Compagnies franches de la marine

1434: 579:, succeeding to the secretariat of the Navy. Colbert requested from the military intendant of Rochefort, the creation of a corps of soldiers "toujours prêt à embarquer" (always ready to embark), "gens braves et capables de bons services" (brave people and capable of good services). Accordingly, are created six "companies of la marine" dependent on State Secretary of the Navy. Composed of 50 men each, units were dispersed between Brest, Rochefort, and Toulon, which became the principal war ports of France. They were "gardiens de port" (guardian of ports) in demi-solde assigned to the surveillance of the ports and royal vessels. Disposing of four months of leave per year, they remained in their homes in times of peace at the condition of reporting back to duty three to four times a year in sessions of inspection and exercises lasting three days. They were commanded by a 899:, although the officers were increasingly Canadian-born and noble. Promotions from soldiers to the officer corps were non-existent and the individual ranks were separated by large pay gaps. Young Canadian-born men were usually admitted into the officer ranks by commissions as cadets or ensigns through the governor. The sons of noblemen or existing officers were usually preferentially selected for positions in the officer corps as well. Cadets constituted a boy or young man who served in a company and was being trained to become an officer in the future. Officers would often exploit the selective nature of admittance to the corps by enrolling their boys sometimes as early as age 5 in order to receive more rations and an extra salary. In 1717, the admission of officers under the age of 14 was prohibited, but the exploitation of the system continued. 1057:

brass-mounted powder-horn was also carried. The cartridge case was used to carry ammunition and a model 1728 French infantry musket, or "St. Etienne", although different types of flintlock muskets and fusils were carried at different points in the history of the units. Although the exact designs of the muskets used by a unit such as the Compagnies franches de la marine can no longer be found, it is accepted that they were all of the flintlock type. Given that the colonial regulars were the responsibility of the navy, they carried navy-model muskets made at Tulle. In the 1740s, the navy began to purchase muskets from St-Etienne, which probably resembled the army's 1728 model. In 1752, the royal magazines at Montreal and Quebec contained a great variety of muskets and bayonets.

696: 883: 670:

the troops of the ministère de la Guerre. Within the first half of the 18th century, the ministère de la marine sent, to Canada and l'Île Royale, less than 200 recruits per year to replace lost men. At the beginning of the 1750s, they counted close to 1,600 soldiers. While the Seven Years' War raged on, the ministère augmented the number of companies to the same number contained in each. Over 4,500 recruits were sent to Canada and Louisbourg, raising the number of soldiers serving in the colonies to 6,100. France's efforts are quite great if the soldiers sent to be a part of the troupes de Terre are also counted.

1406: 1565: 851:, and were used to garrison other French colonies. Initially, the troops that were recruited in France and arrived in Quebec by 1683 were composed of three companies. However, the troops that arrived were raw, many of whom were unfit for battle, and overall poorly supplied The number of companies in Canada steadily increased over the years and reached as many as 40 companies by the year 1757. The roughly 30 companies stationed in the territory of Canada (varied between 28-35 based on the economic and military developments in France) gradually developed into the first permanent 'Canadian' military force 1448: 541:

history the Compagnies often did not have their full complement of soldiers, which the colonial leadership frequently complained about to the national leadership in metropolitan France. This was in large part due to the problems of recruitment of soldiers to Canada. The climate, and constant fighting with the powerful Iroquois, frightened off many French from signing up. Another factor was that the French custom of having to ask for the consent of soldier to be sent to a region, which led many to refuse to go to Canada. The French resorted to using petty criminals to serve in the

152: 126: 1420: 2568: 533: 1074:

The officer would be required to complete training in weapons with the soldiers. Once the commissioner's inspection was complete, he would fill out a certificate, asserting that the soldiers had taken care of their duties, and captains could allow only those who had done so to conduct paid work. In addition, Sergeants were required to visit the soldiers of their squad twice per week to keep track of their activities and behaviour in order to keep the captain up to date and to root out potential deserters.

866:, to be trained by the master gunner at firing and aiming cannons. As a result of their extra training and duties, the cannoniers were paid an additional six livres per month in compensation for their inability to earn money in the construction of forts or elsewhere, and were offered cash prizes for good marksmanship. The Louisbourg artillery company was composed of 13 canoniers, 12 bombardiers, one drummer, two corporals and two sergeants, led by a lieutenant and a captain. 1508: 821: 1026: 972: 77: 2544: 1535: 1526: 1517: 587:

soldiers per port. When the guardian soldiers of the ports would embark, those in demi-solde would be called to serve in their place at full pay. The number of companies of guardian soldiers by port became ten, that is 500 men in 1686, then eleven companies, that is 550 men in 1687. 150 men, that is three companies, assigned to Havre during the same year. The units of the same port are under the commandment of a "capitaine de vaisseau".

517:", the officers garrisoned their naval ships with defenders. However, the system found its limits quickly. The recruits were often lacking discipline and experience...and were discharged or deserted following their first campaign, ruining months of training. The naval and marine officers re-visited impressment and sought other ways to recruit crew. French naval and marine officers had limited access to experienced soldiers until 1682. 594:, signed the royal ordinance of April 15, 1689 which reinforced the ensemble of existing by supplementations of a company of 100 "apprentis-canonniers" (artillery-apprentices) at Brest, Rochefort and Toulon, one company of 50 "bombardiers" and six sections of 50 supplementary guardian soldiers at Brest, Rochefort, Toulon and le Havre. The ensemble of these units were regrouped under the designation of "troupes de la Marine" ( 1551: 2556: 2579: 1579: 875: 22: 759:

companies(about 400 men, maintained by the East India Company). By 1732, this grew to thirteen companies (about 650 men, after the handover of the colony to the Crown by the East India Company). Later, in 1750, thirty-seven companies, totaling about 1,300 men. Within the next four years, the company was suppressed, with the workforce being found in other units.

801:. By the following year, the Compagnies had become a separate military force independent of regular branches of the French military. The colony was also defended by militia. The force expanded by 1757 to 40 companies of 65 men scattered across the various settlements in New France. Some 24 companies were also stationed in Ile Royale, principally at the 1009:

waistcoat, breeches, and stockings were also red. Buff sword-belts and drum slings were bordered with livery lace, while the blue drum shells were spread with fleur-de-lis. Drummers a rank above wore the great livery, which distinguished itself only through the red triangles on white ground that appeared between the strips of livery lace.

