University - Knowledge

927:

of universities to relinquish the symmetry and comprehensiveness provided by the Aristotelian system, which was effective as a coherent system for understanding and interpreting the world. However, university professors still have some autonomy, at least in the sciences, to choose epistemological foundations and methods. For instance, Melanchthon and his disciples at University of Wittenberg were instrumental for integrating Copernican mathematical constructs into astronomical debate and instruction. Another example was the short-lived but fairly rapid adoption of Cartesian epistemology and methodology in European universities, and the debates surrounding that adoption, which led to more mechanistic approaches to scientific problems as well as demonstrated an openness to change. There are many examples which belie the commonly perceived intransigence of universities. Although universities may have been slow to accept new sciences and methodologies as they emerged, when they did accept new ideas it helped to convey legitimacy and respectability, and supported the scientific changes through providing a stable environment for instruction and material resources.

758:(approximately late 15th century to 1800), the universities of Europe would see a tremendous amount of growth, productivity and innovative research. At the end of the Middle Ages, about 400 years after the first European university was founded, there were 29 universities spread throughout Europe. In the 15th century, 28 new ones were created, with another 18 added between 1500 and 1625. This pace continued until by the end of the 18th century there were approximately 143 universities in Europe, with the highest concentrations in the German Empire (34), Italian countries (26), France (25), and Spain (23) – this was close to a 500% increase over the number of universities toward the end of the Middle Ages. This number does not include the numerous universities that disappeared, or institutions that merged with other universities during this time. The identification of a university was not necessarily obvious during the Early Modern period, as the term is applied to a burgeoning number of institutions. In fact, the term "university" was not always used to designate a higher education institution. In 905:

brought new ideas and led to a more creative university climate (as the notable list of scholars above attests to). A focus on knowledge coming from self, from the human, has a direct implication for new forms of scholarship and instruction, and was the foundation for what is commonly known as the humanities. This disposition toward knowledge manifested in not simply the translation and propagation of ancient texts, but also their adaptation and expansion. For instance, Vesalius was imperative for advocating the use of Galen, but he also invigorated this text with experimentation, disagreements and further research. The propagation of these texts, especially within the universities, was greatly aided by the emergence of the printing press and the beginning of the use of the vernacular, which allowed for the printing of relatively large texts at reasonable prices.

676: 931:

knowledge construction, but also for the training of scholars within the higher education setting. The creation of new scientific constructs during the scientific revolution, and the epistemological challenges that were inherent within this creation, initiated the idea of both the autonomy of science and the hierarchy of the disciplines. Instead of entering higher education to become a "general scholar" immersed in becoming proficient in the entire curriculum, there emerged a type of scholar that put science first and viewed it as a vocation in itself. The divergence between those focused on science and those still entrenched in the idea of a general scholar exacerbated the epistemological tensions that were already beginning to emerge.

720:

study varied, depending on the university's focus. This led scholars to travel north or south based on their interests and means. The universities also awarded different types of degrees. English, French and German universities usually awarded bachelor's degrees, with the exception of degrees in theology, for which the doctorate was more common. Italian universities awarded primarily doctorates. The distinction can be attributed to the intent of the degree holder after graduation – in the north the focus tended to be on acquiring teaching positions, while in the south students often went on to professional positions. The structure of northern universities tended to be modeled after the system of faculty governance developed at the

668:'s works – more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated – fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these works represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotle's works "a turning point in the history of Western thought." After Aristotle re-emerged, a community of scholars, primarily communicating in Latin, accelerated the process and practice of attempting to reconcile the thoughts of Greek antiquity, and especially ideas related to understanding the natural world, with those of the church. The efforts of this " 1279: 1201: 962: 40: 566: 743: 1246: 1100: 810: 424: 793:, and changes in religious power and structure often adversely affected the societies that provided support for universities. Internal strife within the universities themselves, such as student brawling and absentee professors, acted to destabilize these institutions as well. Universities were also reluctant to give up older curricula, and the continued reliance on the works of Aristotle defied contemporary advancements in science and the arts. This era was also affected by the rise of the 351: 191: 7806: 6814: 5056: 797:. As universities increasingly came under state control, or formed under the auspices of the state, the faculty governance model (begun by the University of Paris) became more and more prominent. Although the older student-controlled universities still existed, they slowly started to move toward this structural organization. Control of universities still tended to be independent, although university leadership was increasingly appointed by the state. 6824: 6036: 894: 724:. Southern universities tended to be patterned after the student-controlled model begun at the University of Bologna. Among the southern universities, a further distinction has been noted between those of northern Italy, which followed the pattern of Bologna as a "self-regulating, independent corporation of scholars" and those of southern Italy and Iberia, which were "founded by royal and imperial charter to serve the needs of government." 935:

by private benefactors and designed to provide free education to the public, or established by local governments to provide a knowledge-hungry populace with an alternative to traditional universities. Even when universities supported new scientific endeavors, and the university provided foundational training and authority for the research and conclusions, they could not compete with the resources available through private benefactors.

837:. Humanist professors focused on the ability of students to write and speak with distinction, to translate and interpret classical texts, and to live honorable lives. Other scholars within the university were affected by the humanist approaches to learning and their linguistic expertise in relation to ancient texts, as well as the ideology that advocated the ultimate importance of those texts. Professors of medicine such as 271: 7816: 5066: 1072: 7794: 5045: 405:. Norman Daniel, however, views this argument as overstated. In 2013, Roy Lowe and Yoshihito claimed that the influences of scholarship from the Islamic world on the universities of Western Europe requires a reconsideration of the development of higher education, turning away from a concern with local institutional structures to a broader consideration within a global context. 2122:

original madaris and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in two different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D.) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.

833:. Aristotle was prevalent throughout the curriculum, while medicine also depended on Galen and Arabic scholarship. The importance of humanism for changing this state-of-affairs cannot be underestimated. Once humanist professors joined the university faculty, they began to transform the study of grammar and rhetoric through the 939:

orientation was emerging. The hierarchical place of theological knowledge had for the most part been displaced and the humanities had become a fixture, and a new openness was beginning to take hold in the construction and dissemination of knowledge that were to become imperative for the formation of the modern state.

2436:) that provided for at least one chair for one professor of law, income for other faculty or staff, scholarships for students, and funds for the maintenance of the building. Madrasas contained lodgings for the professor and some of his students. Subjects other than law were frequently taught in madrasas, and even 2593: 324:, in 1155 or 1158, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today, this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom". This is now a widely accepted concept in international research. On 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the 2465:

and the university. But in spite of the pitfalls inherent in such a study, albeit sketchy, the results which may be obtained are well worth the risks involved. In any case, one cannot avoid making comparisons when certain unwarranted statements have already been made and seem to be currently accepted

2460:

In studying an institution which is foreign and remote in point of time, as is the case of the medieval madrasa, one runs the double risk of attributing to it characteristics borrowed from one's own institutions and one's own times. Thus gratuitous transfers may be made from one culture to the other,

926:

were university trained, of which approximately 45% held university posts. It was the case that the academic foundations remaining from the Middle Ages were stable, and they did provide for an environment that fostered considerable growth and development. There was considerable reluctance on the part

904:

Although the initial focus of the humanist scholars in the university was the discovery, exposition and insertion of ancient texts and languages into the university, and the ideas of those texts into society generally, their influence was ultimately quite progressive. The emergence of classical texts

2289:

As for the nature of its curriculum, it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al-Azhar and Al Quaraouiyine, though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain...Al Quaraouiyine began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by

1462:

and EEA member states and citizens from Switzerland remain exempted from tuition fees, and the amounts of public grants granted to promising foreign students were increased to offset some of the impact. The situation in Germany is similar; public universities usually do not charge tuition fees apart

1263:

The funding and organization of universities varies widely between different countries around the world. In some countries universities are predominantly funded by the state, while in others funding may come from donors or from fees which students attending the university must pay. In some countries

934:

The epistemological tensions between scientists and universities were also heightened by the economic realities of research during this time, as individual scientists, associations and universities were vying for limited resources. There was also competition from the formation of new colleges funded

917:

have argued that the overt traditionalism of universities inhibited attempts to re-conceptualize nature and knowledge and caused an indelible tension between universities and scientists. This resistance to changes in science may have been a significant factor in driving many scientists away from the

800:

Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris, where student members are controlled by faculty "masters", provided a standard for universities, the application of this model took at least three different forms. There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching

2920:

There is no indication, however, that up until around 1180, the Bolognese law schools were anything other than private schools opened and run by each master after his own fashion, gathering together the students that had entered into an agreement with him and paid him fees (collectae) in return for

2001:

The whole body of teachers and scholars engaged, at a particular place, in giving and receiving instruction in the higher branches of learning; such persons associated together as a society or corporate body, with definite organization and acknowledged powers and privileges (esp. that of conferring

1346:

as an Institution (Deemed-to-be-university). Institutions that are 'deemed-to-be-university' enjoy the academic status and the privileges of a university. Through this provision many schools that are commercial in nature and have been established just to exploit the demand for higher education have

930:

Regardless of the way the tension between universities, individual scientists, and the scientific revolution itself is perceived, there was a discernible impact on the way that university education was constructed. Aristotelian epistemology provided a coherent framework not simply for knowledge and

660:

All over Europe, rulers and city governments began to create universities to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge, and the belief that society would benefit from the scholarly expertise generated from these institutions. Princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of

3469:

Feingold, M. (1991). Tradition vs novelty: universities and scientific societies in the early modern period. In P. Barker & R. Ariew (Eds.), Revolution and continuity: essays in the history and philosophy of early modern science, Studies in philosophy and the history of philosophy. Washington,

3459:

2964:

the birth of the University of Paris can be interpreted as a kind of compromise between the parties involved. It allowed the masters, and the masters of arts in particular, certainly as early as 1208–10, to form themselves into an autonomous guild, to endow themselves with statues, to co-opt their

1377:

In Germany, universities are institutions of higher education which have the power to confer bachelor, master and PhD degrees. They are explicitly recognised as such by law and cannot be founded without government approval. The term Universität (i.e. the German term for university) is protected by

1228:

systems are ruled over by government-run higher education boards. They review financial requests and budget proposals and then allocate funds for each university in the system. They also approve new programs of instruction and cancel or make changes in existing programs. In addition, they plan for

1023:

played a significant role in university curriculum; however, the role of religion in research universities decreased during that century. By the end of the 19th century, the German university model had spread around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th centuries and

719:

were used for medicine. Outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter. Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology. The quality of instruction in the different areas of

1401:

with less research and the research undertaken being highly practical. Hochschule can refer to various kinds of institutions, often specialised in a certain field (e.g. music, fine arts, business). They might or might not have the power to award PhD degrees, depending on the respective government

1090:

In the early 21st century, concerns were raised over the increasing managerialisation and standardisation of universities worldwide. Neo-liberal management models have in this sense been critiqued for creating "corporate universities (where) power is transferred from faculty to managers, economic

908:

Examining the influence of humanism on scholars in medicine, mathematics, astronomy and physics may suggest that humanism and universities were a strong impetus for the scientific revolution. Although the connection between humanism and the scientific discovery may very well have begun within the

2121:

The Adjustments of Original Institutions of the Higher Learning: the Madrasah. Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madrasahs affected both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available

1450:

In many countries, students are required to pay tuition fees. Many students look to get 'student grants' to cover the cost of university. In 2016, the average outstanding student loan balance per borrower in the United States was US$ 30,000. In many U.S. states, costs are anticipated to rise for

1067:

on universities in the United Kingdom concluded that such institutions should have four main "objectives essential to any properly balanced system: instruction in skills; the promotion of the general powers of the mind so as to produce not mere specialists but rather cultivated men and women; to

255:

In modern usage, the word has come to mean "an institution of higher education offering tuition in mainly non-vocational subjects and typically having the power to confer degrees". The earlier emphasis on its corporate organization is no longer the primary feature by which a modern university is

1341:

has been created for institutions of higher education that are not universities, but work at a very high standard in a specific area of study ("An Institution of Higher Education, other than universities, working at a very high standard in specific area of study, can be declared by the Central

988:

or quasi-guild system. This facet of the university system did not change due to its peripheral standing in an industrialized economy; as commerce developed between towns in Europe during the Middle Ages, though other guilds stood in the way of developing commerce and therefore were eventually

661:

having a scholarly expertise developed with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to this understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts.

