262:
465:. . . . After came this one from Majorca, Berenguer d'Anoia, and he mad a book of rhetorical figures and devices. . . . The king don John of Aragon, first of this name, son of the king don Peter the second, made a solemn embassy to the king of France asking him to send to the college of troubadours that they might plant in his kingdom the study of the gay science, and he obtained it, and two maintainers that had come from Toulouse for this founded the study of it in the city of Barcelona.
452:. . . . Vino después d'éste de Mallorca Verenguel de Troya, e fizo un libro de figuras y colores reptóricos. . . . El rey don Joan de Aragón, primero d'este nombre, fijo del rey don Pedro segundo, fizo solepne embaxada al rey de Francia pidiéndole mandase al collegio de los trobadores que viniesen a plantar en su reyno el estudio de la gaya sciencia, e obtúvolo, e fundaron estudio d'ello en la çibdat de Barcelona dos mantenedores que vinierion de Tolosa para esto.
498:("so that the vernacular language might be celebrated in Spain, translated from the school of the province of the Narbonnaise: and poetic studies, which is called the gay science, instituted"). The story is not implausible, however, and may explain the obscure references to Paris in the acts of John and Martin. It is also plausible that two scholars left Toulouse with the purpose of founding a second academy at Barcelona, considering the history of
657:, being essentially created by citizens for citizens, with their tastes and their concerns in mind. The essential difference between the activities and the poetry of the Consistori and that of the earlier troubadours is that the latter composed (originally) in a courtly environment and share courtly tastes and concerns. In this respect the movement mirrored that of the
649:". All these bad influences continued their negative effect from Barcelona, where the rhetorical style of Toulouse was copied. The picture of judges marking of "vices" in the margins of the poems submitted for competition is emblematic of the "tyranny" the rules held over creativity. In these respects the Consistori was much like a
294:
foundation distinct from the municipally-run foundation of his predecessor. Martin's 1398 act also made mention of
Toulouse and Paris (again) in a lengthy preamble outlining the merits of the various sciences: arithmetic, astrology, dialectic, geometry, law, medicine, music, politics, strategy, composing (
494:
ut vernaculae linguae celebres poëtae in
Hispaniam ex Narbonensis provinciae scholis traducerentur: & studia poëtices, quam gaiam scientiam vocabant, instituerentur. His vero, quorum ingenium in eo artificio elucere videbatur, magna praemia, industriae, & honoris insignia, monumentaque laudis
723:
was "coronada" (crowned) the winner at a contest in
Barcelona. Guillem's work is written in an Occitan sprinkled with catalanisms and Andreu's in Catalan with occitanisms. Apparently, the language of the poetry presented at the Catalan consistori was not constant (besides being romance). Guillem's
460:
The consistory of the Gay
Science was formed in France, in the city of Toulouse, by Raimon Vidal of Besalú, polishing with those rules the understanding of the uncouth. . . . This Raimon, by being the founder, did not discuss everything completely. He was succeeded by Jofre de Foixà, a black monk,
382:
Per tal com Déus és rei de tot la terra, monarca, príncep, preceptor, provisor, administrador e triunfador universal, vostres metres, ¡oh trobadors estudiosos!, vostres gais e retòrics dictats, sien limats, brunits, cementats, soldats e ormejats ab dolç estil, mesura e compàs de sancta saviesa . .