1142:, with smaller forces guarding posts to secure the frontiers and supply routes throughout France's vast territories in North America by the eighteenth century. Small detachments of troops were sent to protect the advance trading posts, which were integral to the success of the profitable fur trade in New France. 1042:, woollen tuque and leggings, moccasins, and mittens were given to soldiers. To facilitate movement, troops used snowshoes overland. Except during wartime, the soldiers were allowed to supplement their income with outside work. They often worked as laborers on local farms or to help build forts and roads. 1070:

have sufficient barracks for troops or officers. At the garrison, the troops had to practice with their weapons – twice per week with the musket, once per week with a grenade. If they were absent from practices, the major would be obligated to notify the commander, who would take charge of the absentee.

1086:

Once a deserter was located and taken into custody, he was tried before the judge in the closest town, on the condition that his officers had to be present. If an insufficient number of officers and captains were available to review the case as a council or panel, the commander may call a Lieutenant

1082:

In the situation of the desertion of a soldier, the captain-commander of his living quarter, the major of the troop, and the captain of the soldier would be required to write to the governor-general and intendant (individually), alerting them to the situation and providing the name of the soldier, as

890:

The Compagnies were varied in their makeup, and it was not until 1757 that their organization was standardized. Each Compagnie was led by a Captain whose name was used to refer to it. Other officer and petty officers in each Compagnie after the 1757 standardization included a lieutenant, two ensigns,

854:

The vast majority of soldiers did not live in barracks. The town of Montreal only built a barrack in 1685, which only sheltered 100 of the 250 soldiers stationed there at the time. Most soldiers lived with colonists. To prevent conflict between colonists and soldiers, the Intendant, Jacque de Meulles

1149:

broke out, the Compagnies were a major part of the French war effort in North America. Their experience in the colony and with war parties of French Canadien militia and native allies made them skilled in the kind of frontier fighting practised during the war. In addition to leading raids on British

1095:

Along with the Canadian militia and France's Amerindian allies, the Troupes de la Marine were essential to the defence of New France in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. With the arrival of large numbers of British regulars after 1755, the nature of warfare in North America shifted from

1065:

The Compagnie Franche de la Marine were under strict instructions from the King in France. Some rules were as simple as remaining orderly (which included application to their living quarters, marching, etc.) and obeying orders (the penalty for non-obedience was to be arrested and held in custody for

1056:

of the mid-eighteenth century held thirty musket cartridges instead of nine, contrasting with its predecessor, though it can be assumed that there were many different stylistic variations. The older variant was engraved with the King's arms or a white anchor and border. Soldiers also carried a small

1008:

Drummers wore the King's small livery or insignia. Their blue coat had brass buttons and red cuffs and lining. Although similar to the uniform of a private soldier, it was heavily ornamented along the seams and buttonholes with the King's livery lace, featuring white chain on a crimson ground. Their

979:

Those serving in the Compagnies were given rations of bread, bacon, and dried peas, and received a replacement uniform every other year. The clothing and equipment of New France's troops were generally purchased in France and then shipped to Canada. Many records indicate that uniform and attire were

858:

The companies were considered colonial regulars and eventually became well trained in conventional warfare and became proficient in the native style of warfare known as "La Petite Guerre". Prior to this, fighting between French and Natives was mainly between Canadian militia and their native allies,

669:

These soldiers were present during the majority of New France's existence. Until 1755, they represented the only regular forces in the region. Their history begins in 1683 when the ministère de la Marine decides to procure his own soldiers so that he may defend his colonies without having to rely on

1073:

The commissioner, accompanied by the major, regularly inspected the soldier's weapons and living quarters, and captains were held responsible for their soldiers' orderliness. If these were not satisfactory, the governor-general and intendant would be notified, who would hold back the officer's pay.

1049:

waist-belt with brass buckles, which was attached to a double frog and holding brown leather, brass-tipped scabbards for sword and bayonet. The sword carried was brass-hilted and had a straight blade. A red-brown leather cartridge-box was attached to the waist-belt. Eventually it was worn suspended

992:

decorated with a cockade and button, was worn very low over the eyes; its brim was edged with false-gold lace. Soldiers also wore black buckled shoes, topped with gaiters of white duck, which were fastened with a black strap and reached to the thigh. For aesthetic purposes, a white cravat and shirt

586:

The royal ordinance of January 1, 1685 completed this system by the second foundation of the "soldats-gardiens" (guardian soldiers). Each port consisted of six "escouades" (sections) of 50 guardian soldiers and six companies of 50 demi-soldes, that is 300 of each type, totaling a theoretical of 600

910:

companies. However, colonial enlistment of rank-and-file soldiers was discouraged because it reduced agricultural settlement. During periods of peace, soldiers received additional pay for their services in the construction of forts and roads. Due to a chronic labor shortage, the colonial regulars

711:

was undertaken by French and Canadian officials in French territory. From the 1750s, the need for soldiers grew so rapidly that the state had to contact private recruiters. These individuals traveled across the kingdom in search of additional men. This was not limited to the traditionally favoured

686:

Their territory of operation extends across what was considered New France, ranging from Acadia to the Mississippi. They were predominantly used in locations possessing forts. The troupes de la Marine reaffirmed the importance of the French homeland and protected all territories against the nearby

1069:

They were supplied with firewood, candles, muskets and ammunition (when needed), and it was their duty to take care of their own weapon. When the soldiers reached their assigned station, the troop commander assigned living quarters, often among civilian households in towns, as they did not always

1012:

Once again, the quality of material is what predominantly marked the distinctiveness of the uniforms of officers. The coat was left unadorned, but the waistcoat was frequently embellished with gold lace. Their buttons and gorget were gilt, and hats were braided with fine gold lace. The gorget was

996:

Uniform differed depending on rank, as corporals wore a yellow lace around the top of the coat cuffs. That of sergeants was quite similar, but made of higher quality material, having an inch-wide stripe of gold lace edging the cuffs and pocket flaps. Sergeants wore a grey-white uniform with a red

1033:

At full dress parades, officers carried spontoons and swords; they wore gorgets. If they were deemed of a higher ranking, they might wear the coveted Cross of St. Louis, hung on a scarlet ribbon at the breast. In order to reward officers with long and distinguished careers, Louis XIV created the

660:

were organized as independent from one another, in order to provide multiple divisions of an equal number. Regarding their origin, these soldiers originated from France, with the exception of some officers. Around the 1750s, three quarters of the troops were born in the territories of New France

540:

These troops originally were recruited from the French mainland from among males sixteen years and older who were at least 5'5" tall. Starting in 1685, younger sons of aristocrats in Quebec were sent to France to attain a military or naval education and become officers. However, throughout their

528:

from south of the Great Lakes, who were constantly raiding French settlements. They also blocked commercial fur trading routes to the interior of the Canadian colony, as they wanted to keep a monopoly on the trade. By 1690, it became clear that the forces assigned to ships were not sufficient to