921:

Other historians find incongruity in the proposition that the very place where the vast number of the scholars that influenced the scientific revolution received their education should also be the place that inhibits their research and the advancement of science. In fact, more than 80% of the

938:

By the end of the early modern period, the structure and orientation of higher education had changed in ways that are eminently recognizable for the modern context. Aristotle was no longer a force providing the epistemological and methodological focus for universities and a more mechanistic

890:(as did Melanchthon), also had humanist training. The task of the humanists was to slowly permeate the university; to increase the humanist presence in professorships and chairs, syllabi and textbooks so that published works would demonstrate the humanistic ideal of science and scholarship. 1378:

law and any use without official approval is a criminal offense. Most of them are public institutions, though a few private universities exist. Such universities are always research universities. Apart from these universities, Germany has other institutions of higher education (Hochschule,

2535:

and Arabic studies throughout the history of Morocco. There were also other religious schools like the madras of ibn yusuf and other schools in the sus. This system of basic education called al-ta'lim al-aSil was funded by the sultans of Morocco and many famous traditional families. After

634:, is widely recognized as the oldest university that is independent of any direct authority, such as kings, emperors, or religious organizations. Bologna's claim to being the oldest university is based on its unique characteristics, such as its autonomy and its ability to grant degrees. 3003:

There were schools in operation in Oxford from at least as early as the middle of the twelfth century; an embryonic university organization was in existence from 1200, even before the first papal statutes (1214), which were complemented by royal charters, had established its first

2711:

Professor Makdisi argues that there is a missing link in the development of Western scholasticism, and that Arab influences explain the "dramatically abrupt" appearance of the "sic et non" method. Many medievalists will think the case overstated, and doubt that there is much to

550:, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by 1123:

is generally a university created or run by a national state but at the same time represents a state autonomic institution which functions as a completely independent body inside of the same state. Some national universities are closely associated with national

525:

and perhaps from cathedral schools. It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were also founded by kings - but with prior papal approval.

672:" were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason. This became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. 1091:

justifications dominate, and the familiar 'bottom line' eclipses pedagogical or intellectual concerns". Academics' understanding of time, pedagogical pleasure, vocation, and collegiality have been cited as possible ways of alleviating such problems.

2925:

elsewhere. The students, on the other hand, began to group themselves in nations, according to their places of origin (we hear of the Lombard nation as early as 1191), and these were soon federated into 'universities' with elected rectors at their

845:

and William Cop were often trained in and taught from a humanist perspective as well as translated important ancient medical texts. The critical mindset imparted by humanism was imperative for changes in universities and scholarship. For instance,

1451:

students as a result of decreased state funding given to public universities. Many universities in the United States offer students the opportunity to apply for financial scholarships to help pay for tuition based on academic achievement.

3360:

Bylebyl, J. J. (2009). Disputation and description in the renaissance pulse controversy. In A. Wear, R. K. French, & I. M. Lonie (Eds.), The medical renaissance of the sixteenth century (1st ed., pp. 223-245). Cambridge University

386:. They date the transformation of the madrasa of al-Qarawiyyin into a university to its modern reorganization in 1963. In the wake of these reforms, al-Qarawiyyin was officially renamed "University of Al Quaraouiyine" two years later. 7767: 2921:

his teaching. The crucial change would seem to have taken place around the years 1180–90. ... The masters, who were themselves mainly Bolognese in origin, agreed from 1189 to swear an oath to the commune not to seek to transfer the

989:

abolished, the scholars guild did not. According to historian Elliot Krause, "The university and scholars' guilds held onto their power over membership, training, and workplace because early capitalism was not interested in it."

1229:

the further coordinated growth and development of the various institutions of higher education in the state or country. However, many public universities in the world have a considerable degree of financial, research and

1436:. In Ghana, New Zealand, Bangladesh and in South Africa it is sometimes called "varsity" (although this has become uncommon in New Zealand in recent years). "Varsity" was also common usage in the UK in the 19th century. 805:

where teaching and organization was decentralized and knowledge was more of a generalist nature. There were also universities that combined these models, using the collegiate model but having a centralized organization.

6369: 465:

taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century. In Europe, young men proceeded to university when they had completed their study of the

174:

having independence from the ecclesiastic schools and issuing secular as well as non-secular degrees (with teaching conducted by both clergy and non-clergy): grammar, rhetoric, logic, theology, canon law, notarial

6779: 1068:

maintain research in balance with teaching, since teaching should not be separated from the advancement of learning and the search for truth; and to transmit a common culture and common standards of citizenship."

1703:

Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

1264:

the vast majority of students attend university in their local town, while in other countries universities attract students from all over the world, and may provide university accommodation for their students.

7422: 1396:

in the British education system, the English term used for these German institutions is usually 'university of applied sciences'. They can confer master's degrees but no PhDs. They are similar to the model of

1584: 2741: 7600: 6789: 3450:

Gascoigne, J. (1990). A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution. In D. C. Lindberg & R. S. Westman (Eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution, pp. 245-248.

3441:

Gascoigne, J. (1990). A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution. In D. C. Lindberg & R. S. Westman (Eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution, pp. 210-229.

3397:

Gascoigne, J. (1990). A reappraisal of the role of the universities in the Scientific Revolution. In D. C. Lindberg & R. S. Westman (Eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution, pp. 208-209.

1300:(TEQSA) is Australia's independent national regulator of the higher education sector. Students rights within university are also protected by the Education Services for Overseas Students Act (ESOS). 1032:

model and pioneered the adoption of that model by most American universities. When Johns Hopkins was founded in 1876, "nearly the entire faculty had studied in Germany." In Britain, the move from

7427: 3306:

Frijhoff, W. (1996). Patterns. In H. D. Ridder-Symoens (Ed.), Universities in early modern Europe, 1500-1800, A history of the university in Europe. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, p. 65.

3253:

Frijhoff, W. (1996). Patterns. In H. D. Ridder-Symoens (Ed.), Universities in early modern Europe, 1500-1800, A history of the university in Europe. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, p. 47.

3244:

Frijhoff, W. (1996). Patterns. In H. D. Ridder-Symoens (Ed.), Universities in early modern Europe, 1500-1800, A history of the university in Europe. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, p. 75.

3342:

Ruegg, W. (1996). Themes. In H. D. Ridder-Symoens (Ed.), Universities in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800, A history of the university in Europe. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, pp. 33-39.

1237:

are privately funded and generally have broader independence from state policies. However, they may have less independence from business corporations depending on the source of their finances.

378:

by Fatima al-Fihri in 859 CE, a university, although Jacques Verger writes that this is done out of scholarly convenience. Several scholars consider that al-Qarawiyyin was founded and run as a

3315:

Ruegg, W. (1992). Epilogue: the rise of humanism. In H. D. Ridder-Symoens (Ed.), Universities in the Middle Ages, A history of the university in Europe. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

1402:

legislation. If they award PhD degrees, their rank is considered equivalent to that of universities proper (Universität), if not, their rank is equivalent to universities of applied sciences.

773:

The propagation of universities was not necessarily a steady progression, as the 17th century was rife with events that adversely affected university expansion. Many wars, and especially the

1797: 3085:

Rubenstein, R. E. (2003). Aristotle's children: how Christians, Muslims, and Jews rediscovered ancient wisdom and illuminated the dark ages (1st ed.). Orlando, Florida: Harcourt, pp. 16-17.

3067:

Rüegg, W. (2003), Mythologies and Historiography of the Beginnings, pp 4-34 in H. De Ridder-Symoens, editor, A History of the University in Europe; Vol 1, Cambridge University Press. p. 12

3214: 1834: 1988:...In the Middle Ages: a body of teachers and students engaged in giving and receiving instruction in the higher branches of study … and regarded as a scholastic guild or corporation. 1463:

from a small administrative fee. For degrees of a postgraduate professional level sometimes tuition fees are levied. Private universities, however, almost always charge tuition fees.

7417: 6395: 1220:; at least one vice president, vice-chancellor, or vice-rector; and deans of various divisions. Universities are generally divided into a number of academic departments, schools or 2461:

and the time factor may be ignored or dismissed as being without significance. One cannot therefore be too careful in attempting a comparative study of these two institutions: the

7650: 7595: 4098: 3024:

Daun, H. and Arjmand, R. (2005), Islamic Education, pp 377-388 in J. Zajda, editor, International Handbook of Globalisation, Education and Policy Research. Netherlands: Springer.

7590: 6784: 6438: 1144:

which was created almost immediately and specifically in answer to the non-denominational universities which had been set up in Ireland in 1850. In the years leading up to the

7529: 7630: 7437: 1773: 7625: 7605: 7432: 7131: 6753: 7442: 7136: 1647:

Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.

653:, recently discovered at Pisa. Lay students arrived in the city from many lands entering into a contract to gain this knowledge, eventually organising themselves into 850:

was educated in a humanist fashion before producing a translation of Galen, whose ideas he verified through his own dissections. In law, Andreas Alciatus infused the

7402: 7387: 6425: 1177: 3849: 1975: 1944: 7184: 7116: 6738: 1398: 7372: 6421: 6412: 6403: 1293:

The definition of a university varies widely, even within some countries. Where there is clarification, it is usually set by a government agency. For example:

2833:

Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press,

2824:

Verger, Jacques. "The Universities and Scholasticism," in The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 257.

2544:'s residence was kept in Fès, the new university initially had four colleges located in major regions of the country known for their religious influences and 3819: 952: 1458:

were entirely without tuition fees until around 2005. Denmark, Sweden and Finland then moved to put in place tuition fees for foreign students. Citizens of

1424:

is often used instead: "When I was in college..."). In Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Spain and the

6399: 4208: 3586: 626:

of peoples which was in demand across Europe for those defending the right of incipient nations against empire and church. The University of Bologna, or

559: 199: 3668:

Maggie Berg & Barbara Seeber. The Slow Professor: Challenging the Culture of Speed in the Academy. Toronto: Toronto University Press. 2016. (passim)

695:) and southern universities (primarily Italy) did have many elements in common. Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, 6139: 3941: 3659:

Maggie Berg & Barbara Seeber. The Slow Professor: Challenging the Culture of Speed in the Academy, p. x. Toronto: Toronto University Press. 2016.

1454:

There are several major exceptions on tuition fees. In many European countries, it is possible to study without tuition fees. Public universities in

1188:, a post-graduate university specialized in the social sciences, is officially an intergovernmental organization, set up by the member states of the 1878: 3557: 1794: 2540:

for a modern country while maintaining an emphasis on Islamic studies. Hence, al-qarawiyin university was founded in February 1963 and, while the

7484: 3682: 3184: 1297: 3711: 2385: 737: 691:

The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, although the northern (primarily Germany, France and

3206: 1818: 801:

addressed a very specific curriculum; this model tended to train specialists. There was a collegiate or tutorial model based on the system at

7452: 7327: 2321:

Higher education has always been an integral part of Morocco, going back to the ninth century when the Karaouine Mosque was established. The

870:

as a highly influential guide for connecting theology back to original texts, which was important for the reform at Protestant universities.

