Aftermath of the Iranian Revolution

1550: 754: 779: 365: 1696:, an "Islamist intellectual" and adviser to Khomeini was elected president of Iran. Banisadr had helped recruit "nationalists, modernizers, leftists," and others who might never have had anything to do with an Islamic cleric like Khomeini, to Khomeini's ranks. Banisadr was opposed by the more radical Islamic Republic party, who controlled the parliament, having won the first parliamentary election of March–May 1980. Banisadr was compelled to accept an IRP-oriented prime minister, Mohammad-Ali Rajai, he declared "incompetent." Both Banisadr and the IRP were supported by Khomeini, but the IRP were closer to him. 621: 735: 724: 811: 426: 643: 668: 7599: 413: 401: 389: 7337: 632: 608: 596: 585: 574: 556: 537: 518: 507: 496: 477: 458: 447: 790: 377: 1664: 765: 1792:

had served in support of Khomeini against the shah, against the liberals and others, but their interests were not necessarily the same as his core supporters, and in any case their energy had to be kept directed in the right direction. This was done not with force but with activities and resources, that while also religiously (and patriotically) motivated, served this political role:

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themselves, enforcing blackouts, curfews, and vehicle searches for subversives. Food and fuel rationing cards were distributed at mosques, "providing the authorities with another means for ensuring political conformity." While enormously costly and destructive, the war "rejuvenate the drive for national unity and Islamic revolution" and "inhibited fractious debate and dispute" in Iran.

1214:, was established by Khomeini on May 5, 1979, as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left, and to the Iranian military, which had been part of the Shah's power base. 6,000 persons were initially enlisted and trained, but the guard eventually grew into "a full-scale" military force. It has been described as "without a doubt the strongest institution of the revolution". 1680:

and grievances." The government reacted quickly, sending Revolutionary Guards to retake the TV station, mediators to defuse complaints and staging a massive pro-Khomeini counter-demonstration in Tabriz. The party was suppressed with many of the aides of the elderly Shariatmadari being put under house arrest, two of whom were later executed.

1123:, that significant support came from Khomeini's non-theocratic allies who had thought he intended to be more a spiritual guide than a ruler—Khomeini being in his mid-70s, having never held public office, having been out of Iran for more than a decade, and having told questioners things like "the religious dignitaries do not want to rule." 2039: 1791:

Gilles Kepel argues while opposition and potential opposition organizations were now vanquished, there remained a large active body to deal with before the regime could be stable. This was a social class rather than an organization—the mobilized "urban youth and working poor", predominately men. They

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Explanations for why the opposition was crushed include its lack of unity. According to Asghar Schirazi, the moderates lacked ambition and were not well organised, while the radicals were "unrealistic" about the conservatism of the Iranian masses and unprepared to work with moderates to fight against

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released documents from the American embassy—or "nest of spies"—showing moderate Iranian leaders had met with U.S. officials (similar evidence of high-ranking Islamists having done so did not see the light of day). Among the casualties of the hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan who resigned in

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Helping to pass the constitution, suppress moderates, split the opposition, and otherwise radicalize the revolution was the holding of 52 American diplomats hostage for over a year. In late October 1979, the exiled and dying Shah was admitted into the United States for cancer treatment. In Iran there

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and destroy the revolution in its infancy. In the face of this external threat, Iranians rallied behind their new government. The country was "galvanized" and patriotic fervor helped to stop and reverse the Iraqi advance. By early 1982 Iran had regained almost all the territory lost to the invasion.

1616:, a supporter of the left, warned against a 'return to despotism'. Revolutionary Guards responded by arresting two of his sons but thousands of his supporters marched in the streets chanting 'Taleghani, you are the soul of the revolution! Down with the reactionaries!' Khomeini summoned Taleghani to 1421:

The Assembly was originally conceived of as a way of expediting the draft constitution so as to prevent leftist alterations. Ironically, Khomeini (and the assembly) now rejected the constitution—its "correctness" notwithstanding—and Khomeini declared that the new government should be based "100% on

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had become a new rallying point for Iranians who wanted democracy not theocracy. In early December riots broke out in Shariatmadari's Azeri home region. Members of the MPRP and Shariatmadari's followers in Tabriz took to the streets and seized the television station, using it to "broadcast demands

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where he was given a severe criticism after which the press was called and told by Khomeini: 'Mr. Taleghani is with us and he is sorry for what happened.' Khomeini pointedly did not refer to him as Ayatollah Taleghani. Taleghani died approximately five months later on 9 September 1979. Two of his

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On June 18, 1979, the Freedom Movement released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile. It included a Guardian Council to veto un-Islamic legislation, but had no Guardian Jurist Ruler. Leftists found the draft too conservative and in

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By March 1981, an attempt by Khomeini to forge a reconciliation between Banisadr and IRP leaders had failed and Banisadr became a rallying point "for all doubters and dissidents" of the theocracy, including the MEK. Three months later Khomeini finally sided with the Islamic Republic party against

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merchant, secular middle class, poor) factions of the revolution—opposed to the Shah—was gone. Different interpretations of the broad goals of the revolution (an end to tyranny, more Islamic and less American and Western influence, more social justice and less inequality) and different interests,

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Another view was that although Khomeini may have needed elements of his broad coalition to overthrow the Shah, in the aftermath he had "overwhelming ideological, political and organizational hegemony," and non-theocratic groups never seriously challenged Khomeini's movement in popular support.

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1982 was the "bloodiest year of the revolution". The Islamic Republic unleashed "an unprecedented reign of terror" against the MEK and any other opposition remaining, shooting demonstrators, including children. In less than six months, 2,665 persons, 90 per cent of whom were MEK members, were

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toughs began on the meeting places, bookstores, newsstands of Mujahideen and other leftists. By early 1981, Iranian authorities had closed down MEK offices, outlawed their newspapers, prohibited their demonstrations, and issued arrest warrants for the MEK leaders, forcing the organization go

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Like the hostage crisis, the war served as an opportunity for the government to strengthen Islamic revolutionary ardor at the expense of its remaining allies-turned-opponents, such as the MEK. The Revolutionary Guard grew in self-confidence and numbers. The revolutionary committees asserted

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November, unable to enforce the government's order to release the hostages. It is from this time that "the term 'liberal' became a pejorative designation for those who questioned the fundamental tendencies of the revolution," according to Hamid Algar, a supporter of Khomeini.

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While the moderate Bazargan and his government (temporarily) reassured the middle class, it became apparent they did not have power over the "Khomeinist" revolutionary bodies, particularly the Revolutionary Council (the "real power" in the revolutionary state) and later the

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Also serving to help and keep loyal the working poor and youth was the allocation of "material and symbolic resources": "grants, lodgings, and subsidized food" provided by foundations, and entrance to universities for children of martyrs without having to pass the entrance

1398:, and several Kurdish parties. Khomeini called for a massive turnout, and most Iranians supported the change. Following the vote, the government announced that 98.2% had voted in favor, and Khomeini declaring the result a victory of "the oppressed ... over the arrogant." 1778:

was in turn assassinated on September 2. These events and other assassinations weakened the Islamic Party but the hoped-for mass uprising and armed struggle against the Khomeiniists was crushed. In early 1983, the leaders of the last leftist group to be crushed, the

2036: 1735:". Universities, a leftist bastion, were closed for two years to purge them of opponents to theocratic rule. A purge of the state bureaucracy began in July 1980. 20,000 teachers and nearly 8,000 military officers deemed too "Westernized" were dismissed. 1688:

By the end of 1979, the "secular middle class" and liberals had been vanquished and "the only surviving players on the Iranian political stage were the Islamist intellectuals, the young urban poor, and the devout bourgeoisie", according to Gilles Kepel.

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on November 4, 1979. Bazargan's resignation was received by Khomeini without complaint, saying "Mr. Bazargan ... was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while." Khomeini later described his appointment of Bazargan as a "mistake".

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for Constitution was elected that summer. Critics complained that "vote-rigging, violence against undesirable candidates and the dissemination of false information" was used to "produce an assembly overwhelmingly dominated by clergy loyal to Khomeini."

