1051:
2579:
3985:(1997), p. ix. "In both the Union and Confederate samples, foreign-born soldiers are substantially underrepresented. In the Union sample, only 9 percent of soldiers were born abroad in the Confederate Army, compared with 24 percent of all Union Army soldiers. Unskilled and even skilled laborers are underrepresented in both samples. Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample. Indeed, while about one-third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families, slightly more than two-thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so ... Officers are overrepresented in both samples. While some 10 percent of Civil War soldiers served as officers for at least half of their time in the army, 47 percent of the Confederate sample and 35 percent of the Union sample did so. Both samples are also skewed toward those who volunteered in 1861–62 and therefore contain disproportionately few draftees
2591:
2566:
2835:
figures on the number of
Confederate soldiers. The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers appear to be about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle, 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. In contrast, about 25,000 Union soldiers died as a result of accidents, drowning, murder, killed after capture, suicide, execution for various crimes, execution by the Confederates (64), sunstroke, other and not stated. Confederate casualties for all these reasons are unavailable. Since some Confederate soldiers would have died for these reasons, more total deaths and total casualties for the Confederacy must have occurred. One estimate of the Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026; another is 226,000. At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the
1027:
2815:
1385:
42:
593:
Methodists, and
Lutherans. One result was wave after wave of religious revivals in the Army, religion playing a major part in the lives of Confederate soldiers. Some men with a weak religious affiliation became committed Christians, and saw their military service in terms of satisfying God's wishes. Religion strengthened the soldiers' loyalty to their comrades and the Confederacy. Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation. According to his analysis, the soldiers' faith was consoling for the loss of comrades; it was a shield against fear; it helped reduce drinking and fighting in the ranks; it enlarged the soldiers' community of close friends and helped compensate for their long-term separation from home.
1213:
3966:
slaveholding families than from non-slaveholding families expressed such a purpose: 33 percent, compared with 12 percent. Ironically, the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater, as the next chapter will show. There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox. Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial. Slavery was less salient for most
Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern 'rights' and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries,
1270:
1289:
1392:
1175:
1399:
1378:
2203:
1194:
1251:
2175:, combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding, were key factors in the Confederate army's demise. The Confederacy early on lost control of most of its major river and ocean ports to capture or blockade. The road system was poor, and it relied more and more on a heavily overburdened railroad system. U.S. forces destroyed track, engines, cars, bridges and telegraph lines as often as possible, knowing that new equipment was unavailable to the Confederacy. Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back money and supplies. In 1864, the Confederates burned down
1232:
511:, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. The Confederate Congress gave control over military operations, and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the President of the Confederate States of America on February 28, 1861, and March 6, 1861. On March 8 the Confederate Congress passed a law that authorized Davis to issue proclamations to call up no more than 100,000 men. The War Department asked for 8,000 volunteers on March 9, 20,000 on April 8, and 49,000 on and after April 16. Davis proposed an army of 100,000 soldiers in his message to Congress on April 29.
1430:
1437:
1135:
536:
1163:
1121:
1156:
739:") and quietly returned when their family problems had been resolved. By September 1864, however, President Davis publicly admitted that two-thirds of the soldiers were absent, "most of them without leave". The problem escalated rapidly after that, and fewer and fewer men returned. Soldiers who were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty. Historian Mark Weitz argues that the official count of 103,400 deserters is too low. He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy.
1488:
2768:, profoundly angered the Confederacy, with the Confederates calling it uncivilized. As a response, in May 1863, the Confederacy passed a law demanding "full and ample retaliation" against the United States, stating that any black person captured in "arms against the Confederate States" or giving aid and comfort to their enemies would be turned over to state authorities, where they could be tried as slave insurrectionists; a capital offense punishable with a sentence of death. However, Confederate authorities feared retaliation, and consequently no black prisoner was ever put on trial and executed.
121:
496:
2859:
1149:
1128:
1307:
1015:
1142:
1039:
405:
768:
646:
percent. Ironically, the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater, as the next chapter will show. There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox. Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial. Slavery was less salient for most
Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern 'rights' and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it.
2199:
their shoulders to designate what part of the service the soldier was in. Confederate soldiers also frequently suffered from inadequate supplies of shoes, tents, and other gear, and would be forced to innovate and make do with whatever they could scrounge from the local countryside. While
Confederate officers were generally better-supplied and were normally able to wear a regulation officer's uniform, they often chose to share other hardships – such as the lack of adequate food – with their troops.
1330:), but all wore the same insignia regardless of grade. This was a decision made early in the conflict. The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank. As the war progressed, the other general-officer ranks were quickly added, but no insignia for them was created. (Robert E. Lee was a notable exception to this. He chose to wear the rank insignia of a colonel.) Only seven men achieved the rank of (full) general; the highest-ranking (earliest date of rank) was
918:) and even President Jefferson Davis, were former U.S. Army and, in smaller numbers, U.S. Navy officers who had been opposed to, disapproved of, or were at least unenthusiastic about secession, but resigned their U.S. commissions upon hearing that their states had left the Union. They felt that they had no choice but to help defend their homes. President Abraham Lincoln was exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country but were willing to fight against it.
2493:
9805:
7149:
1008:
would be commanded by senior colonels or even a lower grade officer. Barring the same type of circumstances that might leave a lower grade officer in temporary command, divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals. A few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods as major generals. Armies of more than one corps were commanded by (full) generals.
213:
9815:
2503:, along with a few Cherokee, sided with the Confederate army, in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee. Reluctantly, on October 7, 1861, Chief Ross signed a treaty transferring all obligations due to the Cherokee from the United States to the Confederate States. The Cherokee were guaranteed protection, rations of food, livestock, tools, and other goods, as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond.
825:
2729:. According to John Parker, a slave who was forced by the Confederates to fight Union soldiers, "Our masters tried all they could to make us fight ... They promised to give us our freedom and money besides, but none of us believed them; we only fought because we had to." Parker stated that had he been given an opportunity, he would have turned against his Confederate captors, and "could do it with pleasure". According to abolitionist
456:, were enrolled in the ACSA to ensure that they outranked all militia officers. ACSA ultimately existed only on paper. The organization of the ACSA did not proceed beyond the appointment and confirmation of some officers. Three state regiments were later denominated "Confederate" regiments, but this appears to have had no practical effect on the organization of a regular Confederate Army and no real effect on the regiments themselves.
5662:
2603:
2534:
720:, research done using an 1862 Georgia lottery showed that rich white Southern men actually enlisted at a higher rate than poor men because they had more to lose. Slavery helped provide them with wealth and power, and they felt that the Civil War would destroy everything that they had if they lost because they saw slavery as the foundation of their wealth, which was under threat and caused them to fight hard.
519:
certain occupations considered to be most valuable for the home front (such as railroad and river workers, civil officials, telegraph operators, miners, druggists and teachers) were exempt from the draft. The act was amended twice in 1862. On
September 27, the maximum age of conscription was extended to 45. On October 11, the Confederate Congress passed the so-called "
747:
noted, "The deserters belong almost entirely to the poorest class of non-slave-holders whose labor is indispensable to the daily support of their families" and that "When the father, husband or son is forced into the service, the suffering at home with them is inevitable. It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances."
1341:, the number of adjacent strips (and therefore the width of the lines of the design) denoting rank. The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets. The kepi was rarely used, the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate.
1050:
437:) began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a higher rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army. If the war had ended successfully for them, the Confederates intended that the PACS would be disbanded, leaving only the ACSA.
2744:, was devastatingly effective at shooting Confederate artillerymen defending the city. In response, some Confederate artillery crews started forcing slaves to load the cannons. "They forced their negroes to load their cannon," reported a U.S. officer. "They shot them if they would not load the cannon, and we shot them if they did."
321:
deaths in Union prison camps. One estimate of the total
Confederate wounded is 194,026. In comparison, the best estimates of the number of Union military personnel deaths are 110,100 killed in battle, 224,580 deaths from disease, and 30,218 deaths in Confederate prison camps. The estimated figure for Union Army wounded is 275,174.
2717:
occasion some of those body servants were known to have picked up a rifle and fought. But there was no official recruitment of black soldiers in the
Confederate army until the very end of the war..." He continued, "But Appomattox came only a few weeks later, and none of these men were ever put in uniform to fight."
2149:
5318:
White
Southerners founded the Confederacy on the ideology of white supremacy. Confederate soldiers on their way to Antietam and Gettysburg, their two main forays into U.S. states, put this ideology into practice: they seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sold them south
2771:
James McPherson states that "Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender. In most cases, though, Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications." African
American soldiers who
2680:
opposed arming slaves, saying that it was "suicidal" and would run contrary to the Confederacy's ideology. Opposing such a move, Cobb stated that African Americans were untrustworthy and innately lacked the qualities to make good soldiers, and that using them would cause many Confederates to quit the
937:
in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers. Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. In reality, as disease, desertions and casualties took their toll, and the common practice of sending replacements to form new regiments took hold, most regiments were
746:
Historians of the Civil War have emphasized how soldiers from poor families deserted because they were urgently needed at home. Local pressures mounted as Union forces occupied more and more Confederate territory, putting more and more families at risk of hardship. One Confederate officer at the time
708:
One Confederate soldier from Texas gave his reasons for fighting for the Confederacy, stating that "we are fighting for our property", contrasting this with the motivations of Union soldiers, who, he claimed, were fighting for the "flimsy and abstract idea that a negro is equal to an Anglo American".
620:
Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson, Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the
611:
contrasts the views of Confederate soldiers regarding slavery with those of the colonial American revolutionaries of the 18th century. He stated that while the American rebel colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity between owning slaves on the one hand, and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty on
2689:
said "In my opinion, the worst calamity that could befall us would be to gain our independence by the valor of our slaves... instead of our own... " and complained using black troops would be "a surrender of the entire slavery question." Maintaining the institution of slavery was the primary goal of
2275:
Score after score of the finest, swiftest British steamers and ships, loaded with British material of war of every description, cannon, rifles by the hundreds of thousand, powder by the thousand of tons, shot, shell, cartridges, swords, etc, with cargo after cargo of clothes, boots, shoes, blankets,
2182:
As a result of severe supply problems, as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports, the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform, particularly as the war progressed. While on the march
1972:
In addition to the Confederate field armies, the Confederate States itself was divided into several military territorial organizations, known as departments. These departments were mainly administrative in nature, organizing recruiting, supply distribution, and coordinating with the field armies in
1459:
were elected by the soldiers under their command. The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13, 1862, but wartime difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals. To avoid postponing recognition for their valor, those nominated for
1451:
Branch colors were used for the color of chevrons—blue for infantry, yellow for cavalry, and red for artillery. This could differ with some units, however, depending on available resources or the unit commander's desire. Cavalry regiments from Texas, for example, often used red insignia and at least
592:
The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. The Southern Baptists sent a total of 78 missionaries, starting in 1862. Presbyterians were even more active, with 112 missionaries sent in early 1865. Other missionaries were funded and supported by the Episcopalians,
555:
Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's
304:
who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as the construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons. Since these figures include estimates of the total number of soldiers who served at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the army at any given
2694:
or a great many of the most powerful southerners the idea of arming and freeing the slaves was repugnant because the protection of slavery had been and still remained the central core of Confederate purpose ... Slavery was the basis of the planter class's wealth, power, and position in society. The
2506:
In exchange, the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men, and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation. However, no Indian regiment was to be called on to fight outside Indian Territory. As a result of the Treaty, the 2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles, led
2467:
A Chance for Active Service. The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States, as Scouts. In addition to the Indians, I will receive all white male citizens, who are good marksmen. To each member, Fifty Dollars
2198:
Furthermore, each state often had its uniform regulations and insignia, which meant that the "standard" Confederate uniform often featured a variety of differences based on the state the soldier came from. For example, uniforms for North Carolina regiments often featured a colored strip of cloth on
645:
nly 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries. As one might expect, a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from non-slaveholding families expressed such a purpose: 33 percent, compared with 12
578:
Confederate and Union soldiers interpreted the heritage of 1776 in opposite ways. Confederates professed to fight for liberty and independence from a too radical government; Unionists said they fought to preserve the nation conceived in liberty from dismemberment and destruction ... The rhetoric of
2747:
In other cases, under explicit orders from their commanders, Confederate armies would often forcibly kidnap free African American civilians during their incursions into Union territory, sending them south into Confederate territory and thus enslaving them, as was the case with the Army of Northern
2711:
On March 13, 1865, the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14 by a single vote in the Confederate senate, and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before
2653:
continued to maintain their position and oppose the idea of armed black men in the Confederate Army, even as late in the war as January 1865. They stated that it was incongruous with the Confederacy's goals and views regarding African Americans and slavery. The Georgian newspaper opined that using
2639:
says, "When Lee publicly advocated arming slaves in early 1865, he did so as a desperate expedient that might prolong Southern military resistance." After acrimonious debate the Confederate Congress agreed in March 1865. The war was nearly over by then, and only about two hundred enslaved soldiers
716:, reflecting on his role in the war, stated in a letter to a friend that "I've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about. I've never heard of any other cause than slavery." As stated by Andrew Hall, Connor Huff and Shiro Kuriwaki in the article
526:
The Confederate Congress enacted several more amendments throughout the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States' greater supply of manpower. In December 1863, it abolished the practice of allowing a rich drafted man to hire a substitute to take his place in the ranks.
6342:
he Government owes to all men employed in its armies, without regard to distinction of color, the full protection of the laws of war—and that any violation of these laws, or of the usages of civilized nations in time of war, by the Rebels now in arms, should be made the subject of prompt and full
3965:
It would be wrong, however, to assume that Confederate soldiers were constantly preoccupied with this matter. Only 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries. As one might expect, a much higher percentage of soldiers from
2793:
The Confederate law declaring black U.S. soldiers to be insurrectionist slaves, combined with the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers, became a stumbling block for prisoner exchanges between the United States and the Confederacy, as the U.S. government in the
2634:
nor slaves. The idea of arming the Confederacy's slaves for use as soldiers was speculated on from the onset of the war, but such proposals were not seriously considered by Jefferson Davis or others in the Confederate administration until late in the war when severe manpower shortages were faced.
742:
Confederate policies regarding desertion generally were severe. For example, on August 19, 1862, General Stonewall Jackson approved the court-martial sentence of execution for three soldiers for desertion, rejecting pleas for clemency from the soldiers' regimental commander. Jackson's goal was to
390:
on April 12–13, 1861 and forced its capitulation on April 14. The United States, outraged by the Confederacy's attack, demanded war. It rallied behind Lincoln's call on April 15 for all the loyal states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to
320:
According to the National Park Service, "Soldier demographics for the Confederate Army are not available due to incomplete and destroyed enlistment records." Their estimates of Confederate military personnel deaths are about 94,000 killed in battle, 164,000 deaths from disease, and between 25,976
3915:
Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers
3023:
are more extensive and reliable, but are not entirely accurate. Estimates of the number of individual Union soldiers range between 1,550,000 and 2,400,000, with a number between 2,000,000 and 2,200,000 most likely. Union Army records show slightly more than 2,677,000 enlistments, but this number
2214:
Confederate soldiers were also faced with inadequate food rations, especially as the war progressed. There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy. The unsolvable problem was shipping it to the armies, especially when Lee's army in Virginia was at the end of a long, tenuous supply line. The United
1007:
were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants. Regiments were commanded by colonels. Lieutenant colonels were second in command. At least one major was next in command. Brigades were commanded by brigadier generals although casualties or other attrition sometimes meant that brigades
518:
law in either Confederate or Union history, the Conscription Act, which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three-year term of service in the Provisional Army. It also extended the terms of enlistment for all one-year soldiers to three years. Men employed in
395:
then joined the Confederacy. Both the United States and the Confederate States began in earnest to raise large, mostly volunteer, armies, with the opposing objectives: putting down the rebellion and preserving the Union on the one hand, and establishing independence from the United States on the
2716:
and placed back under U.S. control. According to historian James M. McPherson in 1994, "no black soldiers fought in the Confederate army, unless they were passing as white. He noted that some Confederates brought along "their body servants, who in many cases had grown up with them" and that "on
2621:
noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support." African American slave labor was used in a wide variety of logistical support roles for the Confederacy, from infrastructure and mining, to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses.
2194:
Individual states were expected to supply their soldiers, which led to a lack of uniformity. Some states (such as North Carolina) were able to better supply their soldiers, while other states (such as Texas) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued.