252:) became denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members. 2875:

Johnson, P. (2000). The Renaissance : a short history. Modern Library chronicles (Modern Library ed.). New York: Modern Library, p. 9.

1258: 909:

confines of the university, the connection has been commonly perceived as having been severed by the changing nature of science during the

3873: 3638: 1184:

engages in efforts to resolve the pressing global problems that are of concern to the United Nations, its peoples and member states. The

733: 657:, divided between that of the Cismontanes and that of the Ultramontanes. The students "had all the power ... and dominated the masters". 60:, meaning "nourishing mother" in Latin, is one of the most enduring symbols of the university. The phrase was first used to describe the 4078: 1616: 1675:

All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.

6284: 3152:

as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe", in Courtenay, William J.; Miethke, Jürgen; Priest, David B. (eds.),

2724:

Lowe, Roy; Yasuhara, Yoshihito (2013), "The origins of higher learning: time for a new historiography?", in Feingold, Mordecai (ed.),

7635: 7447: 6124: 4963: 4009:. Vol. 2: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800). Rüegg, Walter (general ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3379:

Westfall, R. S. (1977). The construction of modern science: mechanisms and mechanics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 105.

996:

and by the 19th century, the German and the French university models had arisen. The German, or Humboldtian model, was conceived by

4603: 4515: 2536:

independence, al-qarawiyin maintained its reputation, but it seemed important to transform it into a university that would prepare

2263:

The Quaraouiyine Mosque, founded in 859, is the most famous mosque of Morocco and attracted continuous investment by Muslim rulers.

17: 2884:

Thomas Oestreich (1913). "Pope St. Gregory VII". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

7850: 7377: 6728: 1765: 918:

university and toward private benefactors, usually in princely courts, and associations with newly forming scientific societies.

4030:. Vol. 3: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2965:

new colleagues, and to elude the direct control and exactations of the chancellor of Notre-Dame – in short, to form a university

6144: 3736: 2725: 439:

Although there are antecedents, the modern university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the

6703: 4551: 4054: 4035: 4025: 4014: 4004: 3993: 3983: 3972: 3953: 3931: 3912: 3740: 2983: 2944: 2900: 2685:

Daniel, Norman (1984). "Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi"".

2669: 2573: 2510: 2489: 2394: 2315: 2283: 2257: 2198: 2173: 2025: 1828: 1331: 3015:

Makdisi, G. (1981), Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

1180:

is chartered as a university and umbrella organization dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries, and the

6961: 4914: 3388:

Ornstein, M. (1928). The role of scientific societies in the seventeenth century. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

1483: 1343: 1273: 1148:, and in no small part a result of the Gaelic Romantic revivalists, the NUI collected a large amount of information on the 562:

ordered the regulated establishment of cathedral schools that transformed themselves into the first European universities.

345: 286: 3924:

Universities and the Capitalist State: Corporate Liberalism and the Reconstruction of American Higher Education, 1894–1928

2002:

degrees), and forming an institution for the promotion of education in the higher or more important branches of learning….

7267: 6891: 6748: 5102: 4556: 1323: 1160:

of 1918 and its posterior reforms by incorporating values that sought for a more equal and laic higher education system.

1016:

in universities. The French university model involved strict discipline and control over every aspect of the university.

389:

Some scholars, including George Makdisi, have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the madrasas in

3841: 2088: 1086:

is well known for its highly modern look. The buildings (part of central campus of university) in picture are from 2003.

7855: 7317: 3407:

Westman, R. S. (1975). "The Melanchthon circle:, rheticus, and the Wittenberg interpretation of the Copernicantheory".

3333:

Grendler, P. F. (2002). The universities of the Italian renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 197.

3324:

Grendler, P. F. (2002). The universities of the Italian renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 223.

3052: 2788: 1528: 1359: 923: 1965: 1934: 7757: 7640: 7499: 4134: 3599: 3551: 2996: 2957: 2913: 2838: 2812: 2763: 2735: 2587: 2276:

A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education

2059: 1890: 1860: 1749: 1724: 1696: 1668: 1640: 3988:. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages. Rüegg, Walter (general ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2239:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press, 2003, 35

1176:, which offers training in European law to lawyers, judges, barristers, solicitors, in-house counsel and academics. 675: 358:, founded in 859 A.D., was transformed into a university under the supervision of the Ministry of Education in 1963. 7332: 7227: 5069: 4978: 3815: 2852:

Paris and Oxford Universities in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. An Institutional and Intellectual History

1212:

Although each institution is organized differently, nearly all universities have a board of trustees; a president,

948: 527: 432: 428: 3774: 3370:

Füssel, S. (2005). Gutenberg and the Impact of Printing (English ed.). Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Pub., p. 145.

3351:

Grendler, P. F. (2004). The universities of the Renaissance and Reformation. Renaissance Quarterly, 57, pp. 12-13.

3103:

Grendler, P. F. (2004). "The universities of the Renaissance and Reformation". Renaissance Quarterly, 57, pp. 2-8.

2466:

without question. The most unwarranted of these statements is the one which makes of the "madrasa" a "university".

7819: 7382: 7200: 7098: 6911: 5398: 5164: 2306: 1498: 363: 43: 3705:"Massachusetts Board of Education: Degree-granting regulations for independent institutions of higher education" 3235:

Grendler, P. F. (2004). The universities of the Renaissance and Reformation. Renaissance Quarterly, 57, pp. 1-3.

3076:

Grendler, P. F. (2004). "The universities of the Renaissance and Reformation". Renaissance Quarterly, 57, pp. 2.

1420:

may be used to describe a phase in one's life: "When I was at university..." (in the United States and Ireland,

7337: 7159: 6936: 6538: 6159: 4561: 3880: 3161: 1169: 1141: 1137: 3262:

Grendler, P. F. (2004). The universities of the Renaissance and Reformation. Renaissance Quarterly, 57, p. 23.

267:, where this form of legal organisation was prevalent and from where the institution spread around the world. 7610: 7562: 7519: 6442: 4973: 2369:

in which the other Islamic sciences, including literary and philosophical ones, were ancillary subjects only.

1371: 1185: 418: 3789: 637:

The conventional date for the start of teaching at Bologna of 1088, or 1087 according to some, records when

7174: 7126: 7023: 7018: 6743: 6648: 5305: 4320: 2607:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989). "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West".

1553: 1523: 1393: 531: 221:

refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild,

7840: 7585: 5589: 5143: 5138: 3156:, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, vol. 10, Leiden: Brill, pp. 84–85, 1283: 371: 355: 31: 3842:"Students at Public Universities, Colleges Will Bear the Burden of Reduced Funding for Higher Education" 3094:

Dales, R. C. (1990). Medieval discussions of the eternity of the world (Vol. 18). Brill Archive, p. 144.

2863:

Univerzita Karlova získala dva unikátní dokumenty z historie české a evropské vzdělanosti, 29. 6. 2018.

2040:

Malagola, C. (1888), Statuti delle Università e dei Collegi dello Studio Bolognese. Bologna: Zanichelli.

7762: 6983: 6199: 5722: 5338: 5206: 5196: 4854: 4249: 2988: 2949: 2905: 2661: 2361:

are taught, i.e. a college for higher studies, as opposed to an elementary school of traditional type (

326: 3678: 3176: 2440:

seances were held in them, but there could be no madrasa without law as technically the major subject.

2114:

Belhachmi, Zakia: "Gender, Education, and Feminist Knowledge in al-Maghrib (North Africa) – 1950–70",

7845: 6698: 6663: 6618: 6434: 6309: 6299: 6104: 5774: 5684: 5669: 5418: 4259: 4162: 2637: 1994: 1425: 1362:) into large research universities with many PhD-granting programs and medical schools (for example, 1181: 1053: 1048:, a movement initiated in 1960 by Sir Keith Murray (chairman of the University Grants Committee) and 4103: 3704: 961: 7671: 7509: 7412: 7322: 7272: 7232: 7083: 6588: 6583: 6478: 6470: 6314: 6204: 6134: 5634: 5223: 5169: 4581: 4497: 4269: 1508: 1278: 1025: 1001: 965: 887: 747: 1200: 7407: 7397: 7252: 7053: 7013: 6993: 6973: 6876: 6708: 6683: 6598: 6578: 6528: 6498: 6488: 6374: 6294: 6259: 6244: 6229: 6184: 6119: 5989: 5629: 5363: 5248: 5095: 5029: 4649: 4616: 4395: 1358:

connotes a four-year, degree-granting institution. Universities may be sub-classified (as in the

1250: 1173: 898: 535: 440: 127: 85: 3946:

Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945–1955

2325:, known today as Al Qayrawaniyan University, became part of the state university system in 1947. 1366:); "comprehensive" universities that have some PhDs but are not geared toward research (such as 565: 330:, marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the 7734: 7679: 7479: 7392: 7307: 7282: 7164: 6988: 6794: 6673: 6668: 6548: 6249: 5996: 5679: 5674: 5313: 5283: 5278: 5263: 5238: 5179: 5174: 4859: 4437: 4390: 2347: 1717:

Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Academic Landscapes

1473: 1367: 1287: 1213: 684: 131: 3870: 3630: 3272:

Scott, J. C. (2006). "The mission of the university: Medieval to Postmodern transformations".

3113:

Scott, J. C. (2006). "The mission of the university: Medieval to Postmodern transformations".

825:

Early Modern universities initially continued the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages:

126:, which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Universities typically offer both 7724: 7714: 7699: 7494: 7357: 7292: 7262: 7237: 7169: 7068: 7063: 7038: 6896: 6688: 6643: 6623: 6613: 6513: 6349: 6324: 6174: 6169: 6149: 6114: 6099: 5664: 5644: 5483: 5388: 5358: 5258: 5233: 5059: 4696: 4533: 4442: 4430: 4127: 3905:

The Knowledge Factory: Dismantling the Corporate University and Creating True Higher Learning

2978: 2939: 2895: 1533: 1513: 1157: 1033: 910: 665: 578: 539: 315: 195: 145: 109: 61: 49: 7154: 4072: 3539: 1610: 39: 7729: 7704: 7684: 7645: 7544: 7367: 7297: 7277: 7093: 7043: 7003: 6956: 6951: 6941: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6901: 6886: 6881: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6713: 6628: 6608: 6493: 6483: 6334: 6304: 6289: 6274: 6264: 6254: 6219: 6214: 6164: 6109: 6084: 5972: 5962: 5689: 5501: 5473: 5463: 5423: 5293: 5288: 5268: 5228: 5148: 4869: 4864: 4723: 4708: 4676: 4661: 4644: 4523: 4510: 4405: 4264: 4254: 2531:

in the middle of the ninth century. It has been a destination for students and scholars of

1518: 1503: 1308: 1205: 997: 977: 818: 802: 774: 680: 648: 629: 604: 543: 294: 282: 5712: 3965:

The First Universities: Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe

838: 8: 7745: 7709: 7689: 7620: 7539: 7312: 7302: 7247: 7242: 7179: 7121: 7088: 7078: 7058: 7048: 7033: 7028: 7008: 6978: 6946: 6931: 6906: 6842: 6768: 6758: 6693: 6658: 6593: 6573: 6563: 6523: 6508: 6503: 6344: 6339: 6279: 6234: 6194: 6089: 6070: 5784: 5696: 5649: 5599: 5547: 5542: 5521: 5443: 5353: 5333: 5323: 5213: 4941: 4884: 4415: 4410: 4347: 4231: 2482:

A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis

1538: 1493: 1311:

and was once reserved for doctorate-granting research institutions. Some states, such as

1120: 1104: 1029: 956: 914: 879: 863: 814: 755: 721: 600: 589: 570: 467: 414: 240:

with collective legal rights (these rights were usually guaranteed by charters issued by

53: 3525:

Death of Guilds:Professions, States, and The Advance of Capitalism, 1930 to The Present}

7809: 7694: 7534: 7524: 7514: 7504: 7362: 7287: 7073: 6998: 6968: 6799: 6718: 6678: 6653: 6633: 6568: 6543: 6533: 6518: 6319: 6269: 6224: 6209: 6189: 6179: 6154: 6094: 5789: 5732: 5577: 5428: 5378: 5328: 5273: 5218: 5130: 5088: 4954: 4924: 4889: 4823: 4639: 4571: 4462: 4335: 4310: 4279: 4047:

Higher Education and the Growth of Knowledge: A Historical Outline of Aims and Tensions

3505: 3424: 3289: 3130: 2702: 2624: 2215:

Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Economics, education, mobility, and space

2135: 2116:

Journal of Middle Eastern and North African Intellectual and Cultural Studies, Vol. 2–3

1245: 1234: 1221: 1075: 973: 875: 834: 826: 700: 93: 3480:

See; Baldwin, M (1995). "The snakestone experiments: an early modern medical debate".