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Gilles Kepel describes Khomeini's strategy of eliminating erstwhile supporters (first Bazargan and the liberals, finally Bani-Sadr and the Islamist left) as first exposing them to power, then sapping it away through the komitehs, revolutionary guards

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Between mid-August and mid-November 1979, the Assembly commenced to draw up a new constitution, one leftists (and liberals) found even more objectionable. In addition to President, the Assembly added on a more powerful post of Guardian Jurist Ruler

1309:. They had failed in building a connection with the masses they sought but following release of prisoners and the 1977-8 "revolutionary upsurge", had succeeded in providing the armed muscle to deliver the Shah's "regime its coup de grace" in 1979. 1195:. Inevitably the overlapping authority of the Revolutionary Council (which had the power to pass laws) and Bazargan's government was a source of conflict, despite the fact that both had been approved by and/or put in place by Khomeini. 1091:), with himself as leader, a form of government that he had not mentioned in any public statements before taking power, and which it is thought would have been a political deal breaker for liberals, Muslim moderates, and supporters of 1223:("Oppressed Mobilization"), volunteers originally made up of those too old or young to serve in other bodies. Baseej have also been used to attack demonstrators and newspaper offices that they believe to be enemies of the revolution. 1762:

Banisadr who then issued a call for "resistance to dictatorship". Rallies in favor of Banisadr were suppressed by Hezbollahi, and he was impeached by the Majlis and fled the country in June 1981 with the help of the MEK.

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This action has many benefits. ... This has united our people. Our opponents do not dare act against us. We can put the constitution to the people's vote without difficulty, and carry out presidential and parliamentary

1080:' movements, inspired by similar developments among Palestinian and Latin American youth ...", all of whom who had differences among each other and none of whom were interested in Khomeini's plans for a theocracy. 2812: 1629:

In mid August 1979, shortly after the election of the constitution-writing Assembly of Experts, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of Islamic government—theocratic rule by jurists or

956: 1329:. which resulted in fighting between them and the Islamic forces. These revolts began in April 1979 and lasted for several months to more than a year, depending on the region. In May 1979, the Furqan Group ( 1369:

On March 30 and 31 1979 (Farvardin 10, 11) a referendum was held over whether to replace the monarchy with an "Islamic Republic"—a term not defined on the ballot. Supporting the vote and the change were the

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wild animals. We will not tolerate them any more ... After each revolution several thousand of these corrupt elements are executed in public and burnt and the story is over. They are not allowed to publish

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alone there were 1,500 committees. Komiteh served as "the eyes and ears" of the new government, and are credited by critics with "many arbitrary arrests, executions and confiscations of property".

2497: 1800:, where "hundreds of thousands of the most active and motivated militants gave their lives" in the Shi'i tradition of martyrdom, and "millions more ... were pinned down for years in the trenches"; 2764: 1573:

In early March 1979, Khomeini announced, "do not use this term, 'democratic.' That is the Western style," giving pro-democracy liberals (and later leftists) a taste of disappointments to come.

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The prestige of Khomeini and the hostage taking was further enhanced when an American attempt to rescue the hostages failed because of a sand storm, widely believed in Iran to be the result of

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scenario in Iran. (Like Iran, Afghanistan shared a border with the USSR. The Soviets invaded it in 1979 and lost over 14,000 troops before withdrawing ten years later. The Soviets had also

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The new constitution was approved by referendum on December 2 and 3, 1979. It was supported by the Revolutionary Council and other groups, but opposed by some clerics, including Ayatollah

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It is generally agreed that while Khomeini had shrewdly assembled and kept together a broad coalition to overthrow the shah, it contained many mutually incompatible elements, "liberals of

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started in April 1979, some of them taking more than a year to suppress. Concern about breakdown of order was sufficiently high to prompt discussion by the US National Security Advisor

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Some observers believe "what began as an authentic and anti-dictatorial popular revolution based on a broad coalition of all anti-Shah forces was soon transformed into a power-grab" by

1430:) intended for Khomeini, with control of the military and security services, and power to appoint several top government and judicial officials. The power and number of clerics on the 5706: 298: 1247:

or Revolutionary Committees "sprang up everywhere" as autonomous organizations in late 1978. After the monarchy fell, the committees grew in number and power but not discipline. In

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was an immediate outcry and both Khomeini and leftist groups demanding the Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution. On 4 November 1979 youthful Islamists, calling themselves

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which would vet legislation for Islamic correctness (which had been part of the draft constitution) was increased. The Council was given control over elections for President,

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sons of claimed that he had been murdered, and others called his death "mysterious". In any case it was "a blow to moderation and progressive thought" in the revolution.

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who urged a boycott. Again, over 98% were reported to have voted in favor, but turnout was smaller than for the 11, 12 Farvardin referendum on an Islamic Republic.

1754:, or traditional Islamic retaliation for a crime, Khomeini threatened its leaders with the death penalty for apostasy "if they did not repent." The leaders of the 17: 1040:

By 1983, Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions and consolidated power. Elements that played a part in both the crisis and its end were the

1395: 1298: 328: 2216:, Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, International Affairs Division, translated by Seyed Manoochehr Moosavi, pp. 165–67 5892: 1642:. Khomeini angrily denounced these protests saying, "we thought we were dealing with human beings. It is evident we are not." He condemned the protesters as 1134:), who insist that Iranians opposed to the new ruling state were "fifth columnists" led by foreign countries attempting to overthrow the Iranian government. 4302: 5323: 4103: 7288: 2759: 2536: 5371: 3931: 1018:, consolidated power. During this period, Iran's economy and the apparatus of government collapsed; its military and security forces were in disarray. 348: 2158: 2613: 1748:, a capital crime) to deal with his opponents. When leaders of the National Front party called for a demonstration in mid-1981 against a new law on 7026: 6553: 5303: 3859: 1634:—were shut down under a new press law banning "counter-revolutionary policies and acts." Protests against the press closings were organized by the 1348:

discussed with his staff about a possible American invasion of Iran by using Turkish bases and territory if the Soviets would decide to repeat the

210: 1783:(which had been unswervingly loyal to Khomeini's line until the Iran-Iraq War), were arrested and confessed "Soviet-style" on Iranian television. 1084: 4870: 2807: 4277: 4191: 7283: 7112: 4621: 4430: 1497: 1469: 215: 89: 2872: 1476:. Revolutionaries were reminded of how 26 years earlier the Shah had fled abroad while the American CIA and British intelligence organized a 7626: 7554: 7102: 1848: 1842: 1266:

Two major political groups formed after the fall of the shah that clashed with pro-Khomeini groups and were eventually suppressed were the

1146: 1145:), and eliminating one-by-one with skillful timing both them and their adversaries from Iran's political stage, and implemented Khomeini's 1037:

over the danger of a Soviet invasion/incursion (the USSR sharing a border with Iran) and whether the US should be prepared to counter it.

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This conflict lasted only a few months, however, as the provisional government fell shortly after American Embassy officials were taken

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executed. The MEK retaliated with "spectatular" attacks against the IRP. On the 28 June 1981. A bombing of the office of the

1508:. Another long-term effect of the crisis was harm to the Iranian economy, which was, and continues to be, subject to American 839:

2,000 to 10,000–15,000 (MEK); 3,000 (Paykar); 5,000 (Fedai factions in total); 10,000 to 25,000–30,000 (KDPI), 5,000 (Komolah)

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and Banisadr were compelled to make public apologies on television and radio because they had supported the Front's appeal.

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presents an audio program featuring reminiscences of the Iranian Revolution by key members of the pre-Revolutionary elite.

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and allied forces controlled approximately 80% of the seats on the Assembly of Experts of Constitution. (see: Bakhash,

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Jeffrey S. Dixon; Meredith Reid Sarkees (2015). "INTRA-STATE WAR #816: Anti-Khomeini Coalition War of 1979 to 1983".

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supporters came under attack in February 1980, a purge of universities was begun in March 1980, and leftist Islamist

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was in a "revolutionary crisis mode" from this time until 1982 or 1983 when forces loyal to the revolution's leader,

381: 255: 200: 98: 4816: 3918:. Translated from Polish by William R. Brand and Katarzyna Mroczkowska-Brand. New York: Vintage International, 1992. 2708: 1809:

and enforcement of other measures "garment lengths, shapes, and colors" for women of the secular middle class, kept

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Narrative of Awakening: A Look at Imam Khomeini's Ideal, Scientific and Political Biography from Birth to Ascension

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attacked the protesters. Before the end of the month a warrant was issued for the arrest of the NDF's leader.

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in February 1979. Made up of bazaari and political clergy, it worked to establish theocratic government by

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Persian Branch, devoted to the Iranian Revolution (audio recordings in Persian, transcripts in English).

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Guests of the Ayatollah: The Iran Hostage Crisis: The First Battle in America's War with Militant Islam

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The holding of hostages was very popular and continued for months even after the death of the Shah. As

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need of major changes, but Khomeini declared it 'correct'. To approve the new constitution a 73-member

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Ian Black, "The Iranian revolution: '30 years on, its legacy still looms large'", An audio slideshow,

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Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted against Islamist forces in some regions comprising

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was President of Iran until June 1981, thus a member of the ruling group. After he was deposed by the

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A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014

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At the same time, erstwhile revolutionary allies of the Khomeinists—the Islamist modernist group

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ed. Nikki R. Keddie and Eric Hooglund (Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1982) pp. 101–24.