1979:
Unlike the Union, which had fairly stable military departments through most of the Civil War, Confederate departments were constantly being formed, reformed, and renamed as the war progressed. The original two departments, formed at the beginning of the Civil War, were "Department No 1" (later
776:
involved at any time during the war. Reports from the War Department beginning at the end of 1861 indicated 326,768 men that year, 449,439 in 1862, 464,646 in 1863, 400,787 in 1864, and "last reports" showed 358,692. Estimates of enlistments throughout the war range from 1,227,890 to 1,406,180.
750:
Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations. A growing threat to the solidarity of the Confederacy was dissatisfaction in the Appalachian mountain districts caused by lingering unionism and a distrust of the power wielded by the slave-holding class. Many of their soldiers deserted,
6282:
Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender. In most cases, though, Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications ... Expressing outrage at this treatment, in 1863 the
2834:
The exact number is unknown. Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date. Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the
906:
was an extreme case of a Southern States Rights advocate asserting control over Confederate soldiers: he defied the Confederate government's wartime policies and resisted the military draft. Believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia, Brown tried to stop Colonel
2556:
authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm. Their zeal for the Confederate cause, however, began to evaporate when they found that neither arms nor pay had been arranged for them. A
775:
Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record-keeping of the time, there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army. Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 soldiers who were
2695:
South's leading men of the planter class, had built their world upon slavery and the idea of voluntarily destroying that world, even in the ultimate crisis, was almost unthinkable to them. Such feelings moved Senator R. M. T. Hunter to deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves.
556:
home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight.
758:
deserted the army long before he became a famous writer and lecturer, but he often commented upon the episode comically. Author Neil Schmitz has examined the deep unease Twain felt about losing his honor, his fear of facing death as a soldier, and his rejection of a Southern identity as a
299:
An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records; estimates of the number of Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. This does not include an unknown number of
2846:
and only nine percent were foreign-born white men, Irishmen being the largest group with others including Germans, French, Mexicans, and British. A small number of Asian men were forcibly inducted into the Confederate Army against their will, when they arrived in Louisiana from overseas.
855:
was "charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy" from March 13 to May 31, 1862. He was referred to as Davis' military adviser but exercised broad control over the strategic and logistical aspects of the Army, a role similar in nature to the current
640:
McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did, because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it:
978:" was used to describe a military unit, it referred to a multi-company task force of a regiment or a near-regimental size unit. Throughout the war, the Confederacy raised the equivalent of 1,010 regiments in all branches, including militias, versus 2,050 regiments for the U.S. Army.
4364:"The South's Inner Civil War: The more fiercely the Confederacy fought for its independence, the more bitterly divided it became. To fully understand the vast changes the war unleashed on the country, you must first understand the plight of the Southerners who didn't want secession"
993:. Two to four corps usually formed an army. Occasionally, a single corps might operate independently as if it were a small army. The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies, named after their primary area of operation. The largest Confederate field army was the
709:
One Louisianan artilleryman stated, "I never want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person. There is too many free niggers ... now to suit me, let alone having four millions." A North Carolinian soldier stated, " white man is better than a nigger."
2551:
battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause. The Choctaws, who were expecting support from the Confederates, got little. Webb Garrison, a Civil War historian, describes their response: when Confederate Brigadier General
527:
Substitution had also been practiced in the United States, leading to similar resentment from the lower classes. In February 1864, the age limits were extended to between 17 and 50. Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts; all five upheld them.
2648:
As early as November 1864, some Confederates knew that the chance of securing victory against the U.S. was slim. Despite lacking foreign assistance and recognition and facing slim chances of victory against superior U.S. assets, Confederate newspapers such as the Georgian
2392:. They fought knowing they might jeopardize their freedom, unique cultures, and ancestral lands if they ended up on the losing side of the Civil War. During the Civil War, 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies, participating in battles such as
2658:
Such an act on our part would be a stigma on the imperishable pages of history, of which all future generations of Southrons would be ashamed. These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us. Let us put the negro to work, but not to
2262:
The Confederate gtovernment had some success in importing weapons from Britain. When the War began, the Confederacy lacked the financial and manufacturing capacity to wage war against the industrialized North. In order to increase its arsenal, the Confederacy looked to
2170:
The supply situation for most Confederate armies was dismal, even when they were victorious on the battlefield. The central Confederate government was short of money so each state government had to supply its regiments. The lack of central authority and the ineffective
2298:
etween October 26, 1864 and January 1865, it was still possible for 8,632,000 lbs of meat, 1,507,000 lbs of lead, 1,933,000 lbs of saltpeter, 546,000 pairs of shoes, 316,000 blankets, half a million pounds of coffee, 69,000 rifles, and 43 cannon to run the blockade
1987:
In Virginia, where hostilities broke out almost immediately after the start of the war, the "Alexandria line" was established as the first Confederate administrative body in this area. This was later expanded to formal military departments in the following order:
734:
At many points during the war, and especially near the end, the Confederate armies were very poorly fed. At home their families were in worsening condition and faced starvation and the depredations of roving bands of marauders. Many soldiers went home temporarily
5390:'s troops seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sent them south into slavery. This was in keeping with Confederate national policy, which virtually re-enslaved free people of color into work gangs on earthworks throughout the south.
985:, although as the number of soldiers in many regiments became greatly reduced, especially later in the war, more than four were often assigned to a brigade. Occasionally, regiments would be transferred between brigades. Two to four brigades usually formed a
885:
The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy, and there are only a few examples of its armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective. One instance occurred in late 1862 with Lee's invasion of
340:, surrendered to the U.S. on April 9, 1865 (officially April 12), and April 18, 1865 (officially April 26). Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16, 1865, and June 28, 1865. By the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had
2830:
Incomplete and destroyed records make an accurate count of the number of soldiers who served in the Confederate army impossible. Historians provide estimates of the actual number of individual Confederate soldiers between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops.
464:(the army, the navy, and the marine corps) are often referred to as "Confederates", and members of the Confederate army were referred to as "Confederate soldiers". Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy:
686:
Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample. Indeed, while about one-third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families, slightly more than two-thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did
5875:
t does not extend freedom to the slaves who serve, giving them little personal motivation to support the Southern cause. Ultimately, very few blacks serve in the Confederate armed forces, as compared to hundreds of thousands who serve for the
751:
returned home, and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them. North Carolina lost nearly a quarter of its soldiers (24,122) to desertion. This was the highest rate of desertion of any Confederate state.
6949:
200 cartes-de-visite depicting officers in the Confederate army and navy, officials in the Confederate government, famous Confederate wives, and other notable figures of the Confederacy. Also included are 64 photographs attributed to Mathew
424:
passed on February 28, 1861, one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization, passed on March 6. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, little was done to organize the Confederate regular army.
3155:
2026:, directly subordinate to the Army of the Shenandoah. The Shenandoah Valley was without a department for most of the war, militarily controlled by Army of the Northwest and the Army of the Valley, before finally being declared the
4192:"How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom, not slavery: Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol's meaning in 'The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem.'"
2616:
With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40% of its population unfree, the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves. Even Georgian governor
344:, and some estimates put the number as high as one-third of all Confederate soldiers. The Confederacy's government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond on April 3, 1865, and exerted no control over the remaining armies.
6319:
58. The law of nations knows of no distinction of color, and if an enemy of the United States should enslave and sell any captured persons of their army, it would be a case for the severest retaliation, if not redressed upon
2569:
1862 illustration showing Confederates escorting kidnapped African American civilians south into slavery. A similar instance occurred in Pennsylvania when the Army of Northern Virginia invaded it in 1863 to fight the U.S. at
316:
as a means to supplement the volunteer soldiers. Although exact records are unavailable, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were drafted are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were drafted.
583:
Before and during the Civil War, the popular press of Richmond, including its five major newspapers, sought to inspire a sense of patriotism, Confederate identity, and the moral high ground in the southern population.
6074:
I have given the subject of arming the Negro my hearty support. This, with the emancipation of the Negro, is the heaviest blow yet given the Confederacy. The South rave a great deal about it and profess to be very
2776:
were often singled out by the Confederates and suffered extra violence when captured by them. They were often the victims of battlefield massacres and atrocities at the hands of the Confederates, most notably at
2703:
urging the Confederacy to raise black soldiers by offering emancipation; Jefferson Davis refused to consider the proposal and issued instructions forbidding the matter from being discussed. It would not be until
2654:
black men as soldiers would be an embarrassment to Confederates and their children, saying that although African Americans should be used for slave labor, they should not be used as armed soldiers, opining that:
2684:
The overwhelming support most Confederates had for maintaining black slavery was the primary cause of their strong opposition to using African Americans as armed soldiers. Former Confederate secretary of state
1026:
2806:, "Expressing outrage at this treatment, in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike. The Confederacy refused."
965:
Regiments, which were the basic units of army organization through which soldiers were supplied and deployed, were raised by individual states. They were generally referred by number and state, for example
5710:
arnest and vituperative opposition to the enlistment of slaves in Confederate service was widespread, even as the concussion of U.S. artillery rattled the panes in the windows of the capitol in Richmond.
476:. Some of these militia forces, in the early days of the Confederacy, had operated as stand alone military forces before being incorporated into the Confederate Army; one of the more well known was the
2183:
or in parade formation, Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress, ranging from faded, patched-together regulation uniforms; rough, homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as
448:) was the regular army and was authorized to include 15,015 men, including 744 officers, but this level was never achieved. The men serving in the highest rank as Confederate States generals, such as
705:, some Confederate soldiers welcomed the move, as they believed it would strengthen pro-slavery sentiment in the Confederacy, and thus lead to greater enlistment of soldiers in the Confederate army.
6642:
Jones, Adam Matthew. "'The land of my birth and the home of my heart': Enlistment Motivations for Confederate Soldiers in Montgomery County, Virginia, 1861–1862.'" (MA thesis Virginia Tech, 2014).
2511:. In the summer of 1862, U.S. troops captured Chief Ross, who was paroled and spent the remainder of the war in Washington and Philadelphia proclaiming Cherokee loyalty to the United States Army.
1973:
the event of Union invasions. The military departments were also the ultimate authority for all Confederate forts within their region, as well as commanding all garrison forces and units of the
2802:'s platform of the 1864 presidential election reflected this view, as it too condemned the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers. According to the authors of
6547:
1472:
The C.S. Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted, renamed, and disbanded as needs arose, particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the
938:
greatly reduced in strength. By the mid-war, most regiments averaged 300–400 men, with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts. For example, at the pivotal
2557:
disgusted officer later acknowledged that "with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment, no tents, clothing, or camp, and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them."
2468:
Bounty, clothes, arms, camp equipage &c: furnished. The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles. For further information address me at Mobile, Ala. (Signed) S. G. Spann, Comm'ing Choctaw Forces.
701:
In some cases, Confederate men were motivated to join the army in response to the United States' actions regarding its opposition to slavery. After U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the
2611:
9849:
2416:. Many Native American tribes, such as the Creek, the Cherokee, and the Choctaw, were slaveholders themselves, and thus, found a political and economic commonality with the Confederacy.
2092:
Battles in Tennessee, and shifting fronts in that region, also brought about the need for new departments in that region, most of which reported directly to the Army of Tennessee under
2507:
by Col. John Drew, was formed. Following the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 7–8, 1862, Drew's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas, where they joined the
2370:
that became part of its 6th Regiment. Following the protests of many soldiers, who did not feel like Italian citizens since they fought against the unification of Italy, it was renamed
4191:
4044:
The Proclamation is worth three hundred thousand soldiers to our Government at least ... It shows exactly what this war was brought about for and the intention of its damnable authors.
2226:" food and ammunition from whatever sources were available, including captured U.S. depots and encampments, and private citizens regardless of their loyalties. Lee's campaign against
1476:. These major units were generally named after states or geographic regions (in comparison to the U.S. Army's custom of naming armies after rivers). Armies were usually commanded by
256:
established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president,
9844:
9463:
7034:
2303:
alone, while cotton sufficient to pay for these purchases was exportedt is evident that the blockade runners made an important contribution to the Confederate effort to carry on.
420:. It was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. The provisional, volunteer army was established by an act of the
2699:
Though most Confederates were opposed to the idea of using black soldiers, a small number suggested the idea. An acrimonious and controversial debate was raised by a letter from
9782:
9609:
7324:
5205:
5156:
2578:
870:
was similarly "charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy" from February 24, 1864 (after he was relieved of field command following the
539:
An 1861 Confederate recruiting poster from Virginia, urging men to join the Confederate cause and fight off the Union Army, which it refers to as a "brutal and desperate foe"
9869:
5689:
4868:
Woods, M. (2019). "Tennessee In The War, 1861-1865: Lists Of Military Organizations And Officers From Tennessee In Both The Confederate And Union Armies", Wentworth Press.
2187:(a yellow-brown color), and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing. After a successful battle, it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure
6088:
2933:
9864:
7152:
806:
The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the
660:
Continuing, McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers' letters he had examined, none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever:
6159:
2888:
878:
202:
2733:
in 1862, he had met a slave who "had unwillingly fought on the side of Rebellion", but the slave had since defected to "the side of Union and universal liberty".
2284:
It was estimated the Confederate Army received thousands of tons of gunpowder, half a million rifles, and several hundred cannons from British blockade runners.
9292:
5528:
Journal of the Senate at an Extra Session of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, Convened under the Proclamation of the Governor, March 25, 1863, p. 6.
1212:
631:
602:
8747:
8742:
8752:
6132:
6023:
David G. Smith, "Race and Retaliation: The Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign." in Peter Wallenstein and Bertram Wyatt-Brown, ed.,
2681:
army. Cobb said using blacks as soldiers would be the end of the revolution, because "if slaves make good soldiers, our whole theory of slavery is wrong."
9513:
9402:
9387:
7231:
7027:
2300:
9179:
9099:
7627:
6283:
Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike. The Confederacy refused.
3772:
2582:
An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves at gunpoint to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers in battle. A similar instance occurred at the
4878:
2222:
often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men, as they did in planning strategy and tactics. Individual commanders often had to "
296:
garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army.
7361:
4363:
3007:
2913:
6057:
9207:
5854:
5723:
5415:
he Army of Northern Virginia was under orders to capture and send south supposed escaped slaves during that army's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863.
1269:
7622:
2271:
which later carried war supplies bound for Southern ports. A British publication in 1862 summed up the country's involvement in blockade running:
514:
On August 8, 1861, the Confederacy called for 400,000 volunteers to serve for one or three years. In April 1862, the Confederacy passed the first
9397:
9372:
9174:
9082:
7632:
7366:
7020:
2908:
2172:
1288:
1082:
819:
3212:
American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [6 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
1014:
9859:
9224:
8867:
8256:
8135:
6917:
2938:
2103:
5666:
4420:
Dotson, Rand (2000). ""The Grave and Scandalous Evil Infected to Your People": The Erosion of Confederate Loyalty in Floyd County, Virginia".
2842:
Compared to the Union Army at the time, the Confederate Army was not very ethnically diverse. Ninety-one percent of Confederate soldiers were
9751:
9109:
8862:
8857:
8283:
2903:
2690:
the Confederacy's existence, and thus, using their slaves as soldiers was incongruous with that goal. According to historian Paul D. Escott:
2248:
the devastation of plantations, farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians.
8115:
7185:
2590:
1067:
6842:
Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. "The Blue and Gray in Black and White: Assessing the Scholarship on Civil War Soldiers," in Aaron Sheehan-Dean, ed.,
5754:
3093:, Texas, on May 12, 1865. In areas more distant from the main theaters of operations, Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi under
9672:
9202:
8251:
8010:
6931:
3032:. These figures represent the total number of soldiers who served at any time during the war, not the size of the army at any given date.
2565:
490:
7004:
6984:
4943:
Steven G. Collins, "System in the South: John W. Mallet, Josiah Gorgas, and uniform production at the confederate ordnance department."
9766:
9629:
9614:
8045:
7661:
6965:
3112:
2883:
2383:
2257:
5214:
5165:
2814:
2191:
uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes.
9619:
9382:
9352:
8990:
8919:
7617:
7612:
3056:
2264:
1250:
461:
237:
128:
2165:
9533:
9468:
8170:
8145:
7381:
7356:
7306:
7286:
6333:
5090:
1723:
1038:
930:, the Confederate Army's soldiers were organized by military specialty. The combat arms included infantry, cavalry, and artillery.
857:
796:
September 27, 1862, the Second Conscription Act: expanded the age range to 18 to 45, with implementation beginning on July 15, 1863
364:
forts, within their borders. Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U.S. control when he took office, especially
120:
6890:
5697:
2427:
conducted in July 1861. The treaty covered sixty-four terms covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty,
1231:
1193:
836:
The army did not have a formal overall military commander, or general in chief, until late in the war. The Confederate President,
523:", which exempted anyone who owned 20 or more slaves, a move that caused deep resentment among conscripts who did not own slaves.
