855:, which was rocked by riots and briefly seized by rebels. By late 1978, almost the whole country (not just the organized opposition) was inflamed with hatred towards the Shah and rioting, protests and street clashes with the police and army grew in intensity and bloodshed. By this time, Ayatollah Khomeini was now recognized as the undisputed spiritual leader of the uprising. Sanjabi, as representative of the Front, came to Paris, and emerged from his meeting with Khomeini "with a short declaration that spoke of both Islam and democracy as basic principles," and committed the National Front to the twin goals of abolishing the monarchy and establishing a democratic and Islamic government in its place.
775:, Mohamad Ali Khonji and others. Its aim was to return Mohammad Mossadegh to the premiership and to reestablish the constitutional monarchy. Initially, it seemed as if this organization was gaining in strength. However, the group's leaders fell into disagreements over questions such as the organization of the Front, tactics against the Shah's regime, and the form of government to which the National Front ought to commit itself. These disputes led to tension between the high-ranking leaders and the student activists; in 1961, Bazargan,
843:(former minister of education under Mossadegh and now the leader of the Front), Shapour Bakhtiar (former deputy minister of labor under Mossadegh and now the leader of the Iran Party) and Dâryuš Foruhar (head of the Iran Nation Party). The three signed an open letter which politely criticized the Shah and called on him to re-establish the constitutional monarchy, free political prisoners, respect freedom of speech, and hold free and fair elections. For some months (under pressure from the
1145:
540:, eventually gave in and promised fair and honest elections. After the sit-in, the leaders of the protest formed the National Front and elected Mossadegh to be its chairman. The Front was conceived to be a broad alliance of like-minded associations (rather than individuals, as in a normal political party) with the aim of strengthening democracy, press freedom, and constitutional government. The most important groups in the Front were the
671:
25:
859:
leaders, accepted the Shah's invitation to become the prime minister of Iran, but only on the condition that the Shah committed himself to reign and not rule. Bakhtiar's decision to collaborate with the Shah caused the
National Front to denounce him as a traitor to their cause and to expel him from the organization. Only a few moderate and secular individuals among the leadership chose to ally with Bakhtiar and with the monarchy.
1821:
1131:
755:, and its aim was to reestablish democracy by campaigning for free and fair elections. Its activities were largely restricted to peacefully distributing flyers and attempting to regulate the 1954 Majlis elections (which in the end were rigged in favor of pro-Shah candidates). It disintegrated under pressure from the state; however, the Second National Front was formed in 1960, which consisted of prominent people such as
831:(the state's intelligence agency), which was infamous for the torture and killings it inflicted on the opposition and even on ordinary Iranians who merely uttered any wrong words against the regime. In this new atmosphere of police terror, the National Front virtually ceased to exist (though exile branches continued to operate in the United States and Europe).
827:
National Front advocated a strategy of civil disobedience and protests in the hope of either forcing the regime to come to terms with the opposition or face collapse. By 1964, however, Mohammad Reza Shah had consolidated his control of both his regime and the country, and he quickly moved to further guarantee his position by increasing the powers of
871:. But the joint statement with Sanjabi notwithstanding, Khomeini "explicitly refused to put the same word, democracy, into either the title of the Republic or its constitution." Within a short time, it became clear that Ayatollah Khomeini's model of an Islamic society was modeled not on democracy, but on theocratic rule of Islamic jurists (or
571:, the Shah of Persia, who granted a 60-year petroleum search concession in a transaction in which no money changed hands. For most of the first half of the twentieth century, Iran's oil was the British government's single largest overseas investment; 51 percent of the company was owned by the British government. The AIOC, which later became
850:
In
January 1978, violence erupted in the holy city of Qom over the publication of an article in a pro-government newspaper which attacked Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as a British agent and a reactionary. Despite the threatening existence of SAVAK and the harsh crackdown unleashed by the regime on the
790:
in the United States; partly for this reason, the
National Front's leaders persistently refused to collaborate with or lend support to Amini's government. However, political turmoil grew worse; Amini stepped down from the premiership in 1962, owing to his dispute with the Shah over the former's plans
514:
858:
This was a diversion from the
National Front's long-held aim of reforming the monarchy, and it caused some friction in the high council (although most of the rank and file and leaders supported the new orientation). The friction blew into open division when Shapour Bakhtiar, one of the three top
826:
The Second and Third
National Fronts differed largely in their tactical approach to facing the Shah's regime. The former believed in patiently negotiating with the Shah and the higher officials in the hope of peacefully bringing about a democracy. In contrast to this passive approach, the Third
594:
in March and ratified by the Senate. The Act, reluctantly signed by the Shah, called for nationalization of the assets held by AIOC, from which the government of Iran had hitherto only received minimal compensation. This led to
British counter-moves and the loss of nearly all income during the
895:
The Front intended the meeting to serve as the focus for the middle classes, the bazaar, and the left wing. It distributed 4 million leaflets. For the first time it attacked
Khomeini directly as responsible for repression and a reign of terror. ... Barely two hours before the scheduled rally,
815:, a vocal critic of the Shah and his program of land reforms and granting women the right to vote. Around this time, the Third National Front was formed, which consisted of the FMI (religious-nationalists; Melli-Mazhabis), the Iran Nation Party (the party of Dâryuš Foruhar;
779:(a prominent Islamic cleric) and others formed the Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI) which was committed to a democratic state in which the Islamic religion would play a substantial role in state and society (as opposed to the more secular orientation of the National Front).