7719: 7615: 7567: 7489: 7257: 6823: 6638: 6603: 6558: 6553: 6462: 6329: 6239: 6129: 6035: 5967: 5779: 5761: 5639: 5609: 5582: 5572: 5562: 5557: 5526: 5458: 5448: 5433: 5393: 5201: 5184: 4894: 4874: 4728: 4718: 4681: 4576: 4385: 4357: 4239: 4190: 4153: 4050: 4031: 4010: 3989: 3968: 3949: 3927: 3908: 3900: 3547: 3497: 3428: 3293: 3157: 3134: 3048: 3033:

Huff, T. (2003), The Rise of Early Modern Science. Cambridge University Press, p. 122

2992: 2953: 2909: 2834: 2808: 2784: 2759: 2731: 2665: 2583: 2579: 2506: 2485: 2390: 2311: 2301: 2279: 2253: 2194: 2169: 2055: 2021: 1886: 1856: 1824: 1745: 1720: 1692: 1664: 1636: 1558: 1363: 1338: 1225: 1217: 1112: 817:– Switzerland's oldest university (1460). The university is among the birthplaces of 759: 547: 394: 320: 3744: 6039: 5955: 5896: 5659: 5654: 5624: 5511: 5506: 5468: 5373: 5348: 5253: 5004: 4936: 4919: 4879: 4833: 4779: 4764: 4742: 4713: 4588: 4367: 4352: 4304: 4175: 4120: 3591: 3509: 3489: 3416: 3281: 3122: 2694: 2616: 2541: 2532: 2358: 2329: 2186: 2147: 1917: 1563: 1455: 1445: 1057: 1005: 993: 847: 782: 765: 742: 577:

The first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the

555: 520: 444: 311: 89: 3615: 5619: 5614: 5496: 5491: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5383: 5343: 4931: 4813: 4769: 4759: 4593: 4472: 4093: 3877: 2453: 2015: 1882: 1873: 1801: 1543: 1316: 1303:

In the United States there is no nationally standardized definition for the term

1099: 871: 829:, logic, medicine, theology, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, law, grammar and 770:

was still often used, while "Academy" was common in Northern European countries.

558:

was crucial in promoting and regulating the concept of modern university, as his

448: 138: 105: 3790:"'Deemed' status distributed freely during Arjun Singh's tenure - LearnHub News" 2017:

A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages

1875:

A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages

259:

The original Latin word referred to degree-awarding institutions of learning in

7798: 5839: 5552: 5049: 4968: 4838: 4654: 4546: 4528: 4505: 4400: 4299: 4274: 4220: 3595: 1381: 1189: 1149: 1064: 969: 842: 435:

in Italy is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.

264: 260: 77: 5717: 3580: 2805:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages

2166:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

1168:

Universities created by bilateral or multilateral treaties between states are

809: 423: 7834: 6817: 5914: 5516: 5453: 5318: 5191: 4999: 4828: 4754: 4666: 4467: 4315: 4244: 4215: 4203: 4088: 2380: 2084: 1312: 1153: 1145: 1049: 883: 859: 692: 669: 314:. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the 5727: 1633:

Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions

5812: 5742: 5604: 4994: 4686: 4671: 4611: 4477: 4325: 4294: 4198: 4180: 1855:

Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008,

853: 794: 777:, disrupted the university landscape throughout Europe at different times. 699:

and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic,

510: 383: 185: 5737: 3501: 3285: 3126: 2151: 1766:"The University from the 12th to the 20th century - University of Bologna" 190: 6827: 5594: 4598: 4284: 2803:

Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:

2405: 2333: 1315:, will only grant a school "university status" if it grants at least two 1045: 708: 704: 696: 642: 617: 551: 443:

tradition. European higher education took place for hundreds of years in

398: 367: 350: 278: 226: 222: 2548:. These colleges were kuliyat al-shari's in Fès, kuliyat uSul al-din in 1024:

became increasingly accessible to the masses. In the United States, the

5567: 4818: 3766: 2635:

Makdisi, John A. (June 1999). "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law".

2421: 2050:

Rüegg, W. (2003). "Chapter 1: Themes". In De Ridder-Symoens, H. (ed.).

1969: 1938: 1488: 1354:

generally refers to a two-year, non-degree-granting institution, while

1013: 514: 491: 487: 390: 274: 57: 2706: 2628: 2549: 158:, which was founded in 1088, is the first university in the sense of: 5805: 5368: 5111: 4541: 4170: 2553: 2537: 1922:

Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400-1400,

1548: 1133: 1129: 1037: 893: 623: 503: 479: 310:

An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of

97: 2357:, in modern usage, the name of an institution of learning where the 1392:

means a higher education institution which is similar to the former

5243: 5024: 4774: 4420: 4071: 3493: 3420: 2698: 2620: 2408:. The madrasa was an educational institution in which Islamic law ( 2074:

Watson, P. (2005), Ideas. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, page 373

1609: 1230: 1125: 1108: 1020: 830: 790: 716: 638: 495: 475: 402: 101: 2556:(all founded in 1963), and kuliyat al-shari'a in Ait Melloul near 5438: 4789: 4784: 4380: 4375: 3793: 2545: 2520: 2462: 2429: 2401: 2354: 2322: 2164:

Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.):

1742:

First Peoples of the Americas and the European Age of Exploration

1411: 1083: 1079: 1041: 1009: 867: 471: 379: 290: 270: 245: 237: 233: 2730:, vol. 27, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–19, 862:

humanist writings were paramount to his reputation as a jurist.

614:). The University of Bologna began as a law school teaching the 509:

The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the

4289: 4143: 4112: 4107: 2864: 2557: 2524: 2425: 2417: 2362: 1478: 786: 375: 241: 2528: 2451:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

2345:

Pedersen, J.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R.: "Madrasa", in

1370:); and smaller, primarily undergraduate universities (such as 1040:

saw the arrival of new civic universities with an emphasis on

2413: 2290:

a wealthy woman of much piety, Fatima bint Muhammed al-Fahri.

1307:, although the term has traditionally been used to designate 1071: 985: 712: 499: 483: 298: 229: 212: 155: 141: 117: 65: 5080: 2797: 2437: 2433: 2409: 2140:

The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

1056:. The British also established universities worldwide, and 458: 249: 2054:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–34. 922:

European scientists between 1450 and 1650 included in the

2758:. Vol. 4. Torino: UTET. 7 August 1981. p. 122. 2495: 2366: 778: 462: 2432:. It was supported by an endowment or charitable trust ( 362:

An early institution, often called a university, is the

336:

continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world.

3681:. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. 2571: 2336:

where other subjects were only of secondary importance.

1999:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, 1974:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 1943:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 1459: 301:, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate. 3546:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 2–3. 3470:

D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, pp. 46-50.

3460:

D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, pp. 53-54.

2476: 2474: 2295: 2043: 1330:

in the name of an institution, under the terms of the

1178:

EUCLID (Pôle Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University)

992:

By the 18th century, universities published their own

968:, established by Royal Charter having been founded by 2110: 2108: 2106: 137:

The first universities in Europe were established by

3538:

Menand, Louis; Reitter, Paul; Wellmon, Chad (2017).

3537: 2328:

They consider institutions like al-Qarawiyyin to be

2981:. In Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (eds.). 2942:. In Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (eds.). 2898:. In Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (eds.). 2471: 1866: 1060:became available to the masses not only in Europe. 750:, founded in 1410, is Scotland's oldest university. 3590:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. 3579: 2103: 1577: 3544:The Rise of the Research University: A Sourcebook 3047:. Harvard University Press. pp. 16 and 145. 2783:(in Italian). Mario Adda Editore. pp. 9–10. 2575:The heritage of European universities, Volume 548 1326:is responsible for approving the use of the word 1163: 1004:'s liberal ideas pertaining to the importance of 953:List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945) 200:world's oldest university in continuous operation 7832: 3816:"Students are graduating with $ 30,000 in loans" 3622: 2987:. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. 2948:. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. 2904:. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. 976:in 1829, is one of the founding colleges of the 3926:. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. 2365:); in medieval usage, essentially a college of 1849: 1298:Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency 7664: 7214: 4002: 3981: 3527:. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. 3154:Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society 2976: 2937: 2893: 2386:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 2268: 2013: 1816: 1156:. Reforms in Argentina were the result of the 738:List of colonial universities in Latin America 5096: 4128: 149: 7769:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2723: 1903:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1966) , 1744:. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 103. 1686: 1387: 1379: 1259:List of universities and colleges by country 727: 3787: 2781:Storia dello Studium di Napoli in età sveva 2778: 2457:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (255f.): 2136:"Harran: Last Refuge of Classical Paganism" 851: 763: 734:List of early modern universities in Europe 646: 645:6th-century codification of Roman law, the 627: 615: 518: 452: 331: 216: 166: 121: 5103: 5089: 4135: 4121: 3479: 3207:"The best UK universities 2021 – rankings" 2572:Nuria Sanz, Sjur Bergan (1 January 2006). 1924:(New Haven: Yale Univ. Pr., 1997), p. 267. 1902: 1739: 1658: 1630: 27:Academic institution for further education 3899: 3581:"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" 1663:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. 354:The Moroccan higher-learning institution 318:, which adopted an academic charter, the 7466: 4097:) is being considered for deletion. See 3962: 3679:"Basic Classification Technical Details" 3628: 2687:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2678: 2609:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2193:. Oxford University Press. p. 328. 2185: 2179: 1714: 1277: 1244: 1199: 1098: 1094: 1070: 960: 892: 808: 741: 674: 564: 422: 349: 269: 189: 38: 6841: 6069: 6058: 3940: 3587:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3406: 2658:A History of Christian-Muslim Relations 2655: 2634: 2606: 2085:"Magna Charta delle Università Europee" 1253:in the Netherlands was founded in 1614. 232:developed, specialized associations of 162:being a high degree-awarding institute. 14: 7833: 4003:Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de, ed. (1996). 3982:Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de, ed. (1992). 3921: 3822:from the original on 21 September 2017 3531: 3522: 2684: 2596:from the original on 5 September 2015. 2412:) was taught according to one or more 942: 297:in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a 7663: 7465: 7213: 6840: 6461: 6460: 6068: 6057: 5759: 5122: 5084: 4116: 4044: 4027:A History of the University in Europe 4023: 4006:A History of the University in Europe 3985:A History of the University in Europe 3777:from the original on 7 December 2015. 3729: 3641:from the original on 27 November 2010 3560:from the original on 15 February 2017 3271: 3147: 3112: 2984:A History of the University in Europe 2945:A History of the University in Europe 2901:A History of the University in Europe 2744:from the original on 5 September 2015 2220: 2091:from the original on 15 November 2010 2052:A History of the University in Europe 2049: 1332:Further and Higher Education Act 1992 171:(which was coined at its foundation). 123:universitas magistrorum et scholarium 5065: 4915:Ancient higher-learning institutions 3967:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 3948:. New York, NY: Oxford Univ. Press. 3181:www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk 3042: 2807:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 2484:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 2278:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 2207: 2168:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 2133: 1885:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 1689:Encyclopedia of the Developing World 1484:Ancient higher-learning institutions 1274:Category:Higher education by country 1028:was the first to adopt the (German) 874:, who taught at the Universities of 346:Ancient higher-learning institutions 7815: 1661:Encyclopedia of Christian Education 1405: 1240: 858:with a humanist perspective, while 374:(name given in 1963), founded as a 305: 24: 3893: 3631:"The 'Idea of a University' today" 2977:Jacques Verger (16 October 2003). 2938:Jacques Verger (16 October 2003). 2894:Jacques Verger (16 October 2003). 2552:, kuliyat al-lugha al-'arabiya in 2505:, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, 2310:, Vol. 2, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, 2250:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture 2127: 1978:from the original on 30 April 2021 1947:from the original on 30 April 2021 1837:from the original on 10 March 2021 1529:Lists of universities and colleges 1103:The Central House building of the 924:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 408: 198:in Italy, founded in 1088, is the 25: 7867: 4101:to help reach a consensus. › 4064: 3852:from the original on 9 March 2013 3685:from the original on 13 June 2007 3602:from the original on 6 March 2016 3187:from the original on 25 June 2011 2397:, p. 457 (entry "madrasa"): 2014:Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (1992). 1776:from the original on 5 April 2021 1635:. Academische Uitgeverij Eburon. 1267: 1208:is Australia's oldest university. 984:Modern universities constitute a 536:Jagiellonian University in Kraków 370:. Scholars occasionally call the 7814: 7805: 7804: 7792: 7328:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6822: 6813: 6812: 6370:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 6140:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6034: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5043: 4142: 3864: 3834: 3808: 3717:from the original on 27 May 2010 2503:Historical Dictionary of Morocco 1342:Government on the advice of the 949:History of European universities 683:is the oldest university in the 538:) or municipal administrations ( 528:University of Naples Federico II 433:University of Naples Federico II 429:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 3781: 3759: 3697: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3629:Anderson, Robert (March 2010). 3572: 3516: 3473: 3463: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3217:from the original on 4 May 2021 3199: 3177:"University League Tables 2021" 3169: 3141: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3009: 2970: 2931: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2857: 2844: 2827: 2818: 2772: 2748: 2717: 2649: 2600: 2565: 2445: 2374: 2339: 2307:Encyclopedia of African History 2242: 2233: 2228:Encountering the World of Islam 2158: 2077: 2068: 2034: 2007: 1958: 1927: 1911: 1896: 1810: 1499:College and university rankings 1195: 1140:, which formed partly from the 225:, etc". As urban town life and 7851:Types of university or college 7485:Federated States of Micronesia 6780:British Indian Ocean Territory 3792:. Learnhub.com. Archived from 2501:Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: 2191:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 2020:. Cambridge University Press. 1788: 1758: 1733: 1708: 1680: 1652: 1631:Den Heijer, Alexandra (2011). 1624: 1602: 1164:Intergovernmental universities 1142:Catholic University of Ireland 1138:National University of Ireland 1136:aspirations, for instance the 897:17th-century classroom at the 339: 13: 1: 5110: 4086: 2213:Joseph, S, and Najmabadi, A. 2118:, 2003, pp. 55–82 (65): 1740:GA. Dawson, Patricia (2015). 1687:B M. Leonard, Thomas (2013). 1570: 1186:European University Institute 608: 593: 582: 573:. From a medieval manuscript. 419:List of medieval universities 285:. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in 206: 7453:United States Virgin Islands 5123: 4321:University technical college 3871:"Studieavgifter i högskolan" 3616:UK public library membership 2865:https://cuni.cz/UK-9137.html 2779:Delle Donne, Fulvio (2010). 2560:, which was founded in 1979. 2519:is the oldest university in 2351:, 2nd edition, Brill, 2010: 2260:, p. 87 (entry "Fez"): 1554:University student retention 1524:List of academic disciplines 1344:University Grants Commission 1337:In India, a new designation 1052:, with the formation of the 599:, later associated with the 532:Charles University in Prague 7: 7215:Education in North America 4024:Rüegg, Walter, ed. (2004). 3274:Journal of Higher Education 3115:Journal of Higher Education 1691:. Routledge. p. 1369. 1466: 1322:In the United Kingdom, the 1284:National Library of Finland 372:University of al-Qarawiyyin 32:University (disambiguation) 10: 7872: 7665:Education in South America 5760: 4250:College-preparatory school 3045:The Uses of the University 2989:Cambridge University Press 2950:Cambridge University Press 2906:Cambridge University Press 2662:Edinburgh University Press 2389:, Vol. 1, A–K, Routledge, 1872:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: 1443: 1409: 1271: 1256: 946: 731: 569:Meeting of doctors at the 470:– the preparatory arts of 412: 343: 333:Magna Charta Universitatum 327:Magna Charta Universitatum 293:in official dress and new 183: 179: 29: 7856:Universities and colleges 7786: 7743: 7670: 7576: 7553: 7472: 7428:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7346: 7220: 7193: 7145: 7107: 6849: 6808: 6767: 6727: 6469: 6383: 6358: 6077: 6064: 6053: 6029: 5983: 5949: 5908: 5890: 5851: 5833: 5799: 5775:Early childhood education 5768: 5755: 5705: 5535: 5482: 5304: 5157: 5129: 5118: 5038: 5017: 4987: 4950: 4910: 4903: 4847: 4806: 4750: 4741: 4704: 4695: 4635: 4628: 4490: 4455: 4366: 4343: 4334: 4260:Comprehensive high school 4230: 4189: 4161: 4151: 3922:Barrow, Clyde W. (1990). 2638:North Carolina Law Review 2230:. Authentic, 2005, p. 74. 1996:Oxford English Dictionary 1907:, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1805:World University Rankings 1719:. Springer. p. 302. 1715:Gavroglu, Kostas (2015). 1659:A. Lamport, Mark (2015). 1426:German-speaking countries 1182:United Nations University 1054:University of Strathclyde 813:Old main building of the 728:Early modern universities 7636:Northern Mariana Islands 7448:Turks and Caicos Islands 6529:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6125:Central African Republic 4617:State-integrated school 4491:By funding / eligibility 4270:Continuation high school 4099:templates for discussion 3907:. Boston: Beacon Press. 3148:Pryds, Darleen (2000), " 1881:13 December 2021 at the 1820:The Challenge of Bologna 1807:Retrieved 6 January 2010 1509:International university 1026:Johns Hopkins University 1019:Until the 19th century, 1002:Friedrich Schleiermacher 888:University of Wittenberg 748:University of St Andrews 18:Comprehensive university 7601:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6790:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5030:Educational institution 4650:Anarchistic free school 4396:Institute of technology 4079:Encyclopædia Britannica 4049:. New York: Routledge. 4045:Segre, Michael (2015). 3963:Pedersen, Olaf (1997). 3523:Krause, Elliot (1996). 2727:History of Universities 1817:Paul L. Gaston (2010). 