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killed around 70 high-ranking officials, cabinet members and members of parliament, including

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The Crisis: The President, the Prophet, and the Shah — 1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam

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The Crisis: the President, the Prophet, and the Shah — 1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam

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in Iran, outmaneuvering opponents and wielding power on the street through the Hezbollah.

8: 7393: 6983: 6898: 6893: 6793: 6656: 6453: 6337: 6252: 6140: 5993: 5988: 5968: 5953: 5863: 5858: 5763: 5696: 5686: 5598: 5593: 5583: 5483: 5423: 5396: 5222: 5207: 5177: 5155: 4941: 4931: 4658: 4581: 4551: 4535: 4233: 2103: 1899: 1693: 1589: 1473: 1462: 1439: 1345: 1199: 1073: 1053: 1041: 1034: 971: 895: 878: 636: 589: 511: 293: 121: 94: 5838: 5751: 2139:", by Dr. Jalal Matini, translation & introduction by Farhad Mafie, August 5, 2003, 1580:

was banned in August 1979, the provisional government was disempowered in November, the

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Rebellions by Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties against Islamist forces in

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Slideshow with audio commentary of the legacy of iranian revolution after 30 years

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My Sister, Guard Your Veil, My Brother, Guard Your Eyes: Uncensored Iranian Voices

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Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left

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theocracy. Moderate Islamists were "credulous and submissive" towards Khomeini.

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The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution

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and attacks on peaceful demonstrations and was associated with Grand Ayatollah

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Iran Erupts: Independence: News and Analysis of the Iranian National Movement

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The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis' Triumph and Tragedy: 31

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The Iranian Revolution and the Islamic Republic: Proceedings of a Conference,

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History of Undefeated, A few words in commemoration of the 1979 Revolution

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The Seductions of Islamism, Revisiting Foucault and the Iranian Revolution

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Azar Tabari, "Mystifications of the Past and Illusions of the Future," in

7564: 7373: 6953: 6558: 6528: 6383: 6373: 6272: 6135: 5928: 5417: 5247: 5232: 5043: 4891: 4859: 4746: 4561: 4466: 4405: 4156: 4119:

The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis' Triumph and Tragedy

4023: 2846: 2704: 1780: 1708: 1387: 323: 4179: 4084:. Washington, DC: GPO, 1983. JX 1417 A56 1977–80 REF - 67 pages on Iran. 4056: 3510:

The priest and the king: an eyewitness account of the Iranian revolution

3253:

The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic

2843:

The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the state in the Islamic Republic

7345: 6712: 6423: 6393: 6347: 6262: 6230: 6222: 6165: 5853: 5568: 5257: 5145: 4751: 4219: 4210: 4087: 3973:

Nafisi, Azar. "Reading Lolita in Tehran." New York: Random House, 2003.

1100: 1096: 687: 5366: 1663: 1183:, and at the local level revolutionary cells turned local committees ( 405: 7008: 6853: 6702: 6675: 6488: 6443: 6352: 6320: 6300: 6292: 5621: 5411: 1938: 1533: 1108: 1012: 148:

Armed opposition largely marginalized; low-level insurgency continues

7171: 3542:

The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian mythology and Islamic revolution

1141:

prevailed, making use of unwanted allies, (such as Mehdi Bazargan's

831:: Total forces 207,500 (June 1979); 305,000 (peak); 240,000 (final) 7336: 6587: 6428: 6325: 6200: 6019: 5923: 5063: 4921: 4375: 4130:

The Iranian revolution: '30 years on, its legacy still looms large'

1651:

Hundreds were injured by "rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars" when

1484: 1077: 41: 5707:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

2170: 1569:, 1981. The friday prayer became characteristic of the new regime. 885:-dominated parliament, he went exile, fighting against the system. 6533: 6418: 6408: 6357: 5898: 4643: 4173: 1713: 1558: 1112: 1104: 417: 3315:. Routledge/BIPS Persian Studies Series. Routledge. p. 48. 7632:

Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran

6601: 6403: 6342: 5277: 4067:. Special volume of Iranian Studies, 1980. Volume 13, nos. 1–4. 3463: 3104: 3102: 1740: 1359: 1248: 126:

Crackdown on opposition and political opposition parties banned

7426:

Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)

3255:

by Asghar Schirazi, London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 1997, p.127

2641:"History of Iran: Iran after the victory of 1979's Revolution" 7388: 7086: 7042:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

6548: 6331: 4410: 3928:. Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard University Press, 2004. 3724:

The Last Great Revolution: Turmoil And Transformation In Iran

3571:. Translated by Anthony F. Roberts. Harvard University Press. 2467:

by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982, p.495

1750: 1719: 1274:(MPRP). The first was a somewhat more leftist version of the 1219: 1130:

Still another view, was held by Khomeini supporters (such as

4205:

The Last Great Revolution Turmoil and Transformation in Iran

3099: 6626: 6508: 4400: 4344: 1601: 1008: 810: 642: 631: 607: 595: 584: 573: 555: 536: 517: 506: 495: 476: 457: 446: 431: 64: 4091:

The Near East Since the First World War: A History to 1995

2373:"Niruyeh Moghavemat Basij - Mobilisation Resistance Force" 1977:. Harvard University Press. Appendix E: Armed Opposition. 925: 7081: 7061: 7056: 3906:(Chapter 6: Iran: Revolutionary Fundamentalism in Power.) 2068: 1617: 4254:

What Happens When Islamists Take Power? The Case of Iran

2058: 2056: 2031: 2029: 1723:(unbelievers). In February 1980 concentrated attacks by 1638:(NDF), and tens of thousands massed at the gates of the 1230:

started by Khomeini lieutenant Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini

90:

Referendum and establishment of Islamic Republic of Iran

4249:

The Religious Background of the 1979 Revolution in Iran

4093:. London: Longman, 1996. Chapter 13: "Iran, 1960–1989." 1344:

was afraid of those revolts. National Security Advisor

1254:

Also enforcing the will of the new government were the

4286:

By Mansoor Hekmat, Communist Thinker and Revolutionary

3820: 3634:. translated by Carol Volk. Harvard University Press. 4020:

Iran After the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State

2053: 2026: 1312: 1167:

The most important bodies of the revolution were the

852:

1,000 estimated KIA (MEK); 4,000 estimated KIA (KDPI)

3943:

Middle East Contemporary Survey: Volume III, 1978–79

3587:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

3548: 3425:

Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran

3228:

Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran

1333:) assassinated an important lieutenant of Khomeini, 1059: 4031:

All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran

3988:

Class and Labor in Iran; Did the Revolution Matter?