930:
machine poured into
Ferdowsi Square, the designated meeting place for the rally. The large numbers of middle-class protesters and supporters of the National Front who also showed up were cowed into virtual silence. There was no organized demonstration, no speeches, no
743:(who was paid by the CIA to help overthrow Mossadegh and strengthen the power of the monarchy). In an atmosphere of police repression, several former members of the National Front (mostly low-ranking leaders) established an underground network called the
504:
and was the main symbol of the "nationalist" tendency in the early years of post-revolutionary government. It was banned in July 1981, and although it remains under constant surveillance and is officially still illegal, it is still active inside Iran.
480:
Before 1953 and throughout the 1960s, the Front was torn by strife between secular and religious elements. Over time its coalition split into various squabbling factions, with the Front gradually emerging as the leading organization of
862:
On 16 January, the Shah left the country, amid rejoicing among the populace, and on 11 February, the regime collapsed and
Ayatollah Khomeini became the political leader of Iran. At first the National Front supported the new
1516:
819:), the Society of Iranian Socialists (led by Khalil Maleki, a prominent personality of the Mossadegh era who had been prohibited from joining the Second National Front due to his past history in the
536:
on 15 October 1949, threatened to take sanctuary in a major mosque or shrine, and was eventually allowed into the palace with 19 other people, where they stayed for four days. The Shah,
1547:
582:
The goal of the
National Front was to nationalize Iran's oil resources and to counteract British dominance of Iran's internal affairs by initiating direct relations with the
887:
Perhaps the revolution's climactic confrontation between Khomeini's theocrats and the National Front occurred in June 1981 after parliament approved the law of retribution (
896:
however, Khomeini addressed the nation over the radio. He treated the protest meeting as `an invitation to uprising, an invitation to insurrection.` ... He demanded the
1876:
575:, consistently violated the terms of the agreement that had been updated in 1933, and was reluctant to change the terms of the agreement even as Iran's movement for
551:
Soon after its founding, the National Front opposed the existing Western domination and control of Iran's natural resources, and related revenues, which began with
586:. The Front became the governing coalition when it took office in April 1951, with Mosaddegh elected Prime Minister. Mosaddegh's minister of foreign affairs
463:
2255:
1809:
2175:
2020:
891:, aka blood revenge or "an eye for an eye"). The National Front called upon the people of Tehran to participate in a demonstration for 15 June 1981.
2065:
1928:
1977:
1787:
2245:
2035:
2090:
2040:
1923:
1935:
2285:
2250:
2005:
2260:
1918:
1891:
579:
grew in the late 1940s. Although AIOC was highly profitable, "its Iranian workers were poorly paid and lived in squalid conditions."
935:
Leaders of the Liberation Movement and Banisadr had to make a public apology for supporting the Front's appeal on TV and the radio.