447:
El consistorio de la Gaya
Sciencia se formó en Francia, en la cibdad de Tolosa, por Ramón Vidal de Besaldú, esmerándose con aquellas reglas los entendidos de los grosseros. . . . Este Ramón, por ser començador, no fabló tan complidamente. Sucedióle Jofre de Foxá, monge negro, e dilató la materia,
391:
For as God is king of all the earth, monarch, prince, preceptor, provider, administrator and universal conqueror, our poems, o studious troubadours, our gay and rhetorical words, are being filed, burnished, cemented, brazed and outfitted by the sweet style, measuring rod, and compass of the holy
740:
The
Consistori of Barcelona is generally considered a transitional period in Catalan literature, away from the prestigious treatment of Occitan and the pervasiveness of occitanisms and towards an independent Catalan poetry. In many respects it is the last phase of medieval literature and of the
293:
named by the king. On 12 August 1399 at
Zaragoza, Martin renominated Jaume March and Luys d'Averçó as rectors, maintainers, and defenders of the Gaya Sciència de Barcelona. Martin's two acts do not refer to the previous efforts of King John and rather seem to treat the Consistori as a new royal
190:
The document of the king's foundation, which was written up by the scribe
Bartomeu Sirvent, also mentions that the initiative for the festival had been March and Averçó's and that they had requested it of the king. The expertise of judges for the festival was also set out by the king, in
438:, who was at Barcelona in 1408. Though written in 1423, it probably describes the Consistori during the era of Martin the Humane as well. Enrique's account of the foundation of the Consistori, however, is a jumble of historical events that took places decades and almost centuries apart:
640:
is highly critical of the negative influence of the
Toulousain academy on Catalan poetry through the exportation occitanisms and support of an outmoded literary language. For its thematically limited, narrow conception of art and imposing rules for form and content, he compares it to
325:) all that Martin had decreed in 1398, conceded to it the right to elect the four maintainers, and permitted it to meet at any time of the year other than the annual festival. The annual contest was confirmed to occur on 1 May, and Ferdinand became its greatest patron. His ties to
813:
with his 1443 conquest. This
Spanish literary tradition at Naples remained outside Renaissance currents. In Spain, troubadour scholarship got off to a quick start in the sixteenth century, but the influence of the Consistori can hardly be spoken of past the mid-fifteenth century.
1337:
un zelo çeleste, una affectión divina, un isaçiable çibo del ánimo; el qual, asý como la materia busca la forma e lo imperfecto la perfección, nunca esta sçiençia de la poesia e gaya sçiençia buscaron nin se fallaron, sinon en los ánimos gentiles, claros ingenios e elevados
229:
The first recorded contest held by the Consistori de Barcelona was held probably on 28 March 1395 with the king in attendance. He had only been in Barcelona since 25 March. This festival is known from a letter the king wrote, which he sent on 19 February 1396 recording the
661:
in Italy, but it was less successful. The failure of the city of Barcelona to support the Consistori and its falling back on royal patronage in 1396 best exemplifies the problems of consciously continuing the troubadour tradition in an atmosphere that was not made for it.
1340:("a celestial zeal, a divine affection, an insatiable appetite of the soul; which, as matter seeks form and the imperfect perfection, never do this science of poetry and this gay science seek nor be found but in the gentle souls, clear geniuses, and elevated spirits").
418:. Felip's closing speech is similar in style to his opening, being filled with Latin references and lengthy commentary, but absent is the mention of the winner's name or poem. Probably the speech was written in advance of the final judgement before a winner was known.
732:(Occitan) into Catalan. Joan Berenguer's translations of his uncle's Occitan works demonstrates the conscious use of a literary idiom as opposed to the language of conversation and the consciously archaic nature of occitanisms in Catalan writing.
353:) and the declaration of the winner have both been preserved. Both of these speeches were transcribed (and presumably delivered) in a Catalan liberally seasoned with classical and ecclesiastical Latin. Felip displays knowledge of classics, of
151:
presumes that similar festivals occurred in years prior and recurred in subsequent years, though there are no records. It need not be assumed that such contests took place in the royal presence; they may have been held by the great lords.
548:("procured the reformation of the consistory and was marked as the principal among them"). Enrique held a post in the Consistori similar to that of a president, but it is possible that he exaggerated his own importance.
779:. . . that you might be informed by the said treatise of the origin from which they obtain this light and this teaching, they all the others of the realm, who are called "troubadours", because they are truly such.
533:), but this may represent a corruption in the manuscript and should perhaps refer to each year. According to Enrique, the "collegio de Barcelona" lapsed after the death of Martin in 1410. The sixteenth-century
1182:
Boase, 53–54 n9. Boase, 7, says the foundation of an imitation of the Toulousain academy took place in Barcelona in 1390, but fails to cite a source. Zurita's source is also unknown.
234:, the prizes for which were provided by the municipal government. There is no record of the names of the winners, the prizes, or their poems. The letter of 1396 was written in Catalan by
91:
269:
John died two months later, having only held two of his planned annual festivals (1394 and 1395). The festival disappeared for two more years until 1 May 1398, when John's successor,
805:
that came with the Renaissance and Italian influence. Nonetheless, Spanish poetry of the fifteenth century, more so than anywhere else, sought to emulate classic Occitan poetry.