3983:. Stanford: Iran-America Documentation Group, 1978. 3739: 3422: 1934: 1658: 1282:that, unlike that body, favored pluralism, opposed 4082:American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977–1980 3799: 3741: 3700: 3659: 3627: 3595: 3539: 3518: 3465: 3433: 3431: 3359: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1604:), "and other organs controlled by his networks". 1156: 3825:. Miami: Florida International University Press. 3468:"The Government of God" — Iran's Islamic Republic 3413: 2988: 2408: 2406: 2367: 2365: 1149:design for an Islamic Republic led by himself as 1083:Khomeini's particularly contentious plan was for 7613: 7027:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 4265:Class Analysis of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 4163:Brzezinski's role in the 1979 Iranian Revolution 3945:. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1980. 3797: 3680: 3575: 3001: 1532:in an attempt to seize the oil-rich province of 1293:Armed erstwhile allies of Khomeini included the 211:Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization 5464:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 4871:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 4259:Power? The Case of Iran The, Iranian Revolution 3788: 3726:. Alfred A. Knopf: Distributed by Random House. 3689: 3657: 3507: 3023:, 20.8.78–21.8.78, quoted in Schirazi, Asghar, 2614:"Iranian Government Constitution, English Text" 2518: 2516: 2514: 1911: 349:Turkmen People's Cultural and Political Society 3593: 3584: 3498: 3454: 2445: 2432: 2419: 2403: 2362: 2015: 2013: 1520:In September 1980, Iraq, whose government was 1401: 7187: 4360: 3891:Holy Wars: The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism 3866: 3769: 3730: 3721: 3566: 3557: 3516: 3486: 1442:, as well as laws passed by the legislature. 1364: 911: 7103:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 4654:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 3698: 3625: 3560:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 2972:(official government biography of Taleghani) 2511: 1849:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist 1843:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran 1544: 1360:Establishment of Islamic Republic Government 5964:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 3887: 3616: 3365: 2939: 2010: 1996: 1994: 1865:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1470:Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line 1226:Another revolutionary organization was the 216:Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line 7194: 7180: 7067:United States involvement in regime change 4622:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 4367: 4353: 4041:The Shah's Last Ride: The Death of an Ally 3653:. Oxford University Press. pp. 341–2. 3464:Benard, Cheryl; Khalilzad, Zalmay (1984). 3198: 2481:The Political Thought of Ayatullah Murtaza 1356:for over four years during World War II.) 918: 904: 874: 872: 4290: 4018:Rahnema, Saeed & Sohrab Behdad, eds. 3970:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. 3858:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3823:The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact 3391: 3378: 3284: 2960: 2206: 1731:The next month saw the beginning of the " 1440:"experts" that elected the Supreme Leader 565: 7300:America can't do a damn thing against us 3873:. New York & Boston: Little, Brown. 3149:Islam in the World, Penguin, 1984, p.342 2865: 1991: 1738:Khomeini sometimes felt the need to use 1662: 1548: 1217:Serving under the Pasdaran were/are the 849:3,000 servicemen (conservative estimate) 7254:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 5193:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 4333: 3968:Islam and Revolution in the Middle East 3648: 3230:, Oxford University Press, 1988 p. 144. 2916:"The power behind the scene: Khoeiniha" 2630:Articles 99 and 108 of the Constitution 2151: 2149: 2074: 2062: 1943:. SAGE Publications. pp. 384–386. 1905: 1875:Organizations of the Iranian Revolution 1838:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1671:In December the moderate Islamic party 1480:to overthrow his nationalist opponent. 1340:Recently published documents show that 1163:Organizations of the Iranian Revolution 869: 700: 681: 656: 18:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 14: 7614: 7037:Russian espionage in the United States 5309:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 4198: 4153:The Reunion — The Shah of Iran's Court 4136: 3310: 2913: 2476: 2001:Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World 1972: 1261: 7201: 7175: 7032:Soviet espionage in the United States 5188:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 4967:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 4632:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 4348: 4234:What Are the Iranians Dreaming About? 4104:"Islamic Revolution of Iran", Encarta 2970:Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting 1828:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 1624: 899: 111:, Khorasan and Baluchistan suppressed 7294:Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory 7108:Soviet Union–United States relations 5459:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 4245:by Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson 3986:Nomani, Farhad & Sohrab Behdad, 3204:Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin 2914:Sahimi, Mohammad (30 October 2009). 2907: 2146: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1607: 1487:recalls Khomeini explaining to him, 1408:Assembly of Experts for Constitution 1143:Provisional Revolutionary Government 266:National Resistance Movement of Iran 145:commences (and continues until 1988) 99:Provisional Revolutionary Government 7627:Aftermath of the Iranian Revolution 7582:Imam Khomeini International Airport 7072:Soviet involvement in regime change 4340:Video Archive of Iranian Revolution 4278:The Cause of The Iranian Revolution 4145:– a detailed web resource from the 3342: 2477:Davari, Mahmood T. (October 2004). 1833:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists 1472:, invaded the embassy compound and 1278:. The MPRP was a competitor to the 24: 7587:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order 7113:Soviet Union–United States summits 4587:1947 Polish parliamentary election 4472:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 4317:The Iranian Revolution in Pictures 3763: 3578:The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran 2705:"Imam Khomeini: A Short Biography" 1313:Concern about foreign interference 1137:Khomeini and his loyalists in the 25: 7663: 7447:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini 7269:Council of the Islamic Revolution 5874:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 5809:United States invasion of Grenada 5079:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 5020:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 4097: 4065:Iranian Revolution in Perspective 3990:Syracuse University Press. 2006. 3938:, Harvard University Press, 1996. 3806:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 3740:Zanganeh, Lila Azam, ed. (2006). 3492:Khomeini's Ghost: Iran since 1979 2933: 1957: 1885:Persian Constitutional Revolution 1675:(MPRP), and its spiritual leader 1456: 1449:, and by secularists such as the 1060:Conflicts amongst revolutionaries 7598: 7597: 7335: 5949:United States invasion of Panama 5799:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 5439:1971 Turkish military memorandum 5402:Communist insurgency in Thailand 5372:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 5304:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 5131:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 5059:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 4577:Restatement of Policy on Germany 4033:. New York: Penguin Books, 1986. 2771:, Osprey Publishing (2002), p.72 1860:Leftist guerrilla groups of Iran 1683: 1673:Muslim People's Republican Party 1659:Muslim People's Republican Party 1515: 809: 788: 777: 763: 752: 733: 722: 666: 641: 630: 619: 606: 594: 583: 572: 554: 535: 516: 505: 494: 475: 456: 445: 424: 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 55:11 February 1979 – December 1983 6669:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6050:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 5979:Fall of the inner German border 5879:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 5529:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 5519:Spanish transition to democracy 5479:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 5106:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 4612:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 4493:Occupation of the Baltic states 4220:Islamic Revolution: An Exchange 3821:Esposito, John L., ed. (1990). 