Compagnies franches de la marine

1445: 590:, succeeding to the secretariat of the Navy. Colbert requested from the military intendant of Rochefort, the creation of a corps of soldiers "toujours prêt à embarquer" (always ready to embark), "gens braves et capables de bons services" (brave people and capable of good services). Accordingly, are created six "companies of la marine" dependent on State Secretary of the Navy. Composed of 50 men each, units were dispersed between Brest, Rochefort, and Toulon, which became the principal war ports of France. They were "gardiens de port" (guardian of ports) in demi-solde assigned to the surveillance of the ports and royal vessels. Disposing of four months of leave per year, they remained in their homes in times of peace at the condition of reporting back to duty three to four times a year in sessions of inspection and exercises lasting three days. They were commanded by a 910:, although the officers were increasingly Canadian-born and noble. Promotions from soldiers to the officer corps were non-existent and the individual ranks were separated by large pay gaps. Young Canadian-born men were usually admitted into the officer ranks by commissions as cadets or ensigns through the governor. The sons of noblemen or existing officers were usually preferentially selected for positions in the officer corps as well. Cadets constituted a boy or young man who served in a company and was being trained to become an officer in the future. Officers would often exploit the selective nature of admittance to the corps by enrolling their boys sometimes as early as age 5 in order to receive more rations and an extra salary. In 1717, the admission of officers under the age of 14 was prohibited, but the exploitation of the system continued. 1068:

brass-mounted powder-horn was also carried. The cartridge case was used to carry ammunition and a model 1728 French infantry musket, or "St. Etienne", although different types of flintlock muskets and fusils were carried at different points in the history of the units. Although the exact designs of the muskets used by a unit such as the Compagnies franches de la marine can no longer be found, it is accepted that they were all of the flintlock type. Given that the colonial regulars were the responsibility of the navy, they carried navy-model muskets made at Tulle. In the 1740s, the navy began to purchase muskets from St-Etienne, which probably resembled the army's 1728 model. In 1752, the royal magazines at Montreal and Quebec contained a great variety of muskets and bayonets.

707: 894: 681:

the troops of the ministère de la Guerre. Within the first half of the 18th century, the ministère de la marine sent, to Canada and l'Île Royale, less than 200 recruits per year to replace lost men. At the beginning of the 1750s, they counted close to 1,600 soldiers. While the Seven Years' War raged on, the ministère augmented the number of companies to the same number contained in each. Over 4,500 recruits were sent to Canada and Louisbourg, raising the number of soldiers serving in the colonies to 6,100. France's efforts are quite great if the soldiers sent to be a part of the troupes de Terre are also counted.

1417: 1576: 862:, and were used to garrison other French colonies. Initially, the troops that were recruited in France and arrived in Quebec by 1683 were composed of three companies. However, the troops that arrived were raw, many of whom were unfit for battle, and overall poorly supplied The number of companies in Canada steadily increased over the years and reached as many as 40 companies by the year 1757. The roughly 30 companies stationed in the territory of Canada (varied between 28-35 based on the economic and military developments in France) gradually developed into the first permanent 'Canadian' military force 1459: 552:

history the Compagnies often did not have their full complement of soldiers, which the colonial leadership frequently complained about to the national leadership in metropolitan France. This was in large part due to the problems of recruitment of soldiers to Canada. The climate, and constant fighting with the powerful Iroquois, frightened off many French from signing up. Another factor was that the French custom of having to ask for the consent of soldier to be sent to a region, which led many to refuse to go to Canada. The French resorted to using petty criminals to serve in the

163: 137: 1431: 2579: 544: 1085:

The officer would be required to complete training in weapons with the soldiers. Once the commissioner's inspection was complete, he would fill out a certificate, asserting that the soldiers had taken care of their duties, and captains could allow only those who had done so to conduct paid work. In addition, Sergeants were required to visit the soldiers of their squad twice per week to keep track of their activities and behaviour in order to keep the captain up to date and to root out potential deserters.

877:, to be trained by the master gunner at firing and aiming cannons. As a result of their extra training and duties, the cannoniers were paid an additional six livres per month in compensation for their inability to earn money in the construction of forts or elsewhere, and were offered cash prizes for good marksmanship. The Louisbourg artillery company was composed of 13 canoniers, 12 bombardiers, one drummer, two corporals and two sergeants, led by a lieutenant and a captain. 1519: 832: 1037: 983: 88: 2555: 1546: 1537: 1528: 598:

soldiers per port. When the guardian soldiers of the ports would embark, those in demi-solde would be called to serve in their place at full pay. The number of companies of guardian soldiers by port became ten, that is 500 men in 1686, then eleven companies, that is 550 men in 1687. 150 men, that is three companies, assigned to Havre during the same year. The units of the same port are under the commandment of a "capitaine de vaisseau".