1179:

Companies free men took part in every conflict involving France of 1690-1761 in Europe, the Americas, and India. Their commitments were normally related to naval warfare, but they were very often used on land. Are listed here as their main commitments. Naval battles isolated and "helping hands"

1037:

While in western regions, regulars wore a casual, serviceable dress based on that of woodsmen. This included buckskin or cloth leggings, moccasins, and breeches of Indian design. There were some cases when they dressed entirely in Native American apparel, most likely for purposes of warfare. In

758:

were created in 1703. In 1714, they were augmented to four companies, being doubled in 1716. Each of these had three officers and 50 enlisted men. By 1731, Louisiana became a royal colony, leading its troops to be incorporated into the Compagnies franches de la marine. In 1721, there were eight

601:

On December 16, 1690, the royal ordinance reorganized entirely the French troupes destined in outre-mer service. The royal ordinance authorized the creation of eighty companies franches de la marine integrating at the crops of the same units, new recruits in addition to the ensemble forming the

962:

whom arrived in 1665 to attempt to eliminate the Iroquois threat The usage of Canadian officers was especially important to the Ministry of the Marine, and the monarchy, as the vast majority of French officers had no desire to serve in Canada, and it was cheaper to recruit from Canada, than to

673:

The other ranks of the marines were enlisted in France, but the officer corps became increasingly Canadian through recruitment of officers' sons. All promotions were by merit; purchase of commissions were prohibited. Native born, raised by military fathers, since childhood used to hardships,

735:. Following the fall of New France, the majority of French recruits returned to Europe, but at least 600 soldiers stayed and married in North America. As a result, they birthed many French legacies in North America, with their descendants being found across the continent to this very day. 674:

accustomed to socializing with France's indigenous allies, these officers made the French colonial marines into the best wilderness warriors of the continent, in battleworthiness exceeding anything the British or their colonies could organize. The marines foremost victory was at the

796:

or other potential enemies. He quickly submitted a formal request for troops from the mainland. In 1683, the Naval Department of France sent the first three Compagnies Franches de la Marine to New France. Their main mission was to defend the colonists and prevent disruption of the

963:

transport officers from France The massive debts brought to the Canadian nobility by their attempt to replicate French noble life in Canada, led to many captains skimming from the military and excess work wages of their soldiers It was the Captain's duty to distribute wages.

987:

of greyish white, with lining and deep cuffs of blue. Pockets with horizontal flaps were placed low on the hips, and the skirt corners could be hooked back to facilitate movement. The long-sleeved waistcoat, breeches, and stockings were blue. Accompanying this, a black felt

1480:

group of the Compagnies Franches de la Marine in 1992. They demonstrate musketry and military drill while dressed in period uniforms. These performances are advertised as family events designed to help the public learn more about military history and interact with sailors.

957:

Prior to 1687, the vast majority of officers serving in Canada were from mainland France. This is especially interesting as Canadian elites were only admitted into the officers corps in 1687. The vast majority of these officers were descendants of the officers of the

1158:

early in the war. By 1755, regular infantry battalions were sent by France to help protect the colony, and a number of the Compagnies were combined into their own battalion to serve alongside the line troops. These forces helped to defend the French fortress at

855:

passed legislation that stated, " an ordinance which obliged the habitants to provide no more than one pot, one chaudière, and a place for the soldier to sleep.". This was later altered to include a straw bed, and place by the fire during the winter months

1066:

8 days and having the governor-general notified). Other rules were very specific; for instance, in order to leave their designated living area, the soldier must have necessary engagement, permission from the commander, and be away no longer than 8 days.

430: 1005:. Their hats were trimmed with imitation gold braid, which was a blend of brass wire and yellow cord. This difference in materials demarked the lesser ranking of the soldier. In terms of weapons, they carried a musket, bayonet, and a sword. 1835:

Gilles Durand. "Les soldats des troupes de la Marine en Nouvelle-France durant la décennie 1750 : origine, recrutement et devenir." Commission Franco-Québecoise Sur Les Lieux De Mémoire Communs. Bulletin n°30, juin 2010. Web. 21 Feb.

731:, eventually consisting of over 6,000 soldiers and 500 officers, greatly contributed to the defense of Canada and Louisbourg. These men served in the company of the Canadian militia and Native Americans, and quite rarely alongside the 1001:, a tradition that was common across Europe. Two gold lace stripes were worn on the cuffs and pocket slaps of sergeant-majors. Common soldiers wore a grey-white uniform lined and faced with blue. This was a distinctive colour of the 262:(overseas) from 1690 to 1761. Independent companies of the navy and colonial regulars, were under the authority of the French Minister of Marine, who was also responsible for the French navy, overseas trade, and French colonies. 1034:

Royal and Military Order of St Louis in 1693, knighting those deemed worthy. Numerous Canadian officers received this cross for their work. Non-commissioned officers or sergeants were armed with halberds for formal occasions.

747:

New France: During the first half of the eighteenth century, there were twenty-eight companies of 40 men (about 1,200 soldiers). In 1756 (beginning of the Seven Years' War), there were forty companies of 65 men (about 2,700

1021:

in battle. New soldiers, or cadets, wore the same uniform as others and were distinguished only by an aiguillette of blue and white silk with brass tips. Cadets served only in Quebec (Canada), Île Royale, and La Louisiane.

1096:

irregular to conventional European warfare. Sieges and fortifications became more important strategically. After 1755, with the shifting conditions, France also sent regular army battalions to fight in North America.

300:

to British forces in 1760, the victors ordered the disbanding of the Compagnies in Canada. After the war ended in 1763, France ceded all of its North American territories east of the Mississippi River to the British.

712:

regions of the north and west, as the east and south were targeted as well. Even the attempts of the knight Alexis Magallon de la Morlière to recruit deserters and refugees in foreign lands were seen as successful.

442:; their forces were distributed among naval installations at Dunkerque, le Havre, Brest, Rochefort, and Toulon. For the first time they wore the grey-white uniform with blue vest, which became traditional for them. 894:

A company of marines was usually composed of 45 to 65 soldiers, two sergeants, two corporals and one drummer, overseen by a capitaine. The majority of the rank and file soldiers were lower-class men recruited in

2185:

Government of Canada. "Sergeant, drummer and soldier of the Compagnies franches de la Marine in New France, 1685-1700," Canadian Military History Gateway. Last modified March 29, 2011. Accessed January 31, 2015.

1492:

during the summer of 1744. During the site's operating season, they perform daily musket firings and military demonstrations and stand guard at various locations in the reconstructed eighteenth-century town.