3791:Iran: From Monarchy to Republic 3619:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 3407: 3329: 3304: 3271: 3258: 3246: 3233: 3220: 3192: 3179: 3166: 3153: 3141: 3128: 3115: 3086: 3073: 3060: 3047: 3034: 3014: 2975: 2894: 2852: 2835: 2822: 2800: 2787: 2774: 2752: 2739: 2722: 2711:from the original on 2009-04-22 2697: 2684: 2671: 2658: 2647:from the original on 2017-07-24 2633: 2624: 2606: 2593: 2580: 2567: 2554: 2529: 2500:from the original on 2015-09-19 2470: 2458: 2390: 2379:from the original on 2017-08-08 2349: 2336: 2323: 2310: 2297: 2284: 2271: 2258: 2245: 2232: 2219: 2189: 2176: 2122: 2109: 2093: 1711:("the Western plague"), and as 1157:Organizations of the revolution 1085:rule of Iran by Islamic jurists 1052:'s Iraq, and the presidency of 7325:The Satanic Verses controversy 5449:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 5084:Mozambican War of Independence 4523:Indonesian National Revolution 4322:Iranian revolution in pictures 3630:The Failure of Political Islam 3440:. Princeton University Press. 2946:. Grove/Atlantic. p. 26. 2483:Mutahhari By Mahmood T. Davari 2080: 1786: 1707:(eclectic), contaminated with 1582:Muslim People's Republic Party 1384:Muslim People's Republic Party 1272:Muslim People's Republic Party 256:Muslim People's Republic Party 13: 1: 7047:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 6062:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 6015:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 5737:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 5702:Seven Days to the River Rhine 5434:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 4721:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 4649:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 4063:Society for Iranian Studies, 4007:, Stein & Day Pub, 1980, 3789:Barthel, Günter, ed. (1983). 3772:Iran: A Revolution in Turmoil 3553:. Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich. 3549:Kapuscinski, Ryszard (1985). 3472:. Columbia University Press. 2940:Mark Bowden (December 2007). 2603:, Basic Books, 1984 pp. 74–82 1744:(declaring someone guilty of 7409:Khomeini's 8-article command 7289:Engagement with Jimmy Carter 6040:Fall of communism in Albania 6010:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 5959:Polish Round Table Agreement 5299:1968 Polish political crisis 5116:Eritrean War of Independence 4882:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 4777:East German uprising of 1953 4709:Chinese Communist Revolution 4374: 3569:The Trail of Political Islam 3436:Iran between two revolutions 3423:Arjomand, Said Amir (1988). 3206:. I.B. Tauris. p. 206. 3027:, Tauris, 1997, p. 51, also 2761:The Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988 2465:Iran Between Two Revolutions 2130:Democracy? I meant theocracy 1677:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 1592:was impeached in June 1981. 1584:banned in January 1980, the 1447:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 1390:. Urging a boycott were the 1288:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 1072:, remnants of the communist 857:10,000 estimated KIA (total) 652:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 319:Union of Communist Militants 246:Movement of Militant Muslims 178:Combatant Clergy Association 7: 7274:Islamic Revolutionary Court 7217:1963 demonstrations in Iran 5914:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 5642:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 5387:Corrective Movement (Syria) 5351:New People's Army rebellion 5346:Sino-Soviet border conflict 5074:Angolan War of Independence 4937:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 4817:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 4462:Jamaican political conflict 4143:The Story of the Revolution 4128:, Tuesday 3 February 2009, 3941:Legum, Colin, et al., eds. 3936:Memoirs of Shapour Bakhtiar 3770:Afshar, Haleh, ed. (1985). 3666:. Oxford University Press. 3580:. Harvard University Press. 3540:Hoveyda, Fereydoun (2003). 3501:Iran, the Illusion of Power 3432:Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). 3266:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 3187:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 3123:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 3094:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 2830:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 2601:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 2331:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 2050:, Vol.11, No.21, p. 210–211 1855:Islamic Principlism in Iran 1821: 1733:Iranian Cultural Revolution 1402:Writing of the constitution 1139:revolutionary organizations 860:not including Iran–Iraq War 314:Union of Iranian Communists 131:Iranian Cultural Revolution 10: 7668: 7498:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini 6110:Sino-Indian border dispute 5939:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 5869:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 5627:1976 Argentine coup d'état 5539:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 5489:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 5173:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 5141:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 4830:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 4597:Asian Relations Conference 4303:Iranian Revolution, Photos 4110:"The Iranian revolution", 4080:U.S. Department of State, 3926:The Unthinkable Revolution 3793:. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. 3427:. Oxford University Press. 3414:Amuzgar, Jahangir (1991). 3311:Cronin, Stephanie (2013). 2967:Ayatollah Mahmood Taleqani 2333:, Basic Books, 1984, p. 63 1701:People's Mujahedin of Iran 1586:People's Mujahedin of Iran 1553:Khamenei's representative 1460: 1405: 1365:Referendum of 12 Farvardin 1160: 579:Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani 7595: 7537: 7528:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi 7470: 7417: 7344: 7333: 7209: 7146: 7095: 7017: 6994:William Appleman Williams 6939:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 6721: 6693: 6642: 6574: 6567: 6501: 6366: 6291: 6221: 6214: 6123: 6070: 6002: 5715: 5454:Bangladesh Liberation War 5444:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 5359: 5331:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 5319:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 4982: 4757:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 4734: 4444: 4382: 3955:, Mage Publishers, 2000, 3798:Daniel, Elton L. (2000). 3733:Iran Since the Revolution 3681:Schirazi, Asghar (1997). 3649:Ruthven, Malise (2006) . 3598:God Has Ninety Nine Names 3576:Kurzman, Charles (2004). 2101:Iran Since the Revolution 1636:National Democratic Front 1612:In April 1979, Ayatollah 1578:National Democratic Front 1545:Suppression of opposition 1392:National Democratic Front 1268:National Democratic Front 937: 865: 856: 843: 821: 437: 261:National Democratic Front 183:Islamic Coalition Society 158: 120:Impeachment and exile of 47: 39: 31: 7492:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini 5769:1980 Turkish coup d'état 5604:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 5574:1978 Somali coup attempt 5534:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 5499:1973 Chilean coup d'état 5324:Revolutionary Government 5218:South African Border War 5010:1960 Turkish coup d'état 4927:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 4782:1953 Iranian coup d'état 4762:1952 Egyptian revolution 4230:, Reply by Bernard Lewis 3690:Shirley, Edward (1997). 3683:The Constitution of Iran 3658:Ruthven, Malise (2000). 3602:. Simon & Schuster. 3562:. Yale University Press. 3508:Harney, Desmond (1998). 3241:The Constitution of Iran 3025:The Constitution of Iran 2575:The Constitution of Iran 2486:. Taylor & Francis. 2197:Islamic Republican Party 2042:January 5, 2016, at the 1756:Freedom Movement of Iran 1728:underground once again. 1530:invaded Shia Muslim Iran 1372:Islamic Republican Party 1280:Islamic Republican Party 1228:Islamic Republican Party 1193:Islamic Republican Party 1181:Islamic Republican Party 883:Islamic Republican Party 501:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 206:Revolutionary Committees 173:Islamic Republican Party 77:Islamic Republican Party 7555:Death and state funeral 5974:Fall of the Berlin Wall 5919:People Power Revolution 5904:Central American crisis 5844:1986 Black Sea incident 5494:1973 Afghan coup d'état 5392:Western Sahara conflict 5203:1966 Syrian coup d'état 5126:1963 Syrian coup d'état 5069:Portuguese Colonial War 5032:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 4797:1954 Syrian coup d'état 4674:Annexation of Hyderabad 4617:1947–1949 Palestine war 4312:Photos from Kave Kazemi 4057:The Iranian Revolution. 3894:. New York: Routledge. 3594:Miller, Judith (1996). 3585:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 3499:Graham, Robert (1980). 3457:Reign of the Ayatollahs 3455:Bakhash, Shaul (1984). 2795:Reign of the Ayatollahs 2747:Reign of the Ayatollahs 2730:Guests of the Ayatollah 2524:Reign of the Ayatollahs 2427:Reign of the Ayatollahs 2201:Reign of the Ayatollahs 1973:Razoux, Pierre (2015). 1177:Revolutionary Tribunals 1121:Islamic fundamentalists 129:Implementation of the " 97:and resignation of the 7308:Supreme Leader of Iran 6268:Neoclassical economics 5779:Gulf of Sidra incident 5336:1969 Libyan revolution 5027:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 4812:1954 Geneva Conference 4572:Turkish straits crisis 4567:Corfu Channel incident 4291:Revolution in pictures 4192:The Islamic revolution 4186:The Iranian revolution 4180:The Iranian Revolution 4001:Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza 3867:Harris, David (2004). 