1800:17 January 2009 at the 1617:Encyclopædia Britannica 1439: 1432:is often contracted to 1416:Colloquially, the term 1286:, which is part of the 1251:University of Groningen 1174:Academy of European Law 899:University of Salamanca 760:Mediterranean countries 427:Established in 1224 by 84: 'a whole') is an 7378:British Virgin Islands 6892:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4860:Compensatory education 4612:State or public school 4438:Upper division college 4082:(11th ed.). 1911. 3596:10.1093/ref:odnb/69524 3540:"General Introduction" 2656:Goddard, Hugh (2000). 2562: 2523:. It was founded as a 2468: 2442: 2371: 2348:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2327: 2292: 2265: 2217:. Brill, 2003, p. 314. 2124: 1823:. Stylus. p. 18. 1620:(11th ed.). 1911. 1474:Alternative university 1388: 1380: 1290: 1288:University of Helsinki 1254: 1209: 1116: 1087: 981: 901: 852: 822: 764: 751: 688: 685:English-speaking world 647: 628: 616: 574: 519: 453: 436: 366:, founded in the late 359: 332: 302: 217: 203: 167: 150: 122: 69: 7579:and other territories 7318:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6285:São Tomé and Príncipe 6145:Republic of the Congo 4516:Comprehensive school 4443:Vocational university 3286:10.1353/jhe.2006.0007 3127:10.1353/jhe.2006.0007 2514: 2458: 2398: 2352: 2319: 2287: 2261: 2176:, pp. 35–76 (35) 2152:10.1558/pome.v13i9.17 2134:Frew, Donald (1999). 2119: 1534:Pontifical university 1514:Land-grant university 1399:teaching universities 1309:research institutions 1281: 1272:Further information: 1248: 1203: 1158:University Revolution 1102: 1095:National universities 1074: 1034:Industrial Revolution 966:King's College London 964: 913:. Historians such as 911:Scientific Revolution 896: 812: 745: 678: 666:recovery of Aristotle 579:University of Bologna 568: 548:early medieval period 540:University of Cologne 426: 353: 316:University of Bologna 295:Doctors of Philosophy 273: 196:University of Bologna 193: 151:Università di Bologna 146:University of Bologna 62:University of Bologna 50:Daniel Chester French 42: 7467:Education in Oceania 6843:Education in Europe 6704:United Arab Emirates 6071:Education in Africa 5294:Instructional design 4979:in the United States 4870:Continuing education 4865:Compulsory education 4709:Free school movement 4677:Single-sex education 4662:International school 4645:Democratic education 4524:For-profit education 4511:Community day school 4406:Liberal arts college 4265:Comprehensive school 4255:Collegiate institute 4073:"Universities" 3741:Privy Council Office 3635:History & Policy 3043:Kerr, Clark (2001). 1611:"Universities" 1519:Liberal arts college 1504:Corporate university 1235:Private universities 1206:University of Sydney 1172:. An example is the 998:Wilhelm von Humboldt 978:University of London 886:, who taught at the 819:Renaissance humanism 803:University of Oxford 681:University of Oxford 649:Corpus Iuris Civilis 630:Alma Mater Studiorum 605:University of Oxford 544:University of Erfurt 283:University of Oxford 116:is derived from the 110:academic disciplines 30:For other uses, see 7333:Trinidad and Tobago 7228:Antigua and Barbuda 7108:States with limited 6731:limited recognition 6360:States with limited 6059:Education by region 5785:Secondary education 5697:Teaching philosophy 5600:Pedagogical pattern 5543:21st century skills 5522:Religious education 5165:Aims and objectives 4988:Informal or illegal 4942:Medieval university 4885:Inclusive education 4855:College preparatory 4416:Residential college 4411:Research university 4348:Professional school 4223:/ Elementary school 3876:15 May 2013 at the 3848:. 25 January 2012. 3818:. 18 October 2016. 3767:"Deemed University" 3747:on 23 February 2009 2841:, pp. 126-7, 282-98 2252:, Routledge, 1996, 1539:Research university 1494:Catholic university 1339:deemed universities 1121:national university 1115:established in 1842 1105:University of Chile 1030:research university 957:Research university 943:Modern universities 915:Richard S. Westfall 866:cited the works of 864:Philipp Melanchthon 815:University of Basel 756:Early Modern period 722:University of Paris 643:Emperor Justinian's 641:commenced teaching 590:University of Paris 571:University of Paris 415:Medieval university 275:Graduation ceremony 186:History of academia 54:Columbia University 7841:Educational stages 7799:Schools portal 7268:Dominican Republic 6463:Education in Asia 5790:Tertiary education 5728:Learning resources 5219:Education sciences 5050:Schools portal 4955:indigenous peoples 4952:Schools imposed on 4890:Remedial education 4824:Distance education 4640:Alternative school 4629:By style / purpose 4604:Specialist school 4463:All-through school 4311:Sixth form college 3901:Aronowitz, Stanley 3737:"Higher Education" 3637:. United Kingdom. 2991:. pp. 52–53. 2492:, pp. 154–157 2302:Shillington, Kevin 2248:Petersen, Andrew: 1905:A Latin Dictionary 1372:St. Francis Xavier 1296:In Australia, the 1291: 1255: 1210: 1117: 1088: 1076:Tampere University 982: 974:Duke of Wellington 902: 835:studia humanitatis 827:natural philosophy 823: 752: 701:natural philosophy 689: 575: 454:scholae monasticae 441:Medieval Christian 437: 360: 321:Constitutio Habita 303: 204: 70: 68:, founded in 1088. 7828: 7827: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7750:other territories 7659: 7658: 7651:Wallis and Futuna 7596:Clipperton Island 7554:Associated states 7461: 7460: 7350:other territories 7209: 7208: 6836: 6835: 6773:other territories 6456: 6455: 6387:other territories 6160:Equatorial Guinea 6049: 6048: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6005: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5780:Primary education 5751: 5750: 5640:Dialogic learning 5610:Teacher retention 5563:Critical thinking 5558:Class arrangement 5527:Special education 5202:Standardized test 5185:Course evaluation 5078: 5077: 5013: 5012: 4895:Special education 4875:Further education 4802: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4737: 4736: 4724:Montessori school 4719:Laboratory school 4682:Specialist school 4620: 4607: 4552:UK private school 4537: 4519: 4501: 4486: 4485: 4451: 4450: 4386:Community college 4358:Vocational school 4240:Adult high school 4154:educational stage 4056:978-0-415-73566-7 4037:978-0-521-36107-1 4016:978-0-521-36106-4 3995:978-0-521-36105-7 3974:978-0-521-59431-8 3955:978-0-19-505382-1 3933:978-0-299-12400-7 3914:978-0-8070-3122-3 3788:— Peter Drucker. 3614:(Subscription or 2671:978-0-7486-1009-9 2580:Council of Europe 2511:978-0-8108-5341-6 2490:978-0-313-32061-3 2480:Lulat, Y. G.-M.: 2395:978-0-415-96691-7 2316:978-1-57958-245-6 2284:978-0-313-32061-3 2274:Lulat, Y. G.-M.: 2258:978-0-415-06084-4 2226:Swartley, Keith. 2200:978-0-1951-2559-7 2174:978-0-521-54113-8 2027:978-0-521-54113-8 1830:978-1-57922-366-3 1559:University system 1364:McGill University 1360:Macleans rankings 1226:Public university 1170:intergovernmental 1113:public university 1050:Sir Samuel Curran 994:research journals 839:Niccolò Leoniceno 775:Thirty Years' War 560:1079 Papal Decree 445:cathedral schools 395:Emirate of Sicily 364:Harran University 16:(Redirected from 7863: 7846:Higher education 7818: 7817: 7808: 7807: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7770: 7758:Falkland Islands 7672:Sovereign states 7661: 7660: 7641:Pitcairn Islands 7611:French Polynesia 7591:Christmas Island 7520:Papua New Guinea 7500:Marshall Islands 7473:Sovereign states 7463: 7462: 7418:Saint Barthélemy 7348:Dependencies and 7221:Sovereign states 7211: 7210: 7146:Dependencies and 6850:Sovereign states 6838: 6837: 6826: 6816: 6815: 6785:Christmas Island 6471:Sovereign states 6458: 6457: 6448: 6447:(United Kingdom) 6443:Tristan da Cunha 6439:Ascension Island 6431: 6418: 6409: 6385:Dependencies and 6078:Sovereign states 6066: 6065: 6055: 6054: 6038: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5956:Higher education 5952: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5897:Secondary school 5893: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5771: 5770: 5757: 5756: 5685:Student-centered 5670:Phenomenon-based 5660:Peer instruction 5625:Blended learning 5548:Bloom's taxonomy 5512:Gifted education 5507:Education reform 5339:Computer science 5120: 5119: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5082: 5081: 5068: 5067: 5058: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5046: 4937:Cathedral school 4920:Platonic Academy 4908: 4907: 4880:Gifted education 4834:Prison education 4780:Parochial school 4765:Christian school 4748: 4747: 4714:Folk high school 4702: 4701: 4633: 4632: 4618: 4606:(United Kingdom) 4605: 4589:Selective school 4535: 4517: 4499: 4353:Technical school 4341: 4340: 4305:Secondary school 4209:Global influence 4176:Pre-kindergarten 4159: 4158: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4083: 4075: 4060: 4041: 4020: 3999: 3978: 3959: 3942:Diamond, Sigmund 3937: 3918: 3887: 3886: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3743:. Archived from 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2632: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2569: 2563: 2533:Islamic sciences 2499: 2493: 2478: 2469: 2449: 2443: 2404:is a college of 2378: 2372: 2359:Islamic sciences 2343: 2337: 2330:higher education 2318:, p. 1025: 2299: 2293: 2272: 2266: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2183: 2177: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2131: 2125: 2112: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1966:"university, n." 1962: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1935:"university, n." 1931: 1925: 1918:Marcia L. Colish 1915: 1909: 1908: 1900: 1894: 1870: 1864: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1814: 1808: 1795:Top Universities 1792: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1581: 1564:Urban university 1456:Nordic countries 1446:Tuition payments 1406:Colloquial usage 1391: 1385: 1317:doctoral degrees 1282:Interior of the 1241:Around the world 1058:higher education 857: 848:Andreas Vesalius 769: 766:studium generale 652: 633: 621: 613: 612: 1200–1214 610: 598: 597: 1208–1210 595: 587: 586: 1180–1190 584: 556:Pope Gregory VII 524: 521:studia generalia 456: 449:monastic schools 335: 312:academic freedom 306:Academic freedom 220: 170: 153: 125: 106:academic degrees 21: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7793: 7791: 7774: 7768: 7751: 7749: 7739: 7666: 7655: 7578: 7572: 7555: 7549: 7530:Solomon Islands 7468: 7457: 7351: 7349: 7342: 7216: 7205: 7189: 7147: 7141: 7127:Northern Cyprus 7109: 7103: 7024:North Macedonia 6845: 6832: 6804: 6772: 6763: 6744:Northern Cyprus 6730: 6723: 6465: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6429: 6416: 6407: 6388: 6386: 6379: 6363: 6361: 6354: 6073: 6060: 6045: 6044: 6025: 6016: 6007: 5999: 5992: 5970: 5958: 5939: 5930: 5922: 5917: 5899: 5880: 5871: 5863: 5858: 5842: 5823: 5815: 5808: 5764: 5747: 5701: 5620:Active learning 5615:Teaching method 5590:Learning theory 5531: 5497:Autodidacticism 5492:Adult education 5478: 5419:Performing arts 5300: 5207:Teacher quality 5197:Standards-based 5153: 5125: 5114: 5109: 5079: 5074: 5044: 5042: 5034: 5009: 4983: 4974:in South Africa 4957: 4953: 4946: 4932:Monastic school 4899: 4843: 4814:Boarding school 4794: 4770:Female seminary 4760:Catholic school 4733: 4691: 4624: 4594:Separate school 4482: 4473:One-room school 4447: 4391:Graduate school 4362: 4330: 4226: 4185: 4163:Early childhood 4147: 4141: 4102: 4070: 4067: 4057: 4038: 4017: 3996: 3975: 3956: 3934: 3915: 3896: 3894:Further reading 3891: 3890: 3884: 3878:Wayback Machine 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3786: 3782: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3605: 3603: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3554: 3536: 3532: 3521: 3517: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3146: 3142: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 2999: 2975: 2971: 2960: 2936: 2932: 2916: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2849: 2845: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2756:Storia d'Italia 2754: 2753: 2749: 2738: 2722: 2718: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2654: 2650: 2645:(5): 1635–1739. 2615:(2): 175–182 . 