9736:
9711:
9427:
9124:
9020:
8872:
8205:
8085:
7296:
5472:
4605:
Lynda Lasswell Crist (May 25, 2017). Ted Ownby; Charles Reagan Wilson; Ann J. Abadie; Odie Lindsey; James G. Thomas, Jr. (eds.).
2423:
was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. In this capacity he negotiated several treaties, one such treaty was the
1887:
1713:
1703:
8095:
4385:
Doyle, Patrick J. (2013). "Understanding the Desertion of South Carolinian Soldiers during the Final Years of the Confederacy".
3474:
9677:
9422:
8165:
8160:
7835:
6096:
3861:
2918:
2893:
1708:
1698:
8005:
5924:
4850:
Fullerton, D. (2017). "Armies in Gray: The Organizational History of the Confederate States Army in the Civil War", LSU Press.
2431:
citizenship possibilities, and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. The
2276:
medicines and supplies of every kind, all paid for by British money, at the sole risk of British adventurers, well insured by
848:
and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces. The following men had varying degrees of control:
503:
man into the Confederate army. The Unionist man objects, with the Confederates threatening to lynch him if he does not comply.
9249:
8241:
8236:
8100:
8000:
7251:
6879:
6826:
6785:
6576:
6486:
5990:
5901:
5816:
5764:
5513:
5311:
5276:
5243:
4745:
4718:
4691:
4664:
4616:
3831:
3742:
3631:
3589:
3391:
3322:
3280:
3220:
3193:
2725:
In some cases, the Confederates forced their African American slaves to fire upon U.S. soldiers at gunpoint, such as at the
1464:, which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state.
1384:
1174:
248:(1861–1865), fighting against the United States forces to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold and expand
9508:
9212:
9184:
8423:
8231:
8200:
8130:
7990:
7564:
5048:
5019:
3097:
1930:
1834:
1779:
1663:
3508:
1940:
Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included
682:
McPherson admits some flaws in his sampling of letters. Soldiers from slaveholding families were overrepresented by 100%:
9498:
9488:
9139:
8847:
8210:
8175:
8070:
7648:
2424:
17:
8125:
6296:
5436:
3085:, also had already surrendered on April 14, 1865, and April 16, 1865, respectively. U.S. and Confederate units fought a
2030:. Elsewhere in the Confederacy, the following major departments were formed which operated throughout most of the war:
2022:
In the Shenandoah Valley, the first Confederate administrative command was set up at Harper's Ferry, later becoming the
9649:
9639:
9624:
9392:
9217:
8246:
8195:
8140:
8105:
8090:
8080:
8065:
8040:
7995:
7980:
7915:
7792:
7241:
7129:
7104:
6712:
6275:
6196:
6039:
Ted Alexander, "'A Regular Slave Hunt': The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign",
4133:
4079:
4022:
3951:
3900:
3695:
2823:
2487:
2313:
1917:
1797:
1496:
1092:
934:
551:
says that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years:
41:
9854:
9761:
9644:
9634:
9362:
8958:
8852:
8729:
8226:
8190:
8110:
8050:
8030:
8025:
8020:
7975:
7406:
7398:
7276:
7220:
7099:
7089:
6531:
5961:
5613:
5583:
5373:
5343:
4269:
4167:
3518:
3349:
3253:
3140:
2405:
1736:
508:
124:
6376:
2096:. Hood would directly command the following three departments at the same time as his service as an Army commander:
9839:
8155:
8120:
8060:
8015:
7178:
6605:
Freemon, Frank R. (1987). "Administration of the Medical Department of the Confederate States Army, 1861 to 1865".
2928:
2799:
2518:
2280:
and under the protection of the British flag, have been sent across the ocean to the insurgents by British agency.
2074:, one of the largest departments of the war. At the same time, departments were being formed further west as the:
998:
579:
liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861, grew even stronger as the war progressed.
421:
373:
312:
Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to
253:
6941:
5925:"Confederate Law authorizing the enlistment of black soldiers, March 13, 1865, as promulgated in a military order"
3119:
surrendered on May 4, 1865, May 12, 1865, May 26, 1865 (officially June 2, 1865), and June 28, 1865, respectively.
2122:
Department of South Carolina and Georgia (later expanded to the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida
9721:
9706:
9588:
9548:
9447:
9432:
9417:
9412:
9244:
9149:
8180:
8075:
8035:
7756:
7592:
5077:
2923:
2898:
2741:
1844:
1784:
942:, the average U.S. Army infantry regiment's strength was 433 men, versus 409 for Confederate infantry regiments.
6669:
Logue, Larry M. (1993). "Who Joined the Confederate Army? Soldiers, Civilians, and Communities in Mississippi".
2798:
officially objected to the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of prisoners of war on basis of color. The
2179:, a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before, due to its failure to pay an extortion demand.
284:. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at
9746:
9065:
8829:
8185:
8150:
8055:
7761:
7291:
6169:
4814:
4772:
4490:
Giuffre, Katherine A. (1997). "First in Flight: Desertion as Politics in the North Carolina Confederate Army".
4324:
Bearman, Peter S. (1991). "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War".
2594:
An 1864 cartoon lampooning the Confederacy's deliberating on the use of black soldiers, showing them defecting
2367:
1849:
1839:
841:
356:
took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the
277:
261:
6493:
Crawford, Martin (1991). "Confederate Volunteering and Enlistment in Ashe County, North Carolina, 1861–1862".
2994:
slave states which had already declared their secession from the Union of the United States of America met at
9104:
9025:
8842:
8308:
7766:
7574:
7114:
6998:
6872:
How A One-Legged Rebel Lives: Reminiscences of the Civil War; The Story of the Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson
6808:
4882:
2548:
2541:
2452:
2428:
2291:
1865:
736:
357:
241:
4948:
4371:
2112:
In 1864, Robert E. Lee held the idea for "super theaters" encompassing vast areas of the south, as follows:
1391:
9377:
9119:
8909:
8884:
8596:
7671:
7376:
7316:
7064:
6741:
6061:
5599:
4473:
Scott King-Owen, "Conditional Confederates: Absenteeism among Western North Carolina Soldiers, 1861–1865."
3647:
2773:
2757:
2244:
reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities. Coupled with the
2071:
2040:
1547:
664:
Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries,
477:
301:
249:
6947:
collections/strong/Duke University Libraries Digital Collections – William Emerson Strong Photograph Album
6462:
5862:
5806:
5731:
4478:
3185:
The Most Fearful Ordeal: Original Coverage of the Civil War by Writers and Reporters of The New York Times
9808:
9556:
9307:
9144:
9134:
9129:
9087:
8511:
7810:
7261:
7171:
2267:. British merchants and bankers funded the purchase of arms and construction of ships being outfitted as
1525:
1102:
472:
were organized and commanded by the state governments, similar to those authorized by the United States'
4219:"Wealth, Slaveownership, and Fighting for the Confederacy: An Empirical Study of the American Civil War"
2455:
wanted to recruit Indians east of the Mississippi River in 1862, so they opened up a recruiting camp in
1398:
1377:
1310:
An 1895 illustration showing the uniforms of the Confederate Army contrasted with those of the U.S. Army
212:
9699:
9287:
9114:
8997:
8975:
8904:
8819:
7880:
7681:
7559:
7541:
6959:
4737:
The Slave-trader's Letter-book: Charles Lamar, the Wanderer, and Other Tales of the African Slave Trade
3663:"'Necessity Knows No Law': Vested Rights and Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases"
3029:
2327:
2027:
1854:
1508:
1473:
939:
369:
285:
6717:
Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. "Justice Has Something to Do with It: Class Relations and the Confederate Army."
6119:
History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880: Negros as Slaves, as Soldiers, and as Citizens
2202:
881:
by an act of Congress (January 23, 1865) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9, 1865.
718:
Wealth, Slaveownership, and Fighting for the Confederacy: An Empirical Study of the American Civil War
9818:
9731:
9687:
9493:
9275:
9077:
9050:
9030:
8931:
8737:
8642:
7940:
7855:
7771:
7421:
7346:
7134:
7084:
6970:
6936:
3086:
2864:
2765:
2116:
Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia (expansion of the Department of Southern Virginia)
1926:
1681:
1659:
1477:
1461:
994:
871:
861:
702:
325:
47:
6479:
Citizen-Officers: The Union and Confederate Volunteer Junior Officer Corps in the American Civil War
4447:
Otten, James T. (1974). "Disloyalty in the Upper Districts of South Carolina During the Civil War".
3820:""Wholesome Reading Purifies and Elevates the Man": The Religious Military Press in the Confederacy"
2234:(a rich agricultural region) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies, especially food.
9694:
9578:
9503:
9478:
9473:
9437:
9357:
9055:
9040:
8621:
7905:
7870:
7805:
7746:
7741:
7471:
7054:
6953:
6892:
The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
5603:
5406:
5130:
3157:
3094:
2737:
2726:
2583:
2323:
2237:
2002:
Virginia also maintained the following smaller departments which fluctuated as the war progressed:
1752:
1504:
1429:
1134:
265:
6978:
1162:
570:
Educated soldiers drew upon their knowledge of American history to justify their costs. Historian
9682:
9302:
9270:
9265:
8963:
8936:
8328:
7825:
7815:
7587:
7436:
7124:
6993:
6227:
5011:
3443:
3101:
3090:
2878:
2335:
2153:
1896:
1456:
1436:
1331:
1327:
1155:
1087:
1004:
802:
March 13, 1865, authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented.
449:
306:
6946:
3662:
3547:
1487:
9667:
9367:
8941:
8531:
8368:
8343:
7875:
7776:
7691:
7431:
7340:
5639:
5064:
3314:
3245:
2514:
2366:. Most Confederate Italian Americans had settled in Louisiana. The militia of Louisiana had an
2157:
2053:
1974:
1858:
1689:
1577:
1512:
1359:
1120:
971:
911:
6265:
6186:
6028:
5951:
5573:
5363:
5301:
5005:
4735:
4708:
4681:
4654:
4606:
4125:
4071:
4014:
3943:
3892:
3819:
3685:
3621:
3579:
3420:
2964:
376:
had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS).
9583:
9483:
9297:
8946:
8899:
8809:
8777:
8484:
8474:
7920:
7910:
7895:
7845:
7800:
7456:
7441:
7334:
7094:
6450:
Bardolph, Richard. "Inconstant rebels: desertion of North Carolina troops in the Civil War."
5978:
5889:
5503:
4639:
4157:
3270:
3210:
3183:
3130:
2778:
2730:
2409:
1757:
1097:
409:
387:
269:
6847:
6663:
6247:
98, no. 2 (The Trumpet Unblown: The Old Dominion in the Civil War), (1990), pp. 242–43.
4259:
3383:
3339:
3024:
apparently includes many re-enlistments. These numbers do not include sailors who served in
1562:
907:
Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops out of the state to the First Battle of Bull Run.
535:
9741:
9593:
9566:
9035:
8814:
8797:
8454:
7950:
7935:
7930:
7900:
7885:
7865:
7483:
7387:
7271:
6814:
3064:
2782:
2571:
2331:
2287:
2227:
1891:
1676:
1636:
899:
743:
maintain discipline in a volunteer army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation.
163:
8:
9726:
9518:
9407:
9281:
8926:
8879:
8626:
8586:
8571:
8464:
8313:
7985:
7945:
7820:
7781:
7751:
7706:
7666:
7266:
7256:
7069:
7059:
7012:
6709:
Lee's Miserables: Life in the Army of Northern Virginia from the Wilderness to Appomattox
5040:
2995:
2673:
2413:
2393:
2207:
2083:
1980:
incorporated into the Department of Louisiana) and "Department No 2" (later becoming the
1814:
1788:
1717:
1573:
1567:
1530:
1455:
The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of
986:
495:
473:
384:
6337:
6006:
4859:
Vandiver, F. (1977) "Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System", Greenwood Publishing.
2586:, where slaves were forced by the Confederates to load and fire a cannon at U.S. forces.
1148:
1127:
729:
9572:
9442:
8968:
8953:
8834:
8792:
8764:
8601:
8566:
8413:
8373:
7890:
7860:
7850:
7726:
7721:
7701:
7696:
7676:
7426:
7329:
7246:
7194:
7119:
7079:
6896:
6764:
6729:
6686:
6636:
Training, Tactics and Leadership in the Confederate Army of Tennessee: Seeds of Failure
6510:
6439:
6261:
5802:
5441:
4970:
4926:
4542:
4507:
4456:
4429:
4402:
4341:
4240:
4113:
4059:
4002:
3931:
3880:
3466:
3437:
3238:
3025:
3020:
2389:
2078:
1981:
1934:
1883:
1877:
1830:
1822:
1801:
1792:
1765:
1685:
1672:
1667:
1551:
1518:
1306:
967:
845:
626:
608:
571:
417:
337:
293:
245:
183:
171:
88:
8546:
5808:
The Negro's Civil War: How American Blacks Felt and Acted During the War for the Union
5480:
4261:
Rich Man's War: Class, Caste, and Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley
2708:
wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction.
2388:
Native Americans served in both the United States and Confederate military during the
1141:
412:, whose image became one of the most famous portraits of the young soldiers of the war
9814:
9070:
8672:
8606:
8541:
8444:
8363:
8323:
7925:
7731:
7686:
7301:
7109:
6911:
6875:
6822:
6781:
6747:
Watson, Samuel J (1994). "Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies".
6622:
6618:
6586:
6572:
6527:
6514:
6482:
6359:
6271:
6192:
6185:
Murrin, John; McPherson, James M.; Johnson, Paul; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary (2009).
6165:
5986:
5957:
5897:
5812:
5760:
5609:
5579:
5569:
5509:
5402:
5369:
5339:
5307:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5239:
5044:
5015:
4820:
4810:
4778:
4768:
4762:
4741:
4714:
4687:
4660:
4633:
4612:
4546:
4406:
4265:
4163:
4129:
4118:
4085:
4075:
4064:
4028:
4018:
4007:
3947:
3936:
3906:
3896:
3885:
3827:
3738:
3691:
3627:
3595:
3585:
3514:
3482:
3387:
3376:
3345:
3318:
3307:
3276:
3249:
3216:
3189:
3136:
3082:
2943:
2843:
2537:
2522:
2508:
1941:
1873:
1869:
1818:
1806:
1748:
1740:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1481:
1364:
1319:
1112:
807:
500:
333:
6997:
6702:
6652:
Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War
6463:"West Points of the Confederacy: Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army"
5505:
Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War
4841:
held "temporary full general" rank, which was withdrawn by the Confederate Congress.
4244:
3731:
Edward L. Ayers; Gary W. Gallagher; Andrew J. Torget (2006). Edward L. Ayers (ed.).
8682:
8551:
8521:
8516:
8449:
8388:
8383:
8338:
7840:
7830:
7736:
7716:
7711:
7461:
7451:
7411:
7074:
6756:
6697:
Marrs, Aaron W. "Desertion and loyalty in the South Carolina infantry, 1861-1865."
6678:
6614:
6502:
6431:
6053:
5928:
4918:
4534:
4499:
4394:
4333:
4230:
3757:
W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy."
3104:
2700:
2448:
2319:
1945:
1771:
1761:
1744:
1651:
1641:
1107:
1056:
Lt Col. E. V. Nash, 4th Georgia Infantry Doles-Cook Brigade, who was killed in 1864
915:
520:
167:
5182:
3774:
Soldiers of the Cross: Soldier-Christians and the Impact of the War on their Faith
2612:
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War § Confederacy
9756:
9045:
8894:
8787:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8647:
8616:
8526:
8469:
8459:
8418:
7446:
7416:
7236:
6564:
5359:
5297:
3732:
3575:
3078:
2761:
2618:
2456:
2397:
2268:
2184:
2023:
1949:
1908:
1416:
1323:
903:
837:
613:
607:, which examines the motivations of the American Civil War's soldiers, historian
380:
353:
281:
257:
192:
188:
6862:
Confederate States. War Dept. Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States
5319:
into slavery. Confederates maltreated black U.S. troops when they captured them.
3730:
2492:
2338:. In December 1860 and few months of 1861, these volunteers were transported to
1032:
Confederate mortar crew at Warrington, Florida in 1861, across from Fort Pickens
404:
8824:
8772:
8611:
8576:
8536:
8428:
8408:
8403:
8358:
7637:
7478:
7466:
6971:
Confederate Enlistment Oaths and Discharges of the Army of the State of Georgia
4838:
3108:
2636:
2444:
2245:
2215:
States victory at Vicksburg in 1863 shut off supplies from Texas and the west.