528:", the officers garrisoned their naval ships with defenders. However, the system found its limits quickly. The recruits were often lacking discipline and experience...and were discharged or deserted following their first campaign, ruining months of training. The naval and marine officers re-visited impressment and sought other ways to recruit crew. French naval and marine officers had limited access to experienced soldiers until 1682. 605:, signed the royal ordinance of April 15, 1689 which reinforced the ensemble of existing by supplementations of a company of 100 "apprentis-canonniers" (artillery-apprentices) at Brest, Rochefort and Toulon, one company of 50 "bombardiers" and six sections of 50 supplementary guardian soldiers at Brest, Rochefort, Toulon and le Havre. The ensemble of these units were regrouped under the designation of "troupes de la Marine" ( 1562: 2567: 2590: 1590: 886: 33: 770:

companies(about 400 men, maintained by the East India Company). By 1732, this grew to thirteen companies (about 650 men, after the handover of the colony to the Crown by the East India Company). Later, in 1750, thirty-seven companies, totaling about 1,300 men. Within the next four years, the company was suppressed, with the workforce being found in other units.

812:. By the following year, the Compagnies had become a separate military force independent of regular branches of the French military. The colony was also defended by militia. The force expanded by 1757 to 40 companies of 65 men scattered across the various settlements in New France. Some 24 companies were also stationed in Ile Royale, principally at the 1020:

waistcoat, breeches, and stockings were also red. Buff sword-belts and drum slings were bordered with livery lace, while the blue drum shells were spread with fleur-de-lis. Drummers a rank above wore the great livery, which distinguished itself only through the red triangles on white ground that appeared between the strips of livery lace.

1153:, with smaller forces guarding posts to secure the frontiers and supply routes throughout France's vast territories in North America by the eighteenth century. Small detachments of troops were sent to protect the advance trading posts, which were integral to the success of the profitable fur trade in New France. 1053:, woollen tuque and leggings, moccasins, and mittens were given to soldiers. To facilitate movement, troops used snowshoes overland. Except during wartime, the soldiers were allowed to supplement their income with outside work. They often worked as laborers on local farms or to help build forts and roads. 1081:

have sufficient barracks for troops or officers. At the garrison, the troops had to practice with their weapons – twice per week with the musket, once per week with a grenade. If they were absent from practices, the major would be obligated to notify the commander, who would take charge of the absentee.

1097:

Once a deserter was located and taken into custody, he was tried before the judge in the closest town, on the condition that his officers had to be present. If an insufficient number of officers and captains were available to review the case as a council or panel, the commander may call a Lieutenant

1093:

In the situation of the desertion of a soldier, the captain-commander of his living quarter, the major of the troop, and the captain of the soldier would be required to write to the governor-general and intendant (individually), alerting them to the situation and providing the name of the soldier, as

901:

The Compagnies were varied in their makeup, and it was not until 1757 that their organization was standardized. Each Compagnie was led by a Captain whose name was used to refer to it. Other officer and petty officers in each Compagnie after the 1757 standardization included a lieutenant, two ensigns,

865:

The vast majority of soldiers did not live in barracks. The town of Montreal only built a barrack in 1685, which only sheltered 100 of the 250 soldiers stationed there at the time. Most soldiers lived with colonists. To prevent conflict between colonists and soldiers, the Intendant, Jacque de Meulles

1160:

broke out, the Compagnies were a major part of the French war effort in North America. Their experience in the colony and with war parties of French Canadien militia and native allies made them skilled in the kind of frontier fighting practised during the war. In addition to leading raids on British

1106:

Along with the Canadian militia and France's Amerindian allies, the Troupes de la Marine were essential to the defence of New France in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. With the arrival of large numbers of British regulars after 1755, the nature of warfare in North America shifted from

1076:

The Compagnie Franche de la Marine were under strict instructions from the King in France. Some rules were as simple as remaining orderly (which included application to their living quarters, marching, etc.) and obeying orders (the penalty for non-obedience was to be arrested and held in custody for

1067:

of the mid-eighteenth century held thirty musket cartridges instead of nine, contrasting with its predecessor, though it can be assumed that there were many different stylistic variations. The older variant was engraved with the King's arms or a white anchor and border. Soldiers also carried a small

1019:

Drummers wore the King's small livery or insignia. Their blue coat had brass buttons and red cuffs and lining. Although similar to the uniform of a private soldier, it was heavily ornamented along the seams and buttonholes with the King's livery lace, featuring white chain on a crimson ground. Their