2045:
2030:
89:
2025:
1802:
61:
1211:
692:
42:
1982:
1955:
1656:
1486:
1447:
735:, the National Front was outlawed and its highest-ranking leaders arrested and brought before a military court. The military
908:
Khomeini declared that 'The National Front is condemned as of today,' and that all opponents of the law of retribution were
2240:
2102:
744:
68:
1869:
1181:
1115:
545:
138:
2132:
1795:
1398:
1373:
1345:
1313:
1288:
2280:
1825:
1158:
1056:
1028:
1009:
981:
962:
923:
900:
disassociate itself from the National Front within the hour if they wished to escape retribution. ... His attack on
864:
847:), many educated and liberal-minded Iranians were now able to voice their grievances against the regime of the Shah.
718:
467:
385:
108:
75:
700:
2275:
2199:
2112:
2060:
2015:
2010:
1960:
1230:
641:; the Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation (a left-wing party that advocated a non-communist socialist Iran, led by
2206:
1817:
1681:
739:
established Mohammad Reza Shah as the supreme leader of Iran, although nominal power was held by Prime Minister
57:
2235:
2075:
1423:
1260:
791:
to reduce the military budget. In June the following year, a huge religious uprising occurred in the cities of
696:
46:
611:
471:
2213:
2050:
1965:
347:
2265:
2170:
1940:
1901:
1886:
1864:
1199:
811:, which was put down with ruthless force by the Iranian army. The unrest had been sparked by the arrest of
254:
2290:
2270:
2158:
2117:
1906:
1896:
1176:
607:
2070:
1187:
568:
477:
and subsequently repressed. Members attempted to revive the Front in 1960, 1965 and 1977 respectively.
246:
1702:
1416:
Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini
560:
2165:
2097:
1841:
1224:
927:
897:
681:
786:
to the premiership. It was widely believed that the Shah had chosen Amini under pressure from the
1881:
685:
415:
82:
35:
2122:
2055:
787:
772:
630:
564:
533:
426:
1646:
844:
650:
537:
449:
292:
2185:
2107:
2080:
1945:
1851:
1193:
816:
603:
340:
625:, which was founded in 1946 as a platform for Iranian liberals, including figures such as
8:
901:
654:
453:
267:
1391:
Social Movements in Twentieth-century Iran: Culture, Ideology, and Mobilizing Frameworks
1997:
1970:
1539:
1205:
1091:
986:
967:
912:
and threatened the leaders of the Front with the death penalty if they did not repent.
529:
517:
497:
482:
434:
331:
277:
262:
158:
145:
445:, despite having never been able to recover the prominence it had in the early 1950s.
2180:
1950:
1859:
1652:
1543:
1482:
1443:
1419:
1394:
1369:
1341:
1309:
1284:
1256:
916:
909:
812:
776:
572:
486:
390:
282:
272:
1628:
1836:
1642:
1531:
868:
768:
752:
740:
634:
548:, the National Party, and the Tehran Association of Bazaar Trade and Craft Guilds.
501:
490:
406:
380:
287:
462:, secular and Islamic tendencies, that mobilized to successfully campaign for the
1597:
1150:
1097:
872:
642:
638:
576:
1911:
1109:
1033:
1014:
760:
748:
587:
525:
1535:
926:
and committees, men and women from the wards of south Tehran organized by the
2229:
1103:
1061:
840:
756:
646:
626:
596:
583:
556:
1627:
Hiro, Dilip; Hiro, Dilip Dictionary of the Middle East (November 29, 2003).
1598:"BBC News | The Company File | From Anglo-Persian Oil to BP Amoco"
2085:
1688:
764:
315:
1987:
1136:
820:
552:
321:
133:
1739:
source: Jombari-ye Eslami, 15.6.81-16.6.81, quoted in Brumberg, Daniel,
1572:
All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
1368:. The A to Z Guide Series. Vol. 209. Scarecrow Press. p. 224.
1144:
2153:
2127:
1479:
The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.-Iranian relations
1171:
876:
622:
541:
610:(CIA) to overthrow the Mossadegh government, in an event known as the
783:
438:
303:
670:
513:
24:
336:
309:
1631:. New York : Carroll & Graf – via Internet Archive.
1615:
U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran
808:
458:
500:, the Front supported the replacement of the old monarchy by an
852:
851:
protesters, the unrest grew and spread to other cities such as
804:
800:
792:
591:
236:
782:
Another issue arose over the appointment in April 1961 of Dr.