765:

Leeward Islands: In 1713, there were ten to fourteen companies, with about 600 men divided between Martinique, the Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, the Grenada and St. Kitts. By 1755, they added up to about 1,200

2559: 743:

The main bases of the Companies in France remained the largest military ports: Brest, Rochefort, Toulon, which was added Port-Louis, in the Morbihan . The colonies, the numbers break down as follows:

1433: 715:

The bulk of these recruits came from the port cities of Rochefort, Le Havre, Bordeaux, Bayonne, and Nantes. The vast majority of recruits came from Rochefort. Between 1683 and 1688, 66% of the 2,050

545:. Even under-strength, they served to defend the major towns of the colony. Other detachments were assigned to the small fur trading posts that were so important to the economy. 513:

Starting this date, naval and marine officers were required to recruit their own crews. Owing to the presence of "levées" on the war or commercial sea ports, similar to the "

2329: 2609: 775:

India: In the first half of the eighteenth century, there were about 1,500 men (maintained by the East India Company). By 1758, there were 650 soldiers, including the

575:

To render the limited access of proper naval experiences more operationally effective, the royal power decided to create new colonial troupes, with the initiative of

473:, who wanted the Crown to control all French units. The regiments were withdrawn from the French Navy, preserving only the name as a naval designation. During the 269:, these were the only regular soldiers stationed by the Crown from 1685 to 1755; that year several army battalions were dispatched to North America during the 2629: 2206: 1700: 1107:, many settled permanently in the new territory, Other ethnic French residents were repatriated to France, although they may have been born in New France. 862:

In Louisbourg, the cannoniers-bombardiers company (artillery company) was established in 1743. Two soldiers were chosen from each company stationed at the

772:

Indian Ocean: In the first half of the eighteenth century, there were about 500 men divided between the Bourbon island, the Isle of France and Madagascar.

678:, when 100 marines and 600 Indian allies killed or wounded up to a 1,000 British and colonial soldiers, suffering only a hundred casualties themselves. 1271: 347:, of which he was the owner and honorary commandant. The regiment demonstrated its capability in limited battles along the provincial coast up to the 2322: 1052: 450: 529:

defend the French colonies. Another force was created with that specific mission in mind; it was also called the Compagnies Franches de la Marine.

792:

took over leadership of New France in 1682, he soon learned that the colony did not have the forces to defend itself from potential attack by the

649:

However their service orientation function at the corps of the three ordinances mounting the defensive of sea ports differentiated them from the

598:). Principally mainly interested in the service at sea, these guardian soldiers could form up to a third of the equipment on which they boarded. 280:

in North America with certain tribes and the safety of local civilians from raiding nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, especially the powerful

1171:, from attack by British forces. Following the fall of New France, a victorious Britain disbanded the Compagnies as a standing military force. 906:

was an important source of economic opportunity and prestige for New France's elite and there was usually a waiting list for commissions in

560:, was due to the rivalry between the Colbert family, who were Ministers of the Marine, and the Le Tellier family whom were in charge of the 2315: 500:

was able to staff 196 naval vessels. Colbert decided to create 100 companies of "guardian-soldiers" intended to defend the naval vessels (

980:

altered from time to time, but remained very similar to that of the uniforms of other forces in France's other colonies in the Americas.

576: 591: 343:. Desertions, floods, lack of funds and governmental interest considerably reduced their effectiveness. In 1626 Richelieu created the 2190: 292:

by American historians), the Compagnies were superseded in New France by the arrival of large units of the regular army commanded by

2398: 1447: 564:. These bad relations led to the Colbert family sending significantly more naval officers to serve on land than officers from the 2388: 2604: 891:

two sergeants, and three corporals as well as two drummers and two cadets who would later be eligible for officer positions.

43: 1419: 1405: 810: 789: 2644: 2634: 2518: 997:

lining and red stockings. This was very specific to the Compagnies franches de la Marine at this time. They also carried

916: 635: 631: 2649: 2393: 695: 1439: 454: 446: 886:

Royal Regulations for the Captains and other Officers of the Compagnies Franches de la Marine on September 29, 1693.

2614: 2523: 2453: 1425: 656:

As the name would suggest, they served on ships, in ports, all the while assuring the defense of the colony. The

478: 435: 2639: 2547: 2210: 1704: 1453: 882: 700: 1488:

consists of costumed interpreters representing soldiers of the Compagnies Franches de la Marine stationed in

1473: 638:. Most of the troupes de la marine regiments were transferred to the French Army, with the latter having had 336: 305: 94: 2513: 959: 2436: 2414: 2383: 466: 458: 250: 434:) and avid developer of the marine royal (French Royal Navy) and colonial efforts, created two regiments: 2654: 2174:

René Chartrand. "Uniforms," Historica Canada. Last modified October 20, 2014. Accessed January 31, 2015.

1411: 1461: 177:

Service in overseas colonies, particularly New France, Louisbourg, and other North American territories.

1597: 1310: 839:

to serve aboard French naval vessels. About eighty companies of one hundred men each were formed. The

2443: 814: 675: 859:

as previous attempts at engaging the Iroquois in conventional warfare was proven to be ineffective

2431: 2365: 580: 293: 2231: 1502:

The Compagnie Franche de la Marine exercising during the 400th Anniversary of Québec City in 2008.

1083:

well as inform them regarding the measures that had been taken to find and arrest the individual.

2419: 254:) bound to serve both on land and sea. These troupes constituted the principal military force of 47: 2090:

Greer, Allan. "The People of New France" (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), p. 50–51.

2508: 1936:(Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1988), Volume 4, p.2196, says they were created in December 1690. 1592: 1485: 1477: 1119: 802: 194: 193:

Brest, Rochefort, Toulon, Port-Louis (Bretagne). Companies dispersed in the territories of the

1103:, the Louisbourg Garrison was taken prisoner by the British when the fortress fell. After the 213: 2466: 2350: 2102:

Greer, Allan. "The People of New France" (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), p. 51.

1317: 1241: 1146: 1111: 421: 289: 602:

guardian soldiers, port guardians in demi-solde, the artillery-apprentices and bombardiers.

2619: 2528: 1570: 1298: 824: 643: 611: 595: 557: 525: 506: 462: 439: 414: 410: 406: 395: 387: 383: 379: 344: 317: 229: 110: 102: 37: 2187: 8: 2624: 2448: 2360: 1923:(Alexandria, New York, and Bloomfield, Ontario: Museum Restoration Service, 1984), 16-17. 1256: 1100: 863: 844: 276:

The Naval Department of France began using the Compagnies to defend their control of the

270: 2293:

Stacey, C.P. (1974). "The British Forces in North America during the Seven Years' War."

1910:

René Chartrand. Louis XV's Army (5): Colonial and Naval Troops. Osprey Publishing, 1998.

