi, Matsumoto, Naoko, & Matsugi, Takehiko. (2016). Violence in the prehistoric period of Japan: the spatio-temporal pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the Jomon period. Biology letters (2005), 12(3), 20160028. Historical

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shocked an economy that had become dependent on imported petroleum. Japan experienced its first post-war decline in industrial production, together with severe price inflation. The recovery that followed the first oil crisis revived the optimism of most business leaders, but the maintenance of

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By the end of the war, what remained of the Japanese Empire was wracked by shortages, inflation, and currency devaluation. Transport was nearly impossible, and industrial production in Japan's shattered cities ground to a halt. The destruction wrought by the war eventually brought the Japanese

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Industrialization first appeared in the textile industries, especially cotton and silk production, which were based in home workshops in rural areas. By the 1890s, Japanese textiles dominated the home markets and competed successfully with British products in China and India, as well. Japanese

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announced that it would be purchasing 60–70 trillion yen in bonds and securities in an attempt to eliminate deflation by doubling the money supply in Japan over the course of two years. Markets around the world have responded positively to the government's current proactive policies, with the

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During the early stages of Japan's expansion, the Japanese economy expanded considerably. Steel production rose from 6,442,000 tons to 8,838,000 tons over the same time period. In 1941 Japanese aircraft industries had the capacity to manufacture 10,000 aircraft per year. Much of this economic

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A two-phase approach was adopted in the RCA, with 40 routes totaling ~3,000 km included in the "phase one" 12-year program, with phase 2 covering another ~4,000 km of proposed lines, the priorities being set on the basis of economic development and/or military strategic importance.

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Economic development during the Edo period included urbanization, increased shipping of commodities, a significant expansion of domestic and, initially, foreign commerce, and a diffusion of trade and handicraft industries. The construction trades flourished, along with banking facilities and

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from Ueno to Aomori, with a branch line from Omiya to Takasaki. Construction of both lines was undertaken by the Government at the company's expense, with the government having running rights on the Takasaki-Ueno section. The line to Takasaki opened in 1884, as did the Tohoku line as far as

1367:, as the court now sought to assert its control over all of Japan and to make the people direct subjects of the throne. Land was no longer hereditary but reverted to the state at the death of the owner. Taxes were levied on harvests and on silk, cotton, cloth, thread, and other products. A 4098:

hit its all-time high on 29 December 1989 when it reached an intra-day high of 38,957.44 before closing at 38,915.87. The rates for housing, stocks, and bonds rose so much that at one point the government issued 100-year bonds. Additionally, banks granted increasingly risky loans.

3670:. Although medium-sized and small enterprises generated much of the nation's employment, large facilities were the most productive. Many industrial enterprises consolidated to form larger, more efficient units. Before World War II, large holding companies formed wealth groups, or 1960:'s accounts of gilded temples and palaces, but also due to the relative abundance of surface ores characteristic of a volcanic country, before large-scale deep-mining became possible in Industrial times. Japan was to become a major exporter of copper and silver during the period. 3099:. By 1928, the GNP of Japan at current prices peaked at ¥16,506 million. In the mid-1930s, the Japanese nominal wage rates were a tenth of those in the United States (based on mid-1930s exchange rates), while the price level is estimated to have been about 44% that of the US. 2722:. A line was constructed from Tsuruga, on the Sea of Japan, to Ogaki (connecting to a canal to Nagoya) via Nagahama on the northern end of Lake Biwa, opening in 1884 and utilizing trans-shipment onto water-going vessels to connect the Sea of Japan to Osaka, Kyoto and Nagoya. 1187:

of the Kofun period demonstrates that Japan was in close political and economic contact with continental Asia (especially with the southern dynasties of China) via the Korean Peninsula; bronze mirrors cast from the same mould have been found on both sides of the

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The Bank was formally on a bimetallic standard but due to a lack of gold, it was practically on the silver standard. It adopted the gold standard in 1897. The gold standard was suspended in 1917 and dropped in 1931. In 1973 flexible exchange rates were adopted.

3589:

and alternative sources of industrial energy. Although the investment costs were high, many energy-intensive industries successfully reduced their dependence on oil during the late 1970s and 1980s and enhanced their productivity. Advances in microcircuitry and

2351:. The main areas that were studied included geography, medicine, natural sciences, astronomy, art, languages, physical sciences such as the study of electrical phenomena, and mechanical sciences as exemplified by the development of Japanese clockwatches, or 3719:

As late as 1955, some 40% of the labor force still worked in agriculture, but this figure had declined to 17% by 1970 and to 7.2% by 1990 and under 5% in the 21st century as Japan imported more and more of its food and small family farms disappeared.

4462:, it was the strongest typhoon in decades to strike mainland Japan, and one of the largest typhoons ever recorded at a peak diameter of 825 nautical miles (949 mi; 1,528 km). It was also the costliest Pacific typhoon on record, surpassing 2737:

The NRC also financed a new line linking to the Yokohama line which was built from Akabane via Shinjuku to Shinagawa (with the NRC gaining track usage rights at the government station at Shinagawa). This was the first section of what has become the

2034:

in 1557, and their formal recognition as trade partners by the Chinese, the Portuguese started to regulate trade to Japan, by selling to the highest bidder the annual "Captaincy" to Japan, in effect conferring exclusive trading rights for a single

4164:

stock index eventually bottomed out at 7603.76 in April 2003, moved upward to a new peak of 18,138 in June 2007, before resuming a downward trend. The downward movement in the Nikkei is likely due to global as well as national economic problems.

4249:

Fear of insolvent banks: Japanese people are afraid that banks will collapse so they prefer to buy gold or (United States or Japanese) Treasury bonds instead of saving their money in a bank account. People also save by investing in real estate.

3656:

increases. As population growth slowed and the nation became increasingly industrialized in the mid-1960s, wages rose significantly. However, labor union cooperation generally kept salary increases within the range of gains in productivity.

3685:

Japanese corporations developed strategies that contributed to their immense growth. Growth-oriented corporations that took chances competed successfully. Product diversification became an essential ingredient of the growth patterns of many

2084:

by Tokugawa Ieyasu, to invite Dutch trade to Japan. The head of the Pattani Dutch trading post, Victor Sprinckel, refused on the ground that he was too busy dealing with Portuguese opposition in Southeast Asia. In 1609 however, the Dutch

3842:

in 1992. Economic growth averaging 5% between 1987 and 1989 revived industries, such as steel and construction, which had been relatively dormant in the mid-1980s, and brought record salaries and employment. In 1992, however, Japan's

2745:

The government funded line from Takasaki reached Yokokawa at the base of the Usui Pass in 1885, and initial surveys indicated a ruling grade of 10% (later improved to 6.67%) and extensive tunneling was required to reach Karuizawa.

2225: 1281:), they developed a system of trade roads and a central administration. By the mid-seventh century, the agricultural lands had grown to a substantial public domain, subject to central policy. The basic administrative unit of the 2485:

and their mints became private chartered banks. Initially they retained the right to print money. For a time both the central government and these so-called "national" banks issued money. That period ended when central bank—the

11613: 4821: 3222:, the Japanese government sought to acquire and develop critical natural resources in order to secure economic independence. Among the natural resources that Japan seized and developed were: coal in China, sugarcane in the 1818:(1368–1644) began when China was renewed during the Muromachi period after the Chinese sought support in suppressing Japanese pirates in coastal areas of China. Japanese pirates of this era and region were referred to as 1776:

and other groups within Japan were minting their own coins, Japan began to transition from a barter-based to a currency-based economy. During the period, some of Japan's most representative art forms developed, including

3312:

whereby Japan is compared to "synthetic Japan" (a combination of countries which are similar to Japan but without the US alliance), found that the US alliance allowed Japan's GDP to "grow much faster" from 1958 to 1968.

11623: 3603:

The net result of these adjustments was to increase the energy efficiency of manufacturing and to expand knowledge-intensive industries. The service industries expanded in an increasingly postindustrial economy.

2289:, during which intense interaction with European powers, on the economic and religious plane, took place. At the beginning of the Edo period, Japan built her first ocean-going Western-style warships, such as the 1673:

outside the capital. The central government began to use these two warrior clans to suppress rebellions and piracy. Japan's population stabilized during the late-Heian period after hundreds of years of decline.

2490:—was founded in 1882, after the Belgian model. It has since been partly privately owned (its stock is traded over the counter, hence the stock number). The national Bank was given a monopoly on controlling the 2092:

The Dutch also engaged in piracy and naval combat to weaken Portuguese and Spanish shipping in the Pacific, and ultimately became the only westerners to be allowed access to Japan from the small enclave of

8117: 3074:

end from Fukushima in 1899, the lines connecting in 1905. Most of the major routes proposed under the act for private construction were not so funded and were ultimately constructed by the government.

3070:

opened in 1931), Shiojiri and then via the Kiso River valley to Nagoya. Construction was undertaken from both ends, with sections opening sequentially from 1900 until the lines were connected in 1911.

3695:

Finally, circumstances beyond Japan's direct control contributed to its success. International conflicts tended to stimulate the Japanese economy until the devastation at the end of World War II. The

1956:

Europeans were quite admiring of Japan when they reached the country in the 16th century. Japan was considered a country immensely rich in precious metals, a view that owed its conception mainly to

1711:. Though outnumbered by an enemy equipped with superior weaponry, the Japanese fought the Mongols to a standstill in Kyushu on both occasions until the Mongol fleet was destroyed by typhoons called 8228: 1273:, bestowing titles, some hereditary, on clan chieftains. The Yamato name became synonymous with all of Japan as the Yamato rulers suppressed other clans and acquired agricultural lands. Based on 11618: 8198: 3557:

declined to 18.2% (2006). The labour movement went through a process of reorganisation from 1987 to 1991 from which emerged the present configuration of three major trade union federations,

11577: 4222:' policy). Despite having interest rates near zero for a long period, this strategy did not succeed. Once the near-zero interest rates failed to stop deflation, some economists, such as 11587: 11452: 8709: 1296:

system was the county, and society was organized into occupation groups. Most people were farmers; others were fishers, weavers, potters, artisans, armorers, and ritual specialists.

4107:

peak, but still managed to be listed as the most expensive real estate in the world. Trillions were wiped out with the combined collapse of the Tokyo stock and real estate markets.

11542: 11432: 11412: 8086: 8009: 11628: 10435: 2466:, in an array of incompatible denominations. The government sent observers to the United States, and at first copied the decentralized American system with no central bank. The 2338:

for export through the Chinese and Dutch. The trade dwindled under renewed Chinese competition by the 1740s, before resuming after the opening of Japan in the mid-19th century.

4515:

In the year ending of March 2021 despite COVID-19 spreading, SoftBank Group made a record net profit of 45.88 billion, which is largely due to the debut of e-commerce company

4347:

has suggested that improvements to bankruptcy law, land transfer law, and tax law will aid Japan's economy. In October 2009 the Japanese government announced plans to increase

3218:

Beginning in 1937 with significant land seizures in China, and to a greater extent after 1941, when annexations and invasions across Southeast Asia and the Pacific created the

3018:

A specific outcome of the RCA was that every prefecture would be served by railway communication. The major routes proposed under the act for government construction included;

2718:

The next line constructed was from another port, Kobe, to the major commercial city of Osaka (opening in 1874), and then to Kyoto (1877) and Otsu (1880) at the southern end of

11572: 8176: 1982:

with a high culture and advanced pre-industrial technology. It was densely populated and urbanized. Prominent European observers of the time seemed to agree that the Japanese

4226:, and some Japanese politicians spoke of deliberately causing (or at least creating the fear of) inflation. Systemic reasons for deflation in Japan can be said to include: 11327: 5169: 6526: 11427: 11407: 11357: 11342: 11337: 9708: 9626: 3640:

economic boom of the late 1980s, the rate still hovered around 20%. Japanese businesses imported the latest technologies to develop the industrial base. As a latecomer to

911:

behind the United States until 2010, when it was overtaken by China, followed by Germany in 2023. Scholars have evaluated the nation's unique economic position during the

1335:

among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for a new system of taxation. What were once called "private lands and private people"

11552: 11487: 11467: 3711:(1954–1975) brought economic booms to Japan. In addition, benign treatment from the United States after World War II facilitated the nation's reconstruction and growth. 4508:

On 15 February 2021, the Nikkei average breached the 30k benchmark, the highest since November 1991. It is due to strong corporate earnings, GDP data and optimism over

11472: 2559:

beginning in 1887. All three trained Japanese engineers to undertake railway projects. Two men trained by Crowford later became presidents of Japan National Railways.

10430: 7849: 2247:

authorities oversaw the rising agricultural production and the spread of rural handicrafts. By the mid-18th century, Edo had a population of more than 1 million and

10548: 8604: 11133: 9831: 8989: 8969: 8250: 8151: 2442:

the new elite class. The government also recruited more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan (

7467: 8236: 4652: 43: 6901: 5824: 4078:

and policies to encourage the people to save their income. With more money in banks, loans and credit became easier to obtain, and with Japan running large

3624:

Complex economic and institutional factors affected Japan's post-war growth. First, the nation's prewar experience provided several important legacies. The

3077:

The Japanese National Railways was formed by the nationalization of 17 private railways in 1907. It actively promoted uniformity and scientific management.

1669:

warriors. Two powerful noble families that had descended from branches of the imperial family, the Taira and Minamoto clans, acquired large armies and many

1661:

owners than by the central government. The imperial court was thus deprived of the tax revenue to pay for its national army. In response, the owners of the

9861: 9368: 8767: 7510: 6451: 4123:

developed in which money was borrowed from Japan, invested for returns elsewhere and then the Japanese were paid back, with a nice profit for the trader.