990:

Those serving in the Compagnies were given rations of bread, bacon, and dried peas, and received a replacement uniform every other year. The clothing and equipment of New France's troops were generally purchased in France and then shipped to Canada. Many records indicate that uniform and attire were

869:

The companies were considered colonial regulars and eventually became well trained in conventional warfare and became proficient in the native style of warfare known as "La Petite Guerre". Prior to this, fighting between French and Natives was mainly between Canadian militia and their native allies,

680:

These soldiers were present during the majority of New France's existence. Until 1755, they represented the only regular forces in the region. Their history begins in 1683 when the ministère de la Marine decides to procure his own soldiers so that he may defend his colonies without having to rely on

1084:

The commissioner, accompanied by the major, regularly inspected the soldier's weapons and living quarters, and captains were held responsible for their soldiers' orderliness. If these were not satisfactory, the governor-general and intendant would be notified, who would hold back the officer's pay.

1060:

waist-belt with brass buckles, which was attached to a double frog and holding brown leather, brass-tipped scabbards for sword and bayonet. The sword carried was brass-hilted and had a straight blade. A red-brown leather cartridge-box was attached to the waist-belt. Eventually it was worn suspended

1003:

decorated with a cockade and button, was worn very low over the eyes; its brim was edged with false-gold lace. Soldiers also wore black buckled shoes, topped with gaiters of white duck, which were fastened with a black strap and reached to the thigh. For aesthetic purposes, a white cravat and shirt

597:

The royal ordinance of January 1, 1685 completed this system by the second foundation of the "soldats-gardiens" (guardian soldiers). Each port consisted of six "escouades" (sections) of 50 guardian soldiers and six companies of 50 demi-soldes, that is 300 of each type, totaling a theoretical of 600

921:

companies. However, colonial enlistment of rank-and-file soldiers was discouraged because it reduced agricultural settlement. During periods of peace, soldiers received additional pay for their services in the construction of forts and roads. Due to a chronic labor shortage, the colonial regulars

722:

was undertaken by French and Canadian officials in French territory. From the 1750s, the need for soldiers grew so rapidly that the state had to contact private recruiters. These individuals traveled across the kingdom in search of additional men. This was not limited to the traditionally favoured

697:

Their territory of operation extends across what was considered New France, ranging from Acadia to the Mississippi. They were predominantly used in locations possessing forts. The troupes de la Marine reaffirmed the importance of the French homeland and protected all territories against the nearby

1080:

They were supplied with firewood, candles, muskets and ammunition (when needed), and it was their duty to take care of their own weapon. When the soldiers reached their assigned station, the troop commander assigned living quarters, often among civilian households in towns, as they did not always

1023:

Once again, the quality of material is what predominantly marked the distinctiveness of the uniforms of officers. The coat was left unadorned, but the waistcoat was frequently embellished with gold lace. Their buttons and gorget were gilt, and hats were braided with fine gold lace. The gorget was

1007:

Uniform differed depending on rank, as corporals wore a yellow lace around the top of the coat cuffs. That of sergeants was quite similar, but made of higher quality material, having an inch-wide stripe of gold lace edging the cuffs and pocket flaps. Sergeants wore a grey-white uniform with a red

1044:

At full dress parades, officers carried spontoons and swords; they wore gorgets. If they were deemed of a higher ranking, they might wear the coveted Cross of St. Louis, hung on a scarlet ribbon at the breast. In order to reward officers with long and distinguished careers, Louis XIV created the

671:

were organized as independent from one another, in order to provide multiple divisions of an equal number. Regarding their origin, these soldiers originated from France, with the exception of some officers. Around the 1750s, three quarters of the troops were born in the territories of New France

551:

These troops originally were recruited from the French mainland from among males sixteen years and older who were at least 5'5" tall. Starting in 1685, younger sons of aristocrats in Quebec were sent to France to attain a military or naval education and become officers. However, throughout their

539:

from south of the Great Lakes, who were constantly raiding French settlements. They also blocked commercial fur trading routes to the interior of the Canadian colony, as they wanted to keep a monopoly on the trade. By 1690, it became clear that the forces assigned to ships were not sufficient to

1190:

Companies free men took part in every conflict involving France of 1690-1761 in Europe, the Americas, and India. Their commitments were normally related to naval warfare, but they were very often used on land. Are listed here as their main commitments. Naval battles isolated and "helping hands"

1048:

While in western regions, regulars wore a casual, serviceable dress based on that of woodsmen. This included buckskin or cloth leggings, moccasins, and breeches of Indian design. There were some cases when they dressed entirely in Native American apparel, most likely for purposes of warfare. In