725:
670:
404:
digressions and tolerated only religious poetry dedicated to God or the Virgin. Felip praises Ferdinand, who was apparently present, for lending prestige to the Consistori (
537:
770:. . . vos informado por el dicho tratado seas originidat donde tomen lumbre, y dotrina todos los otros del Regno que se dizen trobadores, para que lo sean verdaderamente
618:
The isolation and their classicism of the Consistoris (of Toulouse and Barcelona) cut them off from the literary movements giving life to other vernaculars, such as the
303:
930:.), 6, refers to Peter's promotion of "Provençal" poetry and also to a mysterious annexation of Toulouse in 1344, but the historical annexation of 1344 was of the
246:
sometime in the middle of march, but the timing was horrible. The Consell was intriguing against the king and the city had largely rejected his control. Then the
110:, John's predecessor, at which those poems adjudged the best were given awards. A panel of judges was designated in advance by the king. It was to pass judgement
758:
247:
745:
literature in Catalan. The Consistori, or more specifically the Gay Science that it fostered in the Iberian peninsula, extended its influence slowly over
242:
to Barcelona, foretelling the king's arrival for the festival and asking the city to commit some funds to it. Jaume March brought the letter before the
793:
1206:
Riquer, 570. Chaytor, 198, finds the story implausible for precisely the reason that March and Averçó were already in Catalonia and not at Toulouse.
991:
The poetic academy of Toulouse is well known, that of Paris is only mentioned here, and the other unspecified cities remain unidentified. One poet,
598:), where the poems were examined for fidelity to the rules and their faults were carefully enumerated. Stress was laid upon the identification of
571:: sometimes the praises of the Virgin Mary, other times of arms, other times of love and good customs. These three themes were understand by the
525:, it follows that Ferdinand of Antequera, under whom Enrique was writing, raised it to four. At one point Enrique seems also to say that prizes (
1375:
171:(15 May) or the following Sunday at Barcelona. The festival included a vernacular poetry contest, modelled after those held in Toulouse,
82:
have come down to us and despite some excellent descriptions of the Consistori's activities, associated persons and poems are obscure.
329:
helped increase the accessibility of Catalan (and Occitan) culture and was a catalyst for the first Castilian poetic treatise, the
1310:
Isabel de Riquer (1989), "La literatura francesa en la Corona de Aragón en el reinado de Pedro el Ceremonioso (1336–1387),"
962:
Riquer, 565. King John had a very high view of the miraculous, curing properties of the Gay Science. It could, for example, make
673:
is one of the most important songbooks, yet only three songs can be connected to the Consistori de Barcelona with any certainty.
481:, evidently before 1393, to request that he send two men from his Consistori at Toulouse to found one at Barcelona. According to
1011:, where one knight (or several) defends a pass while another (or several) adventures to pass through it. Similarly, the judges,
1355:
544:
manuscript with the fact that Enrique came into the service of Ferdinand after his election to succeed Martin in 1412 that he
642:
1360:
341:
In February 1413, one month before Ferdinand's privilege, the Consistori held one of its best-recorded competitions at the
889:
has been referred to as a "troubadour revival" (Robert Archer, "Tradition, Genre, Ethics and Politics in Ausiàs March's
610:. The second session was held after the judgement was passed and there the winner was declared and the prizes awarded.
1323:
927:
901::3 (1991:July), p. 376) or even a "Provençal renaissance" (to be distinguished from the 19th-century renaissance of
505:
According to Enrique, who is the only source for the organisational structure of the Consistori, it was run by four
979:
1365:
681:, a secular song on love, in the manner of the troubadours. According to its forty-second line, it was presented
258:(that the aforesaid jewellery shall not be donated by the City) and that was the end of the year's floral games.
555:
of the Gay Science as occurring in two sessions, perhaps on two separate days. At the first session, one of the
78:) by awarding prizes in competition to poets who adhered to the "rules" of poetic composition. The names of few
788:
809:
in particular, despite his classicism, brought a distinctly medieval, Occitan, and troubadour-esque poetry to
1370:
978:(lighten the dark), or so wrote John in his act of foundation, now folios 149–50 in reg. 1924 of the
521:, and an honourable citizen. Since all other existing documentation shows John and Martin naming two
409:
243:
1099:
63:
1289:
Riquer, 689. For the differences between early fifteenth-century literary Catalan and Occitan see
408:). He then presents the theme. In light of the fact that Ferdinand is involved in a war with the
74:. The Consistori's chief purpose was to promote "correct" styles and themes and discourage vices (
1315:
1242:
Riquer, 574, sees another possible comparison to contemporary chivalric practices (this time the
806:
840:
1280:
For Guillem de Masdovelles at the contests of Toulouse and Barcelona, see Riquer, 688–90.