2605: 2601: 2590: 2570: 2566: 2513:, p. 348 2500: 2496: 2479: 2472: 2454:Studia Islamica 2450: 2446: 2379: 2375: 2344: 2340: 2300: 2296: 2273: 2269: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2184: 2180: 2163: 2159: 2132: 2128: 2113: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2012: 2008: 1992: 1981: 1979: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1948: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1916: 1912: 1901: 1897: 1883:Wayback Machine 1871: 1867: 1854: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1831: 1815: 1811: 1802:Wayback Machine 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1629: 1625: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1544:Science tourism 1469: 1448: 1442: 1414: 1408: 1276: 1270: 1261: 1243: 1198: 1166: 1097: 1078:in the city of 959: 947:Main articles: 945: 872:Galileo Galilei 740: 730: 611: 596: 585: 421: 413:Main articles: 411: 409:Medieval Europe 348: 342: 308: 289:gown and hood, 209: 188: 182: 165:using the word 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7869: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7812: 7802: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7676: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7631:Norfolk Island 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7586:American Samoa 7582: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7556:of New Zealand 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7438:Sint Eustatius 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7383:Cayman Islands 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7354: 7352: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7201:European Union 7197: 7195: 7194:Other entities 7191: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7148:other entities 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7099:United Kingdom 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6912:Czech Republic 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6820: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6776: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6432: 6419: 6410: 6396:Canary Islands 6392: 6391: 6389: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6062: 6061: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5984: 5977: 5976: 5965: 5960: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5909: 5902: 5901: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5852: 5845: 5844: 5840:Primary school 5834: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5810: 5800: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5553:Cognitive load 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5224:Evidence-based 5221: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5158:By perspective 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5062: 5052: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5018:Related topics 5015: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5005:in South Tyrol 5002: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4969:in New Zealand 4966: 4960: 4958: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4839:Virtual school 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4729:Waldorf school 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4655:Sudbury school 4652: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4614: 4609: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4549: 4547:Private school 4544: 4539: 4531: 4529:Free education 4526: 4521: 4513: 4508: 4506:Charter school 4503: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4401:Junior college 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300:Minor seminary 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4275:Grammar school 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4221:Primary school 4218: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4201: 4195: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4149: 4148: 4140: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4084: 4066: 4065:External links 4063: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4042: 4036: 4021: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3960: 3954: 3938: 3932: 3919: 3913: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3863: 3833: 3807: 3796:on 7 July 2010 3780: 3758: 3728: 3696: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3621: 3571: 3552: 3530: 3515: 3494:10.1086/357237 3488:(3): 394–418. 3472: 3462: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3421:10.1086/351431 3415:(2): 164–193. 3399: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3198: 3168: 3162: 3140: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3054:978-0674005327 3053: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2997: 2969: 2958: 2952:. p. 51. 2930: 2914: 2908:. p. 48. 2886: 2877: 2868: 2856: 2854:, Wiley, 1968. 2843: 2826: 2817: 2796: 2790:978-8880828419 2789: 2771: 2764: 2747: 2736: 2716: 2699:10.2307/601679 2677: 2670: 2664:. p. 99. 2648: 2621:10.2307/604423 2599: 2588: 2582:. p. 28. 2564: 2494: 2470: 2444: 2381:Meri, Josef W. 2373: 2338: 2294: 2286:, p. 70: 2267: 2241: 2232: 2219: 2206: 2199: 2187:Esposito, John 2178: 2157: 2126: 2102: 2076: 2067: 2060: 2042: 2033: 2026: 2006: 1993:"University", 1957: 1926: 1910: 1895: 1865: 1848: 1829: 1809: 1787: 1757: 1750: 1732: 1725: 1707: 1697: 1679: 1669: 1651: 1641: 1623: 1601: 1589:WordNet Search 1575: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1444:Main article: 1441: 1438: 1410:Main article: 1407: 1404: 1389:Fachhochschule 1382:Fachhochschule 1269: 1268:Classification 1266: 1242: 1239: 1197: 1194: 1190:European Union 1165: 1162: 1150:Irish language 1096: 1093: 1065:Robbins Report 970:King George IV 944: 941: 843:Thomas Linacre 729: 726: 410: 407: 341: 338: 307: 304: 265:Central Europe 208: 205: 181: 178: 177: 176: 172: 163: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7868: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7821: 7813: 7811: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7771: 7766: 7764: 7763:French Guiana 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7626:New Caledonia 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7606:Easter Island 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7345: 7339: 7338:United States 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160:Faroe Islands 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7132:South Ossetia 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6984:Liechtenstein 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6819: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6754:South Ossetia 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6200:Guinea-Bissau 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6052: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6003: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5990:Undergraduate 5988: 5987: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5945: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5915:Middle school 5913: 5912: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5886: 5867: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5829: 5819: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5680:Project-based 5678: 5676: 5675:Problem-based 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5635:Demonstration 5633: 5631: 5630:Contemplative 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:Homeschooling 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364:Environmental 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5289:Instructional 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5192:Psychometrics 5190: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5071: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5051: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4829:Homeschooling 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4755:Bible college 4753: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4667:Magnet school 4665: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4619:(New Zealand) 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4582:international 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4468:Middle school 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4316:Studio school 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307:/ High school 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4245:Cadet college 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4216:Junior school 4214: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4204:Infant school 4202: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3665: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3559: 3555: 3553:9780226414850 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3466: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2998:9780521541138 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2959:9780521541138 2955: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2917: 2915:9780521541138 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2853: 2850:Gordon Leff, 2847: 2840: 2839:0-87249-376-8 2836: 2830: 2821: 2814: 2813:0-521-36105-2 2810: 2806: 2800: 2792: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2765:88-02-03568-7 2761: 2757: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2737:9780199685844 2733: 2729: 2728: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2589:9789287161215 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2467: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2236: 2229: 2223: 2216: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2090: 2087:. .unibo.it. 2086: 2080: 2071: 2063: 2061:0-521-54113-1 2057: 2053: 2046: 2037: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1989: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1961: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1891:0-521-36105-2 1888: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1861:0-7864-3462-7 1858: 1852: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1753: 1751:9781502606853 1747: 1743: 1736: 1728: 1726:9789401796361 1722: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1698:9781135205157 1694: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1672: 1670:9780810884939 1666: 1662: 1655: 1648: 1644: 1642:9789059724877 1638: 1634: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1605: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1576: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324:Privy Council 1320: 1318: 1314: 1313:Massachusetts 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1265: 1260: 1252: 1247: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1207: 1202: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1154:Irish culture 1151: 1147: 1146:Easter Rising 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1092: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063:In 1963, the 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1000:and based on 999: 995: 990: 987: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 954: 950: 940: 936: 932: 928: 925: 919: 916: 912: 906: 900: 895: 891: 889: 885: 884:Martin Luther 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860:Jacques Cujas 856: 855: 849: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 820: 816: 811: 807: 804: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 768: 767: 761: 757: 749: 744: 739: 735: 725: 723: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 693:Great Britain 686: 682: 677: 673: 671: 670:scholasticism 667: 662: 658: 656: 651: 650: 644: 640: 635: 632: 631: 625: 620: 619: 606: 602: 591: 580: 572: 567: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 523: 522: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 460: 455: 450: 446: 442: 434: 430: 425: 420: 416: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 357: 352: 347: 337: 334: 329: 328: 323: 322: 317: 313: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 266: 262: 257: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 228: 224: 219: 214: 211:The original 201: 197: 192: 187: 173: 169: 164: 161: 160: 159: 157: 152: 147: 143: 140: 135: 133: 129: 128:undergraduate 124: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104:which awards 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7790: 7746:Dependencies 7577:Dependencies 7563:Cook Islands 7443:Sint Maarten 7423:Saint Martin 7137:Transnistria 6769:Dependencies 6699:Turkmenistan 6664:Saudi Arabia 6435:Saint Helena 6406: 6310:South Africa 6300:Sierra Leone 6105:Burkina Faso 5997:Postgraduate 5813:Kindergarten 5665:Personalized 5645:Experiential 5605:Teacher look 5314:Agricultural 5170:Anthropology 4687:Vocal school 4672:Music school 4534:Free school 4478:Ranch school 4425: 4326:Upper school 4295:Maths school 4199:First school 4181:Kindergarten 4092: 4077: 4046: 4026: 4005: 3984: 3964: 3945: 3923: 3904: 3885:(in Swedish) 3866: 3854:. Retrieved 3845: 3836: 3826:21 September 3824:. Retrieved 3810: 3798:. Retrieved 3794:the original 3783: 3770: 3761: 3749:. Retrieved 3745:the original 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3699: 3687:. Retrieved 3673: 3664: 3655: 3643:. Retrieved 3634: 3624: 3604:. Retrieved 3585: 3574: 3562:. Retrieved 3543: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3465: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3280:(1): 10–13. 