583:. They were definitely dependent of the "secretariat de la Marine" (Naval secretariat). 832: 469:. This change was required to meet the successive military war demands of the reign of 378:(named by the French) in the year 1630. The period of service of the regiments varied: 332: 233: 2307: 2076:

Greer, Allan. "The Soldiers of Isle Royale, 1720–45" (Environment Canada: 1979), p. 7.

2060:

Greer, Allan. "The Soldiers of Isle Royale, 1720–45" (Environment Canada: 1979), p. 9.

2048:

Greer, Allan. "The Soldiers of Isle Royale, 1720–45" (Environment Canada: 1979), p. 8.

911:

were also permitted to increase their pay by rendering their services on local farms.

2474: 2262: 1115: 983:

In the 1750s, private soldiers were issued a long collarless single-breasted coat or

474: 328: 308:

revived the Compagnies as a historical re-enactment unit. It has toured the country.

297: 237: 131: 1013:

worn only on duty, while the men were armed with a gilt-hilted sword, as well as an

348: 2426: 1104: 402: 362:

Richelieu created other regiments to sustain the effort of French colonization in

2194: 1155: 532: 501: 425: 245: 31: 2583: 2175: 1964: 1776: 1584: 273:

between France and Great Britain, which was waged in Europe and North America.

167: 687:

English colonies, in an area stuck between the Atlantic and the Appalachians.

642:(land forces troupes) in maritime service on board ships since 1622 after the 2598: 2572: 2355: 1556: 1305: 1114:, there were some forty companies serving in the St. Lawrence Valley and the 779:

arriving with the expeditionary force of Lally Tollendal and Admiral d'Ache .

627: 623: 553: 490: 356: 285: 281: 1180:

delivered during the guerrilla war in America are too many to be presented.

2484: 1046: 548:

One of the reasons for the multi-façade orientation service ( sea and land

2265:(1974). "The French forces in North America during the Seven Years' War." 751:

Isle Royale(Louisbourg): In 1725, there were 6 companies of about 300 men.

510:). However, in 1673 Louvois has these men transferred to the French Army. 1507: 1164: 1151: 1139: 820: 650: 619: 514: 486: 340: 241: 157: 1777:"History and Uniform of the Compagnies franches de la marine, 1683-1760" 1534: 1525: 1516: 1025: 971: 76: 2500: 2479: 1489: 1160: 848: 391: 375: 371: 363: 266: 1150:

colonial settlements, they had helped in the efforts to take over the

1123: 1050:

on the right hip from a buff leather cross-belt. The standard French

1014: 806: 798: 470: 277: 81:

During the celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the city of Quebec

874: 1168: 1135: 1110:

Although the strength of the force varied widely over time, by the

1018: 998: 793: 367: 1281:

Naval battle of the Dauphine (Bay Island Mobile ) (19 August 1719)

1154:

that preceded the war. They participated in the defeat of General

465:

were transferred from the secretariat of La Marine to that of the

989: 288:. In 1756, after the start of the Seven Years' War (known as the 240:) were an ensemble of autonomous infantry units attached to the 1774: 1131: 1127: 896: 809:

in the mid-1750s. A few companies were previously stationed in

497: 352: 339:. These units served as soldiers on board naval vessels of the 255: 1039: 481:, Royal-Vaisseux, and the Régiment de l'Amiral ( re-baptized 1484:

The military unit of the heritage presentation staff at the

769:

Guyana: In 1725, there were four companies of about 200 men.

386:(garrisoned at îles de Ré and Oléron in 1636-1663), and the 2031: 2029: 2002: 2000: 1087:

who has reached twenty-two years of age to sit in council.

258:

capable of intervening in actions and holding garrisons in

2489:

regulars, provincial regiments and volunteer militia units

1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 311: 2300:

Sutherland, Stuart R. J (1988). "Troupes de la Marine",

2026: 1997: 1965:"Compagnies Franches de la Marine - History and Uniform" 370:; the first French colonizers arrived in the islands of 2337: 2297:

Toronto: University of Toronto Press, vol. 3: xxiv-xxx.

2269:

Toronto: University of Toronto Press, vol. 3: xv-xxiii.

2232:"Index - Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site" 2188:

http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/image-118-eng.asp?page_id=121

1959: 1957: 1955: 1639: 1486:

Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site of Canada

946:

24 companies with 1200 soldiers and 96 officers by 1749

496:

The Marine Royale attracted numerous recruits in 1671:

445:

In 1670 there were significant changes administered by

2304:, Volume 4, p. 2196. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers. 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 1906: 1904: 1636:(Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1988), Volume 4, p.2196. 922:

30 companies 1750s with 1500 soldiers and 120 officers

1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 943:

Compagnies franches de la Marine on Ile Royale 1710s

938:

3 companies with 150 soldiers and 9 officers by 1690s

930:

4 companies with 200 soldiers and 12 officers by 1702

331:

are believed to date to the establishment in 1622 by

2283:

Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 50–51

1952: 1546: 1393:

Siege of Pondicherry (March 1760 to January 4, 1761)

1214:

Siege of Danzig (1734) (February 22 to July 9, 1734)

2157: 1901: 1266:

Shipments Rio (1710 and June 1711 to February 1712)