11002: 10319: 8345: 4339:

in 2008 followed by a severe 5.2% loss in 2009. In contrast, the data for world real GDP growth was a 3.1% hike in 2008 followed by a 0.7% loss in 2009.

2729:

to Karuizawa and the Kiso River valley. At this time the Nippon Railway Co. (NRC) became the first to be granted a concession to operate what became the

2725:

Linking Tokyo to Nagoya and Kyoto became the next priority. Initially the proposed route was inland, from Tokyo north to Takasaki, then west through the

1564: 1055:

was practiced by Jōmon people is debated. Currently, there is no scientific consensus to support a conceptualization of Jōmon period culture as only

7982: 7710: 7255:

Parker, Gavin; Amati, Marco (May 2009). "Institutional Setting, Politics and Planning: Private Property, Public Interest and Land Reform in Japan".

4395:

of global gross domestic product. This reduces tariffs on Japanese cars by 10%, duties by 30% on cheese and 10% on wines and opens service markets.

3632:

in burgeoning urban centers, a relatively well-educated elite (although one with limited knowledge of European science), a sophisticated government

1559: 10465: 8206: 6074: 3692:. Japanese companies added plant and human capacity ahead of demand. Seeking market share rather than quick profit was another powerful strategy. 9395: 8329: 2213: 8063: 6668:"Institutions and ideologies: the modernization of monetary, legal and law enforcement 'regimes' in Japan in the early Meiji-period (1868–1889)" 10970: 9117: 2540:) opened. A one-way trip took 53 minutes in comparison to 40 minutes for a modern electric train. Service started with nine round trips daily. 2068:

The Dutch, who, rather than "Nanban" were called "Kōmō" (Jp:紅毛, lit. "Red Hair") by the Japanese, first arrived in Japan in 1600, on board the

2050:

That trade continued with few interruptions until 1638, when it was prohibited on the ground that the ships were smuggling priests into Japan.

2039:

bound for Japan every year. The carracks were very large ships, usually between 1000 and 1500 tons, about double or triple the size of a large

915:, with exports going to both U.S.- and Soviet-aligned powers, and have taken keen interest in the situation of the post-Cold War period of the 8037: 3663:

and accompanying levels of investment, and the low growth of Japan's labor force were major factors in the high rate of productivity growth.

11118: 7819: 6529: 3872:

stock average began the year at 23,000 points, but fell to 14,000 points in mid-August before leveling off at 17,000 by the end of the year.

3678:—large, modern industrial enterprise groupings—emerged. The coordination of activities within these groupings and the integration of smaller 1597: 6572: 4666:'s programme to help the country's economic recovery: the economics side is one part of a more general programme, which was commented on by 11537: 11189: 10337: 8712: 4367: 8416:

Francks, Penelope. "Diet and the comparison of living standards across the Great Divergence: Japanese food history in an English mirror."

7382:

Araki, Takashi (7 October 2004). "Corporate Governance, Labour, and Employment Relations in Japan: The Future of the Stakeholder Model?".

1842: 10985: 10470: 9851: 9782: 9133: 7909: 4420:, the 2019 4th quarter GDP shrank an annualized 7.1% from the previous quarter due to two main factors. One is the government's raise in 4328:

adding more than 42% since November 2012. In recent years, Japan has been the top export market for almost 15 trading nations worldwide.

299: 3967: 3802: 3442: 2969: 2839: 2686: 2175: 1921: 1490: 11582: 11017: 10930: 10503: 9211: 8739: 7416: 6979: 4622:

stock index bottomed out at 7603.76 in April 2003, moved upward to a new peak of 18,138 in June 2007, before resuming a downward trend.

3920: 3755: 3395: 2922: 2792: 2639: 2418:. The use of strike action also increased, and 1897, with the establishment of a union for metalworkers, the foundations of the modern 2128: 1874: 1443: 1239: 870: 810: 5771: 3939: 3848:

Foreign and domestic demand for Japanese electronics also declined, and Japan seemed on the way to losing its leadership in the world

3774: 3414: 2941: 2811: 2658: 2147: 1893: 1462: 30: 11182: 11103: 10185: 9795: 9677: 9305: 9206: 573: 8184: 2752:

As the costs of construction through the mountainous interior of Japan became apparent, in 1886 the construction of what became the

2749:

Construction also started on another line from the Sea of Japan, commencing at Naoetsu and opening to Karuizawa via Nagano in 1888.

9578: 9568: 9030: 7356: 3659:

High productivity growth played a key role in post-war economic growth. The highly skilled and educated labor force, extraordinary

11562: 11194: 10664: 8974: 3946: 3781: 3421: 2948: 2818: 2665: 2154: 1900: 1469: 9373: 11249: 11239: 11042: 10945: 10383: 10357: 9237: 8594: 3835: 3219: 1592:(In the center of the photograph: this is a modern version built for the 1300th anniversary of Nara becoming Japan's capital). 1532:

Gokishichidō system showing ancient regions and provinces during the Nara period after the introduction of the Yōrō Code (720)

1523: 6420:

Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3 ... – Donald F. Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley – Google Livros

4486:

as several countries reported a significant increase in cases by March 2020. However, in early April, Japanese Prime Minister

4260:

growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and

3855:

Unlike the economic booms of the 1960s and 1970s, when increasing exports played the key role in economic expansion, domestic

11372: 11199: 10744: 10327: 7109: 7088: 6283: 6251: 6217: 6177: 6143: 5988: 5952: 5716: 5548:

Ohashi, Jun; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Hitomi, Yuki; Sawai, Hiromi; Khor, Seik-Soon; Naka, Izumi; Watanabe, Yusuke (17 June 2019).

5092: 5039: 4999: 4914: 4402:' debate, with the government pursuing aggressive government infrastructure spending hikes and significant yen devaluations. 1265:

polity evolved greatly during the Asuka period, which was concentrated in the Asuka region and exercised power over clans in

820: 745: 6590: 1630: 645: 11287: 10155: 9911: 9787: 9687: 9672: 9583: 9543: 4273: 3953: 3788: 3428: 2955: 2825: 2672: 2161: 1907: 1476: 7857: 7747: 4522:

As of result, Japanese economic impact of COVID-19 was officially ended by early October 2021 as the country ahead of the

3066:

The newly determined route was via Kofu (through the 4,657 m Sasago tunnel, which was the longest in Japan until the

11482: 11098: 10852: 10842: 10455: 10450: 10170: 9667: 9112: 9076: 8823: 8797: 3553:

legislation, management-organised factory councils, and political divisions between "cooperative" and radical unionists.

2757:

trans-shipment, which opened in 1889, as did the final section of the Tokaido Line via Gotemba. Until the opening of the

1725:

increased productivity and rural villages grew. Fewer famines and epidemics allowed cities to grow and commerce to boom.

266: 7882: 6837: 3321:

In the wake of WWII, the Japanese citizenry was suffering from widespread exhaustion and despair from the war, known as

2429:

1907 saw the greatest number of labor disputes in a decade, with large-scale riots at Japan's two leading copper mines,

2221:. Then time changed in the season because from sunrise to sunset made 12 hours and from sunset to sunrise made 12 hours. 1811:, was an ineffectual political and military leader, he played a critical role in promoting these cultural developments. 11682: 10766: 10022: 10017: 9916: 9856: 9647: 9637: 9328: 9107: 8772: 8556: 6027: 5189: 3282: 2507: 2290: 1649:

state decayed as various noble families and religious orders succeeded in securing tax-exempt status for their private

908: 423: 398: 8448:

Hashino, Tomoko, and Osamu Saito. "Tradition and interaction: research trends in modern Japanese industrial history,"

8254: 8147: 6805: 4264:

during the same period. Unlike previous recovery trends, domestic consumption has been the dominant factor of growth.

3935: 3770: 3506:. By 1962, it was estimated that 79.4% of all urban homes and 48.9% of rural homes in Japan had access to television. 3410: 2937: 2807: 2654: 2373: 2143: 2065:

from around 1600 (about one ship per year), the Dutch from 1609, and the English from 1613 (about one ship per year).

1889: 1766: 1458: 9338: 9333: 9252: 8964: 8531: 8474: 7650: 7399: 7366: 7315: 6785: 6428: 5912: 5313: 4937: 3986: 3821: 3461: 2988: 2858: 2705: 2194: 2073: 1940: 1509: 650: 2322:, during which its economy enjoyed stability and mild progress. But not long after, in the 1650s, the production of 1204:

were brought to Japan by Chinese immigrants, who are mentioned in ancient Japanese histories; the Chinese Hata clan

11532: 11497: 11254: 11214: 11123: 10847: 10623: 10362: 10347: 10342: 10052: 9811: 9744: 9533: 9353: 8393: 4218:

and the Japanese government tried to eliminate deflation in the economy by reducing interest rates (part of their '

3534: 973:

and early agriculturalist population united through a common Jōmon culture, which reached a considerable degree of

768: 481: 7794: 6684: 5820: 5515: 4505:, which will boost trade by approximately £15.2 billion. It enables tariff-free trade on 99% of exports to Japan. 11422: 11417: 11312: 11204: 11108: 11075: 11037: 10862: 10822: 10578: 10045: 9257: 9102: 9086: 6396: 5372:

Matsui, A.; Kanehara, M. (2006). "The question of prehistoric plant husbandry during the Jomōn Period in Japan".

4144:, which occurred gradually rather than catastrophically, is known as the "lost decade or end of the 20th century" 2544: 710: 8648:

Technology and Industrial Development in Japan: Building Capabilities by Learning, Innovation, and Public Policy

7779: 5111:

Wu, X.; Zhang, C.; Goldberg, P.; Cohen, D.; Pan, Y.; Arpin, T.; Bar-Yosef, O. (29 June 2012). "Early pottery at

4195: 11517: 11362: 11332: 11322: 11113: 10877: 10787: 10772: 10598: 10588: 10496: 10425: 10067: 9768: 9538: 9343: 9150: 8732: 8499: 8358: 7677: 7506: 7123: 6501: 6455: 3924: 3759: 3399: 3348: 3333: 2926: 2880:

in 1889 and was acquired by the NRC in 1892 which extended to Sendai via an east coastal route in 1905 and the

2796: 2643: 2380: 2132: 1878: 1758: 1753:, or stylized signatures, of three Ming merchants; to be raised the following year upon arrival in what is now 1447: 863: 528: 448: 8372: 7934: 7008: 3091:

From 1918 to 1921, a wave of major industrial disputes marked the peak of organized labour power. A prolonged

2884:, which built a 52 km line north from Himeji between 1894 and 1901, and was acquired by the SRC in 1903. 1833:

porcelain, books, and coins, in what the Chinese considered tribute but the Japanese saw as profitable trade.

486: 11507: 11502: 11382: 11154: 11070: 10997: 10857: 10832: 10797: 10724: 10669: 10512: 10352: 9777: 9692: 9682: 9298: 9160: 8954: 8859: 7493: 6667: 4509: 4261: 735: 2887:

The success of the Nippon Railway Co and other private companies led to a Japanese situation akin to the UK

11522: 11477: 11457: 11447: 11347: 11229: 11047: 11022: 11012: 10935: 10882: 10837: 10827: 10817: 10777: 10734: 10694: 10674: 10648: 10558: 10543: 10332: 10203: 9657: 9598: 9588: 9180: 9138: 8404: 4630: 1233: 844: 834: 778: 763: 720: 8509: 3490:

Japanese consumerism continued to grow throughout the 1960s, giving rise to a well-known saying that the "

11547: 11462: 11442: 11317: 11177: 11172: 11128: 10980: 10975: 10965: 10955: 10950: 10940: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10892: 10749: 10714: 10704: 10633: 10618: 10613: 10603: 10593: 10563: 10533: 10007: 9826: 9697: 9267: 9232: 9175: 9010: 8979: 8926: 8787: 8317: 7714: 4785: 4744: 4677:, with Abe announcing that Japan had encountered its worst economic crisis since the end of World War II. 4615: 4535: 4459: 4336: 3892: 3868:, the Tokyo Securities and Stock Exchange. Even here, however, the recession took its toll. In 1992, the 678: 608: 6649: 5407:

Crawford, G.W. (1992). "The transitions to agriculture in Japan". In Gebauer, A.B.; Price, T.D. (eds.).