3774:. Albany: SUNY Press. 3735:. Johns Hopkins Press. 3731:Zabih, Sepehr (1982). 3722:Wright, Robin (2000). 3567:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 3558:Keddie, Nikki (2003). 3517:Harris, David (2004). 3243:, Tauris 1997, p. 127. 2734:Atlantic Monthly Press 2167:Khomeini Promises Kept 1890:Supreme Leader of Iran 1880:Persecution of Baháʼís 1776:Mohammad Javad Bahonar 1768:Islamic Republic Party 1668: 1649: 1570: 1494: 1354:occupied northern Iran 1003:, which overthrew the 542:Mohammad-Javad Bahonar 438:Commanders and leaders 7647:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 7118:Russia–NATO relations 6999:Jonathan Reed Winkler 6283:Democratic capitalism 6278:Supply-side economics 6246:American conservatism 6045:Breakup of Yugoslavia 5934:Bougainville conflict 5849:South Yemen civil war 5784:Martial law in Poland 5647:Nicaraguan Revolution 5622:Dirty War (Argentina) 5429:1971 JVP insurrection 5243:Years of Lead (Italy) 5121:North Yemen civil war 5039:Berlin Crisis of 1961 5015:Albanian–Soviet split 4947:1959 Tibetan uprising 4912:Syrian Crisis of 1957 4767:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 4627:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4077:(Ayatollah Khomeini). 3707:. Adler & Adler. 3699:Taheri, Amir (1985). 3626:Roy, Olivier (1994). 3621:. Thomas Dunne Books. 3503:. St. Martin's Press. 3226:Arjomand, Said Amir, 2784:, (2006), p. 241, 251 2620:on November 23, 2010. 1666: 1644: 1552: 1496:With great publicity 1489: 1376:Iran Freedom Movement 1169:Revolutionary Council 844:Casualties and losses 7576:Homafaran Allegiance 7454:Islam and Revolution 7232:1978 Tabriz protests 6539:Non-Aligned Movement 6161:Peaceful coexistence 6115:North Borneo dispute 6030:German reunification 6025:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 5723:Salvadoran Civil War 5672:Grand Mosque seizure 5667:Yemenite War of 1979 5559:Mozambican Civil War 5514:Carnation Revolution 5469:Yemenite War of 1972 5407:1970 Polish protests 5238:1967 Hong Kong riots 5213:Argentine Revolution 5163:Guatemalan Civil War 5091:Cuban Missile Crisis 5005:Bay of Pigs Invasion 4877:1956 Poznań protests 4855:Geneva Summit (1955) 4457:Hukbalahap Rebellion 4436:Non-Aligned Movement 4334:Revolution in videos 4043:, Touchstone, 1989, 3910:Kapuściński, Ryszard 3888:Hiro, Dilip (1989). 3617:Moin, Baqer (2000). 3083:, (2001), pp. 219–20 2996:Constitution of Iran 2845:, London; New York: 2681:, (2000), pp. 248–49 2453:Constitution of Iran 2357:Constitution of Iran 2292:Turban for the Crown 2255:, (1997), pp. 24–32. 2253:Constitution of Iran 2117:Constitution of Iran 1906:References and notes 1796:the eight year long 1640:University of Tehran 1432:Council of Guardians 1220:Baseej-e Mostaz'afin 1173:Revolutionary Guards 1116:vied for influence. 1087:(a concept known as 1007:, in February 1979, 928:Consolidation of the 829:Iranian Armed Forces 601:Qasem-Ali Zahirnejad 201:Revolutionary Guards 7404:Letter to Gorbachev 7259:Cultural Revolution 7237:Neauphle-le-Château 6984:Alex von Tunzelmann 6974:Vladimir Tismăneanu 6899:Thomas J. 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Gabriel 4199:Analytical articles 4137:Historical articles 4073:, January 7, 1980. 4005:Response to History 3966:Munson, Henry, Jr. 3802:The History of Iran 3703:The Spirit of Allah 3339:(2000), pp. 241–42. 3176:, 2001, p. 234, 239 2268:(2003), pp. 241–42. 2119:, (1997), pp. 93–94 2104:Johns Hopkins Press 1900:Abolhassan Banisadr 1746:apostasy from Islam 1694:Abolhassan Banisadr 1667:Kazem Shariatmadari 1590:Abolhassan Banisadr 1506:divine intervention 1463:Iran hostage crisis 1415:Assembly of Experts 1346:Zbigniew Brzezinski 1262:Non-Khomeini groups 1208:Revolutionary Guard 1054:Abolhassan Banisadr 1042:Iran hostage crisis 1035:Zbigniew Brzezinski 879:Abulhassan Banisadr 637:Abulhassan Banisadr 590:Mir-Hossein Mousavi 512:Abulhassan Banisadr 137:Hijab for all women 122:Abolhassan Banisadr 95:Iran hostage crisis 7637:Civil wars in Iran 7560:Alef-Laam Khomeini 7545:Jamaran Hussainiya 7461:The Greatest Jihad 7364:Shiite clericalism 7279:Interim Government 7249:Iranian Revolution 7138:Russian Revolution 6934:Mary Elise Sarotte 6919:William B. Pickett 6844:Patrick J. Hearden 6824:Gabriel Gorodetsky 6819:Timothy Garton Ash 6804:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 6399:Ethnic nationalism 6151:Hallstein Doctrine 6035:Yemeni unification 5824:1985 Geneva Summit 5789:Casamance conflict 5692:New Jewel Movement 5677:Iranian Revolution 5662:Chadian–Libyan War 5609:Cambodian conflict 5589:Lebanese Civil War 5579:Western Sahara War 5554:June 1976 protests 5549:Cambodian genocide 5314:17 July Revolution 5268:Nigerian Civil War 5183:Rhodesian Bush War 5168:Colombian conflict 5111:Ramadan Revolution 4850:Bandung Conference 4726:Operation Valuable 4607:Partition of India 4297:iranrevolution.com 4270:2014-05-02 at the 4211:Islamic Revolution 4168:2011-05-22 at the 4037:Shawcross, William 3851:has generic name ( 3662:Islam in the World 3651:Islam in the World 3354:2008-10-19 at the 3239:Schirazi, Asghar, 3200:Abrahamian, Ervand 3163:, 2001, pp. 234–35 3125:, (1984) pp. 89–90 2877:magazine obituary" 2849:, 1997, pp. 293–94 2841:Schirazi, Asghar, 2815:2015-09-15 at the 2797:, 1984, pp. 128–29 2767:2015-09-19 at the 2416:(2000), pp. 210–11 2135:2010-08-25 at the 2077:, p. 341–342. 2035:Mehmet Akif Okur, 1895:1979 energy crisis 1803:the fight against 1669: 1625:Newspaper closings 1576:In succession the 1571: 1510:economic sanctions 1303:Fedaian (minority) 1299:Fedaian (majority) 1295:People's Mujahedin 1284:summary executions 1212:Pasdaran-e Enqelab 1001:Iranian Revolution 930:Iranian Revolution 696:Noureddin Kianouri 523:Mohammad-Ali Rajai 334:Fedaian (minority) 329:Fedaian (majority) 289:People's Mujahedin 86:consolidates power 34:Iranian Revolution 7652:Ruhollah Khomeini 7609: 7608: 7433:Tahrir al-Wasilah 7394:Islamic democracy 7203:Ruhollah Khomeini 7169: 7168: 7156:List of conflicts 7004:Rudolph Winnacker 6949:Giles Scott-Smith 6924:Ronald E. Powaski 6879:Melvyn P. Leffler 6809:John Lewis Gaddis 6784:Robert D. English 6749:Warren H. Carroll 6739:Michael Beschloss 6708:Nuclear arms race 6689: 6688: 6595:Neues Deutschland 6497: 6496: 6479:White nationalism 6449:Liberal democracy 6186:Ulbricht Doctrine 6176:Brezhnev Doctrine 5984:Velvet Revolution 5728:Soviet–Afghan War 5544:Angolan Civil War 5341:Goulash Communism 5198:ASEAN Declaration 5151:Mexican Dirty War 5049:Annexation of Goa 5000:1960 U-2 incident 4974:Sino-Soviet split 4952:Laotian Civil War 4792:Bricker Amendment 4772:Mau Mau rebellion 4716:Malayan Emergency 4704:Chinese Civil War 4664:Tito–Stalin split 4518:Division of Korea 4176:, March 10, 2006. 4147:BBC World Service 3932:Ladjevardi, Habib 3673:978-0-19-513841-2 3525:. Little, Brown. 3322:978-1-134-32890-1 3213:978-1-85043-077-3 3147:Ruthven, Malise, 3011:2000, pp. 219–20. 2577:, 1997, p. 22–23. 2195:For example, the 1975:The Iran-Iraq War 1950:978-1-5063-1798-4 1772:Mohammad Beheshti 1717:(hypocrites) and 1614:Mahmoud Taleghani 1608:Mahmoud Taleghani 1555:Abbas Ali Akhtari 1335:Morteza Motahhari 1016:Ruhollah Khomeini 996: 995: 894: 893: 861: 692:Habibollah Payman 663:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh 482:Mohammad Beheshti 452:Ruhollah Khomeini 271:Pan-Iranist Party 154: 153: 115:NEQAB coup d'état 84:Ruhollah Khomeini 32:Aftermath of the 16:(Redirected from 7659: 7601: 7600: 7510:Hussein Khomeini 7486:Mostafa Khomeini 7369:Death to America 7339: 7227:1978 Qom protest 7196: 7189: 7182: 7173: 7172: 6914:David S. Painter 6839:John Earl Haynes 6769:Nicholas J. Cull 6754:Adrian Cioroianu 6734:Thomas A. Bailey 6681:Voice of America 6572: 6571: 6484:White separatism 6464:Social democracy 6459:Guided democracy 6439:Authoritarianism 6389:Ultranationalism 6379:Anti-imperialism 6306:Marxism–Leninism 6219: 6218: 6206:Kinmen Agreement 6171:Johnson Doctrine 6156:Kennedy Doctrine 6072:Frozen conflicts 6055:1991 August Coup 5944:Afghan Civil War 5839:Reykjavík Summit 5834:Somali Rebellion 5774:Ugandan Bush War 5752:Gdańsk Agreement 5273:Protests of 1968 5253:War of Attrition 4962:Cuban Revolution 4898:We will bury you 4865:Cyprus Emergency 4845:Kashmir Princess 4835:Jebel Akhdar War 4684:Western betrayal 4369: 4362: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4207:by Robin Wright. 4054:Smith, Frank E. 3977:Nobari, Ali Reza 3922:Kurzman, Charles 3905: 3884: 3863: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3817: 3805: 3794: 3785: 3759: 3748:. Beacon Press. 3747: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3706: 3695: 3692:Know Thine Enemy 3686: 3677: 3665: 3654: 3645: 3633: 3622: 3613: 3601: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3524: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3460: 3451: 3439: 3428: 3419: 3402: 3401:, 2002, p. 117-8 3395: 3389: 3382: 3376: 3375:, 2002, p. 115-8 3369: 3363: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3237: 3231: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3196: 3190: 3189:, (1984) p. 123. 