2093:
1961:
1912:
1904:
1826:
1645:
1421:
1369:
1354:
767:
548:
4398:
4235:
4218:
3846:
Samuel J. Watson, "Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies."
874:) to January 31, 1865. This role was a military advisory position under Davis.
864:, which was considered the most important of all the Confederate field armies.
612:
the other, the Confederacy's soldiers did not, as the Confederate ideology of
9833:
9092:
8692:
8687:
8677:
8652:
8561:
8556:
8398:
8393:
8378:
8348:
8318:
7656:
7281:
6860:
6543:
Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee: A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army
6379:. United States Department of Veterans Affairs. November 2008. Archived from
6306:
6130:
5387:
5331:
5001:
4989:
Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee: A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army
4909:
Smith, Everard H. (1991). "Chambersburg: Anatomy of a Confederate Reprisal".
4897:
Victory rode the rails: the strategic place of the railroads in the Civil War
2999:
2705:
2686:
2521:, recruited hundreds of Cherokees for the Confederate army, particularly for
2241:
2219:
2133:
Department of Alabama and West Florida (expansion of the District of Alabama)
1953:
1921:
1900:
1810:
1775:
1693:
1655:
1619:
1604:
1589:
1581:
1558:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1315:
895:
867:
852:
829:
713:
453:
416:
The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the
329:
207:
6297:"SECTION III.–Deserters—Prisoners of war–Hostages–Booty on the battle-field"
5303:
Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong
4961:
Vandiver, Frank E. (1944). "Texas and the Confederate Army's Meat Problem".
4782:
4089:
4032:
3910:
3599:
3581:
Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong
2326:
who had fought against Giuseppe Garibaldi in, and were captured during, the
910:
Many of the Confederacy's senior military leaders (including Robert E. Lee,
9561:
9538:
9528:
9523:
9060:
9002:
8914:
8889:
8802:
8782:
8581:
8479:
6937:
A Manual of Military Surgery (1863). The manual used by doctors in the CSA.
6682:
6302:
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD
5781:
After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism
5185:. Ethic Composition of Civil War Forces (C.S & U.S.A.). January 5, 2009
2873:
2818:
2606:"Marlboro", an African American body servant to a white Confederate soldier
2231:
2176:
790:
515:
313:
152:
6626:
6506:
6161:
The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child
4824:
4538:
2630:
The Confederacy did not allow African Americans to join the army, neither
2012:
Department of Richmond (operated in tandem with the Department of Henrico)
8333:
7371:
7351:
6977:
6380:
6363:
6301:
5658:
3116:
2795:
2677:
2553:
2525:. The Legion, raised in September 1862, fought until the end of the War.
2500:
2420:
2339:
2277:
1334:, Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army.
1001:
in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the U.S. Civil War.
392:
365:
289:
273:
6455:
5859:
Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855–1865
5150:
5148:
4974:
4460:
4162:. United States of America: First Harvard University Press. p. 26.
933:
Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon, the smallest
793:
Act: conscripted white men ages 18 to 35 for the duration of hostilities
372:. On February 28, shortly before Lincoln was sworn in as president, the
9716:
8591:
8353:
7554:
7549:
6768:
6690:
6596:
6557:
6443:
5432:
4930:
4511:
4433:
4359:
4345:
3504:
3470:
2991:
2836:
2713:
2640:
ended up being enlisted before the Confederate armies all surrendered.
2631:
2152:
A group of Confederate soldiers-possibly an artillery unit captured at
2148:
1957:
1731:
1492:
927:
755:
507:
Control and operation of the Confederate army were administered by the
141:
6660:
Searching for Black Confederates: The civil War’s most persistent Myth
3822:. In Randall M. Miller; Harry S. Stout; Charles Reagan Wilson (eds.).
3654:
3532:
he Confederacy enacted the first conscription laws in American history
3089:, before the surrender on April 16, 1865, and a small final battle at
8980:
7163:
6591:
Christian Soldiers: The Meaning of Revivalism in the Confederate Army
6331:
5805:(1991). "Chapter 17: The Decision to Raise a Negro Army, 1864–1865".
5368:. New York City: Touchstone, Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 350.
5145:
2188:
975:
902:. All three initiatives were unsuccessful, however. Georgia Governor
499:
A cartoon from the war, showing the Confederates forcibly drafting a
361:
341:
6760:
6643:
6435:
5234:
Matte, Jacqueline (2002). "Refugees- Six Towns Choctaw, 1830–1890".
4922:
4503:
4337:
1626:(also known as the Army of the Mississippi; redesignated III Corps,
824:
8985:
3734:
Crucible of the Civil War: Virginia from Secession to Commemoration
2440:
2432:
2401:
2223:
1411:
1406:
891:
887:
6481:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2015.
4805:
Boatner, Mark Mayo; Northrop, Allen C.; Miller, Lowell I. (1959).
4286:
A higher duty: desertion among Georgia troops during the Civil War
2451:
tribes were the only tribes to fight on the Confederate side. The
3003:
2602:
2540:, Lieutenant Colonel of the First Choctaw Battalion in Oklahoma,
2436:
982:
6726:
Why Confederates Fought: Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia
3863:
Why Confederates Fought: Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia
3337:
2533:
9783:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
6562:
6232:"The Boy Artillerist": Letters of Colonel William Pegram, C.S.A
5197:
2322:
soldiers of the Confederate States Army were veterans from the
1484:. Some of the more important armies and their commanders were:
6797:
More Damning than Slaughter: Desertion in the Confederate Army
5841:
The Gray and the Black: The Confederate Debate on Emancipation
5644:
The Gray and the Black: The Confederate Debate on Emancipation
3648:"War Conscription Laws": November 15, 2012 by Margaret Wood.""
3240:
A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865
6805:
The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy
6131:
Congress of the Confederate States of America (May 1, 1863).
5861:. Kansas City: The Kansas City Public Library. Archived from
3623:
The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy
2560:
2307:
2070:
The entire Mississippi region was eventually merged into the
990:
7505:
5065:"Wilmington to Canada: Blockade Runners & Secret Agents"
4159:
The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem
2788:
2377:
1554:(eventually commander of all forces West of the Mississippi)
1337:
Officers' uniforms bore a braided design on the sleeves and
799:
February 17, 1864, the Third Conscription Act: ages 17 to 50
9850:
1865 disestablishments in the Confederate States of America
6844:
The View from the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers
5365:
Lies Across America: What American Historic Sites Get Wrong
5131:""We are all Americans", Native Americans in the Civil War"
4837:
Eicher, p. 807. There were seven full generals in the CSA;
4217:
Hall, Andrew; Huff, Connor; Kuriwaki, Shiro (August 2019).
3640:
3435:
2934:
Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States
2166:
Confederate States of America § Transportation systems
1592:, (also known as the Army of the Mississippi; redesignated
1491:
A painting of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia fighting the
1343:
1338:
1071:
621:
core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought.
7042:
6422:
Adams, George Worthington (1940). "Confederate Medicine".
6259:
6184:
6121:, vol. II, New York: G.P. Putnam Son's, 1883, pp. 351–352.
5888:
Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta; Weitz, Seth A. (2011).
5605:
Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America
4764:
Historical times illustrated encyclopedia of the Civil War
3513:. United States of America: Harper & Row. p. 15.
3510:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
3132:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
2334:. They were released after a treaty between Garibaldi and
1020:
Corporal of the Artillery division of the Confederate Army
6267:
Liberty, Equality, Power: Enhanced Concise Fourth Edition
6089:"Understanding Fort Pillow: 'Full and Ample Retaliation'"
5792:
Official Records, Series I, Vol. LII, Part 2, pp. 586–92.
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
2066:
Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and Eastern Louisiana
2056:
also brought about a succession of departments known as:
890:, coincident with two other actions: Bragg's invasion of
305:
date. These numbers do not include sailors who served in
9845:
1861 establishments in the Confederate States of America
6888:
6214:
The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865
5896:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 56.
5690:"Real Confederates Didn't Know About Black Confederates"
4710:
The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
3942:. New York City: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp.
2889:
General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States
2126:
Lesser departments, without much combat activity, were:
879:
General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States
6255:
6253:
4124:. New York City: Oxford University Press, Inc. p.
4120:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
4070:. New York City: Oxford University Press, Inc. p.
4066:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
4009:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3983:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3938:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3887:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3719:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3660:
3418:
3019:
Records of the number of individuals who served in the
2119:
Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and East Florida
694:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
675:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
653:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
632:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
6332:
Republican Party of the United States (June 7, 1864).
6270:. Belmont, California: Cengage Learning. p. 433.
5095:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 113–115
4879:"The Civil War News & Views Open Discussion Forum"
4108:
4106:
4054:
4052:
3926:
3924:
3875:
3873:
3481:. National Cable Satellite Corporation. Archived from
3450:
2751:
2206:
Confederate troops marching south on N Market Street,
945:
Rough unit sizes for CSA combat units during the war:
6738:
Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders
5466:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5336:
American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg
4804:
4761:
Faust, Patricia L.; Delaney, Norman C., eds. (1986).
4370:. Vol. 40, no. 2. p. 3. Archived from
3331:
3235:
360:. They seized federal property, including nearly all
244:(commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the
9870:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865
6552:
Donald, David. "The Confederate as a Fighting Man."
6264:; Johnson, Paul; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary (2009).
6250:
5656:
Howell Cobb letter to James A. Seddon January 1865,
5207:
The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War
5158:
The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War
5035:
Gallien, Max; Weigand, Florian (December 21, 2021).
4604:
3422:
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
3057:"Facts - The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)"
2990:
On February 8, 1861, delegates from the first seven
2854:
2496:
A Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans, 1903
5970:
5756:
The War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864
4595:
Official Records, Series IV, Vol. III, pp. 1161–62.
4103:
4049:
3921:
3870:
6526:(2nd ed.). Gaithersburg: Olde Soldier Books.
5976:
5634:
5632:
5457:
5264:
4706:
4117:
4063:
4013:. New York City: Oxford University Press. p.
4006:
3997:
3995:
3935:
3884:
3724:
3687:Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction
3475:"James McPherson: What They Fought For, 1861–1865"
3375:
3373:
3306:
3237:
3181:
3158:"Deserters in the Civil War | Teachinghistory.org"
3008:Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
2740:, The United States Army's elite sniper unit, the
2598:towards U.S. lines if such proposals were adopted.
2463:would advertise for a chance at military service.
712:In 1894, Virginian and former Confederate soldier
563:Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction
9865:Military units and formations established in 1861
7043:
6895:, U.S. Government Printing Office, archived from
5949:
5894:American Civil War: The Essential Reference Guide
5887:
5568:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5395:
4994:
3268:
3208:
264:, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the
9831:
9469:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
7008:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 899–901.
6988:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 818–828.
5548:Confederate Slave Impressment in the Upper South
4652:
4611:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 317.
4216:
3737:. University of Virginia Press. pp. 80–81.
3619:
1044:Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863
786:January 23, 1862: 400,000 volunteers and militia
596:
6662:(UNC Press Books, 2019). Debunks a false myth.
6356:The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865
5629:
5473:"Memory: Frederick Douglass' Black Confederate"
5292:
5290:
5288:
5129:W. David Baird; et al. (January 5, 2009).
5007:Smuggler Nation: How Illicit Trade Made America
4679:
4631:
4598:
3992:
3817:
3811:
3563:Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War:
2909:Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces
2748:Virginia when it invaded Pennsylvania in 1863.
2720:
2643:
1630:in May 1864, but continued to use its old name)
1467:
820:General officers in the Confederate States Army
9293:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
6846:(University Press of Kentucky, 2007) pp 9–30.
6245:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
6137:Joint Resolution on the Subject of Retaliation
5646:. Louisiana State University. pp. 156–58.
5420:
5128:
5034:
4422:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
4257:
2939:Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
2104:Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia
1076:Officer rank structure of the Confederate Army
779:The following calls for soldiers were issued:
288:, where South Carolina state militia besieged
7179:
7028:
6942:U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accouterments
6288:
5578:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 169.
5522:
5324:
5252:
5000:
4871:
4700:
4525:Schmitz, Neil (2007). "Mark Twain, Traitor".
3891:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
3826:. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–142.
3684:Perman, Michael; Taylor, Amy Murrell (2010).
3584:. New York: The New Press. pp. 224–226.
3555:
3497:
3465:
3405:
3403:
3378:Confederate Colonels: A Biographical Register
3367:
3304:
3275:. Golden Springs Publishing. pp. 62–64.
3175:
2904:Military of the Confederate States of America
783:March 6, 1861: 100,000 volunteers and militia
6960:1st Confederate Battalion, Forney's Regiment
5953:The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865
5752:
5501:
5352:
5285:
4767:(1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
4760:
4740:. University of Georgia Press. p. 242.
3859:
3683:
3262:
3043:Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy
2517:, the adopted white son of the chief of the
2060:Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana
1068:Ranks and insignia of the Confederate States
6226:
6205:
5746:
5724:"The Most Pernicious Idea: 150 Years Later"
5495:
5338:. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 49–54.
5229:
5227:
4831:
4635:Life and Campaigns of General Robert E. Lee
4198:. Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company
3338:Mark Grimsley; Steven E. Woodworth (2006).
3298:
3229:
1314:There were four grades of general officer (
616:negated any contradiction between the two:
484:
383:, C.S. troops under the command of General
7186:
7172:
7035:
7021:
6916:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6719:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
6216:. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 173–180.
5983:Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches And Writings
5847:
5786:
4733:
4727:
4673:
4646:
4625:
4264:. University of Georgia Press. p. 4.
3541:
3400:
3202:
3128:
2884:Blockade runners of the American Civil War
2625:
2561:African Americans and the Confederate Army
2384:Native Americans in the American Civil War
2308:Italian Americans and the Confederate Army
2258:Blockade runners of the American Civil War
2063:Department of Alabama and East Mississippi
431:Provisional Army of the Confederate States
40:
6600:, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Feb., 1987), pp. 63–90.
5801:
5608:. New York: The Free Press. p. 402.
4297:K. M. L. "Stonewall's Rush to Judgment",
4234:
4112:
4058:
4001:
3930:
3879:
3787:
3613:
3382:. University of Missouri Press. pp.
2789:Prisoner exchanges with the United States
2378:Native Americans and the Confederate Army
1880:(also known as the Army of the Southwest)
989:. Two to four divisions usually formed a
921:
840:, himself a former U.S. Army officer and
530:
462:military forces of the Confederate States
442:Army of the Confederate States of America
7382:Treatment of slaves in the United States
6975:
6819:General Officers of the Confederate Army
6633:
6492:
6405:Civil War: Strange and Fascinating Facts
6294:
5306:. New York: The New Press. p. 193.
5258:
5224:
4960:
4713:. Oxford University Press. p. 433.
4707:James M. McPherson (December 11, 2003).
4589:
4553:
3309:Encyclopedia of War and American Society
3209:Spencer C. Tucker (September 30, 2013).
2813:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2564:
2532:
2491:
2201:
2147:
2136:Department of Middle and Eastern Florida
1724:Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1486:
1452:one Texas infantry regiment used black.
1305:
858:Chief of Staff of the United States Army
823:
766:
534:
494:
403:
379:Under orders from Confederate President
9125:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
7297:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
6775:
6604:
6211:
6157:
5981:. In Roy Basler; Carl Sandburg (eds.).
5575:Lee and His Army in Confederate History
5508:. Oxford University Press. p. 17.
5401:
5330:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4524:
4489:
4323:
3107:, in Louisiana and Texas under General
2143:
1967:
1888:Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1714:Fourth Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1704:Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1480:(there were seven in the C.S. Army) or
1460:the awards had their names placed on a
860:. On June 1, he assumed command of the
832:, the Confederacy's most famous general
491:Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864
193:
27:Southern army in the American Civil War
14:
9832:
9110:Modern display of the Confederate flag
7193:
7044:Field armies of the Confederate States
6992:
6869:
6813:
6746:
6649:
6540:
6158:Karcher, Carolyn L. (April 19, 1994).
5838:
5638:
5358:
5296:
5078:Italiani nella guerra civile americana
5057:
4419:
4189:
3802:
3770:
3574:
3436:John George Nicolay; John Hay (1890).
3269:T. Harry Williams (November 6, 2015).
3048:
2919:Bibliography of the American Civil War
2894:Confederate Government Civil War units
2809:
2218:By 1863, Confederate generals such as
2160:; photograph possibly by D. F. Brandon
1709:Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1699:First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
336:and various other units under General
292:in Charleston harbor, held by a small
9860:Military history of the United States
9328:
8717:
8281:
7504:
7307:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
7205:
7167:
7016:
6999:"Confederate States of America"
6794:
6585:
6521:
6402:
6369:
6052:
5977:James M. McPherson (August 4, 2008).