1617:
by Mark J. Gasiorowski (Cornell University Press: 1991) p. 59
888:
828:
1782:
367:
1820:
1741:
Reinventing Khomeini : The Struggle for Reform in Iran
1728:
Reinventing Khomeini : The Struggle for Reform in Iran
1338:
Iran Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Islamic Republic
621:, the National Front was made up of four main parties; the
442:
437:
in 1949, and it is the oldest and arguably the largest pro-
430:
1730:, University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 116, 15 June 1981
1877:
Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader
796:
1629:"The essential Middle East : a comprehensive guide"
559:. By the mid-1950s, Iran's oil assets were owned by the
1574:, by Stephen Kinzer, (John Wiley and Sons, 2003), p. 33
563:, whose predecessor company bought the concession from
590:
enforced the "Oil Nationalization Act", passed by the
524:
The National Front had its roots in a protest against
1648:
Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic
420:
1126:
759:, Mehdi Bazargan, Allahyar Saleh, Shapour Bakhtiar,
567:. D'Arcy had negotiated the concession in 1901 with
1413:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1340:. Vol. 1. Greenwood Press. pp. 363–364.
660:
2021:Assembly of Qom Seminary Scholars and Researchers
2227:
2066:Association of the Women of the Islamic Republic
1929:Society of Pathseekers of the Islamic Revolution
1336:Kazemzadeh, Masoud (2008). "Opposition Groups".
1250:
532:led a peaceful procession from his house to the
1587:(Lawrence and Wishart Ltd.: London) 1955. p. 15
1363:
839:The National Front was revived in late 1977 by
2036:Islamic Association of Iranian Medical Society
1306:Iranian Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century
2091:Islamic Iran Freedom and Justice Organization
2041:Islamic Association of University Instructors
1924:Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution
1803:
1255:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 60–61.
1251:Gasiorowski, Mark J.; Byrne, Malcolm (2004).
747:. This group included future prime ministers
1978:Progress and Justice Society of Islamic Iran
1700:
1524:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1481:. New York: New Press, The. pp. 52–54.
1458:
602:Following Britain's request, U.S. President
508:
2256:Political parties of the Iranian Revolution
2046:Association of Followers of the Imam's Line
1936:Association of Islamic Revolution Loyalists
1743:, University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 147
1514:
1253:Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran
699:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
464:nationalization of the Iranian oil industry
2176:Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists
2006:Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front
1810:
1796:
1703:"Iran: A Third Option -American Chronicle"
1505:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 115
1476:
1472:
1470:
1364:John H. Lorentz (2010). "National Front".
1335:
943:
1919:Front of Transformationalist Principlists
1892:Islamic Association of Physicians of Iran
1677:
1675:
1461:The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism
1308:. University of Texas Press. p. 64.
1303:
1274:
1272:
719:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1641:
1626:
1463:, Columbia University Press, p. 146
512:
1651:. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
1635:
1467:
1388:
1161:, a political group with opposing views
2228:
1672:
1585:Persian Oil: A Study in Power Politics
1508:
1281:Iran Since the Revolution (RLE Iran D)
1269:
1212:Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists
2246:Political parties established in 1949
1983:Modern Thinkers Party of Islamic Iran
1956:Front of Islamic Revolution Stability
1791:
1459:Antoine, Olivier; Sfeir, Roy (2007),
1440:Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin.
1278:
1049:Did not contest between 1961 and 1979
834:
485:with nationalist members adhering to
452:for a broad coalition of forces with
2103:Iranian Call and Reform Organization
1694:
1515:Gasiorowski, Mark J. (August 1987).
1359:
1357:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1283:. Taylor & Francis. p. 29.
865:Provisional Revolutionary Government
697:adding citations to reliable sources
664:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1870:Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom
1182:Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation
938:
882:
653:(an Islamic party led by Âyatollâh
410:
13:
2133:Union of Islamic Iran People Party
16:Opposition political party in Iran
14:
2302:
2286:Social democratic parties in Asia
2251:Political party alliances in Iran
1776:
1354:
1322:
1159:Confederation of Iranian Students
456:, liberal-democratic, socialist,
2261:Banned political parties in Iran
2113:Moderation and Development Party
2061:Will of the Iranian Nation Party
2031:Islamic Association of Engineers
2016:Executives of Construction Party
2011:Association of Combatant Clerics
1961:Resistance Front of Islamic Iran
1819:
1143:
1129:
1085:
1002:Did not contest in 1954 and 1956
669:
23:
2026:Islamic Association of Teachers
1826:Political organizations in Iran
1759:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1620:
1608:
1590:
1577:
1565:
1495:
661:Second and Third National Front
520:, founder of the National Front
34:needs additional citations for
2076:Office for Strengthening Unity
1517:"The 1953 Coup D'etat in Iran"
1452:
1432:
1407:
1393:. Lexington Books. p. 4.