769:

were created in 1703. In 1714, they were augmented to four companies, being doubled in 1716. Each of these had three officers and 50 enlisted men. By 1731, Louisiana became a royal colony, leading its troops to be incorporated into the Compagnies franches de la marine. In 1721, there were eight

612:

On December 16, 1690, the royal ordinance reorganized entirely the French troupes destined in outre-mer service. The royal ordinance authorized the creation of eighty companies franches de la marine integrating at the crops of the same units, new recruits in addition to the ensemble forming the

973:

whom arrived in 1665 to attempt to eliminate the Iroquois threat The usage of Canadian officers was especially important to the Ministry of the Marine, and the monarchy, as the vast majority of French officers had no desire to serve in Canada, and it was cheaper to recruit from Canada, than to

684:

The other ranks of the marines were enlisted in France, but the officer corps became increasingly Canadian through recruitment of officers' sons. All promotions were by merit; purchase of commissions were prohibited. Native born, raised by military fathers, since childhood used to hardships,

746:. Following the fall of New France, the majority of French recruits returned to Europe, but at least 600 soldiers stayed and married in North America. As a result, they birthed many French legacies in North America, with their descendants being found across the continent to this very day. 685:

accustomed to socializing with France's indigenous allies, these officers made the French colonial marines into the best wilderness warriors of the continent, in battleworthiness exceeding anything the British or their colonies could organize. The marines foremost victory was at the

807:

or other potential enemies. He quickly submitted a formal request for troops from the mainland. In 1683, the Naval Department of France sent the first three Compagnies Franches de la Marine to New France. Their main mission was to defend the colonists and prevent disruption of the

974:

transport officers from France The massive debts brought to the Canadian nobility by their attempt to replicate French noble life in Canada, led to many captains skimming from the military and excess work wages of their soldiers It was the Captain's duty to distribute wages.

998:

of greyish white, with lining and deep cuffs of blue. Pockets with horizontal flaps were placed low on the hips, and the skirt corners could be hooked back to facilitate movement. The long-sleeved waistcoat, breeches, and stockings were blue. Accompanying this, a black felt

1491:

group of the Compagnies Franches de la Marine in 1992. They demonstrate musketry and military drill while dressed in period uniforms. These performances are advertised as family events designed to help the public learn more about military history and interact with sailors.

968:

Prior to 1687, the vast majority of officers serving in Canada were from mainland France. This is especially interesting as Canadian elites were only admitted into the officers corps in 1687. The vast majority of these officers were descendants of the officers of the

1169:

early in the war. By 1755, regular infantry battalions were sent by France to help protect the colony, and a number of the Compagnies were combined into their own battalion to serve alongside the line troops. These forces helped to defend the French fortress at

866:

passed legislation that stated, " an ordinance which obliged the habitants to provide no more than one pot, one chaudière, and a place for the soldier to sleep.". This was later altered to include a straw bed, and place by the fire during the winter months

1077:

8 days and having the governor-general notified). Other rules were very specific; for instance, in order to leave their designated living area, the soldier must have necessary engagement, permission from the commander, and be away no longer than 8 days.

441: 1016:. Their hats were trimmed with imitation gold braid, which was a blend of brass wire and yellow cord. This difference in materials demarked the lesser ranking of the soldier. In terms of weapons, they carried a musket, bayonet, and a sword. 1846:

Gilles Durand. "Les soldats des troupes de la Marine en Nouvelle-France durant la décennie 1750 : origine, recrutement et devenir." Commission Franco-Québecoise Sur Les Lieux De Mémoire Communs. Bulletin n°30, juin 2010. Web. 21 Feb.

742:, eventually consisting of over 6,000 soldiers and 500 officers, greatly contributed to the defense of Canada and Louisbourg. These men served in the company of the Canadian militia and Native Americans, and quite rarely alongside the 1012:, a tradition that was common across Europe. Two gold lace stripes were worn on the cuffs and pocket slaps of sergeant-majors. Common soldiers wore a grey-white uniform lined and faced with blue. This was a distinctive colour of the 273:(overseas) from 1690 to 1761. Independent companies of the navy and colonial regulars, were under the authority of the French Minister of Marine, who was also responsible for the French navy, overseas trade, and French colonies. 1045:

Royal and Military Order of St Louis in 1693, knighting those deemed worthy. Numerous Canadian officers received this cross for their work. Non-commissioned officers or sergeants were armed with halberds for formal occasions.

758:

New France: During the first half of the eighteenth century, there were twenty-eight companies of 40 men (about 1,200 soldiers). In 1756 (beginning of the Seven Years' War), there were forty companies of 65 men (about 2,700

1032:

in battle. New soldiers, or cadets, wore the same uniform as others and were distinguished only by an aiguillette of blue and white silk with brass tips. Cadets served only in Quebec (Canada), Île Royale, and La Louisiane.