5721:
5598:
5431:
5233:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5110:
4908:
4653:Samuel J. Martin (January 10, 2014).
4446:
4384:
4358:
4155:
3503:
3272:P. G. T. Beauregard: Napoleon In Gray
3244:. Indiana University Press. pp.
3054:
1061:
677:(1997), p. 110, emphasis in original.
6966:Black soldiers in the U.S. Civil War
6524:Units of the Confederate States Army
6358:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971.
6086:
5917:
5687:
5657:
5470:
5088:
3818:Kurt O. Berends (November 5, 1998).
3620:Bell Irvin Wiley (January 1, 2008).
3344:. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 3–.
2914:Uniforms of the Confederate military
9464:Committee on the Conduct of the War
9140:United Daughters of the Confederacy
6334:"Republican Party Platform of 1864"
6093:Dead Confederates: A Civil War Blog
5722:Levin, Kevin M. (January 7, 2015).
5694:Dead Confederates: A Civil War Blog
5477:Dead Confederates: A Civil War Blog
5183:"Native Americans in the Civil War"
5037:The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling
3824:Religion and the American Civil War
3551:November 15, 2012 by Margaret Wood.
2752:Treatment of black prisoners of war
2667:(January 20, 1865), Macon, Georgia.
2459:"at the foot of Stone Street". The
2425:Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws
2251:
2108:Department of Tennessee and Georgia
2015:Department of Southwestern Virginia
730:Desertion § American Civil War
24:
9534:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
9329:
8873:impeachment managers investigation
7252:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
6976:Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911).
6853:
6415:
5203:
5175:
5154:
5107:
4795:The Civil War Book of Lists, p. 56
4449:South Carolina Historical Magazine
3188:. St. Martin's Press. p. 55.
2824:Surrender of a Confederate Soldier
2488:Cherokee in the American Civil War
2314:Italian Americans in the Civil War
2088:Department of the Indian Territory
771:CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece
25:
9881:
8959:Reconstruction military districts
7407:Abolitionism in the United States
7362:Plantations in the American South
7277:Origins of the American Civil War
6954:Confederate and State Regulations
6925:
6889:U.S. War Department (1880–1901),
6836:
6295:Townsend, E.D. (April 24, 1863).
6191:. Cengage Learning. p. 433.
6188:Liberty, Liberty, Equality, Power
6060:. Cairo, Illinois. Archived from
5502:Bruce Levine (November 1, 2005).
5437:"Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run"
5067:. Cape Fear Historical Institute.
4991:(2003) ch 4 on inadequate rations
4963:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
4680:Emory M. Thomas (June 17, 1997).
4223:American Political Science Review
2265:Britain as a major source of arms
1611:(also known as Army of Vicksburg)
509:Confederate States War Department
324:The main Confederate armies, the
9813:
9804:
9803:
8942:Enforcement Act of February 1871
8915:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
7148:
7147:
6865:. Richmond: J.W. Randolph. 1863.
6776:Weinert, Richard P. Jr. (1991).
6619:10.1097/00007611-198705000-00019
6460:
6452:North Carolina Historical Review
6421:
6396:
6387:
6348:
6325:
6238:
6220:
6178:
6151:
6124:
6111:
6080:
6046:
6033:
6017:
5999:
5943:
5881:
5832:
5795:
5773:
5715:
5681:
5650:
5592:
5562:
5553:
5540:
5531:
5471:Hall, Andy (February 20, 2015).
4190:Lozada, Carlos (June 19, 2015).
3661:Mississippi Law Journal (2000).
3419:United States. War Dept (1900).
3182:James M. McPherson (June 2004).
2929:Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant
2857:
2519:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
1521:(later renamed Army of Kentucky)
1435:
1428:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1287:
1268:
1249:
1230:
1211:
1192:
1173:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
981:Four regiments usually formed a
422:Provisional Confederate Congress
399:
374:Provisional Confederate Congress
254:Provisional Confederate Congress
211:
119:
9727:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
9589:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
9150:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
6668:
6598:The Journal of Southern History
6212:Cornish, Dudley Taylor (1965).
5550:(U. North Carolina Press, 2013)
5238:. New South Books. p. 65.
5082:
5071:
5028:
4981:
4954:
4937:
4902:
4889:
4862:
4853:
4844:
4798:
4789:
4754:
4518:
4483:
4467:
4440:
4413:
4378:
4352:
4317:
4304:
4291:
4278:
4251:
4210:
4183:
4149:
3975:
3853:
3840:
3803:Wilson, Charles Reagan (1980).
3796:
3781:
3764:
3751:
3711:
3677:
3568:
3429:
3412:
3358:
3289:
2924:Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln
2899:Confederate States Marine Corps
2742:1st United States Sharpshooters
2672:Prominent Confederates such as
2294:in 1961, remarked for example:
1998:Department of Northern Virginia
1845:Second Corps, Army of Tennessee
762:
545:Major Problems in the Civil War
8830:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
5985:. Hachette Books. p. 86.
5956:. LSU Press. pp. 267–68.
5811:. New York: Ballantine Books.
5688:Hall, Andy (January 8, 2015).
4911:The American Historical Review
4312:Desertion during the Civil War
3236:Russell Frank Weigley (2000).
3149:
3135:. Harper Collins. p. 15.
3122:
3071:
3035:
3013:
2984:
2975:
2957:
2461:Mobile Advertiser and Register
2372:6th Regiment, European Brigade
2139:Department of Western Kentucky
1850:Third Corps, Army of Tennessee
1840:First Corps, Army of Tennessee
260:. Davis was a graduate of the
13:
1:
9245:Ladies' Memorial Associations
8947:Enforcement Act of April 1871
8843:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
8718:
6962:(Living History Organization)
6571:. Stanford University Press.
6522:Crute, Joseph H. Jr. (1987).
6087:Hall, Andy (April 15, 2014).
5979:"Slavery, the Union, and War"
5092:Foreigners in the Confederacy
4686:. W. W. Norton. p. 347.
4656:General Braxton Bragg, C.S.A.
3788:Woodworth, Steven E. (2001).
2950:
2712:the town was captured by the
2429:Confederate States of America
2419:At the beginning of the war,
2412:, and in Federal assaults on
2292:American Civil War Centennial
1942:Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
1866:Army of the Trans-Mississippi
737:Absent Without Official Leave
597:Slavery and white supremacism
242:Confederate States of America
9378:Confederate revolving cannon
9120:Sons of Confederate Veterans
8991:South Carolina riots of 1876
8969:Indian Council at Fort Smith
8920:South Carolina riots of 1876
8885:Knights of the White Camelia
7377:Slavery in the United States
6778:The Confederate Regular Army
6377:"Fact Sheet: America's Wars"
6305:. Washington. Archived from
4608:The Mississippi Encyclopedia
4288:(U of Nebraska Press, 2005).
3860:Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (2009).
3549:Civil War Conscription Laws:
3364:McPherson 1997, pp. 104–105.
2774:United States Colored Troops
2760:by the Union, combined with
2721:Treatment of black civilians
2665:Atlanta Southern Confederacy
2651:Atlanta Southern Confederacy
2644:Opposition from Confederates
2100:Department of East Tennessee
2072:Trans-Mississippi Department
2045:Department of South Carolina
2041:Department of North Carolina
2009:Department of Fredericksburg
1572:March 1862 – November 1862:
1468:Armies and prominent leaders
877:Lee was formally designated
723:
478:Provisional Army of Virginia
252:. On February 28, 1861, the
7:
9732:New York City riots of 1863
9557:Battle Hymn of the Republic
9308:United Confederate Veterans
9145:Children of the Confederacy
9135:United Confederate Veterans
9130:Southern Historical Society
8282:
7762:Price's Missouri Expedition
7232:Timeline leading to the War
7206:
6749:Journal of Military History
6554:Journal of Southern History
6424:Journal of Southern History
6095:. WordPress. Archived from
6058:"Letter to Abraham Lincoln"
5696:. WordPress. Archived from
5663:"Letter to James A. Seddon"
5479:. WordPress. Archived from
5213:. p. 5. Archived from
5164:. p. 2. Archived from
3848:Journal of Military History
3374:Bruce S. Allardice (2008).
3341:Shiloh: A Battlefield Guide
3087:battle at Columbus, Georgia
2850:
2481:
2473:Jacqueline Anderson Matte,
2301:into the port of Wilmington
2018:Department of the Peninsula
1635:Army of Middle Tennessee –
1599:December 1862 – July 1863:
1524:Army of Eastern Kentucky –
587:
106:1,082,119 total who served
58:February 28, 1861
10:
9886:
9700:Confederate Secret Service
9288:Grand Army of the Republic
9180:Grand Army of the Republic
8998:Southern Claims Commission
6979:"American Civil War"
6956:at confederateuniforms.org
6821:. J. M. Carroll & Co.
5950:E. Merton Coulter (1950).
5839:Durden, Robert F. (2000).
5267:More Civil War Curiosities
4683:Robert E. Lee: A Biography
3777:. Mercer University Press.
3626:. LSU Press. p. 505.
3442:. The Century Co. p.
3439:Abraham Lincoln: A History
3030:United States Marine Corps
2969:American Battlefield Trust
2609:
2528:
2485:
2381:
2328:Expedition of the Thousand
2311:
2255:
2246:U.S. blockade of all ports
2163:
2130:Department of West Florida
2028:Trans-Allegheny Department
1346:
1074:
1065:
974:. To the extent the word "
952:Division - 6,000 to 14,000
940:Battle of Chancellorsville
817:
813:
789:April 16, 1862, the First
727:
488:
391:save the Union. Four more
370:Charleston, South Carolina
347:
286:Charleston, South Carolina
250:the institution of slavery
9799:
9775:
9688:Confederate States dollar
9660:
9602:
9547:
9499:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
9494:Emancipation Proclamation
9456:
9388:Medal of Honor recipients
9345:
9341:
9324:
9276:Confederate Memorial Hall
9258:
9237:
9195:
9167:
9158:
9078:Confederate Memorial Hall
9051:Confederate History Month
9031:Civil War Discovery Trail
9011:
8932:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
8763:
8738:Reconstruction Amendments
8728:
8724:
8713:
8635:
8504:
8497:
8437:
8301:
8294:
8290:
8277:
8219:
7966:
7959:
7790:
7646:
7605:
7573:
7540:
7533:
7529:
7500:
7397:
7347:Emancipation Proclamation
7315:
7216:
7212:
7201:
7143:
7050:
6780:. White Mane Publishing.
6711:(UNC Press Books, 2002).
6671:Journal of Social History
6634:Haughton, Andrew (2000).
6541:Daniel, Larry J. (2003).
6461:Allardice, Bruce (1997).
6174:– via Google Books.
6164:. Duke University Press.
6043:4 (September 2001): 82–89
5759:. Scribner. p. 279.
4809:. New York: D. McKay Co.
4399:10.1017/s0018246x13000046
4236:10.1017/S0003055419000170
3970:dissented from that view.
2865:American Civil War portal
2766:Emancipation Proclamation
1995:Department of the Potomac
1927:Army of Western Louisiana
1682:Army of Northern Virginia
1517:Army of East Tennessee –
995:Army of Northern Virginia
862:Army of Northern Virginia
703:Emancipation Proclamation
668:dissented from that view.
326:Army of Northern Virginia
201:
182:
177:
159:
147:
134:
115:
102:
94:
84:
69:
54:
48:Army of Northern Virginia
39:
34:
9855:Former armies by country
9762:U.S. Sanitary Commission
9673:Battlefield preservation
9579:Marching Through Georgia
9504:Hampton Roads Conference
9479:Confiscation Act of 1862
9474:Confiscation Act of 1861
9250:U.S. national cemeteries
9056:Confederate Memorial Day
9041:Civil War Trails Program
8910:New Orleans riot of 1866
6994:Schwab, John Christopher
6874:. Kessinger Publishing.
6870:Robson, John S. (2007).
6646:bibliography, pp 123–30.
6607:Southern Medical Journal
6007:"Killers in Green Coats"
5236:They Say the Wind is Red
4947:(1999) 40#3 pp: 517–544
4807:The Civil War dictionary
4659:McFarland. p. 382.
4632:James D. McCabe (1870).
3790:While God is Marching On
3771:Dollar, Kent T. (2005).
3690:. Cengage. p. 178.
3215:. ABC-CLIO. p. 74.
3115:under Brigadier General
2804:Liberty, Equality, Power
2781:in Tennessee and at the
2727:First Battle of Bull Run
2584:First Battle of Bull Run
2475:They Say the Wind Is Red
2368:Italian Guards Battalion
2324:Army of the Two Sicilies
1992:Department of Alexandria
1730:Army of the New River –
1505:Army of Central Kentucky
949:Corps - 24,000 to 28,000
485:Control and conscription
332:and the remnants of the
9840:Confederate States Army
9683:Confederate war finance
9303:Southern Cross of Honor
9271:1938 Gettysburg reunion
9266:1913 Gettysburg reunion
8964:Reconstruction Treaties
8937:Enforcement Act of 1870
8820:Freedman's Savings Bank
7437:Lane Debates on Slavery
7262:Lincoln–Douglas debates
7005:Encyclopædia Britannica
6985:Encyclopædia Britannica
6795:Weitz, Mark A. (2005).
6569:Civil War High Commands
6228:Robertson, James I. Jr.
5890:"Congress, Confederate"
5855:"General Orders No. 14"
5843:. Louisiana: LSU Press.
5546:Jaime Amanda Martinez,
5537:Levine 2005, pp. 62–63,
5271:. Rutledge Hill Press.
5259:Garrison, Webb (1995).
5012:Oxford University Press
4258:David Williams (2011).
4156:Coski, John M. (2005).
3670:Mississippi Law Journal
2981:C.S. War Dept., p. 402.
2879:Confederate States Navy
2626:Using enslaved soldiers
2336:Chatham Roberdeau Wheat
2037:Department of Tennessee
2034:Department of Louisiana
1855:Forrest's Cavalry Corps
1614:July 1863 – June 1864:
1348:Enlisted rank structure
307:Confederate States Navy
226:Confederate States Army
35:Confederate States Army
9742:Richmond riots of 1863
9668:Baltimore riot of 1861
9448:U.S. Military Railroad
9368:Confederate Home Guard
9100:Historiographic issues
9066:Historical reenactment
7565:Revenue Cutter Service
7432:William Lloyd Garrison
7341:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6799:. U of Nebraska Press.
6650:Levine, Bruce (2005).
6556:25.2 (1959): 178-193.
6454:41.2 (1964): 163-189.
5559:Levine 2005, pp. 17–18
5133:. Native Americans.com
4945:Technology and culture
4492:Social Science History
4477:2011; 57(4): 349–379.
3561:Faust, Patricia L. ed
3305:Peter Karsten (2006).
3077:Confederate forces at
2827:
2697:
2676:and Georgian Democrat
2670:
2607:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2544:
2515:William Holland Thomas
2497:
2479:
2305:
2282:
2211:
2210:, during the Civil War
2161:
2158:Camp Douglas (Chicago)
2054:Vicksburg, Mississippi
1975:Confederate Home Guard
1918:Army of West Tennessee
1859:Nathan Bedford Forrest
1798:Army of the Shenandoah
1578:Albert Sidney Johnston
1513:Albert Sidney Johnston
1500:
1360:Quartermaster Sergeant
1311:
955:Brigade - 800 to 1,700
935:infantry maneuver unit
922:Personnel organization
912:Albert Sidney Johnston
833:
772:
699:
680:
658:
638:
604:For Cause and Comrades
581:
568:
540:
531:Morale and motivations
504:
413:
73:May 26, 1865
9707:Great Revival of 1863
9584:Maryland, My Maryland
9373:Confederate railroads
9036:Civil War Roundtables
8905:Meridian riot of 1871
8900:Memphis riots of 1866
7457:George Luther Stearns
7442:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
7335:Crittenden Compromise
6899:on September 13, 2009
6724:Sheehan-Dean, Aaron.
6701:50.1 (2004): 47-65.
6507:10.1353/cwh.1991.0031
6403:Davis, Burke (1960).
6117:Williams, George W.,
5753:Allan Nevins (1959).
5407:"The Soldiers' Flag?"
4895:George Edgar Turner,
4539:10.1353/arq.2007.0025
4374:on December 18, 2013.
3759:Mississippi Quarterly
3156:Hamner, Christopher.