11592: 11527: 11492: 11397: 11219: 11167: 11093: 11032: 11007: 10960: 10909: 10887: 10872: 10807: 10729: 10719: 10684: 10679: 10643: 10638: 10608: 10573: 10538: 10527: 10294: 10263: 8828: 8679:

The Economic Development of Modern Japan, 1868–1945: From the Meiji Restoration to the Second World War

7957:"Widespread floods after extreme rainfall brought by Typhoon "Hagibis" – dozens dead or missing, Japan" 6275: 4483: 4471: 3960: 3795: 3435: 3352: 2962: 2832: 2679: 2318:

In order to eradicate the influence of Christianization, Japan entered in a period of isolation called

2168: 1914: 1746: 1483: 815: 673: 428: 287: 8199:"Softbank just shocked its critics by landing the biggest profit in the history of a Japanese company" 7956: 5550:"Analysis of whole Y-chromosome sequences reveals the Japanese population history in the Jomon period" 2582:) was supposed to be cheaper to build than the internationally more widely used "Stephenson gauge" of 1044:. However, this does not seem to have been the case with the first Jōmon people, who perhaps numbered 11633: 11512: 11377: 11367: 11352: 11209: 11149: 11052: 11027: 10992: 10867: 10792: 10782: 10709: 10689: 10628: 10583: 10568: 10553: 10489: 10253: 10248: 10175: 10130: 9921: 9608: 9216: 9155: 9015: 8959: 8949: 8931: 8884: 8782: 8725: 8630:

The Economic History of Japan: 1600–1990: Volume 1: Emergence of Economic Society in Japan, 1600–1859

8323: 7807: 7780:"Economic survey of Japan 2008: Bringing an end to deflation under the new monetary policy framework" 5980: 5904: 4795: 4749: 4523: 4090:

With so much money readily available for investment, speculation was inevitable, particularly in the

4011: 3491: 3168: 2551:. American engineer Joseph U. Crowford (1842–1942) supervised construction of a coal mine railway on 2462: 2455: 2392: 2347:, literally "Dutch studies") through the information and books received through the Dutch traders in 2323: 2242: 2229: 2011:, lit. Southern Barbarians) therefore found the opportunity to act as intermediaries in Asian trade. 1700: 1683: 1584: 856: 790: 773: 603: 558: 453: 233: 195: 69: 10110: 9400: 8432:

Baumol, Engel, and beyond: accounting for a century of structural transformation in Japan, 1885–1985

8360:

Japanese Capitalism and Entrepreneurship: A History of Business from the Tokugawa Era to the Present

513: 11437: 11392: 11387: 11304: 11296: 11280: 10802: 10739: 10699: 10367: 10150: 10092: 10040: 9662: 9490: 9291: 9242: 9143: 8874: 8670:

Tiedemann, Arthur E. "Japan's Economic Foreign Policies, 1868–1893." in James William Morley, ed.,

8548: 5869:姓氏。古代の有力帰化系氏族。出自は諸説あるが、おそらく五世紀に渡来した中国人の子孫で、養蚕・機織の技術をもって朝廷に仕え、伴造（とものみやつこ）の一員として秦造（はたのみやつこ）を称したと思われる。 4985: 4102:

At the height of the bubble, real estate was extremely over-valued. Prices were highest in Tokyo's

3645: 3600: 3309: 1278: 1172: 635: 553: 518: 476: 7827: 7391: 7189: 5741: 4680:

2022, Japan's core consumer price inflation increased to 3.7%, the highest it has been since 1981.

1634:(良民 "Good People") numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million. One reason the 11224: 10190: 10062: 9992: 9801: 9553: 9480: 7544: 6946:

Real GDP in Pre-War East Asia: A 1934–36 Benchmark Purchasing Power Parity Comparison with the US

6567: 5783: 3913: 3748: 3388: 3341: 2915: 2785: 2632: 2555:

in 1880, and German engineer Herrmann Rumschottel (1844–1918) supervised railway construction on

2121: 1867: 1628:

and was a fundamental base for their power. The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the

1436: 1180: 1176: 1052: 755: 578: 408: 393: 35: 8125: 4335:

of the late 2000s significantly harmed the economy of Japan. The nation suffered a 0.7% loss in

3582:

industrial growth in the face of high energy costs required shifts in the industrial structure.

1408:

began being produced following the discovery of large copper deposits in Japan during the early

10140: 9902: 9866: 9842: 9739: 9724: 9573: 9485: 9247: 9165: 8921: 4950:

Kuzmin, Y.V. (2006). "Chronology of the Earliest Pottery in East Asia: Progress and Pitfalls".

4626: 2529: 2411: 1028:, and at present it appears that pottery emerged at roughly the same time in Japan, and in the 795: 563: 355: 7640: 5845: 5842: 2872: 2311:, three-masted and armed trade ships, for intra-Asian commerce. Japanese adventurers, such as 1990:, 1584, "Historia del Principo y Progresso de la Compania de Jesus en las Indias Orientales). 1071: 9926: 9388: 9025: 9020: 8833: 7667: 6418: 6099: 4904: 4770: 4255:

led Japan into deflation on numerous occasions between 1999 and 2004. The Bank of Japan used

3641: 3515: 3337: 2419: 2369: 2089:

arrived with two ships in Hirado, and through Adams obtained trading privileges from Ieyasu.

1542: 1017: 903:. It became the first non-Western great power, and expanded steadily until its defeat in the 413: 7181: 5733: 4519:. However, this is the largest annual profit by a Japanese company in the nation's history. 2208: 10057: 9881: 9871: 9383: 9066: 8916: 8777: 8064:"Japan's economy has been dealt the 'final blow' by the coronavirus pandemic, says analyst" 7203:

Baba, Kimihiko (4 August 2010). "Japan and East Asia: Shifting Images on an Imagined Map".

6985: 5968: 5779: 5561: 5442: 5263: 5224: 5126: 4586: 4374: 4332: 4091: 4006: 3595: 3549:. Until 1945, however, the labour movement remained weak, impeded by lack of legal rights, 3250:. According to a 2020 study, Japan used its imperial power to boost its industrialization. 2482: 2327: 2238: 1987: 1308: 538: 443: 304: 200: 107: 5709:

The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State

2574:) (also known as "Cape gauge") came to be selected remains uncertain. It could be because 8: 11602: 11273: 10289: 10236: 10209: 10199: 10145: 10135: 10120: 9997: 9821: 9500: 9495: 9378: 9005: 8984: 8695:

Yamamura, Kozo. "The Role of the Samurai in the Development of Modern Banking in Japan."

8229:"Japan Exceeds One Million Billion Yen in Debt — "Whatever It Takes" Has Become the Norm" 7592:

Nakamura Takafusa, "An economy in search of stable growth: Japan since the oil crisis".

7182: 6637: 5908: 5734: 4790: 4645: 4611: 4570: 4256: 4219: 4174: 3586: 3102:

Comparison of GDP per capita (US Dollars) between East-Asian Nations and the US in 1936:

2876:

Other private endeavors included the Mito Railway, which opened the first section of the

2537: 2517: 2286: 2232:

in the European shape of a barber's shaving basin bowl, with copulating cock, around 1700

1846: 1829: 916: 588: 543: 508: 418: 10072: 8570: 8425:

Early Japanese Railways 1853–1914: Engineering Triumphs That Transformed Meiji-Era Japan

6885: 6802:

Early Japanese Railways 1853–1914: Engineering Triumphs That Transformed Meiji-era Japan

5565: 5446: 5267: 5228: 5130: 10258: 10195: 10012: 9982: 9523: 9185: 8489: 7597: 7444: 7280: 7228: 7047: 6703: 6648:

Masato Shizume, "A History of the Bank of Japan, 1882–2016." (Waseda University, 2016)

6209: 6135: 5804: 5590: 5549: 5473: 5426: 5389: 5354: 5346: 5287: 5150: 4967: 4844: 4566: 4549: 4491: 4417: 3696: 3667: 3479: 3297: 3037: 2758: 2443: 2407: 2388: 2341:

During the period, Japan progressively studied Western sciences and techniques (called

2331: 2300: 2023: 1971: 1808: 1718: 1713: 1332: 1324: 1244: 750: 583: 438: 335: 330: 5516:"A Study of the Utilization of Wood to Build Pit Dwellings from the Epi-Jomon Culture" 2326:

increased greatly when civil war put the main Chinese center of porcelain production,

1157: 883: 11657: 11159: 10299: 9987: 9967: 9734: 9363: 9035: 8941: 8838: 8660:

Tang, John P. "Railroad Expansion and Industrialization: Evidence from Meiji Japan".

8552: 8527: 8520: 8470: 7673: 7646: 7562: 7436: 7395: 7362: 7311: 7284: 7272: 7232: 7220: 7162: 7105: 7084: 7051: 7039: 6781: 6723: 6660: 6497: 6424: 6279: 6247: 6213: 6173: 6139: 6008: 5984: 5973: 5948: 5712: 5595: 5577: 5478: 5460: 5393: 5358: 5309: 5279: 5142: 5117: 5088: 5035: 4995: 4933: 4910: 4885: 4848: 4674: 4556: 3546: 3227: 3026:, an inland connection from Tokyo to Nagoya favored by the military (detailed below); 3003: 2525: 2403: 1778: 1622: 1387: 1251: 1083: 989: 966: 900: 800: 783: 730: 715: 403: 365: 243: 9443: 5154: 4971: 4398:

Economic policy over the past several quarters in Japan has been influenced by the '

4054: 2053:

Portuguese trade was progressively more and more challenged by Chinese smugglers on

10440: 10160: 9876: 9548: 9190: 8879: 8748: 8619:

A History of Top Management in Japan: Managerial Enterprises and Family Enterprises

8515: 7428: 7387: 7303: 7264: 7212: 7152: 7031: 7023: 6715: 5585: 5569: 5530: 5468: 5450: 5381: 5338: 5291: 5271: 5254: 5232: 5197: 5134: 4959: 4875: 4836: 4780: 4775: 4759: 4754: 4739: 4698: 4463: 4079: 3211: 2730: 2533: 2271: 1984:"excel not only all the other Oriental peoples, they surpass the Europeans as well" 1699:

The samurai armies of the whole nation were mobilized in 1274 and 1281 to confront

1184: 1146: 1116: 1033: 904: 839: 350: 259: 77: 10415: 6944: 5329:

Crawford, Gary W. (2011). "Advances in understanding early agriculture in Japan".

4861: 3834:

Throughout the 1970s, Japan had the world's third largest gross national product (

3324: 1741: 1089:

The Middle Jōmon period (3520–2470 BCE) saw a rise in complexity in the design of

993: 978: 10460: 10165: 10082: 10002: 9475: 9314: 9170: 9061: 8542: 8464: 7514: 7009:"Trade in the shadow of power: Japanese industrial exports in the interwar years" 6576: 6533: 6269: 6243: 6237: 6203: 6169: 6163: 6129: 5944: 5938: 5455: 5082: 5029: 4667: 4425: 4421: 4382: 3578: 3499: 3063:

had opened 1889, and this became the starting point for government construction.

3051: 2312: 2275: 2081: 1828:). Wanting to improve relations with China and to rid Japan of the wokou threat, 1792: 1722: 1694: 1400: 1371:(labor) tax was established for military conscription and building public works. 1189: 1101: 1056: 1041: 970: 896: 740: 548: 533: 523: 433: 221: 10481: 10077: 7307: 6591:"Social Mobility in Japan, 1868-2012: The Surprising Persistence of the Samurai" 4864:"Human genetic diversity in the Japanese Archipelago: dual structure and beyond" 3674:, which dominated most industry. The zaibatsu were dissolved after the war, but 2274:

to sell rice that was not yet harvested. These contracts were similar to modern

1589: 1283: 1076: 946: 943: 933: 119: 11234: 10410: 10304: 10125: 10115: 9972: 9936: 9358: 8911: 5573: 4712: 4576: 4498: 4378: 4363: 3881: 3865: 3503: 3344: 3302: 3239: 3137: 3096: 3092: 3067: 3023: 2430: 2396: 2308: 2058: 1979: 1391: 1300: 1142: 1021: 1004: 805: 340: 271: 228: 10445: 10420: 7268: 7245:

Studies on Japan’s social democratic parties, Volume 2 by George Oakley Totten

7216: 5385: 5350: 5237: 5212: 4963: 1374: 11676: 11651: 11244: 9931: 9652: 9642: 9470: 9435: 8854: 8431: 8312: 8277: 7440: 7276: 7224: 7166: 7043: 6848: 6727: 6233: 6159: 6079:

Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)

6013: 5934: 5581: 5464: 4734: 4641: 4592: 4343: 4320: 4215: 3849: 3679: 3613: 3591: 3044: 3007: 2888: 2739: 2487: 2364: 2086: 1708: 1312: 1304: 1262: 1134: 1108: 1060: 1040:

because pottery is heavy, bulky, and fragile and thus generally unusable for

598: 593: 10032: 7765: 7735: 7534:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1994. Retrieved 12 June 2011. 6670:(abstract). FRIS/Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2007; retrieved 2012-10-17. 6004: 5627: 5496: 5138: 4663: 4111:

argue that the low consumption rate began to bear on the economy, causing a

3086: 2474:

as the new decimal currency. It had parity with the Mexican silver dollar.

2303:

to the Americas, and then continued to Europe. Also during that period, the

1552: 469: 11265: 9528: 9405: 9040: 8869: 8792: 6489: 5852: 5685: 5599: 5482: 5283: 5146: 4889: 4726: 4598: 4231: 4223: 4083: 3844: 3660: 3542: 3495: 3055: 3030: 2753: 2491: 2330:, out of action for several decades. For the rest of the 17th century most 1815: 1788: 1547: 1395: 1316: 1255: 1228: 1166: 1123: 1112: 1009: 630: 294: 188: 160: 146: 132: 10102: 9719: 6075:"Four Wadokaichin Coins Discovered Under East Pagoda of Yakushi-ji Temple" 5896: 5252:

Craig, O.E.; Saul, H. (2013). "Earliest evidence for the use of pottery".

4840: 3205: 501: 238: 11661: 10180: 9729: 7527: 5867:(in Japanese) (新装版 (Revised Edition) ed.), Tokyo: Shogakukan, 1988, 5807:

Chiefly Exchange Between Kyushu and Okinawa, Japan, in the Yayoi Period.

5056: 4381:

was cleared to commence in February 2019. It creates the world's largest

4348: 4120: 3708: 3700: 3652: 3633: 3266: 3247: 3223: 2881: 2478: 2415: 2256: 2054: 2044: 2014: 1953: 1754: 1704: 1409: 1266: 1197: 983: 568: 174: 8665: 8641:

Agricultural Production and the Economic Development of Japan, 1873–1922

7935:"Real-Time Northwest Pacific Ocean Statistics compared with climatology" 7479:

Weathers, C. (2009). "Business and Labor". In William M. Tsutsui (Ed.),

7157: 7140: 6778:

High Speed in Japan: Shinkansen – The World's Busiest High-speed Railway

6749:

Tokihiko Tanaka, "Meiji Government and the Introduction of Railroads."