3183: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3106: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3070:, (2001), p. 219 3064: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3044:, (1998), p. 292 3038: 3032: 3031:, August 8, 1979 3018: 3012: 3005: 2999: 2992: 2986: 2985:, (2006), p. 245 2979: 2973: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2911: 2905: 2904:, (1998), p. 291 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2879:. 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Archived from 2533: 2527: 2522:Bakhash, Shaul, 2520: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2423: 2417: 2410: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2369: 2360: 2353: 2347: 2340: 2334: 2329:Bakhash, Shaul, 2327: 2321: 2320:, (2000), p. 222 2314: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2288: 2282: 2275: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2236: 2230: 2223: 2217: 2210: 2204: 2193: 2187: 2180: 2174: 2171:Gems of Islamism 2153: 2144: 2126: 2120: 2113: 2107: 2097: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2051: 2033: 2024: 2023:, (2006), p. 241 2017: 2008: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1970: 1955: 1954: 1936: 1692:In January 1980 1526:Arab nationalist 1474:seized its staff 1307:Fedai Guerrillas 1046:invasion of Iran 932: 920: 913: 906: 897: 896: 886: 876: 859: 814: 813: 803: 793: 792: 791: 784:Rahman Ghasemlou 782: 781: 780: 768: 767: 766: 757: 756: 755: 748: 738: 737: 736: 727: 726: 725: 718: 702: 683: 677:Dariush Forouhar 670: 658: 648:Shapour Bakhtiar 646: 645: 635: 634: 624: 623: 622: 611: 610: 599: 598: 588: 587: 577: 576: 567: 559: 558: 550: 540: 539: 531: 521: 520: 510: 509: 499: 498: 490: 480: 479: 471: 463:Morteza Motahari 461: 460: 450: 449: 430: 428: 427: 419: 416: 415: 414: 407: 404: 403: 402: 392: 391: 390: 380: 379: 378: 368: 367: 366: 339:Fedai Guerrillas 231:Freedom Movement 49: 48: 29: 28: 21: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7591: 7533: 7524:(granddaughter) 7516:Hassan Khomeini 7480:Khadijeh Saqafi 7466: 7413: 7384:Sex segregation 7340: 7331: 7318:Israeli support 7284:1979 Referendum 7264:Supreme Council 7205: 7200: 7170: 7165: 7142: 7133:Second Cold War 7091: 7019: 7013: 6989:Odd Arne Westad 6979:Patrick Vaughan 6964:Athan Theoharis 6944:Ellen Schrecker 6929:Yakov M. Rabkin 6904:Timothy Naftali 6849:Tvrtko Jakovina 6834:Jussi Hanhimäki 6717: 6695: 6685: 6663:Paix et Liberté 6638: 6582:Active measures 6563: 6493: 6474:White supremacy 6434:Totalitarianism 6362: 6287: 6210: 6196:Reagan Doctrine 6191:Carter Doctrine 6131:Truman Doctrine 6119: 6066: 5998: 5893:Soviet reaction 5804:Ndogboyosoi War 5711: 5682:Saur Revolution 5509:1973 oil crisis 5474:Munich massacre 5382:Alcora Exercise 5377:Black September 5355: 5101:Sino-Indian War 4995:Simba rebellion 4978: 4822:Capture of the 4730: 4669:Berlin Blockade 4602:May 1947 crises 4592:Truman Doctrine 4557:Greek Civil War 4546:Blacklist Forty 4513:Gouzenko Affair 4500:Cursed soldiers 4452:Morgenthau Plan 4440: 4378: 4373: 4336: 4299:by Akbar Nazemi 4293: 4272:Wayback Machine 4238:Michel Foucault 4201: 4188:, Cyber Essays. 4170:Wayback Machine 4139: 4132:(5 min 26 sec). 4100: 4075:Man of the Year 3902: 3881: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3814: 3782: 3766: 3764:Further reading 3756: 3715: 3674: 3642: 3610: 3533: 3480: 3448: 3410: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3366: 3356:Wayback Machine 3347: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3285: 3276: 3272: 3268:, (1984) p. 153 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3197: 3193: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3138:, (2001), p.114 3133: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3112:, 2000, p. 232. 3107: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3035: 3019: 3015: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2976: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2912: 2908: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2884: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2862:, (2001), p.115 2857: 2853: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2823: 2817:Wayback Machine 2809:The Longest War 2805: 2801: 2792: 2788: 2779: 2775: 2769:Wayback Machine 2757: 2753: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2564:, 2000, p. 217. 2559: 2555: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2501: 2494: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2429:, (1984), p. 56 2424: 2420: 2411: 2404: 2400:, (2003) p. 275 2395: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2363: 2359:, (1997) p. 151 2354: 2350: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2294:, (1988) p. 135 2289: 2285: 2281:, (2001), p.113 2276: 2272: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2246: 2242:(2000), p. 203. 2237: 2233: 2224: 2220: 2212:Ansari, Hamid, 2211: 2207: 2194: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2156:Islamic Clerics 2154: 2147: 2137:Wayback Machine 2127: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2099:Zabih, Sepehr, 2098: 2094: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2054: 2044:Wayback Machine 2034: 2027: 2018: 2011: 1999: 1992: 1985: 1971: 1958: 1951: 1937: 1912: 1908: 1870:Nojeh coup plot 1824: 1789: 1686: 1661: 1632:velayat-e faqih 1627: 1610: 1547: 1518: 1465: 1459: 1410: 1404: 1367: 1362: 1315: 1264: 1237:velayat-e faqih 1165: 1159: 1089:Velayat-e faqih 1062: 997: 992: 978:Nojeh coup plot 976: 933: 929: 926: 924: 890: 889: 877: 870: 858: 835: 834:Theater forces: 833: 808: 807: 805: 799: 789: 787: 786: 778: 776: 774: 772: 764: 762: 761: 759:Ashraf Dehghani 753: 751: 750: 744: 734: 732: 731: 723: 721: 720: 714: 707: 705: 694: 690: 686: 675: 671: 661: 650: 640: 639: 629: 628: 620: 618: 605: 603: 593: 592: 582: 581: 571: 570: 553: 552: 546: 534: 533: 527: 515: 514: 504: 503: 493: 492: 486: 474: 473: 467: 455: 454: 444: 425: 423: 422: 412: 410: 400: 398: 388: 386: 376: 374: 364: 362: 353: 344:Laborers' Party 67: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7665: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7607: 7606: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7525: 7522:Zahra Eshraghi 7519: 7513: 7507: 7504:Ahmad Khomeini 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7476: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7440:Kashf al-Asrar 7436: 7429: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7354:American Islam 7350: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7246: 7244:Return to Iran 7241: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7199: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7176: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7023: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6959:Timothy Snyder 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6889:Vojtech Mastny 6886: 6884:Geir Lundestad 6881: 6876: 6874:Walter Laqueur 6871: 6869:Walter LaFeber 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6799:André Fontaine 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6729:Gar Alperovitz 6725: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6699: 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I.B. Tauris. 3505: 3496: 3484: 3478: 3461: 3459:. Basic Books. 3452: 3446: 3429: 3420: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3390: 3388:, 2002, p. 116 3377: 3364: 3358:Backgrounder, 3341: 3328: 3321: 3303: 3301:, 2002, p. 115 3283: 3281:, 2001, p. 238 3270: 3257: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3212: 3191: 3178: 3165: 3152: 3140: 3127: 3114: 3098: 3085: 3072: 3059: 3046: 3033: 3029:New York Times 3013: 3000: 2987: 2974: 2959: 2952: 2932: 2906: 2893: 2864: 2851: 2834: 2821: 2799: 2786: 2773: 2758:Efraim Karsh, 2751: 2738: 2736:, 2006, p. 487 2728:Bowden, Mark, 2721: 2696: 2694:(2003), p. 249 2683: 2670: 2668:(2000), p. 228 2657: 2632: 2623: 2605: 2592: 2579: 2566: 2553: 2537:"12 Farvardin" 2528: 2526:, (1984) p. 73 2510: 2492: 2469: 2457: 2455:, (1987)p. 153 2444: 2431: 2418: 2402: 2389: 2361: 2348: 2346:(1996), p. 371 2335: 2322: 2309: 2296: 2283: 2270: 2257: 2244: 2231: 2229:(2000), p. 224 2218: 2205: 2188: 2175: 2161:2012-07-08 at 2145: 2121: 2108: 2092: 2090:, 2002, p. 112 2079: 2067: 2065:, p. 342. 