3041:Albert Burton Moore,
2844:native-born white men
2817:
2758:black men as soldiers
2731:Henry Highland Garnet
2692:
2656:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2568:
2536:
2495:
2465:
2296:
2273:
2256:Further information:
2205:
2151:
2048:Department of Georgia
2006:Department of Norfolk
1758:Army of the Peninsula
1737:Army of the Northwest
1666:, William L. Powell,
1596:on November 20, 1862)
1490:
1309:
1243:(Medical Corps shown)
1066:Further information:
999:Appomattox Courthouse
997:, whose surrender at
958:Regiment - 350 to 400
872:Battle of Chattanooga
842:U.S. Secretary of War
827:
818:Further information:
770:
759:professional author.
728:Further information:
684:
662:
643:
618:
576:
553:
538:
498:
410:Edwin Francis Jemison
407:
388:bombarded Fort Sumter
278:U.S. Secretary of War
270:United States senator
268:. He had also been a
262:U.S. Military Academy
9594:Daar kom die Alibama
9509:National Union Party
9185:memorials to Lincoln
9105:Lost Cause mythology
8810:Eufaula riot of 1874
8798:Confederate refugees
8011:District of Columbia
7638:Union naval blockade
7484:Underground Railroad
7272:Nullification crisis
6932:Confederate soldiers
6683:10.1353/jsh/26.3.611
6025:Virginia's Civil War
5041:Taylor & Francis
5004:(January 16, 2013).
4885:on January 13, 2009.
3981:James M. McPherson,
3100:, in Arkansas under
2783:Battle of the Crater
2332:unification of Italy
2288:Ulysses S. Grant III
2224:beg, borrow or steal
2144:Supply and logistics
2052:The Union attack on
1968:Military Departments
1770:Army of Pensacola –
1637:John C. Breckinridge
1557:Army of Louisiana –
1262:(Marine Corps shown)
1224:(Headquarters shown)
900:Corinth, Mississippi
692:James M. McPherson,
673:James M. McPherson,
655:(1997), pp. 109–110.
651:James M. McPherson,
266:Mexican–American War
164:American Indian Wars
109:464,646 peak in 1863
9752:Supreme Court cases
9519:Radical Republicans
9298:Old soldiers' homes
9282:Confederate Veteran
9208:artworks in Capitol
8927:Reconstruction acts
8788:Colfax riot of 1873
7752:Richmond-Petersburg
7357:Fugitive slave laws
7287:Popular sovereignty
7267:Missouri Compromise
7257:Kansas-Nebraska Act
6803:Wiley, Bell Irvin.
6740:(LSU Press, 1959).
6721:113 (2005):340–377.
6477:Bledsoe, Andrew S.
6340:on April 21, 2015.
6262:McPherson, James M.
6230:; Pegram, William.
6056:(August 23, 1863).
6027:(2004) pp: 122–37.
5865:on November 5, 2014
5803:McPherson, James M.
5661:(January 8, 1865).
5089:Lonn, Ella (2002).
4734:Jim Jordan (2018).
4301:(2010) 49#2 pp 51+.
4196:The Washington Post
4114:McPherson, James M.
4060:McPherson, James M.
4003:McPherson, James M.
3932:McPherson, James M.
3881:McPherson, James M.
3467:McPherson, James M.
3409:Eicher, pp. 70, 66.
3295:Weigley 2000, p. 24
3162:teachinghistory.org
3129:Eric Foner (1988).
2810:Statistics and size
2290:, President of the
2208:Frederick, Maryland
2084:Department of Texas
1815:Samuel Gibbs French
1789:P. G. T. Beauregard
1785:Army of the Potomac
1574:P. G. T. Beauregard
1568:Army of Mississippi
1531:Army of the Kanawha
1482:lieutenant generals
898:'s advance against
474:Militia Act of 1792
468:Confederate States
460:Members of all the
385:P. G. T. Beauregard
125:C.S. War Department
46:Battle flag of the
18:Confederate soldier
9573:A Lincoln Portrait
9514:Politicians killed
9438:U.S. Balloon Corps
9433:Union corps badges
9213:memorials to Davis
9083:Disenfranchisement
8954:Reconstruction era
8835:Timber Culture Act
8793:Compromise of 1877
7757:Franklin–Nashville
7427:Frederick Douglass
7330:Cornerstone Speech
7247:Compromise of 1850
7195:American Civil War
6587:Faust, Drew Gilpin
6393:Long, 1971, p. 711
5734:on January 9, 2015
5442:The New York Times
5403:Simpson, Brooks D.
4387:Historical Journal
3761:17.4 (1964): 179+.
3095:Lieutenant General
3026:United States Navy
3021:United States Army
2971:. August 16, 2011.
2828:
2821:'s 1873 painting,
2764:'s issuing of the
2608:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2545:
2498:
2390:American Civil War
2356:Charles & Jane
2212:
2162:
2079:Western Department
1982:Western Department
1884:Army of the Valley
1878:Edmund Kirby Smith
1831:Joseph E. Johnston
1802:Joseph E. Johnston
1793:Joseph E. Johnston
1686:Joseph E. Johnston
1673:Army of New Mexico
1660:John B. Villepigue
1552:Edmund Kirby Smith
1519:Edmund Kirby Smith
1501:
1320:lieutenant general
1312:
1221:Lieutenant-colonel
1093:Lieutenant colonel
1062:Ranks and insignia
961:Company – 35 to 40
846:commander-in-chief
834:
773:
627:James M. McPherson
609:James M. McPherson
572:James M. McPherson
541:
505:
418:United States Army
414:
358:Confederate States
338:Joseph E. Johnston
246:American Civil War
240:land force of the
228:, also called the
184:Commander-in-Chief
172:American Civil War
129:Confederate Forces
89:Confederate States
9827:
9826:
9795:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9625:Italian Americans
9610:African Americans
9567:John Brown's Body
9320:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9233:
9232:
9071:Robert E. Lee Day
8815:Freedmen's Bureau
8778:Brooks–Baxter War
8709:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8493:
8492:
8273:
8272:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8264:
7682:Northern Virginia
7628:Trans-Mississippi
7601:
7600:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7388:Uncle Tom's Cabin
7325:African Americans
7161:
7160:
7135:Western Louisiana
7115:Trans-Mississippi
7085:Northern Virginia
6881:978-1-84685-665-5
6828:978-0-8488-0009-3
6815:Wright, Marcus J.
6787:978-0-942597-27-1
6707:Power, J. Tracy.
6699:Civil War History
6578:978-0-8047-3641-1
6563:Eicher, John H.;
6495:Civil War History
6487:978-0-8071-6070-1
6467:Civil War History
6383:on July 30, 2009.
6041:North & South
5992:978-0-7867-2372-0
5931:on March 12, 2012
5903:978-1-59884-905-9
5818:978-0-307-48860-2
5766:978-0-684-10429-4
5640:Durden, Robert F.
5600:Davis, William C.
5570:Gary W. Gallagher
5515:978-0-19-803367-7
5435:(July 27, 2011).
5332:Symonds, Craig L.
5313:978-1-56584-100-0
5278:978-1-55853-366-0
5261:"Padday Some Day"
5245:978-1-58838-079-1
5220:on July 23, 2011.
5171:on July 23, 2011.
4987:Larry J. Daniel,
4747:978-0-8203-5196-4
4720:978-0-19-974390-2
4693:978-0-393-31631-5
4666:978-0-7864-6194-3
4618:978-1-4968-1159-2
4527:Arizona Quarterly
4475:Civil War History
4368:American Heritage
3850:58#1 (1994): 29+.
3833:978-0-19-802834-5
3805:Baptized in Blood
3744:978-0-8139-2552-3
3717:James McPherson,
3633:978-0-8071-5604-9
3591:978-1-56584-100-0
3393:978-0-8262-6648-4
3324:978-0-7619-3097-6
3282:978-1-78289-373-8
3222:978-1-85109-682-4
3195:978-0-312-33123-8
3102:Brigadier General
3083:Columbus, Georgia
2965:"Civil War Facts"
2944:White Southerners
2738:siege of Yorktown
2538:Jackson McCurtain
2509:Indian Home Guard
2156:and taken at POW
1874:Theophilus Holmes
1870:Thomas C. Hindman
1819:William J. Hardee
1807:Army of Tennessee
1749:William W. Loring
1741:Robert S. Garnett
1690:Gustavus W. Smith
1650:Army of Mobile –
1628:Army of Tennessee
1624:William W. Loring
1616:William J. Hardee
1609:William W. Loring
1601:John C. Pemberton
1594:Army of Tennessee
1586:William J. Hardee
1526:Humphrey Marshall
1457:brigadier general
1449:
1448:
1365:Ordnance Sergeant
1328:brigadier general
1281:(Artillery shown)
1169:
1168:
1113:Second lieutenant
808:Antietam campaign
601:In his 1997 book
543:In his 2010 book
501:Southern Unionist
368:in the harbor of
334:Army of Tennessee
219:
218:
16:(Redirected from
9877:
9817:
9807:
9806:
9630:Native Americans
9615:German Americans
9408:Partisan rangers
9403:Official Records
9343:
9342:
9326:
9325:
9218:memorials to Lee
9165:
9164:
8726:
8725:
8715:
8714:
8502:
8501:
8299:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8279:
8278:
8252:Washington, D.C.
8046:Indian Territory
8006:Dakota Territory
7964:
7963:
7881:Chancellorsville
7672:Jackson's Valley
7662:Blockade runners
7538:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7502:
7501:
7462:Thaddeus Stevens
7452:Lysander Spooner
7412:Susan B. Anthony
7214:
7213:
7203:
7202:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7165:
7164:
7151:
7150:
7055:Central Kentucky
7037:
7030:
7023:
7014:
7013:
7009:
7001:
6989:
6981:
6921:
6915:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6885:
6866:
6832:
6800:
6791:
6772:
6736:Warner, Ezra J.
6694:
6658:Levin, Kevin M.
6655:
6639:
6630:
6594:
6582:
6565:Eicher, David J.
6546:
6537:
6518:
6474:
6447:
6409:
6408:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6373:
6367:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6336:. Archived from
6329:
6323:
6322:
6316:
6314:
6309:on April 7, 2001
6292:
6286:
6285:
6257:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6128:
6122:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6099:on March 7, 2016
6084:
6078:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6050:
6044:
6037:
6031:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6013:. July 20, 2016.
6003:
5997:
5996:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5927:. Archived from
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5872:
5870:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5784:
5779:Paul D. Escott,
5777:
5771:
5770:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5730:. Archived from
5728:Civil War Memory
5719:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5705:
5700:on March 8, 2016
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5669:on March 8, 2016
5665:. Archived from
5654:
5648:
5647:
5636:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5551:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5483:on March 9, 2016
5468:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5429:
5418:
5417:
5405:(July 5, 2015).
5399:
5393:
5392:
5384:
5382:
5360:Loewen, James W.
5356:
5350:
5349:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5298:Loewen, James W.
5294:
5283:
5282:
5270:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5231:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5212:
5204:Rodman, Leslie.
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5163:
5155:Rodman, Leslie.
5152:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5126:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5086:
5080:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5050:9-7810-0050-8772
5032:
5026:
5025:
5021:9-7801-9930-1607
4998:
4992:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4958:
4952:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4906:
4900:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4881:. Archived from
4875:
4869:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4842:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4487:
4481:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4321:
4315:
4308:
4302:
4295:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4123:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4069:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4012:
3999:
3990:
3988:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3941:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3890:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3728:
3722:
3721:(1998) pp 104–5.
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3576:Loewen, James W.
3572:
3566:
3559:
3553:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3485:on March 9, 2016
3473:(May 22, 1994).
3463:
3448:
3447:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3381:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3313:. SAGE. p.
3312:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3243:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3126:
3120:
3113:Indian Territory
3105:M. Jeff Thompson
3075:
3069:
3068:
3063:. Archived from
3052:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3017:
3011:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2961:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2800:Republican Party
2701:Patrick Cleburne
2668:
2477:
2320:Italian American
2269:blockade runners
2252:Arms importation
1946:James Longstreet
1897:Army of the West
1772:Adley H. Gladden
1762:John B. Magruder
1745:Henry R. Jackson
1718:Anderson's Corps
1716:, often styled "
1652:Jones M. Withers
1642:Army of Missouri
1548:Army of Kentucky
1509:Simon B. Buckner
1439:
1432:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1344:
1291:
1272:
1253:
1234:
1215:
1205:(Infantry shown)
1196:
1177:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1108:First lieutenant
1072:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
916:James Longstreet
697:
678:
656:
636:
566:
561:Michael Perman,
521:Twenty Negro Law
280:under President
230:Confederate Army
215:
203:General in Chief
195:
168:Cortina Troubles
140:
123:
80:
78:
65:
63:
44:
32:
31:
21:
9885:
9884:
9880:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9875:
9874:
9830:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9787:
9771:
9656:
9620:Irish Americans
9598:
9543:
9452:
9443:U.S. Home Guard
9383:Field artillery
9337:
9336:
9312:
9254:
9229:
9191:
9160:
9154:
9046:Civil War Trust
9013:
9007:
8895:Ethnic violence
8880:Kirk–Holden war
8759:
8720:
8697:
8631:
8489:
8433:
8286:
8261:
8215:
7968:
7955:
7786:
7767:Sherman's March
7747:Bermuda Hundred
7642:
7597:
7569:
7525:
7524:
7488:
7447:J. Sella Martin
7417:James G. Birney
7393:
7311:
7237:Bleeding Kansas
7225:
7208:
7197:
7192:
7162:
7157:
7139:
7046:
7041:
6928:
6909:
6908:
6902:
6900:
6882:
6859:
6856:
6854:Primary sources
6839:
6829:
6788:
6761:10.2307/2944178
6579:
6534:
6436:10.2307/2191203
6418:
6416:Further reading
6413:
6412:
6407:. Random House.
6401:
6397:
6392:
6388:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6353:
6349:
6330:
6326:
6312:
6310:
6293:
6289:
6278:
6258:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6225:
6221:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6129:
6125:
6116:
6112:
6102:
6100:
6085:
6081:
6067:
6065:
6051:
6047:
6038:
6034:
6022:
6018:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5948:
5944:
5934:
5932:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5886:
5882:
5868:
5866:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:(1992), p. 254.
5778:
5774:
5767:
5751:
5747:
5737:
5735:
5720:
5716:
5703:
5701:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5655:
5651:
5637:
5630:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5597:
5593:
5586:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5469:
5458:
5448:
5446:
5430:
5421:
5400:
5396:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5329:
5325:
5314:
5295:
5286:
5279:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5232:
5225:
5217:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5161:
5153:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5127:
5108:
5098:
5096:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5072:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5043:. p. 321.
5033:
5029:
5022:
5014:. p. 159.
4999:
4995:
4986:
4982:
4959:
4955:
4949:in Project MUSE
4942:
4938:
4923:10.2307/2163218
4907:
4903:
4894:
4890:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4836:
4832:
4817:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4775:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4651:
4647:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4523:
4519:
4504:10.2307/1171275
4488:
4484:
4472:
4468:
4445:
4441:
4418:
4414:
4383:
4379:
4357:
4353:
4338:10.2307/2580242
4322:
4318:
4309:
4305:
4299:Civil War Times
4296:
4292:
4284:Mark A. Weitz,
4283:
4279:
4272:
4256:
4252:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4111:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4082:
4057:
4050:
4037:
4035:
4025:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3929:
3922:
3903:
3878:
3871:
3858:
3854:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3816:
3812:
3801:
3797:
3786:
3782:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3729:
3725:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3682:
3678:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3592:
3573:
3569:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3464:
3451:
3434:
3430:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3079:Mobile, Alabama
3076:
3072:
3067:on May 3, 2024.
3053:
3049:
3040:
3036:
3018:
3014:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2812:
2791:
2762:Abraham Lincoln
2754:
2723:
2674:R. M. T. Hunter
2669:
2663:
2646:
2628:
2619:Joseph E. Brown
2614:
2563:
2531:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2457:Mobile, Alabama
2398:Second Manassas
2386:
2380:
2342:with the ships
2330:as part of the
2316:
2310:
2260:
2254:
2238:General Sherman
2168:
2146:
2024:Valley District
1970:
1950:J. E. B. Stuart
1909:Dabney H. Maury
1886:(also known as
1677:Henry H. Sibley
1470:
1302:
1301:
1300:(Cavalry shown)
1292:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1021:
1018:
924:
904:Joseph E. Brown
838:Jefferson Davis
822:
816:
765:
732:
726:
698:
696:(1997), p. ix.
691:
679:
672:
657:
650:
637:
635:(1997), p. 106.