5534: 5275: 4355:

while reducing rates for small and medium-sized companies, according to

4267: 4183: 2871:

In 1888 the San'yō Railway Co. (SRC) was granted a charter to build the

2552: 1645: 1593: 1574: 1569: 1524:

Nara period § Economic, livelihood, and administrative developments

9977: 9593: 8906: 8864: 8689: 7566: 7448: 7035: 4880: 4863: 4619: 4604: 4487: 4467: 4325: 4310: 4161: 4095: 3869: 3704: 3625: 3550: 2877: 2563: 2521: 2435: 2282: 1957: 1193: 1105: 1029: 640: 623: 370: 319: 205: 9886: 8584:

The Political Economy of Japan: Volume 1 – The Domestic Transformation

7910:"Japan's Economy Shrinks 6.3% as Sales-Tax Increase Cools Consumption" 7601: 7027: 4906:

Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages

10309: 10284: 10279: 10087: 9958: 9891: 9563: 9272: 9262: 9045: 8087:"Japan Declares Nationwide State Of Emergency As Coronavirus Spreads" 8010:"Japan Declares Nationwide State of Emergency As Coronavirus Spreads" 6926:

Weathers, C. (2009). Business and Labor. In William M. Tsutsui, ed.,

6913:

Eisuke Daito, "Railways and scientific management in Japan 1907–30."

5425:

Yang, Xiaoyan; Zheng, Yunfei; Crawford, Gary W.; Chen, Xugao (2014).

5213:"Radiocarbon chronology of the earliest Neolithic sites in east Asia" 5174: 4659: 4411: 4399: 4352: 4214:

Deflation in Japan started in the early 1990s. On 19 March 2001, the

4112: 3839: 3648:, and many firms became famous for their innovations and creativity. 3599:

States while keeping prices high in Japan, a trade practice known as

3043:

A connection from the Chuo line at Shiojiri to Matsuyama and Nagano (

2726: 2719: 2470:

of Meiji 4 (1871) did away with local currencies and established the

2438:

policies, notably the Public Order and Police Provisions Law (1900).

2262: 1655:

manors By the eleventh century, more land in Japan was controlled by

1320: 1090: 1079: 1037: 974: 666: 386: 360: 7432: 4482:

Since early January 2020, Japanese economy began to suffer from the

3902: 3737: 3520: 3377: 2904: 2774: 2621: 2520:, a Scottish merchant, was responsible for bringing the first steam 2494:

in 1884, and by 1904 the previously issued notes were all retired.

2110: 1856: 1733: 1425: 1368: 1270: 10388: 9816: 9507: 9451: 8807: 8802: 8717: 7342:

Allan B. Cole, George O. Totten, Cecil H. Uyehara, Ronald P. Dore,

7055: 6826:(1972) Kodansha International Ltd. pp.22–25,34–38,44–46&52–54.} 6719: 5342: 4764: 4235: 4074:

In the decades following World War II, Japan implemented stringent

3675: 3671: 3566: 3562: 3525: 3358: 3257: 3243: 1963: 912: 85: 9283: 8379:. The Sound of the Whistle: Railroads and the State in Meiji Japan 6367:

Harold Bolitho, "Book Review: Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion,"

1657: 1651: 9558: 8898: 8311:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4516: 4246:

reduced sooner and less funds are available for economic growth.

3235: 2376: 2352: 2343: 2296: 2218: 2040: 2036: 2019: 1968: 1783: 1666: 1635: 1201: 1183:, and helped control trade routes across the region. Much of the 1130: 1013: 8684:

Wilkins, Mira. "Japanese multinational enterprise before 1914."

8038:"Japan Declares Emergency For Tokyo, Osaka as Hospitals Fill Up" 7139:

Beckley, Michael; Horiuchi, Yusaku; Miller, Jennifer M. (2018).

6898:

The sound of the whistle: railroads and the state in Meiji Japan

4458:. The 38th depression, 9th typhoon and 3rd super typhoon of the 2061:

from around 1592 (about ten ships per year), Spanish ships from

1843:

Azuchi–Momoyama period § Social and commercial developments

21: 10241: 9410: 8634:

Volume 3: Economic History of Japan 1914–1955: A Dual Structure

7883:"Japan's economy just got another $ 1 trillion shot in the arm" 6067: 5411:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 117–132. 4862:

Timothy Jinam; Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Naruya Saitou (2015).

4692: 4634: 4502: 4075: 3999: 3856: 3609: 3050:

The original inland line from Kagoshima to Yatsushiro (now the

2556: 2548: 2348: 2335: 2319: 2094: 2062: 1797: 1528: 1020:. Other early pottery vessels include those excavated from the 907:. When Japan recovered from devastation, it became the world's 345: 8496:

The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 5: The Nineteenth Century

8457:

The agricultural development of Japan: a century's perspective

6762:

Tanaka, "Meiji Government and the Introduction of Railroads."

5061:

Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan

4238:

and real estate in Japan in the 1980s (peaking in late 1989).

3577:

Japan faced a severe economic challenge in the mid-1970s. The

1750: 9603: 8577:

Meiji Japan: Political, Economic and Social History 1868–1912

8369:

The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 6: The Twentieth Century

8118:"Britain signs first major post-Brexit trade deal with Japan" 7983:"Abe unveils 'massive' coronavirus stimulus worth 20% of GDP" 4103: 3558: 3231: 2252: 2248: 2031: 2004: 1820: 1537: 1328: 1274: 1138: 1064: 6527:

The Ashio Riot of 1907: A Social History of Mining in Japan.

6116:

The World of the Shining Prince; Court Life in Ancient Japan

3594:

in the late 1970s and 1980s led to new growth industries in

2547:(1841–1871) supervised construction of the first railway on 1315:. Their government devised and implemented the far-reaching 1036:. The manufacture of pottery typically implies some form of 8894: 8544:

Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo

7298:

Castley, Robert (1997), "Japan's Relationship with Korea",

7128:. University of California Press. pp. 99–188, 259–292. 5031:

An Archaeological History of Japan, 30,000 B.C. to A.D. 700

3036:

Extension of the line from Tsuruga to Kanazawa and Toyama (

2076:, the first Englishman to reach Japan. In 1605, two of the 1390:, having been minted starting on 29 August 708 on order of 969:

and 300 BCE, during which Japan was inhabited by a diverse

8384:

Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig.

8352:

The Modernization of Japan and Russia: A Comparative Study

8177:"Nikkei index hits 30,000 for first time in three decades" 7850:"Japan's Q4 GDP downgraded to annualized 7.1% contraction" 7141:"America's Role in the Making of Japan's Economic Miracle" 6397:"Wonders and Whoppers / People & Places / Smithsonian" 6003:

On the 10th day of the 8th month of the first year of the

4822:"Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jōmon Japan" 3210:

In the 1930s, the Japanese economy suffered less from the

1767:

Muromachi period § Economic and cultural developments

7417:"The Japanese House of Councillors Election of July 1962" 5547: 5170:"Pottery found in China cave confirmed as world's oldest" 4356: 3569:, along with other smaller national union organisations. 2761:

in 1964, this was the most important main line in Japan.

2471: 2460:

Before 1868 the feudal fiefs all issued their own money,

2299:-type ship that transported a Japanese embassy headed by 2267: 1803: 1600:

and Wakakusayama can be seen in the rear (January, 2010).

6984:. OECD Development Center, Paris, France. Archived from 6452:"Dutch-Japanese relations / Netherlands Missions, Japan" 5757:

Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia

5016:

Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia

4994:. Birmingham, AL: Birmingham Museum of Art. p. 40. 4984: 4424:

from 8% to 10%. The other is the devastating effects of

3541:

Trade unions emerged in Japan in the second half of the

8990:

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

8612:

The Economic Development of Japan: A Quantitative Study

8278:"Cost of living: Japan's inflation hits a 41-year high" 7820:"EU-Japan free trade deal cleared for early 2019 start" 7006: 6550:

Factory Girls: Women in the Thread Mills of Meiji Japan

5673:. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 133–143. 4991:

Birmingham Museum of Art : Guide to the Collection

4767:– a distinctive Japanese way in which firms are related 3002:

the policy formulation following the completion of the

7711:"Did Quantitative Easing by the Bank of Japan 'Work'?" 7007:

Ayuso-Díaz, Alejandro; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2020).

6579:(Translated by Terry Boardman). Retrieved 11 June 2011 5657:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 154–155. 3714: 7138: 6965:

China's National Income 1931–36, An Exploratory Study

6610:

Hardy's Case, The Japan Weekly Mail, January 4, 1875.

5671:

A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations

5424: 4989: 1836: 1214:

introduced sericulture and certain types of weaving.

1179:

rose to power in southwestern Japan, established the

1063:

was practiced. An apparently domesticated variety of

8768:

Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan

8514: 7579:

Cyrus Bina (1994). "Oil, Japan, and globalization".

7545:"A study on Japan's reaction to the 1973 oil crisis" 6847:, no. 31, EJRCF, pp. 33–38, archived from 5662: 5110: 4688: 4501:

formally signed the first free-trade agreement post-

3616:

of the late 1980s revived many troubled industries.

3494:" which all Japanese families needed to have were a 7614:

Japanese Phoenix: the long road to economic revival

7184:

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the wake of World War II

6569:

The Formation of Japanese Labor Movement: 1868–1914

6110: 6108: 4653:

Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

4497:In October 2020 during the pandemic, Japan and the 3927:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3762:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3402:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2929:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2799:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2646:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2255:each had more than 400,000 inhabitants. Many other 2135:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1881:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1450:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8519: 8148:"UK and Japan agree historic free trade agreement" 7507:"Labor Situation in Japan and Analysis: 2009/2010" 5972: 5690:Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology 5686:"A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy" 5034:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. 4058:Japan money supply and inflation (year over year) 1588:The primary building, i.e. the Daigoku-den at the 10511: 8714:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 8711:Videos on Japan's Relations with the US from the 7625:Yamamura Kozo and Yasuba Yasukichi, eds. (1987). 7561:(Kindle ed.). Harper Business. p. 307. 6686:The political economy of Japanese monetary policy 5420: 5418: 2217:Japanese-made clockwatch of the 18th century, or 11674: 10466:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 8171: 8169: 8036:Reynolds, Isabel; Nobuhiro, Emi (7 April 2020). 8035: 8031: 8029: 8027: 7877: 7875: 7704: 7702: 7505:Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training. 6205:A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower 6131:A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower 6105: 5846:Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern, 5324: 5322: 5308:, page 13, 2nd edn 2005, Pearson Prentice Hall, 4932:, page 14, 2nd edn 2005, Pearson Prentice Hall, 4529: 3682:into the groups enhanced industrial efficiency. 3316: 3095:that followed brought cutbacks in employment in 922: 10436:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 8970:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 8591:The Great Transformation of Japanese Capitalism 8413:(3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2014), on recent conditions 7642:A History of Japanese Trade and Industry Policy 6118:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 73. 5621: 5619: 4896: 4441: 4153: 4135: 3852:market to the United States, Korea and Taiwan. 1728: 1360: 1344: 952: 9420: 8226: 8191: 7754:(2 March 2006). Retrieved on 28 December 2006. 7528:"Labor Unions, Employment and Labor Relations" 5711:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. 5415: 5371: 5106: 5104: 4451: 4435: 4147: 4129: 3687: 3527: 3356: 3322: 3255: 3242:. Japan also purchased the rice production of 2007:pirate raids. The Portuguese (who were called 1688: 1379: 1354: 1338: 1319:. The Reform began with land reform, based on 1289: 1207: 941: 11281: 10497: 9299: 8733: 8381:(Harvard Council on East Asian Studies, 1996) 8357:Donzé, Pierre-Yves; Yongue, Julia S. (2024). 8166: 8150:. Gov.uk (Government of the United Kingdom). 8024: 7872: 7699: 7547:(PhD thesis). University of British Columbia. 7386:. Oxford University Press. pp. 254–283. 6838:"Why Did Japan Choose the 3'6" Narrow Gauge?" 6318: 6316: 6314: 5646: 5319: 5304:* Mason, Penelope E., with Donald Dinwiddie, 4928:* Mason, Penelope E., with Donald Dinwiddie, 4855: 4552:, beginning of early modern industrialization 2260:40% of the harvest. The rice was sold at the 1994:little they had they used with expert skill. 864: 11295: 8481:, "Economy" (bibliography) pp. 304–307. 8401:Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History 7638: 6271:Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History 5616: 5210: 5190:"Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered" 4368:Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership 2764: 1978:Japan was also perceived as a sophisticated 1807:theater. Though the eighth Ashikaga shogun, 9783:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 8582:Kozo, Yamamura, and Yasuba Yasukichi, eds. 7736:See, as one example, Paul Krugman's website 7672:. Cornell University Press. pp. 84ff. 7254: 6835: 6494:Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Porcelain 5897:"Kofun and Asuka Periods, ca. A.D. 250–710" 5821:Earlier Start for Japanese Rice Cultivation 5668: 5101: 4405: 4168: 3545:as the country underwent a period of rapid 3117:GDP-PPP/capita, in 1990 dollars (Maddison) 3111:GDP/capita, in 1935 dollars (Liu-Ta-Chung) 2097:after 1638 and for the next two centuries. 1331:. It nationalized all land in Japan, to be 1171:The Kofun period recorded Japan's earliest 1016:, China. The pottery may have been used as 11288: 11274: 10504: 10490: 9306: 9292: 9212:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association 9082: 9072: 8740: 8726: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8216: 7384:Corporate Governance and Labour Management 7358:Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan 7302:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 78–106, 6588: 6311: 5857: 5736:Historical Dictionary of Japanese Business 5298: 1616: 871: 857: 10186:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 9796:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 9207:Japan Association of Corporate Executives 8057: 8055: 7629:. Volume 1 – The Domestic Transformation. 7526:Dolan, R. E. & Worden, R. L. (eds.). 7483:(pp. 493–510). Chichester, UK: Blackwell. 7462: 7460: 7458: 7392:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263677.003.0010 7156: 6562: 6560: 6558: 5894: 5776:The Encyclopedia of World Cultures CD-ROM 5759:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 13. 5706: 5652: 5589: 5523:Journal of the Graduate School of Letters 5472: 5454: 5431:) cultivation and domestication in China" 5251: 5236: 5027: 5021: 4922: 4879: 4813: 4629:which caused several companies including 3987:Learn how and when to remove this message 3875: 3822:Learn how and when to remove this message 3462:Learn how and when to remove this message 3080: 2989:Learn how and when to remove this message 2859:Learn how and when to remove this message 2706:Learn how and when to remove this message 2195:Learn how and when to remove this message 2100: 1941:Learn how and when to remove this message 1717:, meaning "divine wind". In spite of the 1510:Learn how and when to remove this message 1299:In 645, the Soga clan were overthrown in 1277:modelhi s (including the adoption of the 1222: 1152: 9569:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 9031:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 8486:The social and economic history of Japan 8342:A Short Economic History of Modern Japan 8251:"The Promise of Abenomics - CFO Insight" 7907: 7795:"Bank of Japan takes fight to deflation" 7768:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 7665: 7645:. Oxford University Press. p. 158. 7354: 6981:The World Economy: Historical Statistics 6977: 6938: 6936: 6780:. Sheffield, UK: Platform 5 Publishing. 6701: 6201: 6127: 6121: 6025: 5927: 5409:Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory 5406: 5328: 5167: 4902: 4309: 4266: 4053: 3998: 3519: 3199: 3114:GDP-PPP/capita, in 1990 dollars (Fukao) 2368: 2358: 2224: 2212: 2013: 1962: 1740: 1732: 1583: 1527: 1415: 1232: 1156: 1100: 1070: 988: 882: 46:of all important aspects of the article. 8975:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 8601:Economic development of Japan 1868–1941 8213: 7708: 7355:Stockwin, J. A. A. (16 December 2003). 7297: 6775: 6769: 6589:Clark, Gregory; Ishii, Tatsuya (2012). 5054: 5018:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press 5008: 4230:Fallen asset prices. There was a large 3886: 3347:formed a coalition government with the 2285:coincides with the last decades of the 1351:became "public lands and public people" 11675: 10384:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 9238:Government-business relations in Japan 8452:Nov 2004, Vol. 44 Issue 3, pp 241–258. 8154:from the original on 11 September 2020 8084: 8052: 8007: 7556: 7455: 7331:The economic emergence of modern Japan 7121: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6555: 6514:Short Economic History of Modern Japan 6478:Short Economic History of Modern Japan 6267: 6232: 6158: 5967: 5933: 5890: 5888: 5731: 5677: 5625: 5513: 4949: 4655:had far-reaching economic consequences 3220:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 2209:Edo period § Economic development 1115:excavated in Tsubai-otsukayama kofun, 42:Please consider expanding the lead to 11269: 10485: 9287: 8721: 8540: 8469:. London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. 8430:Fukao, Kyoji and Saumik Paul. 2020. " 8107:The Economist, 28 March 2020, page 4. 8061: 7908:Fujikawa, Megumi (17 February 2020). 7792: 7381: 7179: 6942: 6933: 6697: 6695: 6416: 6380: 6152: 5683: 4819: 2395:in 1868, Japan underwent significant 1974:in Rome in 1615, Coll. Borghese, Rome 1737:A ship of the Muromachi period (1538) 938:In Japanese history, the Jōmon period 887:Historical GDP per capita development 9788:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 9544:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 8747: 8390:East Asia: The modern transformation 7499: 7494:"National Labour Law Profile: Japan" 7414: 7202: 7188:. WW Norton & Company. pp. 6845:Japan Railway & Transport Review 6634:A study on the Central Bank of Japan 5769: 5427:"Archaeological evidence for peach ( 5080: 5074: 4477: 4178: 4126:The time after the bubble's collapse 3925:adding citations to reliable sources 3896: 3760:adding citations to reliable sources 3731: 3619: 3400:adding citations to reliable sources 3371: 3276: 2927:adding citations to reliable sources 2898: 2797:adding citations to reliable sources 2768: 2644:adding citations to reliable sources 2615: 2611: 2355:, inspired from Western techniques. 2133:adding citations to reliable sources 2104: 2030:From the time of the acquisition of 1997: 1879:adding citations to reliable sources 1850: 1749:, inscribed with the signatures and 1448:adding citations to reliable sources 1419: 1059:. There is evidence to suggest that 1051:The degree to which horticulture or 895:is most studied for the spectacular 15: 10456:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 9698:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 9313: 9077:List of Japan natural gas companies 8824:Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan 8455:Hayami, Yujiro, and Saburo Yamada. 8450:Australian Economic History Review, 7763: 6962: 6811: 6496:, pp. 71–78, 1990, Conran Octopus. 6093: 5885: 5865:国語大辞典 (Kokugo Dai Jiten Dictionary) 5754: 5655:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology 5613:Article, LONDON: The Royal Society. 5211:Kuzmin, Y.V.; Keally, C.T. (2001). 4978: 3715:The changing occupational structure 13: 9348: 9134:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8773:Agriculture in the Empire of Japan 8646:Odagiri, Hiroyuki and Akira Goto; 8643:(Princeton University Press, 1966) 8459:(University of Tokyo Press, 1991). 8334: 8183:. 15 February 2021. Archived from 8085:Booker, Brakkton (16 April 2020). 8008:Booker, Brakkton (16 April 2020). 7826:. 12 December 2018. Archived from 7694:Japan in Transformation, 1952–2000 7344:Socialist Parties in Postwar Japan 6692: 6537:American Historical Review, 104:3. 5830: 5626:Keally, Charles T. (3 June 2006). 5182: 5168:Stanglin, Douglas (29 June 2012). 3585:Changing price conditions favored 3478:Japan's highly acclaimed post-war 3283:Japanese post-war economic miracle 3262:, large industrial conglomerates. 2894: 2508:History of rail transport in Japan 2270:. To raise money, the daimyō used 1837:Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603) 1772:with China and Korea. Because the 1217: 1129:stratified and complex. They wove 1001:vessels in the world date back to 14: 11694: 9253:Research and development in Japan 8965:Japan External Trade Organization 8703: 8674:(1974) pp 118–152, historiography 8672:Japan's Foreign Policy: 1868–1941 8124:. 23 October 2020. Archived from 7709:Spiegel, Mark (20 October 2006). 7415:Ukai, Nobushige (1 August 1962). 6900:(Harvard Univ Asia Center, 1996) 6539:June 1999. Retrieved 16 June 2011 6383:History of Japan: Revised Edition 5915:from the original on 6 April 2007 5823:, Dennis Normile, Science, 2003 ( 5115:ago in Xianrendong Cave, China". 4314:Japanese exports partners in 2005 3273:economy to a virtual standstill. 2410:, and the transformation of many 1161:Reconstructed Kofun-era warehouse 11656: 11647: 11646: 10549:Democratic Republic of the Congo 10156:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 9419: 9081: 9071: 8306: 8270: 8243: 8140: 8110: 8101: 8078: 8062:Huang, Eustance (7 April 2020). 8001: 7975: 7949: 7927: 7901: 7842: 7812: 7801: 7786: 7772: 7757: 7740: 7729: 7686: 7659: 7632: 7619: 7606: 7586: 7573: 7550: 7537: 7520: 7486: 7473: 7470:. CULCON. Retrieved 11 June 2011 7408: 7375: 7348: 7336: 7323: 7291: 7248: 7239: 7196: 4719: 4705: 4691: 4559:, beginning of industrialization 4443:Reiwa Gannen Higashi-Nihon Taifū 4366:decided to consider joining the 4182: 4094:and the real estate market. The 3901: 3736: 3376: 2903: 2773: 2620: 2109: 1855: 1424: 84: 20: 10171:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 9258:Science and technology in Japan 9103:International rankings of Japan 9087:List of power stations in Japan 8798:Japan–South Korea trade dispute 8664:74#3 (2014), pp. 863–886. 8567:Railway Transportation in Japan 8445:(1993), pp. 99–188, 259–92 7793:Riley, Charles (4 April 2013). 7746:Masake, Hisane (2 March 2006). 7481:A Companion to Japanese History 7173: 7132: 7115: 7094: 7073: 7000: 6971: 6956: 6928:A Companion to Japanese History 6920: 6907: 6890: 6882:Railway Transportation in Japan 6874: 6865: 6829: 6794: 6756: 6743: 6734: 6673: 6654: 6642: 6626: 6613: 6604: 6598:University of California, Davis 6582: 6542: 6519: 6506: 6483: 6470: 6444: 6410: 6389: 6374: 6361: 6352: 6343: 6334: 6325: 6302: 6293: 6261: 6226: 6195: 6186: 6054: 6037: 6019: 5997: 5961: 5814: 5798: 5763: 5748: 5725: 5700: 5606: 5541: 5507: 5489: 5400: 5365: 5245: 5204: 5161: 3912:needs additional citations for 3747:needs additional citations for 3666:The nation also benefited from 3509: 3387:needs additional citations for 3238:from the Dutch East Indies and 2914:needs additional citations for 2784:needs additional citations for 2631:needs additional citations for 2391:and subsequent founding of the 2374:Hokkaidō Development Commission 2315:, were active throughout Asia. 2120:needs additional citations for 1866:needs additional citations for 1677: 1435:needs additional citations for 1096: 927: 34:may be too short to adequately 11614:British Indian Ocean Territory 10426:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 9539:Imperial Rescript on Education 8386:East Asia: The great tradition 8227:Sylvain Saurel (13 May 2022). 7937:. Tropical.atmos.colostate.edu 7856:. 9 March 2020. Archived from 7627:The Political Economy of Japan 7496:. ILO. Retrieved 10 June 2011. 7257:International Planning Studies 6702:Laughlin, J. Laurence (1897). 6268:Farris, William Wayne (2009). 6029:Annales des empereurs du Japon 5653:Silberman, Neil Asher (2012). 5087:. Cambridge University Press. 5048: 4943: 4534:At the end of March 2022, the 3526:National Trade Union Council ( 2381:Historical Village of Hokkaido 1814:The Japanese contact with the 1759:Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives 1024:in southern China, dated from 44:provide an accessible overview 1: 11190:Confederate States of America 10513:Economic histories by country 9872:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 9778:Imperial General Headquarters 9369:Foreign commerce and shipping 9118:Prefectures by GDP per capita 8860:Banknotes of the Japanese yen 8655:A history of banking in Japan 8526:. Stanford University Press. 