856:
710:
313:
The Consistori lapsed with Martin's death (1410) and the political confusion leading up to the
674:
132:(floral games) already being held in Toulouse and to be held eventually in Barcelona as well.
906:
318:
285:
180:
135:
Much about this event, however, remains unknown: the language of composition was vernacular (
1335:
Boase, 7, who quotes the Marqués in full with regards to the attributes of the gay science:
473:
Enrique is the sole authority for the statement that John the Hunter sent an embassy to the
147:), and the names of the poets or any portions of their work have not survived. Nonetheless,
1119:
569:
algunas vezes loores de Santa María, otras de armas, otras de amores e de buenas costumbres
478:
307:
277:, to subsidise the Consistori's annual festival, to be held again on Pentecost, with forty
8:
761:, to found and patronise a Consistori in Castile modelled after the Barcelonan example:
750:
650:
358:
314:
637:
1157:
931:
801:. This conception of the troubadours' art was fundamentally altered by the infusion of
746:
646:
514:
499:
435:
431:
370:
326:
107:
59:
946:
787:
Somehow anyway the Marqués did absorb the concept of the Gay Science, for he wrote to
482:
148:
1319:
923:
902:
706:
491:(Zaragoza: D. a Portonariis de Ursinus, 1578), in 1388 an embassy was sent to France
342:
278:
270:
70:
in 1323. The poetry produced by and for the Consistori was heavily influenced by the
1107:
201:, that is, "gay and joyful, and by another name inventive science". The Latin terms
1170:
1149:
1141:
629:
321:, who succeeded Martin in accord with the Compromise, confirmed to the Consistori (
289:
to cover the cost of the golden and silver prizes for the winners, to be chosen by
144:
140:
51:
42:
33:
698:
620:
156:
94:
Floral decoration from a privilege of Ferdinand I given to the Consistori in 1413
1130:(c. 1300). Enrique does seem to understand that the consistory of Toulouse, the
992:
920:
The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship
261:
1136:
1008:
518:
474:
400:
Felip's speeches are interesting and very erudite, but he shows a penchant for
350:
192:
176:
55:
46:; "Academy of the Gay Science of Barcelona") was a literary academy founded in
1349:
1318:, 15–18 November 1988, coord. by Francisco Lafarga Maduell (Barcelona,
1193:
824:
797:, which extols the divinely inspired, charismatic yet frenetic nature of the
686:
546:
procuró la reformación del consistorio y señaláronle por el principal d'ellos
534:
401:
79:
426:
One of the best descriptions of the Consistori de Barcelona is found in the
802:
715:
633:
235:
168:
128:
590:
After the first session, the poems were put into writing and taken by the
1111:
1015:, maintain the integrity of the Gay Science from "adventurous" composers.
742:
666:
625:
572:
373:. Not surprisingly from a master of theology, it is intensely religious:
164:
757:
was probably written with the intention of exhorting its dedicatee, the
685:(to the new consistory), probably the re-creation of Martin the Humane.
90:
1296:
1197:(London: Methuen Publishing), 198, believes the story to be apocryphal.
860:
844:
175:, and other illustrious cities, and the poems submitted were judged by
71:
1290:
828:
1243:
1005:
694:
665:
Few poems have survived from the Consistori's contests, preserved in
654:
414:
239:
99:
47:
709:. Another troubadour with surviving work presented at Barcelona is
366:
274:
67:
114:: "on the art of speaking and composing beautiful songs, that is,
1123:
159:
on 20 February 1393, John the Hunter founded an annual festival (
306:—a recent addition the royal palace complex—and the
810:
510:
362:
354:
103:
412:, Felip asks for short, sharp pieces about war, namely, for a
265:
The place of competition, the square of the Palau Reial Major
172:
1134:, was founded later and correctly attaches to its name the
1114:
monk, who wrote a continuation of Raimon's work called the
1098:
Riquer, 569–70. This passage confuses the following:
281:
112:
super arte dictandi et faciendi pulcra carmina sive cantars
705:, but this may be a reference to some competition held in
995:, has been tentatively connected with the Paris contests.
122:(golden rose) and piece of expensive golden satin called
741:
troubadours, opening the way to what can be considered
126:. With its floral prize, the 1338 contest emulated the
349:) of one of the maintainers (the master of theology,
198:
gaya vel gaudiosa, et alio nomine inveniendi sciencie
421:
317:(1412) prevented its activity, but on 17 March 1413
1169:Riquer, 570. Peter the Ceremonious was Peter II as
1126:, and who wrote his own grammar treatise entitled
606:(books of the art), the treatises carried by the
567:(on the theme assigned to them). The themes were
256:que les dites joies no sien donades per la Ciutat
213:were direct translations of the vernacular terms
1347:
1246:), which were very popular at the time in Spain.