625:
614:white supremacy
599:
590:
567:
565:(2010), p. 178.
560:
533:
493:
487:
402:
381:Jefferson Davis
354:Abraham Lincoln
350:
282:Franklin Pierce
258:Jefferson Davis
222:
189:Jefferson Davis
170:
166:
138:
127:
76:
74:
61:
59:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9883:
9873:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9811:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9793:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9785:
9779:
9777:
9773:
9772:
9770:
9769:
9767:Women soldiers
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9722:Naming the war
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9703:
9702:
9692:
9691:
9690:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9664:
9662:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9654:
9653:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9606:
9604:
9600:
9599:
9597:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9553:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9542:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9460:
9458:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9358:Campaign Medal
9355:
9349:
9347:
9339:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9333:Related topics
9330:
9322:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9262:
9260:
9256:
9255:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9234:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9227:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9199:
9197:
9193:
9192:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9182:
9171:
9169:
9162:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9080:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9061:Decoration Day
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9017:
9015:
9014:Reconstruction
9009:
9008:
9006:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8868:second inquiry
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8840:
8839:
8838:
8832:
8825:Homestead Acts
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8773:Alabama Claims
8769:
8767:
8765:Reconstruction
8761:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8753:15th Amendment
8750:
8748:14th Amendment
8745:
8743:13th Amendment
8734:
8732:
8722:
8721:
8711:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8508:
8506:
8499:
8495:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8374:J. E. Johnston
8371:
8369:A. S. Johnston
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8309:R. H. Anderson
8305:
8303:
8296:
8288:
8287:
8275:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8171:South Carolina
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8146:North Carolina
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7972:
7970:
7961:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7871:Fredericksburg
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7811:Wilson's Creek
7808:
7803:
7797:
7795:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7653:
7651:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7623:Lower Seaboard
7620:
7615:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7579:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7546:
7544:
7535:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7516:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7498:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7479:Harriet Tubman
7476:
7475:
7474:
7467:Charles Sumner
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7403:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7302:States' rights
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7217:
7210:
7209:
7199:
7198:
7191:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7168:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7130:West Tennessee
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7040:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7017:
7011:
7010:
6990:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6927:
6926:External links
6924:
6923:
6922:
6886:
6880:
6867:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6838:
6837:Historiography
6835:
6834:
6833:
6827:
6811:
6801:
6792:
6786:
6773:
6744:
6733:
6732:
6722:
6715:
6705:
6695:
6677:(3): 611–623.
6666:
6656:
6647:
6640:
6631:
6613:(5): 630–637.
6602:
6583:
6577:
6560:
6550:
6538:
6532:
6519:
6490:
6475:
6458:
6448:
6430:(2): 151–166.
6417:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6395:
6386:
6368:
6347:
6324:
6287:
6277:978-0495565987
6276:
6260:Murrin, John;
6249:
6237:
6219:
6204:
6198:978-0495565987
6197:
6177:
6170:
6150:
6123:
6110:
6079:
6064:on May 3, 2014
6054:Grant, Ulysses
6045:
6032:
6016:
5998:
5991:
5969:
5962:
5942:
5916:
5902:
5880:
5846:
5831:
5817:
5794:
5785:
5772:
5765:
5745:
5714:
5680:
5649:
5628:
5614:
5591:
5584:
5561:
5552:
5539:
5530:
5521:
5514:
5494:
5456:
5419:
5394:
5374:
5351:
5344:
5323:
5312:
5284:
5277:
5251:
5244:
5223:
5196:
5174:
5144:
5106:
5081:
5070:
5056:
5049:
5027:
5020:
4993:
4980:
4969:(3): 225–233.
4953:
4936:
4917:(2): 432–455.
4901:
4888:
4870:
4861:
4852:
4843:
4839:John Bell Hood
4830:
4815:
4797:
4788:
4773:
4753:
4746:
4726:
4719:
4699:
4692:
4672:
4665:
4645:
4624:
4617:
4597:
4588:
4586:Eicher, p. 29.
4579:
4577:Eicher, p. 26.
4570:
4568:Eicher, p. 25.
4561:
4559:Eicher, p. 71.
4552:
4517:
4498:(2): 245–263.
4482:
4466:
4439:
4428:(4): 393–434.
4412:
4393:(3): 657–679.
4377:
4362:(March 1989).
4351:
4332:(2): 321–342.
4316:
4303:
4290:
4277:
4270:
4250:
4229:(3): 658–673.
4209:
4182:
4168:
4148:
4135:0-19-509-023-3
4134:
4102:
4081:0-19-509-023-3
4080:
4048:
4024:0-19-509-023-3
4023:
3991:
3974:
3953:0-19-509-023-3
3952:
3920:
3902:0-19-509-023-3
3901:
3869:
3852:
3839:
3832:
3810:
3795:
3780:
3763:
3750:
3743:
3723:
3710:
3697:978-0618875207
3696:
3676:
3672:. Mississippi.
3653:
3639:
3632:
3612:
3590:
3567:
3565:New York, 1986
3554:
3540:
3519:
3496:
3449:
3428:
3425:. p. 134.
3411:
3399:
3392:
3366:
3357:
3350:
3330:
3323:
3297:
3288:
3281:
3261:
3254:
3228:
3221:
3201:
3194:
3174:
3148:
3141:
3121:
3109:E. Kirby Smith
3098:Richard Taylor
3070:
3047:
3034:
3012:
3006:, adopted the
2983:
2974:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2852:
2849:
2811:
2808:
2790:
2787:
2772:served in the
2753:
2750:
2722:
2719:
2661:
2645:
2642:
2637:Gary Gallagher
2627:
2624:
2610:Main article:
2562:
2559:
2530:
2527:
2523:Thomas' Legion
2486:Main article:
2483:
2480:
2470:
2382:Main article:
2379:
2376:
2312:Main article:
2309:
2306:
2253:
2250:
2164:Main article:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2094:John Bell Hood
2090:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1969:
1966:
1962:John B. Gordon
1938:
1937:
1935:John G. Walker
1931:Richard Taylor
1924:
1915:
1913:Sterling Price
1905:John P. McCown
1894:
1881:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1835:Richard Taylor
1827:John Bell Hood
1823:Daniel H. Hill
1804:
1795:
1782:
1768:
1766:Daniel H. Hill
1755:
1753:Edward Johnson
1734:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1679:
1670:
1668:John H. Forney
1648:
1646:Sterling Price
1639:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1612:
1597:
1565:
1563:Paul O. Hébert
1555:
1545:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1469:
1466:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1370:First Sergeant
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:Sergeant Major
1351:
1350:
1304:
1303:
1297:2nd Lieutenant
1294:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1278:1st Lieutenant
1275:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1012:
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
923:
920:
883:
882:
875:
865:
815:
812:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
787:
784:
764:
761:
725:
722:
689:
670:
648:
623:
598:
595:
589:
586:
558:
549:Michael Perman
532:
529:
489:Main article:
486:
483:
482:
481:
470:State Militias
458:
457:
438:
401:
398:
349:
346:
328:under General
220:
217:
216:
205:
199:
198:
186:
180:
179:
175:
174:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
136:
132:
131:
117:
113:
112:
111:
110:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
71:
67:
66:
56:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9882:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9837:
9835:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9810:
9802:
9801:
9798:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9774:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9737:Photographers
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9712:Gender issues
9710:
9708:
9705:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9693:
9689:
9686:
9685:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9665:
9663:
9659:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9574:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9546:
9540:
9539:War Democrats
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9529:Union Leagues
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9455:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9428:Turning point
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9398:Naval battles
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9332:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9283:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9257:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9242:
9240:
9236:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9194:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9166:
9163:
9161:and memorials
9157:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9021:Commemoration
9019:
9018:
9016:
9010:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8925:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8863:first inquiry
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8844:
8841:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8783:Carpetbaggers
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8716:
8712:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8634:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8503:
8500:
8496:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8276:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8206:West Virginia
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8126:New Hampshire
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8086:Massachusetts
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7965:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7826:Hampton Roads
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7816:Fort Donelson
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7789:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7712:Morgan's Raid
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7657:Anaconda Plan
7655:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7645:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7633:Pacific Coast
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7367:Positive good
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7282:Panic of 1857
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7242:Border states
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7184:
7182:
7177:
7175:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7154:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7045:
7038:
7033:
7031:
7026:
7024:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7007:
7006:
7000:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6919:
6913:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6887:
6883:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6830:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6533:0-942211-53-7
6529:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6419:
6406:
6399:
6390:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6344:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6215:
6208:
6200:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6181:
6173:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6154:
6138:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6114:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5965:
5963:9780807100073
5959:
5955:
5954:
5946:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5905:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5842:
5835:
5820:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5789:
5782:
5776:
5768:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5749:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5617:
5615:0-7432-2771-9
5611:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5587:
5585:9780807875629
5581:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5556:
5549:
5543:
5534:
5525:
5517:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5498:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5416:
5413:. WordPress.
5412:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5391:
5389:
5377:
5375:0-684-87067-3
5371:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5347:
5345:0-06-019474-X
5341:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5280:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5262:
5255:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5228:
5216:
5209:
5208:
5200:
5184:
5178:
5167:
5160:
5159:
5151:
5149:
5132:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5094:
5093:
5085:
5079:
5074:
5066:
5060:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5003:
5002:Peter Andreas
4997:
4990:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4847:
4840:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4455:(2): 95–110.
4454:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4326:Social Forces
4320:
4313:
4307:
4300:
4294:
4287:
4281:
4273:
4271:9780820340791
4267:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4171:
4169:0-674-01722-6
4165:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4045:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3984:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3760:
3754:
3746:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3720:
3714:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3537:
3522:
3520:0-06-093716-5
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3353:
3351:0-8032-7100-X
3347:
3343:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3255:0-253-33738-0
3251:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3142:9780062035868
3138:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3091:Palmito Ranch
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3001:
3000:state capital
2997:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2786:
2785:in Virginia.
2784:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:The usage of
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2706:Robert E. Lee
2702:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2687:Robert Toombs
2682:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2304:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:total warfare
2239:
2235:
2233:
2230:and southern
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:Robert E. Lee
2216:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2154:Island No. 10
2150:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:Gideon Pillow
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Earl Van Dorn
1919:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:Earl van Dorn
1898:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:Braxton Bragg
1808:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:Braxton Bragg
1773:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:Robert E. Lee
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:Braxton Bragg
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:Leonidas Polk
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:Earl Van Dorn
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:Leonidas Polk
1587:
1583:
1582:Braxton Bragg
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:Braxton Bragg
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:Robert E. Lee
1540:
1539:John B. Floyd
1536:
1535:Henry A. Wise
1532:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:full generals
1475:
1474:United States
1465:
1463:
1462:Roll of Honor
1458:
1453:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1332:Samuel Cooper
1329:
1325:
1324:major general
1321:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
972:12th Virginia
969:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
946:
943:
941:
936:
931:
929:
919:
917:
913:
908:
905:
901:
897:
896:Earl Van Dorn
893:
889:
880:
876:
873:
869:
868:Braxton Bragg
866:
863:
859:
854:
853:Robert E. Lee
851:
850:
849:
847:
843:
839:
831:
830:Robert E. Lee
826:
821:
811:
809:
801:
798:
795:
792:
788:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
769:
760:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
738:
731:
721:
719:
715:
714:John S. Mosby
710:
706:
704:
695:
688:
683:
676:
669:
667:
661:
654:
647:
642:
634:
633:
628:
622:
617:
615:
610:
606:
605:
594:
585:
580:
575:
573:
564:
557:
552:
550:
546:
537:
528:
524:
522:
517:
512:
510:
502:
497:
492:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
465:
463:
455:
454:Robert E. Lee
451:
450:Samuel Cooper
447:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
427:
426:
423:
419:
411:
406:
400:Establishment
397:
394:
389:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:Robert E. Lee
327:
322:
318:
315:
310:
308:
303:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Southern Army
231:
227:
221:Military unit
214:
209:
208:Robert E. Lee
206:
204:
200:
196:
190:
187:
185:
181:
176:
173:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
108:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
72:
68:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
9678:Bibliography
9661:Other topics
9603:By ethnicity
9571:
9524:Trent Affair
9423:Signal Corps
9280:
9003:White League
8890:Ku Klux Klan
8803:Confederados
8730:Constitution
8602:D. D. Porter
8455:Breckinridge
8166:Rhode Island
8161:Pennsylvania
7916:Spotsylvania
7876:Stones River
7856:2nd Bull Run
7806:1st Bull Run
7692:Stones River
7593:Marine Corps
7582:
7560:Marine Corps
7399:Abolitionism
7386:
7339:
7003:
6983:
6901:, retrieved
6897:the original
6891:
6871:
6861:
6843:
6818:
6804:
6796:
6777:
6755:(1): 29–55.
6752:
6748:
6737:
6725:
6718:
6708:
6698:
6674:
6670:
6659:
6651:
6635:
6610:
6606:
6597:
6590:
6568:
6553:
6542:
6523:
6501:(1): 29–50.
6498:
6494:
6478:
6470:
6466:
6451:
6427:
6423:
6404:
6398:
6389:
6381:the original
6371:
6355:
6354:Long, E. B.
6350:
6341:
6338:the original
6327:
6318:
6311:. Retrieved
6307:the original
6300:
6290:
6281:
6266:
6244:
6240:
6231:
6222:
6213:
6207:
6187:
6180:
6160:
6153:
6141:. Retrieved
6136:
6126:
6118:
6113:
6101:. Retrieved
6097:the original
6092:
6082:
6073:
6066:. Retrieved
6062:the original
6048:
6040:
6035:
6024:
6019:
6010:
6001:
5982:
5972:
5952:
5945:
5933:. Retrieved
5929:the original
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5893:
5883:
5874:
5867:. Retrieved
5863:the original
5858:
5849:
5840:
5834:
5822:. Retrieved
5807:
5797:
5788:
5780:
5775:
5755:
5748:
5736:. Retrieved
5732:the original
5727:
5717:
5709:
5702:. Retrieved
5698:the original
5693:
5683:
5671:. Retrieved
5667:the original
5659:Cobb, Howell
5652:
5643:
5619:. Retrieved
5604:
5594:
5574:
5564:
5555:
5547:
5542:
5533:
5524:
5504:
5497:
5485:. Retrieved
5481:the original
5476:
5447:. Retrieved
5440:
5414:
5410:
5397:
5386:
5379:. Retrieved
5364:
5354:
5335:
5326:
5317:
5302:
5266:
5254:
5235:
5215:the original
5206:
5199:
5187:. Retrieved
5177:
5166:the original
5157:
5135:. Retrieved
5099:December 21,
5097:. Retrieved
5091:
5084:
5073:
5059:
5036:
5030:
5006:
4996:
4988:
4983:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4944:
4939:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4896:
4891:
4883:the original
4873:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4833:
4806:
4800:
4791:
4763:
4756:
4736:
4729:
4709:
4702:
4682:
4675:
4655:
4648:
4634:
4627:
4607:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4573:
4564:
4555:
4533:(4): 25–37.
4530:
4526:
4520:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4474:
4469:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4372:the original
4367:
4354:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4311:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4260:
4253:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4195:
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4158:
4151:
4139:. Retrieved
4119:
4093:. Retrieved
4065:
4043:
4036:. Retrieved
4008:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3964:
3957:. Retrieved
3937:
3914:
3886:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3842:
3823:
3813:
3804:
3798:
3789:
3783:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3686:
3679:
3669:
3656:
3642:
3622:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3580:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3548:
3543:
3531:
3524:. Retrieved
3509:
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:the original
3478:
3438:
3431:
3421:
3414:
3377:
3369:
3360:
3340:
3333:
3308:
3300:
3291:
3271:
3264:
3239:
3231:
3211:
3204:
3184:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3161:
3151:
3131:
3124:
3073:
3065:the original
3060:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3015:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2874:Ku Klux Klan
2841:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2819:Julian Scott
2803:
2792:
2770:
2755:
2746:
2735:
2724:
2710:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2629:
2615:
2595:
2546:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2418:
2406:Spotsylvania
2387:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2317:
2297:
2286:
2283:
2274:
2261:
2236:
2232:Pennsylvania
2217:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2181:
2177:Chambersburg
2169:
2125:
2111:
2091:
2069:
2051:
2021:
2001:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1939:
1780:Samuel Jones
1664:Samuel Jones
1497:Spotsylvania
1471:
1454:
1450:
1445:no insignia
1442:no insignia
1347:
1336:
1313:
1296:
1295:
1277:
1276:
1258:
1257:
1239:
1238:
1220:
1219:
1201:
1200:
1182:
1181:
1075:
1003:
980:
964:
944:
932:
925:
909:
884:
844:, served as
835:
805:
791:Conscription
778:
774:
763:Organization
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
717:
711:
707:
700:
693:
685:
681:
674:
665:
663:
659:
652:
644:
639:
630:
619:
603:
600:
591:
582:
577:
569:
562:
554:
547:, historian
544:
542:
525:
516:conscription
513:
506:
469:
459:
445:
441:
434:
430:
415:
393:slave states
378:
352:By the time
351:
323:
319:
314:conscription
311:
298:
233:
229:
225:
223:
116:Part of
29:
9484:Copperheads
9196:Confederate
9088:Black Codes
8414:E. K. Smith
8295:Confederate
8242:New Orleans
8237:Chattanooga
8101:Mississippi
8001:Connecticut
7969:territories
7960:Involvement
7921:Cold Harbor
7911:Fort Pillow
7901:Chattanooga
7896:Chickamauga
7846:Seven Pines
7836:New Orleans
7801:Fort Sumter
7742:Valley 1864
7575:Confederacy
7372:Slave Power
7352:Fire-Eaters
7070:Mississippi
6903:February 3,
5869:November 5,
5433:Masur, Kate
4360:Foner, Eric
4310:Ella Lonn,
3968:none at all
3605:January 19,
3505:Foner, Eric
3471:Lamb, Brian
3117:Stand Watie
3055:NPS Staff.