1820: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1174: 524:were sent to Québec to contain the nations of the 2610:Military units and formations established in 1622 2596: 754:Louisiana: The first two units of the Louisiana 722: 2257:Louis XV's Army (5): Colonial and Naval Troops. 2098: 2096: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2056: 2054: 1932:Sutherland, Stuart. "Troupes de la Marine", in 1632:Sutherland, Stuart. "Troupes de la Marine", in 1615: 489:, becoming respectively, the 11, 60, 43 and 61 935:Compagnies franches de la Marine of Plaisance 451:François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois 366:. The first supported national efforts in the 2323: 2252:Bloomfield, Ont.: Museum Restoration Service. 2086: 2084: 2082: 719:that arrived in Canada, were from Rochefort. 664: 2630:Military units and formations of Nova Scotia 2093: 2063: 2051: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 927:Compagnies franches de la Marine of Acadia 577:Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay 2330: 2316: 2079: 1775:Chartrand, Rene; Summers, Jack L. (1981). 1316: 1199:War of the Spanish Succession (1709-1714) 1188:War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) 1060: 878:Flag of the Compagnie Franche de la marine 2209:. Naval Reserve of Canada. Archived from 1703:. Naval Reserve of Canada. Archived from 1701:"Compagnie franche de la marine: History" 1390:Battle of Pondicherry (10 September 1759) 1387:Seat Madras (December 1758-February 1759) 1278:War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718-1720) 1228:Battle of Quiberon Bay (20 November 1759) 1210:War of the Polish Succession (1733-1738) 1029:Compagnies Franches de la Marine Officers 975:Compagnies Franches de la Marine uniforms 681: 477:of the late 18th century, the La Marine, 2399:Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces 1757: 1682: 1677:The Oxford Companion to Canadian History 1090: 1045:Ammunition and arms were carried with a 1024: 970: 881: 873: 819: 707:The recruitment of the soldiers for the 694: 592:Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain 531: 2389:History of the Royal Canadian Air Force 2250:The French Soldier in Colonial America. 1330:Battle of the Monongahela (9 July 1755) 1324:Battle of Fort Necessity (July 3, 1754) 1248:Siege of Quebec (16 to 21 October 1690) 644:first regular specific infantry troupes 312:Development of the Troupes de la marine 2597: 1921:The French Soldier in Colonial America 1781:Military Uniforms in Canada, 1665-1970 1370:Seat Madras (August 21 September 1746) 1342:Plains of Abraham (September 13, 1759) 1290:Wars Natchez (1717-1719 and 1729-1731) 847:in 1682 to replace French regulars in 485:) were completely integrated into the 2311: 2274:The Soldiers of Isle Royale, 1720–45. 1675:Cassel, Jay. "Troupes de la Marine," 1377:Fourth Intercolonial War (1754-1760) 1345:Battle of Sainte-Foy (April 28, 1760) 1333:Battle of Fort Carillon (8 July 1758) 1240: 1203:Battle of Malplaquet (Sept. 11, 1709) 1130:. Large garrisons were maintained at 2152:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2139:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2126:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2113:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2021:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2008:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1992:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1979:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1947:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1815:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1739:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1351:Defence of Montreal (September 1760) 1336:Siege of Louisbourg (June–July 1758) 1327:Siege of Fort Beausejour (June 1755) 1297: 1293:Wars Chickasaws (1736 and 1739-1740) 902:Service in the officer corps of the 790:Joseph-Antoine Le Febvre de La Barre 15: 2555: 2519:French Marines in Canada, 1683-1715 2338:Evolution of the Military of Canada 2242: 2037:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1896:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1883:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1802:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1752:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1726:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1664:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1384:Battle of Negapatam (3 August 1758) 1381:Battle of Cuddalore (29 April 1758) 1270: 1255: 570: 232:, later renamed and reorganized as 13: 2394:History of the Royal Canadian Navy 1397: 1339:Defense of Guadeloupe (April 1758) 869: 831:In the early seventeenth century, 699:Rifleman sword, on display at the 14: 2666: 2295:Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 2290:Edmonton: Hurtig, pp. 18–23. 2276:Environment Canada, pp. 7–9. 2267:Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 1679:. Oxford University Press, 2004. 1367:Battle of Negapatam (6 July 1746) 1284:Seat Pensacola (2 September 1719) 2577: 2566: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2524:Compagnies Franches de la Marine 2454:Royal Canadian Naval Air Service 1577: 1563: 1549: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1467: 1446: 1432: 1426:Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville 1418: 1404: 1373:Siege of Pondicherry (Fall 1748) 1348:Siege of Quebec (April 29, 1760) 1225:Battle of Lagos (19 August 1759) 1192:Battle of La Hogue (29 May 1692) 952: 917:Compagnies Franches de la Marine 756:Compagnies franches de la Marine 226:Compagnies franches de la marine 150: 124: 111:Compagnies franches de la marine 75: 70:Compagnies franches de la marine 20: 2224: 2199: 2179: 2144: 2131: 2118: 2105: 2042: 2013: 1984: 1971: 1939: 1926: 1913: 1888: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1807: 1440:Charles Deschamps de Boishébert 1287:Wars Foxes (1712-1714 and 1729) 1251:Shipping Cartagena (2 May 1697) 1206:Battle of Denain (24 July 1712) 1175:Major conflicts and commitments 590:The successor of de Seignelay, 543:Compagnies Franche de la Marine 337:Compagnies Ordinaires de la Mer 2377:History of the Canadian Forces 1794: 1744: 1731: 1718: 1669: 1195:Battle of Lagos (27 June 1693) 690: 431:secrétaire d'État de la Marine 409:. The regiment was designated 1: 2605:1622 establishments in France 2288:A Military History of Canada. 1603: 1474:Canadian Forces Naval Reserve 1235: 1218:Seven Years' War (1756-1763) 783: 723:Accomplishments in New France 424:State Secretary of the Navy ( 306:Canadian Forces Naval Reserve 95:Compagnie ordinaire de la mer 2437:Non-Permanent Active Militia 2415:Canadian Expeditionary Force 2384:History of the Canadian Army 1354:Defense of Martinique (1761) 1263:Defense of Guadeloupe (1703) 1183: 1077: 1038:winter, the Canadian hooded 1017:, which was exchanged for a 835:ordered the creation of the 520:In 1683, three companies of 195:first French colonial Empire 7: 2408:Canadian military formation 1542: 1454:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville 1412:Jacques Testard de Montigny 1358: 1231:Battle of Belle-Isle (1761) 966: 738: 701:Musée national de la Marine 614:was not different from the 605: 401:The latter was reformed by 34:the scope of other articles 10: 2671: 2645:Military history of Canada 2635:History of the French Navy 2514:Carignan-Salières Regiment 1598:Colonial militia in Canada 1496: 1311:Siege of Louisbourg (1745) 960:Carignan-Salières regiment 665:Importance throughout time 411:Régiment Vaisseau-Provence 322: 315: 2650:Canadian ceremonial units 2537: 2498: 2464: 2444:Royal Flying Corps Canada 2407: 2376: 2343: 2302:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2281:The People of New France. 