1107:

irregular to conventional European warfare. Sieges and fortifications became more important strategically. After 1755, with the shifting conditions, France also sent regular army battalions to fight in North America.

311:

to British forces in 1760, the victors ordered the disbanding of the Compagnies in Canada. After the war ended in 1763, France ceded all of its North American territories east of the Mississippi River to the British.

723:

regions of the north and west, as the east and south were targeted as well. Even the attempts of the knight Alexis Magallon de la Morlière to recruit deserters and refugees in foreign lands were seen as successful.

453:; their forces were distributed among naval installations at Dunkerque, le Havre, Brest, Rochefort, and Toulon. For the first time they wore the grey-white uniform with blue vest, which became traditional for them. 905:

A company of marines was usually composed of 45 to 65 soldiers, two sergeants, two corporals and one drummer, overseen by a capitaine. The majority of the rank and file soldiers were lower-class men recruited in

2196:

Government of Canada. "Sergeant, drummer and soldier of the Compagnies franches de la Marine in New France, 1685-1700," Canadian Military History Gateway. Last modified March 29, 2011. Accessed January 31, 2015.

1503:

during the summer of 1744. During the site's operating season, they perform daily musket firings and military demonstrations and stand guard at various locations in the reconstructed eighteenth-century town.

776:

Leeward Islands: In 1713, there were ten to fourteen companies, with about 600 men divided between Martinique, the Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, the Grenada and St. Kitts. By 1755, they added up to about 1,200

2570: 754:

The main bases of the Companies in France remained the largest military ports: Brest, Rochefort, Toulon, which was added Port-Louis, in the Morbihan . The colonies, the numbers break down as follows:

1444: 726:

The bulk of these recruits came from the port cities of Rochefort, Le Havre, Bordeaux, Bayonne, and Nantes. The vast majority of recruits came from Rochefort. Between 1683 and 1688, 66% of the 2,050

556:. Even under-strength, they served to defend the major towns of the colony. Other detachments were assigned to the small fur trading posts that were so important to the economy. 524:

Starting this date, naval and marine officers were required to recruit their own crews. Owing to the presence of "levées" on the war or commercial sea ports, similar to the "

2340: 2620: 786:

India: In the first half of the eighteenth century, there were about 1,500 men (maintained by the East India Company). By 1758, there were 650 soldiers, including the

586:

To render the limited access of proper naval experiences more operationally effective, the royal power decided to create new colonial troupes, with the initiative of

484:, who wanted the Crown to control all French units. The regiments were withdrawn from the French Navy, preserving only the name as a naval designation. During the 280:, these were the only regular soldiers stationed by the Crown from 1685 to 1755; that year several army battalions were dispatched to North America during the 2640: 2217: 1711: 1118:, many settled permanently in the new territory, Other ethnic French residents were repatriated to France, although they may have been born in New France. 873:

In Louisbourg, the cannoniers-bombardiers company (artillery company) was established in 1743. Two soldiers were chosen from each company stationed at the

783:

Indian Ocean: In the first half of the eighteenth century, there were about 500 men divided between the Bourbon island, the Isle of France and Madagascar.

689:, when 100 marines and 600 Indian allies killed or wounded up to a 1,000 British and colonial soldiers, suffering only a hundred casualties themselves. 1282: 358:, of which he was the owner and honorary commandant. The regiment demonstrated its capability in limited battles along the provincial coast up to the 2333: 1063: 461: 540:

defend the French colonies. Another force was created with that specific mission in mind; it was also called the Compagnies Franches de la Marine.

17: 803:

took over leadership of New France in 1682, he soon learned that the colony did not have the forces to defend itself from potential attack by the

660:

However their service orientation function at the corps of the three ordinances mounting the defensive of sea ports differentiated them from the

609:). Principally mainly interested in the service at sea, these guardian soldiers could form up to a third of the equipment on which they boarded. 291:

in North America with certain tribes and the safety of local civilians from raiding nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, especially the powerful

1182:, from attack by British forces. Following the fall of New France, a victorious Britain disbanded the Compagnies as a standing military force. 917:

was an important source of economic opportunity and prestige for New France's elite and there was usually a waiting list for commissions in

571:, was due to the rivalry between the Colbert family, who were Ministers of the Marine, and the Le Tellier family whom were in charge of the 2326: 511:

was able to staff 196 naval vessels. Colbert decided to create 100 companies of "guardian-soldiers" intended to defend the naval vessels (

991:

altered from time to time, but remained very similar to that of the uniforms of other forces in France's other colonies in the Americas.

