32:
317:
the congregation subject to the Prior
General, who could transfer them from one house to another as needed. The prior of Windesheim was initially automatically the Prior General, or head of the congregation, with considerable powers. After 1573 the Prior General was elected from among the priors of the various monasteries.
404:
Though devastated by the destruction of the
Reformation on the houses of the congregation in the Lowlands, the houses in German lands continued and a new spirit flourished there in the 17th century. The canons ceased leading purely contemplative lives and began to engage in pastoral activity, working
396:
Similar work on a smaller scale was carried out by other
Windesheimers. Some Protestant writers have claimed the Windesheim reformers as forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. This is a misapprehension of the whole spirit of the canons of Windesheim; their object was the reform of morals, not the
332:
The rise of
Protestantism augured the decline of the Windesheim canons since their contemplative life relied heavily on the local population for vocations and support. As Calvinism swept through the Netherlands in particular, support for the canons dwindled. Sometimes this rejection even burst into
316:
practice of being totally autonomous communities, Windesheim followed the example of the newer Orders, such as the
Carthusians and Dominicans, and adopted a more centralized form of government. Like the Carthusians, Windesheim broke from the standard practice in monastic life by having all members of
345:
The chief historical importance of the
Windesheim Canons lies in their reforming work. This was not confined to the reform of monasteries, but was extended to the secular clergy and the laity, whom they especially sought to bring to greater devotion toward the Blessed Sacrament and more frequent
230:, were sent to the monastery of Eymsteyn (founded 1382) to learn the usages of the canons regular. In 1386, they erected huts as their temporary monastery at Windesheim, and in March of the following year commenced the building of a monastery and church, which were consecrated by Hubert Lebene,
336:
The destruction of
Windesheim itself began in 1572, when the altars in the church were destroyed by the people of Zwolle; the suppression of that priory came in 1581. There are practically no remains of the buildings. The last prior of Windesheim, Marcellus Lentius (d. 1603), never obtained
500:
The monastery that houses St. Michael's Priory was bought in 1974 by the Canons
Regular of the newly refounded Congregation of Windesheim, and is the motherhouse of the revived congregation. The buildings had been owned by a farmer during the 19th century, and were in disrepair.
320:
When the
Windesheim Congregation reached the height of its prosperity towards the end of the fifteenth century, it numbered 86 houses of canons and sixteen of nuns, mostly situated in what is the Netherlands, and in the
292:
was asked if he could sleep well, eat well, and obey well, since, "...these three points are the foundation of stability in the monastic life." Their constitutions exhibit in many points the influence of the
440:. Besides ascetical works, they also produced a number of chronicles, such as the "Chronicle of Windesheim" by Johann Busch, after retiring from his reforming labors. An emendation of the
175:) is a congregation of Augustinian canons regular (i.e., ecclesiastics living in community and bound by vows). It takes its name from its most important monastery, which was located at
758:
687:
763:
660:
325:
of
Cologne. Those that survived the Reformation (they still numbered 32 in 1728) were suppressed at the end of the 18th or beginning of the 19th century.
351:
401:), who preferred exile to the non-observance of an interdict published by Pope Martin V, exemplifies their spirit of obedience to the Holy See.
354:
with the carrying out of his work of reform (Chron. Wind., 51). Grube gives a list of forty-three monasteries (twenty-seven Augustinian, eight
704:
226:, carried this advice into effect. Six of the brethren, carefully chosen as specially fitted for the work, among them John, elder brother of
333:
violence and destruction. Windesheim, the mother house was destroyed in 1581 and there were many martyrs including St. Jan of Osterwijk.
393:, with the reform of the Augustinian monasteries in northern Germany, and with such labours he was busied till shortly before his death.
405:
to make the Catholic faith strong in the now largely-Protestant towns where they lived. At that time, they formed a union with the
684:
624:
Webster, Douglas Raymund. "Windesheim." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 15 Jun. 2013
346:
communion. The chief of the Windesheim monastic reformers, Johann Busch (1399–1480), was admitted to Windesheim in 1419. At the
202:
and played a considerable part in the reform movement within the Dutch and German Catholic Church in the century before the
214:
The Brethren of the Common Life, which did not strictly conform as an order or congregation, had become obnoxious to the
222:, advised on his deathbed in 1384 that some of the brethren should adopt the rule of an approved Order. His successor,
664:
637:
420:
of Austria were closed. Then the armies of Revolutionary France invaded that territory and the last house, that of
362:), in whose reform Busch had a share. Perhaps his greatest accomplishment was the winning to the side of reform of
436:
The canons of Windesheim numbered many writers, besides copyists and illuminators. Their most famous author was
253:(1391–1424), the number of canons greatly increased and many new foundations were made. The first of these were
284:
Unlike other congregations of canons regular, those of Windesheim followed a monastic life as if they were an
406:
199:
416:
worked to end the life of the congregation. First, their houses in the Lowlands under the control of
285:
708:
753:
452:, "the last German scholastic", was a member of the congregation, as was the Renaissance scholar
322:
176:
81:
41:
375:
250:
203:
313:
270:
145:
497:. The congregation is a member of the Confederation of the Canons Regular of St. Augustine.