2052: 2025: 2009: 1990: 1983: 1956: 1949: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1801: 1788: 1785: 1685: 1682: 1660: 1657: 1626: 1623: 1609: 1606: 1546: 1543: 1517: 1514: 1461:Main article: 1458: 1457:Hostage crisis 1455: 1451:National Front 1428:Supreme Leader 1406:Main article: 1403: 1400: 1380:National Front 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1331:Guruh-i Furqan 1327:Gonbad-e Qabus 1314: 1311: 1276:National Front 1270:(NDF) and the 1263: 1260: 1161:Main article: 1158: 1155: 1151:Supreme Leader 1070:National Front 1061: 1058: 1050:Saddam Hussein 1031:Gonbad-e Qabus 999:Following the 994: 993: 991: 990: 985: 980: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 938: 935: 934: 923: 922: 915: 908: 900: 892: 891: 888: 887: 867: 866: 863: 862: 854: 853: 850: 846: 845: 841: 840: 837: 824: 823: 819: 818: 816:Saddam Hussein 770:Mansoor Hekmat 740:Mousa Khiabani 729:Massoud Rajavi 710:Akbar Goodarzi 626:Mehdi Bazargan 615: 440: 439: 435: 434: 421: 420: 408: 396: 384: 372: 352: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 236:National Front 233: 224:Political only 220: 219: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 186: 185: 180: 175: 161: 160: 156: 155: 152: 151: 150: 149: 146: 140: 134: 127: 124: 118: 112: 103:Rebellions in 101: 92: 87: 73: 69: 68: 63: 61: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 37: 36: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7664: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7604: 7594: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7530:(grandfather) 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7338: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7313:Iran–Iraq War 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7222:Life in exile 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7192: 7190: 7185: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123:War on terror 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7018:Espionage and 7016: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6969:Andrew Thorpe 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864:Gabriel Kolko 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6829:Fred Halliday 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6814:Lloyd Gardner 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6774:Norman Davies 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6759:John Costello 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6694:Technological 6692: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575:Pro-communist 6573: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502:Organizations 6500: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6316:Eurocommunism 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6146:Domino theory 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100:South Ossetia 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5884:8888 Uprising 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5829:Iran–Iraq War 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5794:Falklands War 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 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5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5285:Prague Spring 5283: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5263:Al-Wadiah War 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5228:12-3 incident 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4981: 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4120: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4106:( 2009-10-31) 4105: 4102: 4101: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4071:Time magazine 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4049:0-671-68745-X 4046: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4013:0-8128-2755-4 4010: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3996:0-8156-3094-8 3993: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3961:0-934211-61-2 3958: 3954: 3950: 3949:Milani, Abbas 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915:Shah of Shahs 3911: 3908: 3903: 3901:0-415-90208-8 3897: 3893: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3880:0-316-32394-2 3876: 3872: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3849:|author= 3842: 3834: 3832:0-8130-0998-7 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3813:0-313-30731-8 3809: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3781:0-333-36947-5 3777: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3757: 3755:9780807004630 3751: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3714:9780917561047 3710: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3656: 3652: 3647: 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SUNY Press. 3417: 3412: 3411: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3332: 3324: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3188: 3182: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3096:(1984) p. 89. 3095: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3063: 3057:2000, p. 219. 3056: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3004: 2998:(1997) p. 51. 2997: 2991: 2984: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2955: 2953:9781555846084 2949: 2945: 2944: 2936: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2897: 2883:on 2013-08-23 2882: 2878: 2876: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2576: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2543:on 2007-10-06 2542: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2499: 2495: 2493:9780203335239 2489: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2448: 2442:(2000) p. 211 2441: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2399: 2393: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2307:(2003) p. 245 2306: 2300: 2293: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2267: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2185: 2179: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163:archive.today 2160: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2076: 2071: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1986: 1984:9780674915718 1980: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1815: 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Farra. 3490:(2009). 3352:Archived 3337:Khomeini 3279:Khomeini 3202:(1989). 3174:Khomeini 3161:Khomeini 3110:Khomeini 3081:Khomeini 3068:Khomeini 3042:Iranians 3040:Mackay, 2981:Keddie, 2925:3 August 2902:Iranians 2900:Mackay, 2832:, p. 73. 2813:Archived 2780:Keddie, 2765:Archived 2709:Archived 2690:Keddie, 2679:Khomeini 2645:Archived 2588:Khomeini 2562:Khomeini 2498:Archived 2440:Khomeini 2414:Khomeini 2396:Keddie, 2377:Archived 2344:Iranians 2342:Mackey, 2318:Khomeini 2303:Keddie, 2264:Keddie, 2240:Khomeini 2227:Khomeini 2159:Archived 2133:Archived 2040:Archived 2019:Keddie, 1822:See also 1705:elteqati 1485:Banisadr 1422:Islam." 1232:Beheshti 1185:komitehs 1078:new left 1066:Mussadeq 952:Khorasan 822:Strength 276:Azadegan 79:victory 60:Location 42:Cold War 7538:Related 6651:Amerika 6534:Comecon 6419:Fascism 6409:Zionism 6358:Titoism 5899:Contras 5367:Détente 4644:Comecon 4174:Payvand 4026:, 1995. 3397:Kepel, 3384:Kepel, 3371:Kepel, 3297:Kepel, 3134:Kepel, 2858:Kepel, 2819:, p.255 2277:Kepel, 2086:Kepel, 1811:komiteh 1396:Fadayan 1245:komiteh 1200:hostage 1113:bazaari 1105:Marxist 1097:liberal 1068:'s old 801:† 746:† 716:† 698: ( 679: ( 654: ( 563: ( 548:† 529:† 488:† 469:† 7482:(wife) 7472:Family 6602:Pravda 6404:Racism 6343:Maoism 6095:Kosovo 5616:Condor 5292:Pueblo 5278:May 68 4906:Gladio 4824:Tuapse 4487:Jungle 4479:Priboi 4047: 4011: 3994: 3979:, ed. 3959: 3898: 3877: 3829: 3810: 3778: 3752: 3711: 3670: 3638: 3606: 3529: 3476: 3444: 3335:Moin, 3319: 3210: 3172:Moin, 3159:Moin, 3108:Moin, 3079:Moin, 3066:Moin, 3053:Moin, 3021:Kayhan 3007:Moin, 2950: 2677:Moin, 2664:Moin, 2586:Moin, 2560:Moin, 2490: 2438:Moin, 2412:Moin, 2316:Moin, 2238:Moin, 2225:Moin, 1981: 1947: 1741:takfir 1567:Semnan 1559:sermon 1325:, and 1249:Tehran 1171:, the 1107:, and 1044:, the 1029:, and 967:Tehran 797: 742: 712: 665: 544: 525: 484: 465: 429: 382:Komala 304:Furqan 299:Peykar 139:by law 117:failed 72:Result 7506:(son) 7488:(son) 7418:Books 7389:hijab 7087:Stasi 6554:SAARC 6549:ASEAN 6514:SEATO 6367:Other 6332:Juche 6090:Korea 6003:1990s 5716:1980s 5360:1970s 4983:1960s 4735:1950s 4445:1940s 4426:NEATO 4421:SEATO 4411:ANZUS 4060:1998. 3399:Jihad 3386:Jihad 3373:Jihad 3299:Jihad 3277:Moin 3136:Jihad 2860:Jihad 2279:Jihad 2088:Jihad 1817:exam. 1751:qisas 1720:kafer 1210:, or 394:DRFLA 309:Neqab 6627:TASS 6519:METO 6509:NATO 5735:and 5733:1980 5290:USS 4416:METO 4401:NATO 4045:ISBN 4009:ISBN 3992:ISBN 3957:ISBN 3896:ISBN 3875:ISBN 3860:link 3853:help 3827:ISBN 3808:ISBN 3776:ISBN 3750:ISBN 3709:ISBN 3668:ISBN 3636:ISBN 3604:ISBN 3527:ISBN 3474:ISBN 3442:ISBN 3349:Iran 3317:ISBN 3208:ISBN 2948:ISBN 2927:2013 2875:Time 2488:ISBN 2048:CTAD 1979:ISBN 1945:ISBN 1602:IRGC 1524:and 1206:The 1009:Iran 432:Iraq 418:AFLA 406:PFLA 370:KDPI 241:JAMA 196:Army 65:Iran 52:Date 7082:KGB 7077:MVD 7062:MI6 7057:MI5 7052:CIA 6524:EEC 4305:by 4236:by 4222:by 4213:by 3360:HRW 2920:PBS 1618:Qom 1565:in 1305:, 1301:, 1187:). 1048:by 701:POW 682:POW 657:POW 566:WIA 7618:: 4226:, 4172:, 4155:– 4039:, 4003:, 3951:, 3924:. 3912:. 3845:: 3843:}} 3839:{{ 3286:^ 3101:^ 2918:. 2732:, 2707:. 2643:. 2513:^ 2496:. 2405:^ 2375:. 2364:^ 2169:, 2165:, 2148:^ 2055:^ 2046:, 2028:^ 2012:^ 2003:, 1993:^ 1959:^ 1913:^ 1528:, 1512:. 1394:, 1382:, 1378:, 1374:, 1337:. 1321:, 1297:, 1290:. 1179:, 1175:, 1153:. 1103:, 1099:, 1056:. 1025:, 871:^ 358:: 284:: 226:: 191:: 168:: 107:, 7195:e 7188:t 7181:v 5895:) 5891:( 4900:" 4896:" 4873:" 4869:" 4368:e 4361:t 4354:v 4182:. 4051:. 4015:. 3963:. 3904:. 3883:. 3862:) 3855:) 3835:. 3816:. 3784:. 3758:. 3717:. 3676:. 3644:. 3612:. 3535:. 3482:. 3450:. 3362:. 3325:. 3216:. 2956:. 2929:. 2890:. 2873:" 2718:. 2654:. 2550:. 2507:. 2386:. 2173:. 2143:. 2128:" 1987:. 1953:. 1600:( 1426:( 919:e 912:t 905:v 704:) 685:) 660:) 569:) 133:" 20:)

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