587: 602: 354:. Desertions, floods, lack of funds and governmental interest considerably reduced their effectiveness. In 1626 Richelieu created the 2201: 303:

by American historians), the Compagnies were superseded in New France by the arrival of large units of the regular army commanded by

2409: 1458: 575:. These bad relations led to the Colbert family sending significantly more naval officers to serve on land than officers from the 2399: 2615: 902:

two sergeants, and three corporals as well as two drummers and two cadets who would later be eligible for officer positions.

54: 1430: 1416: 821: 800: 2655: 2645: 2529: 1008:

lining and red stockings. This was very specific to the Compagnies franches de la Marine at this time. They also carried

927: 646: 642: 2660: 2404: 706: 1450: 465: 457: 897:

Royal Regulations for the Captains and other Officers of the Compagnies Franches de la Marine on September 29, 1693.

2625: 2534: 2464: 1436: 667:

As the name would suggest, they served on ships, in ports, all the while assuring the defense of the colony. The

489: 446: 2650: 2558: 2221: 1715: 1464: 893: 711: 1499:

consists of costumed interpreters representing soldiers of the Compagnies Franches de la Marine stationed in

1484: 649:. Most of the troupes de la marine regiments were transferred to the French Army, with the latter having had 347: 316: 105: 2524: 970: 2447: 2425: 2394: 477: 469: 261: 445:) and avid developer of the marine royal (French Royal Navy) and colonial efforts, created two regiments: 2665: 2185:

René Chartrand. "Uniforms," Historica Canada. Last modified October 20, 2014. Accessed January 31, 2015.

1422: 1472: 188:

Service in overseas colonies, particularly New France, Louisbourg, and other North American territories.

1608: 1321: 850:

to serve aboard French naval vessels. About eighty companies of one hundred men each were formed. The

2454: 825: 686: 870:

as previous attempts at engaging the Iroquois in conventional warfare was proven to be ineffective

2442: 2376: 591: 304: 2242: 1513:

The Compagnie Franche de la Marine exercising during the 400th Anniversary of Québec City in 2008.

1094:

well as inform them regarding the measures that had been taken to find and arrest the individual.

2430: 265:) bound to serve both on land and sea. These troupes constituted the principal military force of 58: 2101:

Greer, Allan. "The People of New France" (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), p. 50–51.

2519: 1947:(Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1988), Volume 4, p.2196, says they were created in December 1690. 1603: 1496: 1488: 1130: 813: 205: 204:

Brest, Rochefort, Toulon, Port-Louis (Bretagne). Companies dispersed in the territories of the

1114:, the Louisbourg Garrison was taken prisoner by the British when the fortress fell. After the 224: 2477: 2361: 2113:

Greer, Allan. "The People of New France" (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), p. 51.

1328: 1252: 1157: 1122: 432: 300: 613:

guardian soldiers, port guardians in demi-solde, the artillery-apprentices and bombardiers.

2630: 2539: 1581: 1309: 835: 654: 622: 606: 568: 536: 517: 473: 450: 425: 421: 417: 406: 398: 394: 390: 355: 328: 240: 121: 113: 48: 2198: 8: 2635: 2459: 2371: 1934:(Alexandria, New York, and Bloomfield, Ontario: Museum Restoration Service, 1984), 16-17. 1267: 1111: 874: 855: 287:

The Naval Department of France began using the Compagnies to defend their control of the

281: 2304:

Stacey, C.P. (1974). "The British Forces in North America during the Seven Years' War."

1921:

René Chartrand. Louis XV's Army (5): Colonial and Naval Troops. Osprey Publishing, 1998.

594:. They were definitely dependent of the "secretariat de la Marine" (Naval secretariat). 843: 480:. This change was required to meet the successive military war demands of the reign of 389:(named by the French) in the year 1630. The period of service of the regiments varied: 343: 244: 2318: 2087:

Greer, Allan. "The Soldiers of Isle Royale, 1720–45" (Environment Canada: 1979), p. 7.

2071:

Greer, Allan. "The Soldiers of Isle Royale, 1720–45" (Environment Canada: 1979), p. 9.

2059:

Greer, Allan. "The Soldiers of Isle Royale, 1720–45" (Environment Canada: 1979), p. 8.

922:

were also permitted to increase their pay by rendering their services on local farms.

2485: 2273: 1126: 994:

In the 1750s, private soldiers were issued a long collarless single-breasted coat or

485: 339: 319:

revived the Compagnies as a historical re-enactment unit. It has toured the country.