8522:MITI and the Japanese Miracle 8205:. 12 May 2021. Archived from 7145:Journal of East Asian Studies 6381:Mason, Richard (2011). "10". 5732:Picken, Stuart D. B. (2007). 4801: 4530:Post-recession (2021–present) 3572: 3367: 3291: 3006:in 1889, the creation of the 2420:Japanese trade-union movement 1623:Heian period § Economics 1294:, "five cities, seven roads") 977:and cultural complexity. The 962: 923:Prehistoric and ancient Japan 10204:Hirohito surrender broadcast 9599:Greater East Asia Conference 8589:Lechevalier, Sébastien, ed. 7122:Gordon, Andrew, ed. (1993). 6967:. The Brookings Institution. 6708:Journal of Political Economy 6704:"The Gold Standard in Japan" 6369:The Journal of Asian Studies 6102:(日本貨幣博物館) permanent exhibit. 5740:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 5669:Schirokauer, Conrad (2013). 5456:10.1371/journal.pone.0106595 4631:Nissan Mutual Life Insurance 4510:COVID-19 vaccination program 1729:Muromachi period (1333–1568) 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1048:over the whole archipelago. 7: 11250:Scotland in the Middle Ages 11119:Mongolian People's Republic 9584:Supreme Court of Judicature 9268:Standard of living in Japan 9233:Economic relations of Japan 9011:Japanese management culture 8927:Financial services in Japan 8788:Japanese asset price bubble 8697:Journal of Economic History 8662:Journal of Economic History 8436:The Economic History Review 7594:Journal of Japanese Studies 7557:Malone, Michael S. (2014). 7308:10.1007/978-1-349-25833-8_3 7016:The Economic History Review 4868:Genes & Genetic Systems 4786:Japanese asset price bubble 4745:Economic relations of Japan 4684: 4582:1950s, Recovery and growth. 4542: 4490:announced that he declared 4460:2019 Pacific typhoon season 4442: 4154: 4136: 3936:"Economic history of Japan" 3893:Japanese asset price bubble 3771:"Economic history of Japan" 3688: 3528: 3411:"Economic history of Japan" 3357: 3323: 3256: 2938:"Economic history of Japan" 2808:"Economic history of Japan" 2655:"Economic history of Japan" 2501: 2144:"Economic history of Japan" 2003:China, as a punishment for 1890:"Economic history of Japan" 1689:Kamakura period (1185–1333) 1665:set up their own armies of 1459:"Economic history of Japan" 1361: 1345: 953: 10: 11699: 11200:England in the Middle Ages 10295:Second Philippine Republic 10068:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 8829:Industrial policy of Japan 8506:The Making of Modern Japan 8427:(Tuttle Publishing, 2012). 8300: 8267:"The promise of Abenomics" 7666:Allinson, Gary D. (2004). 7543:Atsushi Yamakoshi (1986). 7492:Jung, L. (30 March 2011). 6824:Steam Locomotives of Japan 6621:Money And Banking in Japan 6417:Smith, R.B (12 May 2014). 6276:University of Hawaii Press 6202:Henshall, Kenneth (2012). 6128:Henshall, Kenneth (2012). 6032:(in French), pp. 63–5 5975:A History of Japan to 1334 5895:L. Worden, Robert (1994). 5574:10.1038/s41598-019-44473-z 5497:"Early Jomon hamlet found" 4909:, De Gruyter, p. 26, 4903:Robbeets, Martine (2015), 4591:25 April 1971, End of the 4472:COVID-19 pandemic in Japan 4409: 4172: 3890: 3879: 3513: 3353:National Cooperative Party 3280: 3203: 3084: 2505: 2453: 2449: 2362: 2206: 1840: 1764: 1747:Japan-Ming trade ship flag 1692: 1681: 1620: 1521: 1394:. Inspired by the Chinese 1226: 1164: 1121: 931: 897:social and economic growth 11683:Economic history of Japan 11642: 11601: 11561: 11303: 11297:Economic history of Asia 11142: 11084: 11063: 10901: 10758: 10657: 10519: 10403: 10376: 10318: 10272: 10229: 10222: 10176:Japan during World War II 10131:Pacification of Manchukuo 10101: 10031: 10023:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 10018:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 9956: 9949: 9900: 9887:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 9840: 9766: 9759: 9706: 9624: 9617: 9609:Imperial Japanese Airways 9516: 9463: 9428: 9417: 9321: 9225: 9217:Japan Business Federation 9199: 9126: 9108:List of largest companies 9095: 9054: 9016:Japanese work environment 8998: 8960:Financial Services Agency 8950:Development Bank of Japan 8940: 8932:Japanese financial system 8893: 8885:Scrip of Edo period Japan 8847: 8816: 8783:Japanese economic miracle 8763:Economic history of Japan 8755: 8681:(2 vol; 2001), 1376 pages 8614:(1994), in-depth coverage 8418:Journal of Global History 8324:Federal Research Division 7692:Jeffrey Kingston (2001). 7513:27 September 2011 at the 7269:10.1080/13563470903021191 7217:10.1080/10371390120101443 6836:Akira Saito (June 2002), 6060:Varley, H. Paul. (1980). 6009:traditional Japanese date 5981:Stanford University Press 5905:Federal Research Division 5514:Moriya, Toyohito (2015). 5386:10.1080/00438240600708295 5238:10.1017/s0033822200041771 4964:10.1017/s0003598x00093686 4820:Perri, Angela R. (2016). 4796:Japanese Economic Miracle 4750:Economics of feudal Japan 4562:1930s, Controlled economy 4452: 4436: 4428:, also known as the Reiwa 4333:global economic recession 4148: 4130: 4012:Zero interest-rate policy 3882:Heisei era § Economy 3628:(1600–1867) bequeathed a 2765:Consolidating the network 2562:The precise reason why a 2456:Japanese financial system 2324:Japanese export porcelain 2230:Japanese export porcelain 1824:by the Chinese (Japanese 1684:Economics of feudal Japan 1380: 1355: 1339: 1290: 1208: 942: 893:economic history of Japan 424:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 399:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 11363:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 10151:Second Sino-Japanese War 10093:Racial Equality Proposal 9673:Agriculture and Commerce 9243:List of exports of Japan 8875:National Printing Bureau 8579:(4 vol; 1998) 1336 pages 8575:Kornicki, Peter F., ed. 8549:Harvard University Press 8463:Heenan, Patrick (1998). 8443:Postwar Japan as History 8364:Oxford University Press. 7517:. Retrieved 10 June 2011 7361:. Taylor & Francis. 7300:Korea's Economic Miracle 7125:Postwar Japan as History 6978:Maddison, Angus (2003). 6026:Titsingh, Isaac (1834), 5707:Mizoguchi, Koji (2013). 5028:Mizoguchi, Koji (2002). 4986:Birmingham Museum of Art 4806: 4625:July 1997, start of the 4579:Conservative governments 4569:: economic prostration; 4406:Reiwa era (2019–present) 4169:Deflation from the 1990s 3727: 3646:research and development 3310:synthetic control method 3308:A 2018 study, using the 3254:expansion benefited the 2576:3 ft 6 in 2568:3 ft 6 in 2365:Meiji era § Economy 2307:commissioned around 350 1787:flower arrangement, the 1701:two full-scale invasions 1279:Chinese written language 1212:, read "Qín" in Chinese) 1173:political centralization 636:Great Hanshin earthquake 554:Second Sino-Japanese War 11624:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 10063:Washington Naval Treaty 10008:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 9993:First Sino-Japanese War 9812:Nuclear weapons program 9554:Great Japan Youth Party 9481:National seals of Japan 8686:Business History Review 8405:excerpt and text search 7669:Japan's Postwar History 7468:"Labor unions in Japan" 6776:Semmens, Peter (1997). 6766:(1966) 28#4 pp 750–788. 6753:(1966) 28#3 pp 567–589. 6371:, August 2004, 799–800. 5770:Lock, Margaret (1998). 5306:History of Japanese art 5139:10.1126/science.1218643 5055:長野県立歴史館 (1 July 1996). 4930:History of Japanese art 4616:Japan's economic bubble 4607:average peaks at 38,915 4274:Negative interest rates 3630:vital commercial sector 3265:Over the course of the 3047:) opened 1900–1902; and 2406:, the development of a 1617:Heian period (794–1185) 1386:is the oldest official 1053:small-scale agriculture 1008:and were discovered in 996:in the Yamanashi museum 917:Japanese "lost decades" 899:in the 1800s after the 482:Intervention in Siberia 409:First Sino-Japanese War 10931:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10141:Motherland controversy 10111:Shōwa financial crisis 9903:Imperial Japanese Navy 9843:Imperial Japanese Army 9574:Peace Preservation Law 9248:National debt of Japan 8922:Capital flows in Japan 8494:Jansen, Marius B. ed. 7532:Japan: A Country Study 6963:Liu, Ta-Chung (1946). 6575:1 October 2011 at the 5901:A Country Study: Japan 5684:Shōda, Shinya (2007). 5084:Ancient Jomōn of Japan 4627:Asian financial crisis 4448:, or Typhoon Number 19 4377:between Japan and the 4315: 4307: 4071: 4051: 3876:Heisei era (1989–2019) 3538: 3081:Taishō era (1912–1926) 3033:, also detailed below; 2742:, and opened in 1885. 2387:After the fall of the 2384: 2233: 2222: 2101:Edo period (1603–1868) 2027: 1975: 1762: 1738: 1601: 1581: 1258: 1254:from the 7th century, 1223:Asuka period (538–710) 1162: 1153:Kofun period (250–538) 1119: 1086: 997: 909:second largest economy 888: 811:Science and technology 564:Attack on Pearl Harbor 487:Great Kantō earthquake 429:Colonization of Taiwan 356:Convention of Kanagawa 196:Former Nine Years' War 139:1000 BC – 300 AD 125:14,000 – 1000 BC 11124:Serbia and Montenegro 11085:Former industrialized 10053:Siberian Intervention 9862:Railways and Shipping 9678:Commerce and Industry 9374:Industrial production 8955:Fair Trade Commission 8834:Trade policy of Japan 8699:27.2 (1967): 198–220. 8688:(1986) 60#2: 199–231 8394:online free to borrow 7639:Mikio Sumiya (2000). 7612:Richard Katz (2002). 7596:6.1 (1980): 155-178. 6943:Fukao, Kyoji (2007). 6548:E. Patricia Tsurumi, 6322:Farris, 141–142, 149. 6100:Japan Currency Museum 5811:64(245)912–922, 1990. 4841:10.15184/aqy.2016.115 4771:Labor market of Japan 4313: 4271:Japanese bond market 4270: 4063: M2 money supply 4057: 4002: 3891:Further information: 3707:(1950–1953), and the 3523: 3516:Labor unions in Japan 3338:Japan Socialist Party 3226:, petroleum from the 3200:Shōwa era (1926–1989) 2372: 2359:Meiji era (1868–1912) 2281:The beginning of the 2239:merchant associations 2228: 2216: 2017: 1966: 1744: 1736: 1587: 1531: 1416:Nara period (710–794) 1311:, the founder of the 1236: 1160: 1104: 1074: 992: 886: 529:Invasion of Manchuria 454:Colonization of Korea 414:Treaty of Shimonoseki 153:300 AD – 538 AD 11538:United Arab Emirates 11143:Historical economies 10471:Political dissidence 10320:Occupied territories 10058:General Election Law 9882:Taiwan Army of Japan 9067:Solar power in Japan 8917:Tokyo Stock Exchange 8778:Income Doubling Plan 8624:Nakamura, Takafusa, 8617:Morikawa, Hidemasa. 8593:(2014) on 1980–2012 8541:Kapur, Nick (2018). 8516:Johnson, Chalmers A. 8498:(1989), pp 569–617. 8441:Gordon, Andrew, ed. 8411:The Japanese Economy 8187:on 15 February 2021. 7748:"A farewell to zero" 7180:Dower, John (2000). 7100:Dower, John (1999). 6385:. Tuttle Publishing. 6244:Blackwell Publishing 6172:. pp. 149–151. 6170:Blackwell Publishing 5947:. pp. 107–108. 5945:Blackwell Publishing 5632:Japanese Archaeology 5331:Current Anthropology 5081:Habu, Junko (2004). 4587:Income Doubling Plan 4548:1600, Foundation of 4432:1 East Japan Typhoon 4416:Prior to the global 4375:free trade agreement 4373:In December 2018, a 4362:In 2011 Japan under 4092:Tokyo Stock Exchange 4007:Inverted yield curve 3921:improve this article 3887:1989 economic bubble 3756:improve this article 3709:Second Indochina War 3596:consumer electronics 3396:improve this article 2923:improve this article 2793:improve this article 2640:improve this article 2129:improve this article 2080:s crew were sent to 1988:Alessandro Valignano 1875:improve this article 1444:improve this article 1309:Fujiwara no Kamatari 1137:estuary in southern 961:is the time between 821:World Heritage Sites 539:February 26 incident 444:Treaty of Portsmouth 305:Battle of Sekigahara 201:Later Three-Year War 11565:limited recognition 10986:Republic of Ireland 10665:Antigua and Barbuda 10290:Wang Jingwei regime 10200:Potsdam Declaration 10191:Soviet–Japanese War 10146:Anti-Comintern Pact 10136:January 28 incident 10121:London Naval Treaty 9998:Triple Intervention 9827:Supreme War Council 9711:deliberative bodies 9181:Public corporations 9006:Japanese labour law 8985:National Tax Agency 8980:Ministry of Finance 8942:Government agencies 8599:Macpherson, W. J. 8399:Ferris, William W. 7914:Wall Street Journal 7854:Nikkei Asian Review 7158:10.1017/jea.2017.24 6930:(2009) pp. 493–510. 6896:Steven J. Ericson, 6854:on 8 September 2017 6525:Nimura, K. (1997). 5909:Library of Congress 5805:Pearson, Richard J. 5786:on 13 December 2012 5634:. Charles T. Keally 5566:2019NatSR...9.8556W 5535:10.14943/jgsl.10.71 5447:2014PLoSO...9j6595Z 5276:10.1038/nature12109 5268:2013Natur.496..351C 5229:2001Radcb..43.1121K 5131:2012Sci...336.1696W 5125:(6089): 1696–1700. 5014:Imamura, K. (1996) 4791:Lost Decade (Japan) 4646:quantitative easing 4597:22 September 1985, 4571:American Occupation 4536:Ministry of Finance 4257:quantitative easing 4220:quantitative easing 4175:Lost Decade (Japan) 3840:recessionary period 3317:"Gifts From Heaven" 3040:) opened 1896–1899; 2518:Thomas Blake Glover 2287:Nanban trade period 1847:Nanban trade period 1830:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu 1333:distributed equally 1068:5300–4300 BP. 651:Imperial transition 589:Occupation of Japan 579:Soviet–Japanese War 544:Anti-Comintern Pact 419:Triple Intervention 10013:Russo-Japanese War 9983:Two Lords Incident 9638:Imperial Household 9176:Private enterprise 9113:Prefectures by GDP 8677:Tolliday, Steven. 8657:(Routledge, 2013). 8504:Jansen, Marius B. 8466:The Japan Handbook 8420:14.1 (2019): 3–21. 8396:, famous textbook. 8350:Black, Cyril, ed. 8284:. 23 December 2022 8128:on 23 October 2020 7717:on 19 October 2012 6917:31.1 (1989): 1–28. 6764:Contemporary Japan 6751:Contemporary Japan 6740:Shizume, 2016, p.1 6661:Vande Walle, Willy 6532:2009-12-04 at the 6458:on 9 December 2016 6239:A History of Japan 6210:Palgrave Macmillan 6165:A History of Japan 6138:. pp. 29–30. 6136:Palgrave Macmillan 5940:A History of Japan 5876:as members of the 5872:granted the title 5554:Scientific Reports 4881:10.1266/ggs.90.147 4835:(353): 1166–1180. 4614:", the time after 4603:29 December 1989, 4567:Surrender of Japan 4550:Tokugawa shogunate 4492:state of emergency 4418:COVID-19 recession 4316: 4308: 4305: 1 month bond 4287: 10 year bond 4281: 40 year bond 4194:. You can help by 4155:ushinawareta jūnen 4096:Nikkei stock index 4072: 4052: 3697:Russo-Japanese War 3668:economies of scale 3539: 3298:Japanese surrender 3058:) opened 1901–1909 3038:Hokuriku Main Line 2759:Tokaido Shinkansen 2444:O-yatoi gaikokujin 2408:capitalist economy 2402:It involved rapid 2389:Tokugawa shogunate 2385: 2334:production was in 2332:Japanese porcelain 2301:Hasekura Tsunenaga 2234: 2223: 2072:. Their pilot was 2028: 1976: 1972:Hasekura Tsunenaga 1793:Japanese gardening 1763: 1739: 1719:Kamakura shogunate 1602: 1582: 1259: 1163: 1120: 1087: 1075:Reconstruction of 1046:20,000 individuals 998: 889: 711:Capital punishment 687:2019–present 609:Asset price bubble 584:Surrender of Japan 449:Japan–Korea Treaty 439:Russo-Japanese War 394:Ryūkyū Disposition 336:Invasion of Ryukyu 331:Tokugawa shogunate 267:Nanboku-chō period 11670: 11669: 11607:other territories 11263: 11262: 11215:Habsburg monarchy 11183:Republic of China 10479: 10478: 10451:Socialist thought 10399: 10398: 10338:Dutch East Indies 10300:Empire of Vietnam 10218: 10217: 9988:Satsuma Rebellion 9968:Meiji Restoration 9945: 9944: 9755: 9754: 9693:Greater East Asia 9579:Political parties 9534:Foreign relations 9281: 9280: 8639:Nakamura, James. 8610:Minami, Ryoshin. 8565:Kodama, Riotaro. 8547:. Cambridge, MA: 8377:Ericson, Steven J 8367:Duus, Peter, ed. 7963:. 13 October 2019 7752:Asia Times Online 7110:978-0-14-028551-2 7089:978-0-14-028551-2 7083:. Penguin, 1999. 7028:10.1111/ehr.12912 6871:Free, pp 109–180. 