2796:Lieber Code
2779:Fort Pillow
2736:During the
2678:Howell Cobb
2632:free people
2554:Albert Pike
2549:Confederate
2501:Stand Watie
2453:Confederacy
2421:Albert Pike
2410:Cold Harbor
2340:New Orleans
1892:Jubal Early
666:none at all
366:Fort Sumter
290:Fort Sumter
274:Mississippi
160:Engagements
9834:Categories
9717:Juneteenth
9238:Cemeteries
9115:Red Shirts
9026:Centennial
8976:Red Shirts
8384:Longstreet
8314:Beauregard
8257:Winchester
8232:Charleston
8201:Washington
8136:New Mexico
8131:New Jersey
7991:California
7967:States and
7951:Five Forks
7936:Mobile Bay
7906:Wilderness
7886:Gettysburg
7866:Perryville
7851:Seven Days
7782:Appomattox
7707:Gettysburg
7667:New Mexico
7534:Combatants
7509:Combatants
7422:John Brown
7105:Shenandoah
7080:New Mexico
6320:complaint.
6171:0822321637
6139:. Virginia
6011:HistoryNet
5935:August 28,
5738:January 9,
5445:. New York
5411:Crossroads
5189:January 5,
5137:January 5,
4816:0679500138
4774:0061812617
4638:. p.
2996:Montgomery
2992:Deep South
2951:References
2837:Union Army
2572:Gettysburg
2414:Petersburg
2360:Washington
2344:Elisabetta
2228:Gettysburg
1958:A. P. Hill
1732:Henry Heth
926:As in the
756:Mark Twain
236:, was the
178:Commanders
142:Cadet Gray
77:1865-05-26
62:1861-02-28
9695:Espionage
9489:Diplomacy
9457:Political
9413:POW camps
9159:Monuments
8986:Scalawags
8981:Redeemers
8719:Aftermath
8668:Pinkerton
8607:Rosecrans
8572:McClellan
8475:Memminger
8211:Wisconsin
8176:Tennessee
8096:Minnesota
8071:Louisiana
7946:Nashville
7891:Vicksburg
7821:Pea Ridge
7772:Carolinas
7727:Red River
7722:Knoxville
7702:Tullahoma
7697:Vicksburg
7677:Peninsula
7649:campaigns
7515:Campaigns
7292:Secession
7110:Tennessee
7095:Peninsula
7090:Northwest
6515:144583591
5909:March 11,
5824:March 11,
4547:161125965
4407:159773914
3479:Booknotes
3167:August 3,
2714:U.S. Army
2394:Pea Ridge
2374:in 1862.
2189:U.S. Army
2185:butternut
2173:railroads
1607:, (1863)
1493:U.S. Army
1005:Companies
976:battalion
968:1st Texas
928:U.S. Army
724:Desertion
362:U.S. Army
294:U.S. Army
70:Disbanded
9809:Category
9650:Seminole
9640:Cherokee
9393:Medicine
9346:Military
9259:Veterans
9093:Jim Crow
8858:timeline
8653:Ericsson
8636:Civilian
8617:Sheridan
8577:McDowell
8537:Farragut
8522:Burnside
8512:Anderson
8505:Military
8485:Stephens
8445:Benjamin
8438:Civilian
8324:Buchanan
8302:Military
8247:Richmond
8196:Virginia
8141:New York
8116:Nebraska
8106:Missouri
8091:Michigan
8081:Maryland
8066:Kentucky
8041:Illinois
8016:Delaware
7996:Colorado
7981:Arkansas
7941:Franklin
7861:Antietam
7732:Overland
7687:Maryland
7606:Theaters
7512:Theaters
7153:Category
7075:Missouri
7065:Kentucky
6996:(1911).
6912:citation
6817:(1983).
6807:(1943).
6728:(2007).
6589:(1987).
6567:(2001).
6366:. p. 705
6364:68283123
6343:redress.
6313:April 7,
6143:March 6,
6103:March 6,
5704:March 8,
5673:March 8,
5642:(1875).
5621:March 9,
5602:(2002).
5572:(2002).
5487:March 9,
5449:March 5,
5381:March 5,
5362:(1999).
5334:(2001).
5300:(2007).
4975:30236034
4783:13796662
4461:27567243
4245:21749302
4141:April 1,
4116:(1997).
4095:April 1,
4090:34912692
4062:(1997).
4038:April 1,
4033:34912692
4005:(1997).
3959:April 1,
3934:(1997).
3911:34912692
3883:(1997).
3703:March 9,
3600:29877812
3578:(2007).
3526:March 2,
3507:(1988).
3489:March 9,
2851:See also
2662:—
2596:en masse
2547:Choctaw
2482:Cherokee
2471:—
2441:Seminole
2433:Cherokee
2402:Antietam
2364:Franklin
2348:Olyphant
1417:Musician
1412:Corporal
1407:Sergeant
987:division
892:Kentucky
888:Maryland
828:General
690:—
671:—
649:—
624:—
588:Religion
559:—
408:Private
342:deserted
238:military
9776:Related
9645:Choctaw
9635:Catawba
9418:Rations
9363:Cavalry
9225:Removal
8853:efforts
8837:of 1873
8683:Stevens
8678:Stanton
8663:Lincoln
8622:Sherman
8557:Halleck
8547:Frémont
8532:Du Pont
8470:Mallory
8429:Wheeler
8364:Jackson
8344:Forrest
8284:Leaders
8227:Atlanta
8191:Vermont
8111:Montana
8051:Indiana
8026:Georgia
8021:Florida
7986:Arizona
7976:Alabama
7926:Atlanta
7841:Corinth
7793:battles
7737:Atlanta
7717:Bristoe
7618:Western
7613:Eastern
7518:Battles
7317:Slavery
7221:Origins
7207:Origins
7100:Potomac
7060:Kanawha
6809:onlin e
6769:2944178
6703:excerpt
6691:3788629
6627:3554537
6444:2191203
6133:"No. 5"
4931:2163218
4512:1171275
4434:4249872
4346:2580242
4314:(1928).
4202:July 1,
4175:July 1,
3916:fought.
3111:and in
3061:NPS.gov
3045:(1924).
3004:Alabama
2529:Choctaw
2445:Catawba
2437:Choctaw
1499:in 1864
1422:Private
1316:general
1259:Captain
1202:Colonel
1183:General
1103:Captain
1088:Colonel
1083:General
983:brigade
814:Command
396:other.
348:Prelude
232:or the
191: (
85:Country
75: (
60: (
55:Founded
9819:Portal
9757:Tokens
8693:Welles
8673:Seward
8658:Hamlin
8627:Thomas
8562:Hooker
8527:Butler
8480:Seddon
8465:Hunter
8450:Bocock
8424:Taylor
8419:Stuart
8409:Semmes
8389:Morgan
8349:Gorgas
8329:Cooper
8220:Cities
8156:Oregon
8121:Nevada
8061:Kansas
8031:Hawaii
7931:Crater
7831:Shiloh
7791:Major
7777:Mobile
7647:Major
7521:States
7472:Caning
7120:Valley
6950:Brady.
6878:
6848:online
6825:
6784:
6767:
6742:online
6730:online
6713:online
6689:
6664:online
6644:online
6625:
6575:
6558:online
6548:online
6530:
6513:
6485:
6456:online
6442:
6362:
6274:
6195:
6168:
6075:angry.
6068:May 3,
6029:online
5989:
5960:
5900:
5876:Union.
5815:
5763:
5612:
5582:
5512:
5372:
5342:
5310:
5275:
5242:
5047:
5018:
4973:
4929:
4899:(1972)
4825:445154
4823:
4813:
4781:
4771:
4744:
4717:
4690:
4663:
4615:
4545:
4510:
4479:online
4459:
4432:
4405:
4344:
4268:
4243:
4166:
4132:
4088:
4078:
4031:
4021:
3987:
3950:
3946:–110.
3909:
3899:
3830:
3741:
3694:
3630:
3598:
3588:
3534:
3517:
3390:
3348:
3321:
3279:
3252:
3219:
3192:
3139:
3081:, and
2998:, the
2659:fight.
2447:, and
2278:Lloyds
1326:, and
914:, and
754:Young
574:says:
302:slaves
210:
139:
135:Colors
9562:Dixie
9549:Music
9168:Union
9012:Post-
8848:trial
8648:Chase
8643:Adams
8612:Scott
8587:Meigs
8582:Meade
8552:Grant
8542:Foote
8517:Buell
8498:Union
8460:Davis
8404:Price
8394:Mosby
8339:Ewell
8334:Early
8319:Bragg
8181:Texas
8076:Maine
8036:Idaho
7542:Union
6765:JSTOR
6687:JSTOR
6511:S2CID
6440:JSTOR
5218:(PDF)
5211:(PDF)
5169:(PDF)
5162:(PDF)
4971:JSTOR
4927:JSTOR
4543:S2CID
4508:JSTOR
4457:JSTOR
4430:JSTOR
4403:S2CID
4342:JSTOR
4241:S2CID
3666:(PDF)
3248:–23.
2449:Creek
2352:Utile
2318:Many
1240:Major
1186:(CSA)
1098:Major
991:corps
272:from
153:Dixie
148:March
9747:Salt
9353:Arms
9203:List
9175:List
8688:Wade
8597:Pope
8567:Hunt
8399:Polk
8359:Hood
8354:Hill
8186:Utah
8151:Ohio
8056:Iowa
7588:Navy
7583:Army
7555:Navy
7550:Army
7125:West
6918:link
6905:2009
6876:ISBN
6823:ISBN
6782:ISBN
6675:26#3
6623:PMID
6573:ISBN
6528:ISBN
6483:ISBN
6471:43#4
6360:OCLC
6315:2001
6272:ISBN
6193:ISBN
6166:ISBN
6145:2016
6105:2016
6070:2014
5987:ISBN
5958:ISBN
5937:2015
5911:2016
5898:ISBN
5871:2014
5826:2016
5813:ISBN
5761:ISBN
5740:2015
5706:2016
5675:2016
5623:2016
5610:ISBN
5580:ISBN
5510:ISBN
5489:2016
5451:2016
5383:2016
5370:ISBN
5340:ISBN
5308:ISBN
5273:ISBN
5240:ISBN
5191:2009
5139:2009
5101:2022
5045:ISBN
5016:ISBN
4821:OCLC
4811:ISBN
4779:OCLC
4769:ISBN
4742:ISBN
4715:ISBN
4688:ISBN
4661:ISBN
4613:ISBN
4266:ISBN
4204:2015
4177:2015
4164:ISBN
4143:2016
4130:ISBN
4097:2016
4086:OCLC
4076:ISBN
4040:2016
4029:OCLC
4019:ISBN
3989:..."
3961:2016
3948:ISBN
3907:OCLC
3897:ISBN
3828:ISBN
3739:ISBN
3705:2016
3692:ISBN
3628:ISBN
3607:2016
3596:OCLC
3586:ISBN
3528:2016
3515:ISBN
3491:2016
3388:ISBN
3386:–9.
3346:ISBN
3319:ISBN
3277:ISBN
3250:ISBN
3217:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3169:2018
3137:ISBN
2362:and
1890:) –
1339:kepi
894:and
452:and
446:ACSA
440:The
435:PACS
429:The
276:and
224:The
103:Size
98:Army
95:Type
8592:Ord
8379:Lee
6757:doi
6679:doi
6615:doi
6595:In
6503:doi
6432:doi
6428:6#2
5388:Lee
4919:doi
4535:doi
4500:doi
4426:108
4395:doi
4334:doi
4231:doi
4227:113
4126:109
4072:117
4015:107
3944:109
3893:106
3536:...
3444:264
3315:187
3028:or
3002:of
2542:CSA
2240:'s
1984:).
1495:at
687:so.
194:POW
9836::
7002:.
6982:.
6914:}}
6910:{{
6763:.
6753:58
6751:.
6685:.
6673:.
6621:.
6611:80
6609:.
6509:.
6499:37
6497:.
6469:.
6465:.
6438:.
6426:.
6317:.
6299:.
6280:.
6252:^
6135:.
6091:.
6072:.
6009:.
5892:.
5873:.
5857:.
5726:.
5708:.
5692:.
5631:^
5475:.
5459:^
5439:.
5422:^
5409:.
5385:.
5316:.
5287:^
5263:.
5226:^
5147:^
5109:^
5039:.
5010:.
4967:47
4965:.
4925:.
4915:96
4913:.
4819:.
4777:.
4640:49
4541:.
4531:63
4529:.
4506:.
4496:21
4494:.
4453:75
4451:.
4424:.
4401:.
4391:56
4389:.
4366:.
4340:.
4330:70
4328:.
4239:.
4225:.
4221:.
4194:.
4128:.
4105:^
4084:.
4074:.
4051:^
4042:.
4027:.
4017:.
3994:^
3963:.
3923:^
3913:.
3905:.
3895:.
3872:^
3668:.
3594:.
3530:.
3477:.
3469:;
3452:^
3402:^
3317:.
3246:21
3160:.
3059:.
2967:.
2839:.
2443:,
2439:,
2435:,
2408:,
2404:,
2400:,
2396:,
2358:,
2354:,
2350:,
2346:,
1964:.
1960:,
1956:,
1952:,
1948:,
1944:,
1933:,
1929:–
1920:–
1911:,
1907:,
1903:,
1899:–
1876:,
1872:,
1868:–
1857:–
1833:,
1829:,
1825:,
1821:,
1817:,
1813:,
1809:–
1800:–
1791:,
1787:–
1778:,
1774:,
1764:,
1760:–
1751:,
1747:,
1743:,
1739:–
1692:,
1688:,
1684:–
1675:–
1662:,
1658:,
1654:,
1644:–
1622:,
1618:,
1603:,
1588:,
1584:,
1580:,
1576:,
1561:.
1550:–
1541:,
1537:,
1533:–
1511:,
1507:–
1322:,
1318:,
970:,
810:.
735:("
629:,
309:.
7187:e
7180:t
7173:v
7036:e
7029:t
7022:v
6920:)
6884:.
6831:.
6790:.
6771:.
6759::
6693:.
6681::
6654:.
6638:.
6629:.
6617::
6593:.
6581:.
6545:.
6536:.
6517:.
6505::
6489:.
6473:.
6446:.
6434::
6234:.
6201:.
6147:.
6107:.
5995:.
5966:.
5939:.
5913:.
5828:.
5769:.
5742:.
5677:.
5625:.
5588:.
5518:.
5491:.
5453:.
5348:.
5281:.
5248:.
5193:.
5141:.
5103:.
5053:.
5024:.
4977:.
4951:.
4933:.
4921::
4827:.
4785:.
4750:.
4723:.
4696:.
4669:.
4642:.
4621:.
4549:.
4537::
4514:.
4502::
4463:.
4436:.
4409:.
4397::
4348:.
4336::
4274:.
4247:.
4233::
4206:.
4179:.
4145:.
4099:.
3866:.
3836:.
3807:.
3792:.
3747:.
3707:.
3674:.
3650:.
3636:.
3609:.
3493:.
3446:.
3396:.
3384:8
3354:.
3327:.
3285:.
3258:.
3225:.
3198:.
3171:.
3145:.
3010:.
2574:.
1720:"
480:.
444:(
433:(
197:)
155:"
151:"
79:)
64:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.