3277: 3273: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3219:. Retrieved 3211:the Guardian 3210: 3201: 3189:. Retrieved 3180: 3171: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3044: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3004:institutions 3002: 2982: 2972: 2963: 2943: 2933: 2922: 2919: 2899: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2859: 2851: 2846: 2829: 2820: 2815:, pp. XIX–XX 2804: 2799: 2780: 2774: 2755: 2750: 2726: 2719: 2710: 2693:(3): 586–8. 2690: 2686: 2680: 2657: 2651: 2642: 2636: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2574: 2567: 2517:al-qarawiyin 2516: 2515: 2502: 2497: 2481: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2399: 2384: 2376: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2332:colleges of 2320: 2305: 2297: 2288: 2275: 2270: 2262: 2249: 2244: 2235: 2227: 2222: 2214: 2209: 2190: 2181: 2165: 2160: 2146:(9): 17–29. 2143: 2139: 2129: 2120: 2115: 2093:. Retrieved 2079: 2070: 2051: 2045: 2036: 2016: 2009: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1980:, retrieved 1970: 1960: 1949:, retrieved 1939: 1929: 1921: 1913: 1904: 1898: 1874: 1868: 1851: 1839:. Retrieved 1819: 1812: 1804: 1790: 1778:. Retrieved 1770:www.unibo.it 1769: 1760: 1741: 1735: 1716: 1710: 1702: 1688: 1682: 1674: 1660: 1654: 1646: 1632: 1626: 1615: 1604: 1592:. Retrieved 1588: 1579: 1453: 1449: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1394:polytechnics 1376: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1336: 1327: 1321: 1304: 1302: 1295: 1292: 1262: 1211: 1196:Organization 1167: 1118: 1089: 1062: 1018: 1014:laboratories 991: 983: 937: 933: 929: 920: 907: 903: 854:Corpus Juris 824: 799: 795:nation-state 772: 753: 697:disputations 690: 663: 659: 654: 636: 576: 511:Latin Church 508: 457:), in which 438: 388: 384:World War II 382:until after 361: 356:Al-Qarawiyin 325: 319: 309: 258: 256:recognised. 254: 210: 136: 132:postgraduate 113: 81: 73: 71: 44: 36: 7820:WikiProject 7510:New Zealand 7413:Puerto Rico 7323:Saint Lucia 7273:El Salvador 7175:Isle of Man 7110:recognition 7084:Switzerland 7019:Netherlands 6828:Asia portal 6729:States with 6649:Philippines 6589:South Korea 6584:North Korea 6479:Afghanistan 6362:recognition 6315:South Sudan 6205:Ivory Coast 5921:High school 5718:Definitions 5595:Lesson plan 5484:Alternative 5389:Mathematics 5359:Engineering 4807:By location 4697:Progressive 4599:Sink school 4568:University 4557:preparatory 4285:Hauptschule 4087:‹ The 3771:mhrd.gov.in 2406:Islamic law 2334:Islamic law 1893:, pp. 47–55 1350:In Canada, 1347:sprung up. 1231:pedagogical 1046:engineering 762:, the term 754:During the 709:Hippocrates 705:metaphysics 618:ius gentium 603:), and the 552:monasteries 401:during the 399:Middle East 368:8th century 340:Antecedents 281:day at the 279:Convocation 248:, or their 223:corporation 218:universitas 168:universitas 108:in several 86:institution 82:universitas 7835:Categories 7408:Montserrat 7403:Martinique 7398:Guadeloupe 7253:Costa Rica 7054:San Marino 7014:Montenegro 6994:Luxembourg 6974:Kazakhstan 6877:Azerbaijan 6709:Uzbekistan 6684:Tajikistan 6599:Kyrgyzstan 6579:Kazakhstan 6499:Bangladesh 6489:Azerbaijan 6417:(Portugal) 6375:Somaliland 6295:Seychelles 6260:Mozambique 6245:Mauritania 6230:Madagascar 6185:The Gambia 6120:Cape Verde 5973:Continuing 5963:Vocational 5568:Curriculum 5502:Democratic 5474:Vocational 5464:Technology 5424:Philosophy 5306:By subject 5284:Technology 5264:Psychology 5249:Philosophy 5239:Leadership 5180:Evaluation 5175:Assessment 4995:in Ireland 4904:Historical 4819:Day school 4431:Collegiate 4426:University 4104:University 3856:14 January 3751:6 December 3645:9 December 3618:required.) 3564:25 January 3163:9004113517 2979:"Patterns" 2940:"Patterns" 2896:"Patterns" 1971:OED Online 1940:OED Online 1571:References 1489:Art school 1430:university 1418:university 1356:university 1328:university 1305:university 1257:See also: 1233:autonomy. 1214:chancellor 732:See also: 546:). In the 515:papal bull 492:arithmetic 488:quadrivium 397:, and the 391:Al-Andalus 344:See also: 207:Definition 184:See also: 134:programs. 114:University 76:(from 74:university 58:alma mater 45:Alma Mater 7735:Venezuela 7680:Argentina 7480:Australia 7393:Greenland 7308:Nicaragua 7283:Guatemala 7165:Gibraltar 6989:Lithuania 6795:Hong Kong 6749:Palestine 6674:Sri Lanka 6669:Singapore 6549:Indonesia 6250:Mauritius 5806:Preschool 5706:Wikimedia 5444:Religious 5369:Euthenics 5354:Economics 5334:Chemistry 5324:Bilingual 5279:Sociology 5234:Inclusion 5214:Economics 5112:Education 5000:in Greece 4964:in Canada 4743:Religious 4542:Institute 4536:(England) 4518:(British) 4500:(England) 4280:Gymnasium 4232:Secondary 4171:Preschool 3429:144116078 3294:144337137 3135:144337137 2554:Marrakech 2538:graduates 1982:27 August 1951:27 August 1863:, p. 55f. 1594:30 August 1549:UnCollege 1222:faculties 1134:political 1130:religious 1038:modernity 624:Roman law 504:astronomy 486:–and the 480:dialectic 98:education 7810:Category 7725:Suriname 7715:Paraguay 7700:Colombia 7495:Kiribati 7358:Anguilla 7293:Honduras 7263:Dominica 7238:Barbados 7185:Svalbard 7170:Guernsey 7117:Abkhazia 7069:Slovenia 7064:Slovakia 7039:Portugal 6897:Bulgaria 6818:Category 6739:Abkhazia 6689:Thailand 6644:Pakistan 6624:Mongolia 6619:Maldives 6614:Malaysia 6514:Cambodia 6441: / 6437: / 6430:(France) 6424: / 6402: / 6398: / 6350:Zimbabwe 6325:Tanzania 6175:Ethiopia 6170:Eswatini 6150:Djibouti 6115:Cameroon 6100:Botswana 5690:Socratic 5650:Feedback 5536:Concepts 5429:Physical 5399:Military 5379:Language 5329:Business 5269:Research 5259:Politics 5244:Pedagogy 5139:Glossary 5124:Overview 5060:Category 4848:By scope 4775:Gurukula 4498:Academy 4456:Combined 4421:Seminary 4336:Tertiary 4089:template 3944:(1992). 3903:(2000). 3874:Archived 3850:Archived 3820:Archived 3775:Archived 3773:. MHRD. 3712:Archived 3689:20 March 3683:Archived 3639:Archived 3600:Archived 3558:Archived 3215:Archived 3185:Archived 3121:(1): 6. 2742:archived 2712:explain. 2594:Archived 2546:madrasas 2189:(2003). 2089:Archived 1991:Compare 1976:archived 1945:archived 1879:Archived 1835:Archived 1798:Archived 1780:23 March 1774:Archived 1467:See also 1368:Waterloo 1126:cultural 1109:Santiago 1021:religion 1010:seminars 831:rhetoric 791:regicide 717:Avicenna 707:; while 655:Nationes 639:Irnerius 601:Sorbonne 496:geometry 476:rhetoric 403:Crusades 246:prelates 238:teachers 234:students 227:medieval 139:Catholic 102:research 94:tertiary 7730:Uruguay 7705:Ecuador 7685:Bolivia 7646:Tokelau 7545:Vanuatu 7388:Curaçao 7373:Bonaire 7368:Bermuda 7298:Jamaica 7278:Grenada 7233:Bahamas 7094:Ukraine 7044:Romania 7004:Moldova 6962:Ireland 6957:Iceland 6952:Hungary 6942:Germany 6937:Georgia 6927:Finland 6922:Estonia 6917:Denmark 6902:Croatia 6887:Belgium 6882:Belarus 6872:Austria 6867:Armenia 6862:Andorra 6857:Albania 6714:Vietnam 6629:Myanmar 6609:Lebanon 6539:Georgia 6494:Bahrain 6484:Armenia 6426:Réunion 6422:Mayotte 6413:Madeira 6408:(Spain) 6404:Melilla 6335:Tunisia 6305:Somalia 6290:Senegal 6275:Nigeria 6265:Namibia 6255:Morocco 6220:Liberia 6215:Lesotho 6165:Eritrea 6135:Comoros 6110:Burundi 6085:Algeria 5993:→ 5968:Further 5923:→ 5918:→ 5900:→ 5864:→ 5859:→ 5843:→ 5816:→ 5809:→ 5655:Passive 5578:Studies 5459:Teacher 5449:Science 5439:Reading 5434:Physics 5409:Nursing 5394:Medical 5229:History 5149:Outline 5131:General 5070:Commons 4790:Yeshiva 4785:Madrasa 4572:private 4381:College 4376:Academy 4191:Primary 4091:below ( 3883:2006:7 3800:29 July 3510:6122500 3502:7591659 2923:studium 2550:Tétouan 2521:Morocco 2463:madrasa 2430:Hanbali 2422:Shafi'i 2416:rites: 2402:madrasa 2383:(ed.): 2355:Madrasa 2323:madrasa 1422:college 1412:College 1352:college 1084:Finland 1080:Tampere 1042:science 1006:freedom 868:Erasmus 588:), the 472:grammar 468:trivium 380:madrasa 291:Proctor 261:Western 242:princes 180:History 120:phrase 7710:Guyana 7690:Brazil 7621:Hawaii 7540:Tuvalu 7313:Panama 7303:Mexico 7248:Canada 7243:Belize 7180:Jersey 7122:Kosovo 7089:Turkey 7079:Sweden 7059:Serbia 7049:Russia 7034:Poland 7029:Norway 7009:Monaco 6979:Latvia 6947:Greece 6932:France 6907:Cyprus 6759:Taiwan 6694:Turkey 6659:Russia 6594:Kuwait 6574:Jordan 6564:Israel 6524:Cyprus 6509:Brunei 6504:Bhutan 6445: 6428: 6415: 6345:Zambia 6340:Uganda 6280:Rwanda 6235:Malawi 6195:Guinea 6090:Angola 6040:Portal 6000: 5959: 5862:Junior 5857:Infant 5762:Stages 5738:Quotes 5723:Images 5583:Theory 5573:Hidden 5469:Values 5374:Health 5349:Design 5274:Rights 5254:Policy 4925:Lyceum 4577:public 4562:public 4368:Higher 4290:Lyceum 4144:School 4108:Curlie 4094:Curlie 4053: 4034: 4013: 3992: 3971: 3952: 3930: 3911: 3721:28 May 3612: 3606:28 May 3550: 3508: 3500: 3427: 3361:Press. 3292: 3160: 3150:Studia 3133: 3051: 2995: 2956: 2912: 2837: 2811: 2787: 2762: 2734: 2707:601679 2705: 2668: 2629:604423 2627: 2586: 2558:Agadir 2525:mosque 2509: 2488: 2426:Hanafi 2418:Maliki 2393: 2363:kuttab 2314: 2282: 2256: 2197: 2172: 2095:28 May 2058: 2024: 1889: 1859: 1841:7 July 1827: 1748: 1723: 1695: 1667: 1639: 1479:Alumni 1218:rector 1012:, and 955:, and 882:, and 787:famine 783:plague 715:, and 703:, and 502:, and 431:, the 393:, the 376:mosque 230:guilds 144:. The 90:higher 56:. The 7695:Chile 7535:Tonga 7525:Samoa 7515:Palau 7505:Nauru 7363:Aruba 7288:Haiti 7155:Åland 7074:Spain 6999:Malta 6969:Italy 6800:Macau 6719:Yemen 6679:Syria 6654:Qatar 6634:Nepal 6569:Japan 6544:India 6534:Egypt 6519:China 6400:Ceuta 6320:Sudan 6270:Niger 6225:Libya 6210:Kenya 6190:Ghana 6180:Gabon 6155:Egypt 6095:Benin 5743:Texts 5713:Books 5414:Peace 5404:Music 5384:Legal 5344:Death 5144:Index 4146:types 3715:(PDF) 3708:(PDF) 3506:S2CID 3425:S2CID 3290:S2CID 3221:2 May 3191:2 May 3131:S2CID 2926:head. 2703:JSTOR 2625:JSTOR 2428:, or 2414:Sunni 1585:"3.1" 1216:, or 1107:, in 986:guild 880:Padua 713:Galen 500:music 484:logic 459:monks 299:bedel 250:towns 215:word 213:Latin 156:Italy 142:monks 118:Latin 80: 78:Latin 66:Italy 7720:Peru 7616:Guam 7568:Niue 7490:Fiji 7433:Saba 7258:Cuba 6639:Oman 6604:Laos 6559:Iraq 6554:Iran 6330:Togo 6240:Mali 6130:Chad 5733:News 5025:K–12 4051:ISBN 4032:ISBN 4011:ISBN 3990:ISBN 3969:ISBN 3950:ISBN 3928:ISBN 3909:ISBN 3858:2013 3846:Time 3828:2017 3802:2010 3753:2007 3723:2010 3691:2007 3647:2010 3608:2010 3566:2017 3548:ISBN 3498:PMID 3482:Isis 3409:Isis 3223:2021 3193:2021 3158:ISBN 3049:ISBN 2993:ISBN 2954:ISBN 2910:ISBN 2835:ISBN 2809:ISBN 2785:ISBN 2760:ISBN 2732:ISBN 2666:ISBN 2584:ISBN 2542:dean 2507:ISBN 2486:ISBN 2438:Sufi 2434:waqf 2410:fiqh 2391:ISBN 2312:ISBN 2280:ISBN 2254:ISBN 2195:ISBN 2170:ISBN 2097:2010 2056:ISBN 2022:ISBN 1984:2013 1953:2013 1887:ISBN 1857:ISBN 1843:2016 1825:ISBN 1782:2021 1746:ISBN 1721:ISBN 1693:ISBN 1665:ISBN 1637:ISBN 1596:2023 1440:Cost 1249:The 1204:The 1152:and 1111:, a 1044:and 972:and 878:and 876:Pisa 746:The 736:and 679:The 664:The 478:and 463:nuns 461:and 417:and 263:and 236:and 194:The 175:law. 130:and 100:and 92:(or 7748:and 6771:and 5454:Sex 5319:Art 4152:By 4106:at 3881:SOU 3592:doi 3490:doi 3417:doi 3282:doi 3123:doi 2695:doi 2691:104 2617:doi 2613:109 2529:Fès 2527:in 2367:law 2148:doi 1434:uni 1386:). 1374:). 1132:or 1036:to 779:War 622:or 517:as 513:by 482:or 447:or 277:on 154:), 88:of 48:by 7837:: 4076:. 3844:. 3769:. 3739:. 3710:. 3633:. 3598:. 3584:. 3556:. 3542:. 3504:. 3496:. 3486:86 3484:. 3423:. 3413:66 3411:. 3288:. 3278:77 3276:. 3213:. 3209:. 3183:. 3179:. 3129:. 3119:77 3117:. 3001:. 2962:. 2918:. 2740:, 2709:. 2701:. 2689:. 2660:. 2643:77 2641:. 2633:; 2623:. 2611:. 2592:. 2578:. 2473:^ 2424:, 2420:, 2400:A 2304:: 2144:13 2142:. 2138:. 2105:^ 1986:, 1968:, 1937:, 1920:, 1833:. 1772:. 1768:. 1701:. 1673:. 1645:. 1614:. 1587:. 1460:EU 1428:, 1334:. 1319:. 1224:. 1192:. 1128:, 1119:A 1082:, 1008:, 951:, 841:, 789:, 785:, 781:, 711:, 609:c. 594:c. 583:c. 554:. 542:, 534:, 530:, 506:. 498:, 494:, 490:: 474:, 287:MA 244:, 112:. 96:) 72:A 64:, 52:, 5975:) 5971:( 5104:e 5097:t 5090:v 4136:e 4129:t 4122:v 4059:. 4040:. 4019:. 3998:. 3977:. 3958:. 3936:. 3917:. 3860:. 3830:. 3804:. 3755:. 3725:. 3693:. 3649:. 3610:. 3594:: 3568:. 3512:. 3492:: 3431:. 3419:: 3296:. 3284:: 3225:. 3195:. 3137:. 3125:: 3057:. 2793:. 2768:. 2697:: 2674:. 2631:. 2619:: 2203:. 2154:. 2150:: 2099:. 2064:. 2030:. 1845:. 1784:. 1754:. 1729:. 1598:. 980:. 821:. 687:. 607:( 592:( 581:( 526:( 451:( 202:. 148:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.