6285:978-0-8248-3379-4 6253:978-1-119-02235-0 6219:978-0-230-34662-8 6179:978-1-119-02235-0 6145:978-0-230-34662-8 5990:978-0-8047-0523-3 5954:978-1-119-02235-0 5878:Tomo no Miyatsuko 5874:Hata no Miyatsuko 5718:978-0-521-88490-7 5374:World Archaeology 5337:(S4): S331–S345. 5262:(7445): 351–354. 5223:(2B): 1121–1128. 5094:978-0-521-77670-7 5041:978-0-8122-3651-4 5001:978-1-904832-77-5 4916:978-3-11-039994-3 4675:COVID-19 pandemic 4557:Meiji Restoration 4484:COVID-19 pandemic 4478:2020–21 recession 4299: 1 year bond 4293: 5 year bond 4276:started in 2014. 4212: 4211: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3971: 3832: 3831: 3824: 3806: 3703:(1914–1918), the 3620:Factors of growth 3547:industrialization 3472: 3471: 3464: 3446: 3277:Post-World War II 3228:Dutch East Indies 3197: 3196: 3004:Tokaido Main Line 2999: 2998: 2991: 2973: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2843: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2690: 2612:Network expansion 2543:British engineer 2404:industrialization 2292:San Juan Bautista 2272:forward contracts 2205: 2204: 2197: 2179: 1998:Trade with Europe 1951: 1950: 1943: 1925: 1779:ink wash painting 1580: 1579: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1494: 1305:Prince Naka no Ōe 1084:Aomori Prefecture 901:Meiji Restoration 881: 880: 746:Foreign relations 691: 690: 679:Abe assassination 674:COVID-19 pandemic 646:Tōhoku earthquake 404:Satsuma Rebellion 366:Meiji Restoration 244:Kenmu Restoration 61: 60: 11690: 11660: 11650: 11649: 11619:Christmas Island 11305:Sovereign states 11290: 11283: 11276: 11267: 11266: 11205:Ethiopian Empire 11160:Byzantine Empire 11109:Empire of Brazil 10506: 10499: 10492: 10483: 10482: 10441:Shinmin no Michi 10431:Internment camps 10343:French Indochina 10227: 10226: 10073:Taishō Democracy 9954: 9953: 9877:Japanese holdout 9764: 9763: 9688:Colonial Affairs 9622: 9621: 9549:Yokusan Sonendan 9455: 9447: 9439: 9423: 9422: 9349:Economic history 9308: 9301: 9294: 9285: 9284: 9085: 9084: 9075: 9074: 8880:Tokugawa coinage 8749:Economy of Japan 8742: 8735: 8728: 8719: 8718: 8653:Soyeda, Juichi. 8562: 8537: 8525: 8480: 8371:(1989), ch 8–12 8327: 8310: 8309: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8274: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8253:. Archived from 8247: 8241: 8240: 8235:. Archived from 8224: 8211: 8210: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8173: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8059: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8033: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7879: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7816: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7761: 7755: 7744: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7713:. Archived from 7706: 7697: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7636: 7630: 7623: 7617: 7610: 7604: 7590: 7584: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7554: 7548: 7541: 7535: 7524: 7518: 7503: 7497: 7490: 7484: 7477: 7471: 7466:Cross Currents. 7464: 7453: 7452: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7252: 7246: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7205:Japanese Studies 7200: 7194: 7193: 7187: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7160: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7119: 7113: 7102:Embracing Defeat 7098: 7092: 7081:Embracing Defeat 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7061:on 5 August 2021 7060: 7054:. Archived from 7013: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6940: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6915:Business History 6911: 6905: 6894: 6888: 6880:Riotaro Kodama, 6878: 6872: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6853: 6842: 6833: 6827: 6820: 6809: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6773: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6747: 6741: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6699: 6690: 6679:Cargill, Thomas 6677: 6671: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6630: 6624: 6617: 6611: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6595: 6586: 6580: 6564: 6553: 6546: 6540: 6523: 6517: 6510: 6504: 6487: 6481: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6454:. Archived from 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6378: 6372: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6350: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6332: 6331:Farris, 144–145. 6329: 6323: 6320: 6309: 6308:Henshall, 39–40. 6306: 6300: 6299:Sansom, 441–442. 6297: 6291: 6289: 6274:. Honolulu, HI: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6199: 6193: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6081:. 26 August 2015 6071: 6065: 6058: 6052: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6023: 6017: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5979:. Stanford, CA: 5978: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5892: 5883: 5882: 5861: 5855: 5834: 5828: 5818: 5812: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5782:. Archived from 5767: 5761: 5760: 5755:Imamura, Keiji. 5752: 5746: 5745: 5739: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5623: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5593: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5520: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5476: 5458: 5422: 5413: 5412: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5326: 5317: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5198:Associated Press 5186: 5180: 5179: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5114: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5025: 5019: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4958:(308): 362–371. 4947: 4941: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4826: 4817: 4781:Tokugawa coinage 4776:Poverty in Japan 4760:Japanese cuisine 4755:History of Japan 4740:Economy of Japan 4729: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4699:Economics portal 4696: 4695: 4512:in the country. 4464:Typhoon Mireille 4457: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4207: 4204: 4186: 4179: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4068: 4062: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4014:started in 1995 3992: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3929: 3905: 3897: 3827: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3764: 3740: 3732: 3691: 3531: 3480:education system 3467: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3404: 3380: 3372: 3362: 3349:Democratic Party 3328: 3261: 3212:Great Depression 3105: 3104: 2994: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2931: 2907: 2899: 2873:San'yō Main Line 2864: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2801: 2777: 2769: 2731:Tohoku Main Line 2711: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2648: 2624: 2616: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2468:New Currency Act 2393:Meiji government 2241:. Increasingly, 2200: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2137: 2113: 2105: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1883: 1859: 1851: 1534: 1533: 1515: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1452: 1428: 1420: 1388:Japanese coinage 1385: 1383: 1382: 1366: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1295: 1293: 1292: 1248: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1185:material culture 1147:Korean Peninsula 1117:Yamashiro, Kyoto 1047: 1042:hunter-gatherers 1034:Russian Far East 1027: 1007: 964: 960: 959: 956: 950: 949: 905:Second World War 873: 866: 859: 703: 604:Economic miracle 519:Nanking incident 514:Financial crisis 351:Perry Expedition 325: 234:Mongol invasions 113:before 14,000 BC 103: 102: 98: 88: 78:History of Japan 65: 64: 56: 53: 47: 24: 16: 11698: 11697: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11666: 11638: 11606: 11597: 11578:Northern Cyprus 11564: 11557: 11299: 11294: 11264: 11259: 11138: 11114:Empire of Japan 11094:Austria-Hungary 11086: 11080: 11059: 10897: 10853:Solomon Islands 10754: 10653: 10515: 10510: 10480: 10475: 10461:Yasukuni Shrine 10395: 10372: 10314: 10268: 10214: 10166:Tripartite Pact 10161:Rape of Nanking 10097: 10083:Tapani incident 10027: 10003:Boxer Rebellion 9961: 9941: 9905: 9896: 9845: 9836: 9771: 9751: 9745:Representatives 9713: 9710: 9709:Legislative and 9702: 9668:Foreign Affairs 9631: 9628: 9613: 9512: 9491:Government Seal 9476:Rising Sun Flag 9459: 9453: 9445: 9437: 9424: 9415: 9317: 9315:Empire of Japan 9312: 9282: 9277: 9221: 9195: 9144:domestic market 9122: 9091: 9062:Energy in Japan 9050: 8994: 8936: 8889: 8843: 8812: 8751: 8746: 8706: 8559: 8534: 8508:(2002), passim 8484:Honjō, Eijirō. 8477: 8462: 8344:(3rd ed. 1982) 8337: 8335:Further reading 8319:Country Studies 8316: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8287: 8285: 8276: 8275: 8271: 8260: 8258: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8239:on 13 May 2022. 8225: 8214: 8209:on 15 May 2021. 8197: 8196: 8192: 8175: 8174: 8167: 8157: 8155: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8131: 8129: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8092: 8090: 8083: 8079: 8069: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8043: 8041: 8034: 8025: 8015: 8013: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7987:The Japan Times 7981: 7980: 7976: 7966: 7964: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7933: 7932: 7928: 7918: 7916: 7906: 7902: 7892: 7890: 7881: 7880: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7860:on 23 July 2020 7848: 7847: 7843: 7833: 7831: 7830:on 16 June 2020 7818: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7802: 7791: 7787: 7782:. 7 April 2008. 7778: 7777: 7773: 7764:Krugman, Paul. 7762: 7758: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7707: 7700: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7637: 7633: 7624: 7620: 7611: 7607: 7591: 7587: 7578: 7574: 7555: 7551: 7542: 7538: 7525: 7521: 7515:Wayback Machine 7504: 7500: 7491: 7487: 7478: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7433:10.2307/3023612 7413: 7409: 7402: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329:Kōzō Yamamura, 7328: 7324: 7318: 7296: 7292: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7201: 7197: 7178: 7174: 7137: 7133: 7120: 7116: 7099: 7095: 7078: 7074: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7011: 7005: 7001: 6991: 6989: 6976: 6972: 6961: 6957: 6949: 6941: 6934: 6925: 6921: 6912: 6908: 6895: 6891: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6822:Naotaka Hirota 6821: 6812: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6700: 6693: 6678: 6674: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6632:Itsuo Hamaoka, 6631: 6627: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6593: 6587: 6583: 6577:Wayback Machine 6565: 6556: 6547: 6543: 6534:Wayback Machine 6524: 6520: 6511: 6507: 6488: 6484: 6480:(1946) pp 9–25. 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6379: 6375: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6286: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6246:. p. 153. 6231: 6227: 6220: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6126: 6122: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6059: 6055: 6042: 6038: 6024: 6020: 6011:, according to 6002: 5998: 5991: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5893: 5886: 5870: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5836:Denoon, Donald 5835: 5831: 5819: 5815: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5768: 5764: 5753: 5749: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5705: 5701: 5682: 5678: 5667: 5663: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5628:"Yayoi Culture" 5624: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5546: 5542: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5501:The Japan Times 5495: 5494: 5490: 5423: 5416: 5405: 5401: 5370: 5366: 5327: 5320: 5316:, 9780131176027 5303: 5299: 5250: 5246: 5209: 5205: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5166: 5162: 5112: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4983: 4979: 4948: 4944: 4940:, 9780131176027 4927: 4923: 4917: 4901: 4897: 4860: 4856: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4687: 4668:Joseph Stiglitz 4662:Prime Minister 4618:collapsed. The 4612:the Lost Decade 4545: 4532: 4480: 4470:announced that 4449: 4433: 4429: 4426:Typhoon Hagibis 4422:consumption tax 4414: 4408: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4383:free trade zone 4306: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4192:needs expansion 4177: 4171: 4145: 4140: 4127: 4080:trade surpluses 4070: 4069: Inflation 4066: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4005: 3993: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3930: 3928: 3918: 3906: 3895: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3828: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3765: 3763: 3753: 3741: 3730: 3717: 3626:Tokugawa period 3622: 3579:1973 oil crisis 3575: 3518: 3512: 3500:washing machine 3492:three treasures 3468: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3405: 3403: 3393: 3381: 3370: 3340:came in first, 3336:, in which the 3319: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3208: 3202: 3089: 3083: 3052:Nippo Main Line 2995: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2932: 2930: 2920: 2908: 2897: 2895:Evolving policy 2865: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2802: 2800: 2790: 2778: 2767: 2712: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2649: 2647: 2637: 2625: 2614: 2601: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2584:4 ft 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2510: 2504: 2481:(fiefs) became 2463:called hansatsu 2458: 2452: 2367: 2361: 2313:Yamada Nagamasa 2276:futures trading 2211: 2201: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2138: 2136: 2126: 2114: 2103: 2000: 1947: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1884: 1882: 1872: 1860: 1849: 1841:Main articles: 1839: 1769: 1731: 1723:double-cropping 1697: 1695:Kamakura period 1691: 1686: 1680: 1625: 1619: 1526: 1516: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1453: 1451: 1441: 1429: 1418: 1401:Kaiyuan Tongbao 1377: 1352: 1336: 1287: 1242: 1231: 1225: 1220: 1218:Classical Japan 1205: 1190:Tsushima Strait 1169: 1155: 1126: 1099: 1057:hunter-gatherer 1045: 1025: 1002: 971:hunter-gatherer 957: 939: 936: 930: 925: 877: 827: 826: 825: 705: 704: 701: 693: 692: 684: 683: 659:1989–2019 656: 655: 616:1926–1989 613: 574:Atomic bombings 549:Tripartite Pact 534:May 15 incident 524:Mukden Incident 495:1912–1926 492: 491: 462:1868–1912 459: 458: 434:Boxer Rebellion 379:1603–1868 376: 375: 323: 313:1573–1603 310: 309: 288:Azuchi–Momoyama 280:1336–1573 277: 276: 252:1185–1333 249: 248: 211: 210: 181:710 – 794 178: 167:538 – 710 164: 150: 136: 100: 99: 96: 57: 51: 48: 41: 29:This article's 25: 12: 11: 5: 11696: 11686: 11685: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11654: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11610: 11608: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11569: 11567: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11309: 11307: 11301: 11300: 11293: 11292: 11285: 11278: 11270: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11240:Ottoman Empire 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11195:Dutch Republic 11192: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11162: 11157: 11155:Ashanti Empire 11152: 11150:Ancient Greece 11146: 11144: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11099:Czechoslovakia 11096: 11090: 11088: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11078: 11073: 11067: 11065: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11055: 