1934:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1634:The Canadian Encyclopedia 676:Battle of the Monongahela 459:Secretary of State of War 407:Régiment Vaisseau-Mazarin 209: 201: 189: 181: 173: 163: 145: 137: 119: 86: 74: 69: 2432:Permanent Active Militia 2366:Royal Canadian Air Force 2286:Morton, Desmond (1985). 2255:Chartrand, René (1997). 2248:Chartrand, René (1984). 1608: 1462:François Dupont Duvivier 1363:Third Intercolonial War 1222:Battle of Minorca (1756) 467:secretariat of La Guerre 461:. The four regiments of 436:Régiment Royal–La Marine 415:Régiment Royal-Vaisseaux 294:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm 2615:Naval history of Canada 2449:Naval Service of Canada 2420:Canadian Aviation Corps 2344:Current Canadian Forces 1872:Morton 1985, pp. 18-23. 1061:Duties and requirements 729:Compagnies de la Marine 646:of Spain and Portugal. 405:in 1664 and renamed as 2509:Military of New France 2499:Military formation in 2465:Military formation in 2111:Christopher J. Russ, 1728:. , 1971. 130. Print. 1593:Military of New France 1478:historical reenactment 1030: 976: 887: 879: 828: 803:Fortress of Louisbourg 704: 682:Territory of operation 581:Lieutenant de Vaisseau 537: 505: 483:Régiment de Vermandois 429: 396:Régiment des Vaisseaux 390:garrisoned at Toulon. 329:French colonial forces 249: 2640:History of New France 2467:British North America 2351:Canadian Armed Forces 2279:Greer, Allan (1997). 2272:Greer, Allan (1979). 2150:Christopher J. Russ, 2137:Christopher J. Russ. 2124:Christopher J. Russ, 2035:Christopher J. Russ, 2019:Christopher J. Russ, 2006:Christopher J. Russ, 1990:Christopher J. Russ, 1977:Christopher J. Russ, 1945:Christopher J. Russ. 1894:Christopher J. Russ, 1885:. , 1971.78-79 Print. 1881:Christopher J. Russ, 1813:Christopher J. Russ, 1804:. , 1971. 125. Print. 1800:Christopher J. Russ, 1783:. Canadien War Museum 1754:. , 1971. 73. Print. 1750:Christopher J. Russ, 1737:Christopher J. Russ, 1724:Christopher J. Russ, 1662:Russ, Christopher J. 1318:French and Indian War 1147:French and Indian War 1112:French and Indian War 1091:French and Indian War 1028: 974: 885: 877: 823: 698: 535: 455:Naval State Secretary 422:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 290:French and Indian War 228:(previously known as 103:Régiment de la marine 46:and help introduce a 2529:Troupes de la marine 2207:"Per Mare et Terras" 2128:, 1971. 119. Print. 2039:. , 1971. 51. Print. 1898:. , 1971. 78. Print. 1571:North America portal 1003:Troupes de la Marine 919:of Canada 1683-1755 904:Troupes de la Marine 841:Troupes de la Marine 837:Troupes de la Marine 825:Troupes de la marine 805:, and another 36 in 717:Troupes de la Marine 709:troupes de la Marine 658:troupes de la Marine 653:of the French Army. 622:in terms of being a 612:Troupes de la marine 596:Troupes de la marine 558:Troupes de la marine 526:Iroquois Confederacy 522:Troupes de la Marine 440:Régiment de l'Amiral 388:régiment des Galères 318:Troupes de la marine 230:Troupes de la marine 38:Troupes de la Marine 2361:Royal Canadian Navy 2141:, 1971. 166. Print. 2115:, 1971. 128. Print. 2023:, 1971. 201. Print. 1817:, 1971. 125. Print. 864:Louisbourg Garrison 843:were dispatched by 777:Compagnies franches 453:, respectively the 214:Auprès de ma blonde 2655:Cardinal Richelieu 2584:History portal 2259:Osprey Publishing. 2193:2015-02-27 at the 2010:, 1971. 87. Print. 1994:, 1971. 85. Print. 1981:, 1971. 49. Print. 1741:, 1971. 79. Print. 1242:King William's War 1118:, about twenty at 1031: 977: 888: 880: 833:Cardinal Richelieu 829: 705: 538: 536:Marching in Canada 345:Régiment la Marine 333:Cardinal Richelieu 234:Troupes coloniales 205:Per mare et terras 44:discuss this issue 2592: 2591: 2573:Canada portal 2475:Provincial Marine 1949:, 1971. 44 Print. 1299:King George's War 384:Régiment des Îles 380:Régiment du Havre 242:French Royal Navy 238:Troupes de Marine 219: 218: 132:Kingdom of France 65: 64: 2662: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2558: 2557: 2546: 2545: 2427:Canadian Militia 2332: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2243:Cited literature 2236: 2235: 2234:. 28 March 2017. 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2203: 2197: 2183: 2177: 2172: 2155: 2148: 2142: 2135: 2129: 2122: 2116: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2091: 2088: 2077: 2074: 2061: 2058: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2033: 2024: 2017: 2011: 2004: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1924: 1919:Rene Chartrand, 1917: 1911: 1908: 1899: 1892: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1833: 1818: 1811: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1772: 1755: 1748: 1742: 1735: 1729: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1697: 1680: 1673: 1667: 1660: 1637: 1630: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1450: 1436: 1422: 1408: 1272:Inter War Period 1257:Queen Anne's War 1105:conquest of 1760 1101:Seven Years' War 733:troupes de Terre 640:troupes de terre 616:troupes de terre 571:Three ordinances 403:Cardinal Mazarin 298:fall of Montreal 271:Seven Years' War 156: 154: 153: 130: 128: 127: 79: 67: 66: 60: 57: 51: 24: 23: 16: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2565: 2533: 2494: 2460: 2403: 2372: 2339: 2336: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2195:Wayback Machine 2184: 2180: 2173: 2158: 2149: 2145: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2119: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2094: 2089: 2080: 2075: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2027: 2018: 2014: 2005: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1963: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863:Chartrand 1984. 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1786: 1784: 1773: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1736: 1732: 1723: 1719: 1710: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1683: 1674: 1670: 1661: 1640: 1631: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1499: 1470: 1456: 1451: 1442: 1437: 1428: 1423: 1414: 1409: 1400: 1398:Notable members 1361: 1321: 1302: 1275: 1260: 1245: 1238: 1186: 1177: 1156:Edward Braddock 1093: 1080: 1063: 969: 955: 872: 870:Unit complement 786: 741: 725: 693: 684: 667: 651:troupe de terre 608: 573: 566:Troupe de Terre 562:Troupe de Terre 550:troupe de terre 335:of the hundred 325: 320: 314: 222: 151: 149: 125: 123: 82: 61: 55: 52: 50:to the article. 41: 36:, specifically 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 2668: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2563: 2551: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2503: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2291: 2284: 2277: 2270: 2260: 2253: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2223: 2198: 2178: 2156: 2154:, 1971. Print. 