308: 248: 142: 1024:

worn only on duty, while the men were armed with a gilt-hilted sword, as well as an

359: 2437: 1115: 413: 373:

Richelieu created other regiments to sustain the effort of French colonization in

2205: 1166: 543: 512: 436: 256: 42: 2594: 2186: 1975: 1787: 1595: 284:

between France and Great Britain, which was waged in Europe and North America.

178: 698:

English colonies, in an area stuck between the Atlantic and the Appalachians.

653:(land forces troupes) in maritime service on board ships since 1622 after the 2609: 2583: 2366: 1567: 1316: 1125:, there were some forty companies serving in the St. Lawrence Valley and the 790:

arriving with the expeditionary force of Lally Tollendal and Admiral d'Ache .

638: 634: 564: 501: 367: 296: 292: 1191:

delivered during the guerrilla war in America are too many to be presented.

2495: 1057: 559:

One of the reasons for the multi-façade orientation service ( sea and land

2276:(1974). "The French forces in North America during the Seven Years' War." 762:

Isle Royale(Louisbourg): In 1725, there were 6 companies of about 300 men.

521:). However, in 1673 Louvois has these men transferred to the French Army. 1518: 1175: 1162: 1150: 831: 661: 630: 525: 497: 351: 252: 168: 1788:"History and Uniform of the Compagnies franches de la marine, 1683-1760" 1545: 1536: 1527: 1036: 982: 87: 2511: 2490: 1500: 1171: 859: 402: 386: 382: 374: 277: 1161:

colonial settlements, they had helped in the efforts to take over the

1134: 1061:

on the right hip from a buff leather cross-belt. The standard French

1025: 817: 809: 481: 288: 92:

During the celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the city of Quebec

885: 1179: 1146: 1121:

Although the strength of the force varied widely over time, by the

1029: 1009: 804: 378: 1292:

Naval battle of the Dauphine (Bay Island Mobile ) (19 August 1719)

1165:

that preceded the war. They participated in the defeat of General

476:

were transferred from the secretariat of La Marine to that of the

1000: 299:. In 1756, after the start of the Seven Years' War (known as the 251:) were an ensemble of autonomous infantry units attached to the 1785: 1142: 1138: 907: 820:

in the mid-1750s. A few companies were previously stationed in

508: 363: 350:. These units served as soldiers on board naval vessels of the 266: 1050: 492:, Royal-Vaisseux, and the Régiment de l'Amiral ( re-baptized 1495:

The military unit of the heritage presentation staff at the

780:

Guyana: In 1725, there were four companies of about 200 men.

397:(garrisoned at îles de Ré and Oléron in 1636-1663), and the 2042: 2040: 2013: 2011: 1098:

who has reached twenty-two years of age to sit in council.

269:

capable of intervening in actions and holding garrisons in

2500:

regulars, provincial regiments and volunteer militia units

1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 322: 2311:

Sutherland, Stuart R. J (1988). "Troupes de la Marine",

2037: 2008: 1976:"Compagnies Franches de la Marine - History and Uniform" 381:; the first French colonizers arrived in the islands of 2348: 2308:

Toronto: University of Toronto Press, vol. 3: xxiv-xxx.

2280:

Toronto: University of Toronto Press, vol. 3: xv-xxiii.

2243:"Index - Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site" 2199:

http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh/image-118-eng.asp?page_id=121

1970: 1968: 1966: 1650: 1497:

Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site of Canada

957:

24 companies with 1200 soldiers and 96 officers by 1749

507:

The Marine Royale attracted numerous recruits in 1671:

456:

In 1670 there were significant changes administered by

2315:, Volume 4, p. 2196. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers. 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 1917: 1915: 1647:(Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1988), Volume 4, p.2196. 933:

30 companies 1750s with 1500 soldiers and 120 officers

1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 954:

Compagnies franches de la Marine on Ile Royale 1710s

949:

3 companies with 150 soldiers and 9 officers by 1690s

941:

4 companies with 200 soldiers and 12 officers by 1702

342:

are believed to date to the establishment in 1622 by

2294:

Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 50–51

1963: 1557: 1404:

Siege of Pondicherry (March 1760 to January 4, 1761)

1225:

Siege of Danzig (1734) (February 22 to July 9, 1734)

2168: 1912: 1277:

Shipments Rio (1710 and June 1711 to February 1712)