1382:
1297:
1244:
466:. In 1951, the Front formed a
1:
2051:Islamic Iran Solidarity Party
1966:Development and Justice Party
1701:Jubin Afshar (2 April 2006).
1237:
867:and the establishment of the
823:) and the student activists.
731:In the aftermath of the 1953
555:concessions given during the
2171:Movement of Militant Muslims
1941:Summit of Freethinkers Party
1902:Islamic Society of Employees
1887:Islamic Society of Engineers
1865:Combatant Clergy Association
1414:Houchang E. Chehabi (1990).
1389:Poulson, Stephen C. (2012).
1200:League of Iranian Socialists
1077:Has not contested since 1981
745:National Resistance Movement
448:Initially, the front was an
7:
2241:1949 establishments in Iran
2159:Party of the Iranian People
1907:Islamic Society of Athletes
1897:Islamic Society of Students
1754:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
1477:Abrahamian, Ervand (2013).
1438:Abrahamian, Ervand (1989).
1418:. I.B.Tauris. p. 128.
1177:Party of the Iranian People
1122:
904:was equally uncompromising.
875:), and traditional Islamic
813:Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
608:Central Intelligence Agency
421:
10:
2307:
2071:Islamic Assembly of Ladies
1188:Society of Muslim Warriors
569:Mozzafar al-Din Shah Qajar
247:National Movement fraction
172:12 November 1949
58:"National Front" Iran
2194:
2141:
1996:
1946:Fadayeen of Islam Society
1850:
1832:
1707:Near East Policy Research
1536:10.1017/s0020743800056737
1231:National Democratic Front
1074:
1046:
999:
561:Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
509:Mossadegh era (1949–1953)
470:which was deposed by the
376:
365:
360:
346:
330:
253:
242:
232:
164:
154:
144:
132:
123:
2281:Centrist parties in Iran
2098:Popular Party of Reforms
1842:House of Parties of Iran
1503:A History of Modern Iran
1225:Freedom Movement of Iran
1166:Affiliated organizations
2276:Liberal parties in Iran
1882:Islamic Coalition Party
1304:Gheissari, Ali (2010).
1202:(left in 1979; defunct)
1190:(left in 1952; defunct)
1184:(left in 1952; defunct)
1116:Seyed Hossein Mousavian
944:Parliamentary elections
441:group operating inside
332:Political position
139:Seyed Hossein Mousavian
2123:The Green Path of Hope
1279:Zabir, Sepehr (2012).
1219:Splinter organizations
933:
906:
788:Kennedy Administration
631:Gholam Hossein Sadighi
521:
427:political organization
422:Jebhe-ye Melli-ye Irân
403:National Front of Iran
206:12 June 1977
195:29 July 1965
184:14 July 1960
2236:National Front (Iran)
2207:Banned/Exiled parties
1583:Elwell-Sutton, L. P.
920:
898:Iran Freedom Movement
893:
845:Carter Administration
538:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
516:
450:umbrella organization
293:Left-wing nationalism
2186:Nation Party of Iran
2118:National Trust Party
2108:Kurdish United Front
2081:Islamic Labour Party
1767:Reinventing Khomeini
1645:(1 September 2013).
1501:Âbrâhâmiân, Ervand,
1194:Nation Party of Iran
1040:1 / 200 (0.5%)
817:Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran
773:Qolâm Hosseyn Sadiqi
693:improve this section
604:Dwight D. Eisenhower
433:. It was founded by
298:Historical factions:
43:improve this article
2266:Iranian nationalism
993:30 / 79 (38%)
974:11 / 136 (8%)
924:Revolutionary Guard
565:William Knox D'Arcy
425:) is an opposition
268:Iranian nationalism
2291:Mohammad Mosaddegh
2271:Secularism in Iran
2142:Anti-establishment
1726:Brumberg, Daniel,
1442:I.B.Tauris. p.47.