2143: 2130: 2117: 2104: 2092: 2078: 2062: 2050: 2041: 2025: 2012: 1996: 1983: 1970: 1951: 1938: 1925: 1912: 1900: 1887: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1819: 1806: 1793: 1756: 1743: 1730: 1717: 1681: 1668: 1666:, 1971. Print. 1638: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1585:History portal 1574: 1560: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1514: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1122:, and more in 1116:Pays d'en Haut 1092: 1089: 1079: 1076: 1062: 1059: 968: 965: 954: 951: 950: 949: 948: 947: 941: 940: 939: 933: 932: 931: 925: 924: 923: 871: 868: 817:) and Acadia. 788:When Governor 785: 782: 781: 780: 773: 770: 767: 763: 760: 752: 749: 740: 737: 724: 721: 692: 689: 683: 680: 666: 663: 607: 604: 572: 569: 413:in 1658, then 349:Lérins Islands 324: 321: 316:Main article: 313: 310: 220: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 191: 187: 186: 183: 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 168:Naval Infantry 165: 161: 160: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 121: 117: 116: 115: 114: 106: 98: 88: 84: 83: 80: 72: 71: 63: 62: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2667: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2585: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2356:Canadian Army 2354: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2263:Eccles, W. J. 2261: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2233: 2227: 2213:on 2011-06-13 2212: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2182: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2153: 2147: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2099: 2097: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2045: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2022: 2016: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1966: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1948: 1942: 1935: 1929: 1922: 1916: 1907: 1905: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1816: 1810: 1803: 1797: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1753: 1747: 1740: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1707:on 2011-06-13 1706: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1614: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1575: 1572: 1561: 1558: 1557:France portal 1547: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1468:Re-enactments 1463: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1306:Raid on Canso 1304: 1303: 1300: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1163:, as well as 1162: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1035: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1000: 994: 991: 986: 981: 973: 964: 961: 953:Officer Corps 945: 944: 942: 937: 936: 934: 929: 928: 926: 921: 920: 918: 914: 913: 912: 909: 905: 900: 898: 892: 884: 876: 867: 865: 860: 856: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 826: 822: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 791: 778: 774: 771: 768: 764: 762:Santo Domingo 761: 757: 753: 750: 748:infantrymen). 746: 745: 744: 736: 734: 730: 720: 718: 713: 710: 702: 697: 688: 679: 677: 671: 662: 659: 654: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 624:Line Infantry 621: 617: 613: 603: 599: 597: 593: 588: 584: 582: 578: 568: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554:line infantry 551: 546: 544: 534: 530: 527: 523: 518: 516: 511: 509: 508: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 433: 432: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 398:(1638-1643). 397: 393: 389: 385: 382:(1636-1642), 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 358: 357:Bay of Biscay 355:, and in the 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 319: 309: 307: 302: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 272: 268: 263: 261: 257: 253: 252: 251:marine royale 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 221:Military unit 215: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 169: 166: 162: 159: 148: 144: 141:Marine Royale 140: 136: 133: 122: 118: 113: 112: 107: 105: 104: 99: 97: 96: 91: 90: 89: 85: 78: 73: 68: 59: 49: 48:summary style 45: 39: 35: 33: 29:This article 27: 18: 17: 2553: 2541: 2485:British Army 2301: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2256: 2249: 2226: 2215:. Retrieved 2211:the original 2201: 2181: 2151: 2146: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2044: 2036: 2020: 2015: 2007: 1991: 1986: 1978: 1973: 1946: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1920: 1915: 1895: 1890: 1882: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1854:Stacey 1974. 1850: 1845:Eccles 1974. 1841: 1814: 1809: 1801: 1796: 1785:. Retrieved 1780: 1751: 1746: 1738: 1733: 1725: 1720: 1709:. Retrieved 1705:the original 1676: 1671: 1663: 1633: 1483: 1471: 1376: 1362: 1217: 1209: 1198: 1187: 1178: 1144: 1109: 1098: 1094: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1053:cartouchière 1051: 1047:buff leather 1044: 1036: 1032: 1011: 1007: 1002: 995: 984: 982: 978: 956: 907: 903: 901: 893: 889: 861: 857: 853: 840: 836: 830: 815:Newfoundland 787: 776: 755: 742: 732: 728: 726: 716: 714: 708: 706: 685: 672: 668: 657: 655: 648: 639: 615: 609: 600: 589: 585: 574: 565: 561: 549: 547: 542: 539: 521: 519: 515:marine press 512: 495: 482: 479:Royal-Marine 444: 419: 400: 394:created the 361: 341:Marine Royal 326: 304:In 1992 the 303: 296:. After the 275: 264: 259: 225: 223: 109: 101: 93: 56:October 2020 53: 30: 2620:French Navy 2560:WikiProject 1165:Quebec City 1152:Ohio Valley 1140:New Orleans 1099:During the 993:were worn. 985:justaucorps 691:Recruitment 634:on board a 620:French Army 487:French Army 197:until 1761. 190:Garrison/HQ 158:French Navy 108:1673-1761: 2625:New France 2599:Categories 2501:New France 2480:Royal Navy 2217:2009-06-27 1787:2009-06-27 1711:2009-06-26 1604:References 1490:Louisbourg 1476:created a 1236:In America 1161:Louisbourg 1120:Louisbourg 849:New France 784:New France 475:Revolution 392:Louis XIII 376:Martinique 372:Guadeloupe 364:New France 267:New France 138:Allegiance 32:duplicates 1184:In Europe 1145:When the 1124:Louisiana 1078:Deserters 1015:espontoon 845:Louis XIV 811:Placentia 807:Louisiana 799:fur trade 556:) of the 493:in 1791. 471:Louis XIV 463:la marine 420:In 1669, 417:in 1669. 278:fur trade 260:outre-mer 236:and then 2575:• 2548:Category 2191:Archived 1543:See also 1359:In India 1169:Montreal 1136:Montreal 999:halberds 967:Uniforms 794:Iroquois 739:Colonies 661:itself. 606:Function 507:Vaisseau 491:de Ligne 457:and the 438:and the 368:Antilles 202:Motto(s) 1497:Gallery 990:tricorn 618:of the 447:Colbert 351:, near 323:Genesis 120:Country 42:Please 1138:, and 1132:Quebec 1128:Acadia 908:Marine 897:France 502:French 498:France 426:French 353:Cannes 286:Seneca 282:Mohawk 256:France 246:French 185:10,000 155: 146:Branch 129: 100:1666: 92:1622: 87:Active 1836:2015. 1609:Notes 1040:capot 1019:fusil 552:as a 210:March 1472:The 1167:and 1126:and 766:men. 727:The 636:ship 628:land 610:The 449:and 374:and 327:The 284:and 224:The 182:Size 174:Role 164:Type 915:28 632:sea 630:or 626:on 265:In 2601:: 2159:^ 2095:^ 2081:^ 2065:^ 2053:^ 2028:^ 1999:^ 1954:^ 1903:^ 1822:^ 1779:. 1759:^ 1684:^ 1641:^ 1617:^ 1134:, 504:: 428:: 359:. 248:: 2331:e 2324:t 2317:v 2220:. 1967:. 1790:. 1714:. 827:. 813:( 703:. 244:( 58:) 54:( 40:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.