636:associated with the zenith of medieval Catalan.
713:, who also competed (and won) at Toulouse. His
232:bella festa ... a honor de la dita gaya ciència
1236:
728:, did translate his uncle's winning poem from
336:
302:was held in 1408 beneath the walls where the
1312:Imágenes de Francia en las letras hispánicas
1267:
1265:
1218:
1064:
1062:
1004:Riquer, 567, sees in this a parallel to the
753:to the west. Enrique de Villena's Castilian
461:who expanded the material, calling his work
1043:
1041:
1039:
942:
940:
613:
492:
488:Indices rerum ab Aragoniae regibus gestarum
486:
208:
202:
196:
953:, vol. 1 (Barcelona: Edicions Ariel), 565.
922:(Manchester: Manchester University Press,
529:, silver rods) were given out each month (
1262:
1227:
1209:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1059:
1050:
323:consistorio, collegio seu cetu inventorum
85:
1152:("persona no mucho entendido"), and the
1036:
1027:
1018:
937:
260:
89:
830:Sobre.l pus naut element de tots quatre
735:
691:Sobre.l pus naut element de tots quatre
298:), theology, etc. Under Martin a great
1348:
1071:
817:
139:), but which vernacular is uncertain (
1376:14th-century establishments in Aragon
563:), then the poets recited their work
250:sent an embassy to John to report on
221:(science of troubadour composition).
102:, 31 May 1338, a contest was held at
41:
32:
1257:tiranitzar pels monòtons alexandrins
1118:in the late thirteenth century; and
238:on behalf of the king and sent from
187:(teachers and defenders) of poetry.
163:) to be celebrated in honour of the
1298:Lo temps present de bella primavera
1292:Le temps presens de guaya primavera
693:, an astrological and mythological
679:Le souvenirs qu'amors fina me porta
645:and its "tyranny of the monotonous
13:
1156:("de los vicios esquivadores") of
951:Història de la Literatura Catalana
865:edited by Ramon Aramon i Serra in
862:Pus li prat són de verdura guarnit
846:Le sovenirs qu'amors fina me porta
721:Pus li prat son de verdura guarnit
14:
1387:
1194:A History of Aragon and Catalonia
1132:collegio de Tholosa de trobadores
669:with other troubadour songs. The
422:Description of Enrique de Villena
43:[kunsisˈtɔɾiðeβaɾseˈlunɔ]
34:[kunsisˈtɔɾiðəβəɾsəˈlonə]
1295:by Guillem and its translation,
602:(vices, faults) in the esteemed
118:". The winning poets received a
1329:
1304:
1283:
1274:
1249:
1200:
1185:
1176:
1163:
1092:
224:
998:
985:
974:(draw out the occulted), and
956:
912:
880:
594:for secret deliberations (the
565:de la materia a ellos asignada
254:, but the city's response was
62:, in 1393 in imitation of the
1:
1356:1393 establishments in Europe
851:Gilabert de Próixita, Poesies
849:edited by Martí de Riquer in
833:edited by Martí de Riquer in
726:Joan Berenguer de Masdovelles
895:Bulletin of Hispanic Studies
559:gives a lecture (called the
448:llamando a la obra que hizo
161:la festa de la Gaya Sciència
7:
1361:Catalan-language literature
1191:Henry John Chaytor (1933),
1106:in the early 13th century;
853:(Barcelona: Barcino, 1954).
837:(Barcelona: Barcino, 1951).
463:A Continuation of Inventing
10:
1392:
980:Arxiu de la Corona d'Aragó
869:(Barcelona: I.E.C., 1938).