397:
overthrow of dogma. The conduct of the communities of Windesheim and Mount St. Agnes (near
278:
8:
437:
379:
350:
of 1424, Prior Johann Vos, who knew his own end was near, especially entrusted Busch and
347:
465:
413:
359:
223:
424:, was closed in 1809. The last member of the congregation, Clemens Leeder, died in
382:
266:
239:
215:
421:
691:
641:
482:
390:
371:
363:
227:
510:
445:
288:, but they were not. The life of the canons was strict, but not over-severe. A
231:
195:
168:
606:"Canons Regular of Saint Augustine of the Congregation of Windesheim (C.R.V.)"
592:"Canons Regular of Saint Augustine of the Congregation of Windesheim (C.R.V.)"
578:"Canons Regular of Saint Augustine of the Congregation of Windesheim (C.R.V.)"
564:"Canons Regular of Saint Augustine of the Congregation of Windesheim (C.R.V.)"
550:"Canons Regular of Saint Augustine of the Congregation of Windesheim (C.R.V.)"
536:"Canons Regular of Saint Augustine of the Congregation of Windesheim (C.R.V.)"
747:
623:
515:
478:
274:
219:
119:
31:
661:"Congregations and Houses: Canons Regular of the Congregation of Windesheim"
734:
Augustiner-Chorherren von Windesheim und der Propstei St. Michael in Paring
486:
449:
386:
265:(1392). The congregation was approved and received certain privileges from
235:
605:
591:
577:
563:
549:
535:
417:
355:
188:
85:
634:
242:
of Utrecht, on 17 October 1387. At the same time the six men took their
425:
294:
254:
477:
The revival of the congregation was proposed under the pontificate of
289:
37:
329:
in the Netherlands was the only survivor at the early 20th century.
298:
729:
494:
490:
453:
441:
485:
in 1961. The motherhouse of the restored congregation is now in
218:
and the object of their attacks. To remedy this, their founder,
398:
302:
258:
184:
180:
367:
306:
262:
198:, of which this was the chief house, was an offshoot of the
481:, by Father Carl Egger. Permission for this was granted by
326:
243:
103:
Propstei St. Michael, Paring 1, D-84085 Langquaid, Germany
759:
Catholic religious orders established in the 14th century
374:
and the initiator of the Benedictine union known as the
366:
Johann Hagen, O.S.B., for thirty years (1439–69) the
95:
Order of Canons Regular of Pontifical Right (for Men)
655:
653:
651:
649:
705:"Confederation on Canons Regular of St. Augustine"
312:While other groups of canons regular followed the
646:
745:
635:"History and Spirituality", The English Convent
764:14th-century establishments in the Netherlands
685:"Houses and Congregations". Augustinian Canons
246:. They adopted the apostolate of hospitality.
378:. In 1451, Busch was entrusted by his friend
431:
269:in 1395. Their constitutions, added to the
297:statutes. The canons wore a black or grey
619:
617:
615:
472:
746:
678:
628:
612:
444:Bible text and of the text of various
340:
13:
459:
113:22 members (12 priests) as of 2017
14:
775:
30:
722:
697:
598:
584:
570:
556:
542:
528:
337:possession of this monastery.
1:
521:
407:Canons Regular of the Lateran
249:Under Johann Vos, the second
358:, five Cistercian and three
179:, about four miles south of
65:; 638 years ago
7:
504:
200:Brethren of the Common Life
157:Brethren of the Common Life
36:Modern photo of the former
10:
780:
209:
165:Congregation of Windesheim
125:Abbot Olivier Deysine, CRV
22:Congregatio Vindesemensis
17:Congregation of Windesheim
173:Congregatio Vindesemensis
151:
139:
135:Apostolate of hospitality
129:
117:
107:
99:
91:
77:
59:
48:
29:
21:
432:Famous members and works
286:enclosed religious order
323:ecclesiastical province
55:(post-nominal letters)
376:Bursfelde Congregation
204:Protestant Reformation
172:
448:was also undertaken.