11050: 11043:United Kingdom 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10946:Czech Republic 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10905: 10903: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10762: 10760: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10661: 10659: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10523: 10521: 10517: 10516: 10509: 10508: 10501: 10494: 10486: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10391: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10324: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10312: 10307: 10305:State of Burma 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10233: 10231: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10126:Musha Incident 10123: 10118: 10116:Jinan incident 10113: 10107: 10105: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10037: 10035: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9973:Beipu uprising 9970: 9964: 9962: 9957: 9951: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9939: 9937:Treaty Faction 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9908: 9906: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9867:Imperial Guard 9864: 9859: 9854: 9848: 9846: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9785: 9774: 9772: 9767: 9761: 9757: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9716: 9714: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9634: 9632: 9627:Administration 9625: 9619: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9478: 9473: 9467: 9465: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9449: 9441: 9432: 9430: 9426: 9425: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9311: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9288: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9203: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9136: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9089: 9079: 9069: 9064: 9058: 9056: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8946: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8912:Osaka Exchange 8909: 8903: 8901: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8820: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8745: 8744: 8737: 8730: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8705: 8704:External links 8702: 8701: 8700: 8693: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8597: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8563: 8558:978-0674984424 8557: 8538: 8532: 8512: 8502: 8492: 8482: 8475: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8409:Flath, David. 8407: 8397: 8382: 8375: 8365: 8355: 8348: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8269: 8242: 8212: 8190: 8165: 8139: 8109: 8100: 8077: 8051: 8023: 8000: 7989:. 6 April 2020 7974: 7948: 7926: 7900: 7871: 7841: 7811: 7800: 7785: 7771: 7766:"Saving Japan" 7756: 7739: 7728: 7698: 7685: 7678: 7658: 7651: 7631: 7618: 7605: 7585: 7572: 7549: 7536: 7519: 7498: 7485: 7472: 7454: 7407: 7400: 7374: 7367: 7347: 7335: 7322: 7316: 7290: 7263:(2): 141–160. 7247: 7238: 7195: 7172: 7131: 7114: 7093: 7072: 7022:(3): 815–843. 6999: 6988:on 8 June 2007 6970: 6955: 6932: 6919: 6906: 6889: 6873: 6864: 6828: 6810: 6793: 6786: 6768: 6755: 6742: 6733: 6720:10.1086/250439 6714:(3): 378–383. 6691: 6672: 6653: 6641: 6625: 6623:(1940) p. 107. 6619:Phra Sarasas, 6612: 6603: 6581: 6554: 6541: 6518: 6512:George Allen, 6505: 6482: 6469: 6443: 6429: 6409: 6388: 6373: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6310: 6301: 6292: 6284: 6278:. p. 87. 6260: 6252: 6242:. Malden, MA: 6234:Totman, Conrad 6225: 6218: 6212:. p. 31. 6194: 6185: 6178: 6168:. Malden, MA: 6160:Totman, Conrad 6151: 6144: 6120: 6104: 6092: 6066: 6053: 6043:Brown, Delmer 6036: 6018: 5996: 5989: 5983:. p. 57. 5969:Sansom, George 5960: 5953: 5943:. Malden, MA: 5935:Totman, Conrad 5926: 5884: 5856: 5829: 5813: 5797: 5762: 5747: 5724: 5717: 5699: 5676: 5661: 5645: 5615: 5605: 5540: 5506: 5503:. 27 May 1997. 5488: 5441:(9): e106595. 5429:Prunus persica 5414: 5399: 5380:(2): 259–273. 5364: 5351:10.1086/658369 5343:10.1086/658369 5318: 5297: 5244: 5203: 5200:. 1 June 2009. 5181: 5160: 5100: 5093: 5073: 5047: 5040: 5020: 5007: 5000: 4977: 4942: 4921: 4915: 4895: 4874:(3): 147–152. 4854: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4716: 4713:History portal 4702: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4671: 4656: 4649: 4638: 4637:to go bankrupt 4623: 4608: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4577:Reverse Course 4573: 4563: 4560: 4553: 4544: 4541: 4531: 4528: 4499:United Kingdom 4479: 4476: 4410:Main article: 4407: 4404: 4379:European Union 4364:Yoshihiko Noda 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4262:European Union 4252: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4210: 4209: 4189: 4187: 4170: 4167: 4160:in Japan. The 4065: 4059: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4003: 3995: 3994: 3909: 3907: 3900: 3888: 3885: 3880:Main article: 3877: 3874: 3866:stock exchange 3830: 3829: 3744: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3716: 3713: 3680:subcontractors 3621: 3618: 3592:semiconductors 3574: 3571: 3514:Main article: 3511: 3508: 3504:television set 3470: 3469: 3384: 3382: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3345:Tetsu Katayama 3342:Prime Minister 3334:1947 elections 3332:Following the 3318: 3315: 3303:Kyuichi Tokuda 3293: 3290: 3278: 3275: 3234:, and tin and 3204:Main article: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138:Mainland Japan 3133: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3097:heavy industry 3093:economic slump 3085:Main article: 3082: 3079: 3068:Shimizu Tunnel 3060: 3059: 3048: 3041: 3034: 3027: 2997: 2996: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2882:Bantan Railway 2867: 2866: 2781: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2714: 2713: 2628: 2626: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2506:Main article: 2503: 2500: 2454:Main article: 2451: 2448: 2397:Westernization 2363:Main article: 2360: 2357: 2309:Red Seal Ships 2207:Main article: 2203: 2202: 2117: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2059:Red Seal Ships 2026:, 17th century 1999: 1996: 1980:feudal society 1949: 1948: 1863: 1861: 1854: 1838: 1835: 1765:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1693:Main article: 1690: 1687: 1682:Main article: 1679: 1676: 1621:Main article: 1618: 1615: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1522:Main article: 1518: 1517: 1432: 1430: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1392:Empress Genmei 1227:Main article: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1181:Imperial House 1165:Main article: 1154: 1151: 1143:Ryukyu Islands 1122:Main article: 1098: 1095: 1038:sedentary life 1022:Yuchanyan Cave 932:Main article: 929: 926: 924: 921: 879: 878: 876: 875: 868: 861: 853: 850: 849: 848: 847: 842: 837: 829: 828: 824: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 787: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 758: 756:Historiography 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 707: 706: 700: 699: 698: 695: 694: 689: 688: 685: 682: 681: 676: 670: 664: 661: 660: 657: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 627: 621: 618: 617: 614: 612: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 505: 497: 496: 493: 490: 489: 484: 479: 473: 467: 464: 463: 460: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 390: 384: 381: 380: 377: 374: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 341:Siege of Osaka 338: 333: 327: 318: 315: 314: 311: 308: 307: 302: 297: 291: 285: 282: 281: 278: 275: 274: 272:Sengoku period 269: 263: 257: 254: 253: 250: 247: 246: 241: 236: 231: 225: 219: 216: 215: 214:794–1185 212: 209: 208: 203: 198: 192: 186: 183: 182: 179: 172: 169: 168: 165: 158: 155: 154: 151: 144: 141: 140: 137: 130: 127: 126: 123: 115: 114: 111: 101: 95: 94: 93: 90: 89: 81: 80: 74: 73: 59: 58: 38:the key points 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11695: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11653: 11645: 11644: 11641: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11604: 11600: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11588:South Ossetia 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11560: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11286: 11284: 11279: 11277: 11272: 11271: 11268: 11256: 11255:Tamil Country 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11230:Mongol Empire 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11083: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11062: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10768: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10757: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10745:United States 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10529: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10507: 10502: 10500: 10495: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10416:Fukoku kyōhei 10414: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273:Puppet states 10271: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10221: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 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9773: 9770: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9735:Imperial Diet 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9725:Privy Council 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9705: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9643:Home Ministry 9641: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9486:Imperial Seal 9484: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9471:Flag of Japan 9469: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9309: 9304: 9302: 9297: 9295: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9198: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9166:Manufacturing 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9080: 9078: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 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8343: 8340:Allen, G. C. 8339: 8338: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8314: 8313:public domain 8305: 8304: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8257:on 3 May 2013 8256: 8252: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8170: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8113: 8104: 8088: 8081: 8065: 8058: 8056: 8039: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8011: 8004: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7936: 7930: 7915: 7911: 7904: 7889:. 27 May 2020 7888: 7884: 7878: 7876: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7815: 7808: 7804: 7796: 7789: 7781: 7775: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7703: 7695: 7689: 7681: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7662: 7654: 7652:9780191584022 7648: 7644: 7643: 7635: 7628: 7622: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7559:Intel Trinity 7553: 7546: 7540: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7495: 7489: 7482: 7476: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7403: 7401:9780199263677 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7370: 7368:9780203402177 7364: 7360: 7359: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7332: 7326: 7319: 7317:9781349258352 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7127: 7126: 7118: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7079:Dower, John. 7076: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6974: 6966: 6959: 6948: 6947: 6939: 6937: 6929: 6923: 6916: 6910: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6868: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6807: 6804:(2008) pp 39 6803: 6797: 6789: 6787:1-872524-88-5 6783: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6746: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6696: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6622: 6616: 6607: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6551: 6545: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6522: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6490:Battie, David 6486: 6479: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6432: 6430:9781136604720 6426: 6423:. Routledge. 6422: 6421: 6413: 6398: 6392: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6364: 6358:Perez, 43–45. 6355: 6346: 6337: 6328: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6305: 6296: 6287: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6264: 6255: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6229: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6198: 6192:Perez, 25–26. 6189: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6101: 6096: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6063: 6062:Jinnō Shōtōki 6057: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6014:Shoku Nihongi 6010: 6007:based on the 6006: 6000: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5930: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5889: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5851:, p. 107, at 5850: 5849: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5649: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5620: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 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3463: 3455: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3413: – 3412: 3408: 3407:Find sources: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3385:This article 3383: 3379: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3299: 3289: 3284: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3249: 3246:, Burma, and 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3045:Shinonoi Line 3042: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3008:National Diet 3005: 2993: 2990: 2982: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2940: – 2939: 2935: 2934:Find sources: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2912:This article 2910: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2890: 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1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1639:of exchange. 1637: 1633: 1632: 1624: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1514: 1511: 1503: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1461: – 1460: 1456: 1455:Find sources: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1433:This article 1431: 1427: 1422: 1421: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1363: 1347: 1346:shichi shimin 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317:Taika Reforms 1314: 1313:Fujiwara clan 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1230: 1215: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1159: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:bronze mirror 1107: 1103: 1094: 1092: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1061:arboriculture 1058: 1054: 1049: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032:basin of the 1031: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 995: 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Retrieved 8281: 8272: 8259:. Retrieved 8255:the original 8245: 8237:the original 8232: 8207:the original 8202: 8193: 8185:the original 8180: 8158:12 September 8156:. Retrieved 8142: 8130:. Retrieved 8126:the original 8121: 8112: 8103: 8091:. Retrieved 8080: 8068:. Retrieved 8042:. Retrieved 8014:. Retrieved 8003: 7991:. Retrieved 7986: 7977: 7965:. Retrieved 7961:The Watchers 7960: 7951: 7939:. Retrieved 7929: 7917:. Retrieved 7913: 7903: 7891:. Retrieved 7886: 7862:. Retrieved 7858:the original 7853: 7844: 7832:. Retrieved 7828:the original 7823: 7814: 7803: 7788: 7774: 7759: 7751: 7742: 7731: 7719:. 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