337:Speeches of Felip de Malla
252:el fet de la gaya sciència
867:Cançoner dels Masdovelles
671:Cançoner dels Masdovelles
410:James II, Count of Urgell
244:Consell dels Cents Jurats
1102:, who wrote the grammar
1100:Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun
874:
614:Poetic content and style
64:Consistori del Gay Saber
1316:University of Barcelona
807:Alfonso the Magnanimous
185:magistros et defensores
1366:Education in Barcelona
857:Guillem de Masdovelles
835:Andreu Febrer, Poesies
711:Guillem de Masdovelles
551:Enrique described the
493:
487:
450:Continuación de trobar
345:. The opening speech (
319:Ferdinand of Antequera
266:
209:
203:
197:
95:
86:Prehistory and origins
789:Duke Pedro of Coimbra
759:Marqués de Santillana
538:Álvar Gómez de Castro
304:Mirador del rei Martí
264:
108:Peter the Ceremonious
93:
1371:Culture in Barcelona
970:(excite the inert),
966:(the rude erudite),
918:Roger Boase (1977),
841:Gilabert de Próixita
736:Legacy and influence
701:. It alludes to the
683:al novell consistori
643:French neoclassicism
308:Palau del Lloctinent
818:List of known works
675:Gilabert de Próxita
653:. It was also more
651:medieval university
575:as those of faith (
315:Compromise of Caspe
310:meet in Barcelona.
248:Consell dels Trenta
210:inveniendi sciencie
22:de la Gaya Sciència
1314:, Colloquy at the
1158:Joan de Castellnou
932:Kingdom of Majorca
515:master of theology
500:Occitan literature
436:Enrique de Villena
371:Serenus Sammonicus
267:
217:(gay science) and
96:
60:Count of Barcelona
1120:Berenguer d'Anoia
903:Joseph Roumanille
791:a famous letter,
785:
784:
471:
470:
398:
397:
343:Palau Reial Major
271:Martin the Humane
219:ciència de trobar
204:gaya ... sciencie
1383:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1308:
1302:
1301:, by his nephew.
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1224:Riquer, 570 n13.
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:King of Valencia
1167:
1161:
1150:Raimon de Cornet
1142:Guilhem Molinier
1128:Mirall de trobar
1116:Regles de trobar
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
982:(Boase, 54 n12).
960:
954:
944:
935:
916:
910:
907:Frédéric Mistral
884:
794:Prohemio e carta
764:
763:
638:Martín de Riquer
632:and the work of
604:llibres de l'art
497:
490:
441:
440:
376:
375:
212:
206:
200:
45:
40:
36:
31:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
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527:vergas de plata
495:esse constituta
483:Jerónimo Zurita
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519:master of laws
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475:King of France
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167:on the day of
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964:rudes erudit
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887:Lo gay saber
886:
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798:
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667:chansonniers
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634:Ausias March
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540:glossed the
530:
526:
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392:wisdom . . .
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347:presuposició
346:
340:
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322:
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299:
295:
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284:
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236:Bernat Metge
231:
228:
225:Competitions
218:
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189:
184:
169:Annunciation
160:
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136:
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129:jocs florals
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26:de Barcelona
25:
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1137:Leys d'amor
1112:Benedictine
1013:mantenidors
743:Renaissance
647:alexandrine
626:Renaissance
608:mantenidors
592:mantenidors
557:mantenidors
523:mantenidors
507:mantenidors
291:mantenidors
183:, entitled
165:Virgin Mary
72:troubadours
66:founded in
1350:Categories
1326:), p. 125.
703:cossistori
479:Charles VI
402:Scholastic
215:gay sauber
18:Consistori
1244:hastilude
1154:Comentari
1146:Doctrinal
1080:Boase, 7.
1006:chivalric
695:panegyric
689:composed
655:bourgeois
573:Romantics
432:Castilian
415:sirventes
279:Aragonese
240:Perpignan
124:diasprell
120:rosa d'or
100:Pentecost
48:Barcelona
1338:spíritus
949:(1964),
751:Portugal
724:nephew,
719:of love
624:and the
531:cada mes
367:Catullus
275:Zaragoza
157:Valencia
68:Toulouse
39:Occitan:
30:Catalan:
1124:Majorca
747:Castile
730:llemoví
630:Italian
535:Toledan
485:in his
434:writer
430:of the
406:collegi
359:Alcaeus
327:Castile
286:florins
145:Catalan
141:Occitan
137:cantars
116:cantars
106:before
1322:
1144:, the
926:
891:maldit
811:Naples
707:Sicily
677:wrote
581:patria
553:festas
511:knight
369:, and
363:Horace
355:Pindar
296:trobar
104:Lleida
875:Notes
716:canso
600:vicis
596:jurat
300:festa
193:Latin
173:Paris
76:vicis
1320:ISBN
1110:, a
924:ISBN
905:and
749:and
585:amor
517:, a
513:, a
509:: a
282:gold
207:and
179:and
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143:or
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1173:.
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28:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