271:Rule of St. Augustine
194:This congregation of
146:Roman Catholic Church
473:Revived congregation
279:Council of Constance
261:and Nieuwlicht near
273:, were approved by
141:Parent organization
18:
690:2008-10-09 at the
640:2013-12-07 at the
412:The events of the
16:
466:Jacomijne Costers
418:Emperor Joseph II
414:French Revolution
360:Premonstratensian
341:Reforming efforts
224:Florence Radewyns
161:
160:
771:
738:
737:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
707:. Archived from
701:
695:
682:
676:
675:
673:
672:
663:. Archived from
657:
644:
632:
626:
621:
610:
609:
602:
596:
595:
588:
582:
581:
574:
568:
567:
560:
554:
553:
546:
540:
539:
532:
438:Thomas a' Kempis
383:Nicholas of Cusa
267:Pope Boniface IX
240:auxiliary bishop
216:mendicant friars
73:
71:
66:
34:
25:
19:
15:
779:
778:
774:
773:
772:
770:
769:
768:
744:
743:
742:
741:
728:
727:
723:
714:
712:
703:
702:
698:
692:Wayback Machine
683:
679:
670:
668:
659:
658:
647:
642:Wayback Machine
633:
629:
622:
613:
604:
603:
599:
590:
589:
585:
576:
575:
571:
562:
561:
557:
548:
547:
543:
534:
533:
529:
524:
507:
483:Pope John XXIII
475:
462:
460:Notable members
434:
391:Pope Nicholas V
372:Bursfelde Abbey
343:
228:Thomas a Kempis
212:
154:
153:Formerly called
142:
132:
122:
110:
69:
67:
64:
44:
23:
12:
11:
5:
777:
767:
766:
761:
756:
754:Canons regular
740:
739:
721:
696:
677:
645:
627:
611:
597:
583:
569:
555:
541:
526:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
513:
511:Canons Regular
506:
503:
474:
471:
470:
469:
461:
458:
446:Church Fathers
433:
430:
352:Hermann Kanten
342:
339:
232:titular Bishop
211:
208:
196:canons regular
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
79:
75:
74:
61:
57:
56:
50:
46:
45:
35:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
776:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
735:
731:
725:
711:on 2010-02-08
710:
706:
700:
693:
689:
686:
681:
667:on 2008-10-09
666:
662:
656:
654:
652:
650:
643:
639:
636:
631:
625:
620:
618:
616:
607:
601:
593:
587:
579:
573:
565:
559:
551:
545:
537:
531:
527:
517:
516:Hendrik Mande
514:
512:
509:
508:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:Pope Pius XII
467:
464:
463:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
402:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
338:
334:
330:
328:
324:
318:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
275:Pope Martin V
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:Gerard Groote
217:
207:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
156:
150:
147:
144:
138:
134:
128:
124:
121:
120:Prior General
116:
112:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
28:
20:
736:(in German).
733:
730:"Willkommen"
724:
713:. Retrieved
709:the original
699:
680:
669:. Retrieved
665:the original
630:
600:
586:
572:
558:
544:
530:
499:
487:Paring Abbey
476:
450:Gabriel Biel
435:
411:
403:
395:
387:papal legate
344:
335:
331:
319:
311:
305:over a grey
283:
248:
213:
193:
164:
162:
100:Headquarters
52:
49:Abbreviation
356:Benedictine
314:Benedictine
189:Netherlands
86:Netherlands
748:Categories
715:2013-06-15
671:2012-07-23
522:References
426:Hildesheim
422:Frenswegen
409:in Italy.
295:Carthusian
255:Marienborn
177:Windesheim
82:Windesheim
78:Founded at
42:Windesheim
468:(d. 1503)
428:in 1865.
290:postulant
187:, in the
109:Members
60:Formation
38:beguinage
688:Archived
638:Archived
505:See also
380:Cardinal
299:mozzetta
131:Ministry
495:Germany
491:Bavaria
454:Erasmus
442:Vulgate
348:chapter
277:at the
210:History
183:on the
68: (
24:(Latin)
399:Zwolle
303:rochet
259:Arnhem
185:IJssel
181:Zwolle
53:C.R.V.
489:, in
368:Abbot
307:tunic
263:Hoorn
257:near
251:prior
236:Hippo
169:Latin
327:Uden
301:and
244:vows
238:and
163:The
92:Type
70:1386
63:1386
389:of
370:of
364:Dom
234:of
40:in
750::
732:.
648:^
614:^
493:,
456:.
385:,
309:.
281:.
206:.
191:.
171::
84:,
718:.
694:,
674:.
608:.
594:.
580:.
566:.
552:.
538:.
167:(
72:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