1366:The A to Z of Iran
1092:Mohammad Mosaddegh
1068:4 / 270 (1%)
1021:0 / 200 (0%)
987:Mohammad Mossadegh
968:Mohammad Mossadegh
835:Iranian Revolution
655:Âbol-Ghâsem Kâšâni
530:Mohammad Mosaddegh
522:
518:Mohammed Mosaddegh
498:Iranian Revolution
435:Mohammad Mosaddegh
320: •
314: •
308: •
302: •
278:Secular liberalism
243:Parliamentary wing
159:Mohammad Mosaddegh
2223:
2222:
2181:Pan-Iranist Party
1951:Ansar-e Hezbollah
1860:The Two Societies
1658:978-0-19-932226-8
1643:Axworthy, Michael
1488:978-1-59558-826-5
1448:978-1-85043-077-3
1083:
1082:
777:Mahmoud Taleghani
729:
728:
721:
487:liberal democracy
419:
399:
398:
386:Political parties
283:Liberal democracy
273:Civic nationalism
119:
118:
111:
93:
2298:
2214:Historic parties
2166:Freedom Movement
1837:Politics of Iran
1824:
1823:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1783:Official website
1770:
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1606:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1546:. Archived from
1521:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1436:
1430:
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1411:
1405:
1404:
1386:
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1379:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1301:
1295:
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1276:
1267:
1266:
1248:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1078:
1069:
1050:
1041:
1022:
1003:
994:
975:
948:
947:
939:Election results
915:In the meantime
883:1981 suppression
869:Islamic Republic
753:Shapour Bakhtiar
741:Fazlollah Zahedi
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32:This article
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2086:Worker House
1852:Principlists
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1710:. Retrieved
1706:
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1689:Yann Richard
1682:
1662:. Retrieved
1647:
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1614:
1610:
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1555:. Retrieved
1548:the original
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316:Conservatism
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263:Mosaddeghism
233:Headquarters
146:Spokesperson
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65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1988:YEKTA Front
1971:Green Party
1683:Modern Iran
1206:Third Force
1137:Iran portal
1112:(1993–2017)
1106:(1967–1988)
1100:(1960–1964)
1094:(1949–1960)
821:Tudeh Party
765:Asqar Pârsâ
649:); and the
614:coup d'état
553:colonialist
496:During the
474:coup d'état
454:nationalist
341:centre-left
322:Pan-Iranism
249:(1950–1953)
134:Chairperson
99:August 2014
2230:Categories
2154:Iran Party
2128:NEDA Party
1998:Reformists
1765:Brumberg,
1752:pp. 158-9
1712:21 January
1425:1850431981
1262:0815630182
1238:References
1172:Iran Party
957:Seats won
917:Hezbollahi
877:sharia law
709:April 2020
623:Iran Party
542:Iran Party
468:government
348:Parliament
210:1977-06-12
199:1965-07-29
188:1960-07-14
180:(original)
176:1949-11-12
69:newspapers
1544:154201459
1214:(defunct)
1208:(defunct)
951:Election
910:apostates
902:Bani-Sadr
784:Ali Amini
680:does not
439:democracy
416:romanized
391:Elections
304:Socialism
225:(current)
1664:9 August
1557:2 August
1123:See also
528:, where
310:Islamism
255:Ideology
214:(fourth)
192:(second)
809:Varamin
701:removed
686:sources
459:bazaari
418::
407:Persian
361:Website
354:0 / 290
219: (
208: (
203:(third)
197: (
186: (
174: (
165:Founded
155:Founder
83:scholar
1691:p. 233
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1227:(1961)
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801:Mashad
793:Tehran
592:Majlis
544:, the
337:Centre
237:Tehran
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1551:(PDF)
1540:S2CID
1520:(PDF)
889:qisas
829:SAVAK
90:JSTOR
76:books
1714:2011
1666:2013
1653:ISBN
1559:2013
1483:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1057:1980
1029:1961
1010:1960
982:1952
963:1950
807:and
751:and
737:coup
733:coup
684:any
682:cite
645:and
637:and
619:coup
489:and
443:Iran
431:Iran
401:The
370:.org
221:1993
217:1993
62:news
1532:doi
928:IRP
797:Qom
695:by
657:).
429:in
339:to
45:by
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1674:^
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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