1831: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1185: 535:were sent to Québec to contain the nations of the 2621:Military units and formations established in 1622 2607: 765:Louisiana: The first two units of the Louisiana 733: 2268:Louis XV's Army (5): Colonial and Naval Troops. 2109: 2107: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2067: 2065: 1943:Sutherland, Stuart. "Troupes de la Marine", in 1643:Sutherland, Stuart. "Troupes de la Marine", in 1626: 500:, becoming respectively, the 11, 60, 43 and 61 946:Compagnies franches de la Marine of Plaisance 462:François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois 377:. The first supported national efforts in the 2334: 2263:Bloomfield, Ont.: Museum Restoration Service. 2097: 2095: 2093: 730:that arrived in Canada, were from Rochefort. 675: 2641:Military units and formations of Nova Scotia 2104: 2074: 2062: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 938:Compagnies franches de la Marine of Acadia 588:Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay 2341: 2327: 2090: 1786:Chartrand, Rene; Summers, Jack L. (1981). 1327: 1210:War of the Spanish Succession (1709-1714) 1199:War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) 1071: 889:Flag of the Compagnie Franche de la marine 2220:. Naval Reserve of Canada. Archived from 1714:. Naval Reserve of Canada. Archived from 1712:"Compagnie franche de la marine: History" 1401:Battle of Pondicherry (10 September 1759) 1398:Seat Madras (December 1758-February 1759) 1289:War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718-1720) 1239:Battle of Quiberon Bay (20 November 1759) 1221:War of the Polish Succession (1733-1738) 1040:Compagnies Franches de la Marine Officers 986:Compagnies Franches de la Marine uniforms 692: 488:of the late 18th century, the La Marine, 2410:Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces 1768: 1693: 1688:The Oxford Companion to Canadian History 1101: 1056:Ammunition and arms were carried with a 1035: 981: 892: 884: 830: 718:The recruitment of the soldiers for the 705: 603:Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain 542: 2400:History of the Royal Canadian Air Force 2261:The French Soldier in Colonial America. 1341:Battle of the Monongahela (9 July 1755) 1335:Battle of Fort Necessity (July 3, 1754) 1259:Siege of Quebec (16 to 21 October 1690) 655:first regular specific infantry troupes 323:Development of the Troupes de la marine 14: 2608: 1932:The French Soldier in Colonial America 1792:Military Uniforms in Canada, 1665-1970 1381:Seat Madras (August 21 September 1746) 1353:Plains of Abraham (September 13, 1759) 1301:Wars Natchez (1717-1719 and 1729-1731) 858:in 1682 to replace French regulars in 496:) were completely integrated into the 2322: 2285:The Soldiers of Isle Royale, 1720–45. 1686:Cassel, Jay. "Troupes de la Marine," 1388:Fourth Intercolonial War (1754-1760) 1356:Battle of Sainte-Foy (April 28, 1760) 1344:Battle of Fort Carillon (8 July 1758) 1251: 1214:Battle of Malplaquet (Sept. 11, 1709) 1141:. Large garrisons were maintained at 2163:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2150:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2137:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2124:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2032:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2019:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 2003:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1990:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1958:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1826:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1750:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713. 1362:Defence of Montreal (September 1760) 1347:Siege of Louisbourg (June–July 1758) 1338:Siege of Fort Beausejour (June 1755) 1308: 1304:Wars Chickasaws (1736 and 1739-1740) 913:Service in the officer corps of the 801:Joseph-Antoine Le Febvre de La Barre 26: 2566: 2530:French Marines in Canada, 1683-1715 2349:Evolution of the Military of Canada 2253: 2048:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1907:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1894:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1813:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1763:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1737:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1675:Les Troupes De La Marine, 1683-1713 1395:Battle of Negapatam (3 August 1758) 1392:Battle of Cuddalore (29 April 1758) 1281: 1266: 581: 243:, later renamed and reorganized as 24: 2405:History of the Royal Canadian Navy 1408: 1350:Defense of Guadeloupe (April 1758) 880: 842:In the early seventeenth century, 710:Rifleman sword, on display at the 25: 2677: 2306:Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 2301:Edmonton: Hurtig, pp. 18–23. 2287:Environment Canada, pp. 7–9. 2278:Dictionary of Canadian Biography. 1690:. Oxford University Press, 2004. 1378:Battle of Negapatam (6 July 1746) 1295:Seat Pensacola (2 September 1719) 2588: 2577: 2565: 2554: 2553: 2535:Compagnies Franches de la Marine 2465:Royal Canadian Naval Air Service 1588: 1574: 1560: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1478: 1457: 1443: 1437:Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville 1429: 1415: 1384:Siege of Pondicherry (Fall 1748) 1359:Siege of Quebec (April 29, 1760) 1236:Battle of Lagos (19 August 1759) 1203:Battle of La Hogue (29 May 1692) 963: 928:Compagnies Franches de la Marine 767:Compagnies franches de la Marine 237:Compagnies franches de la marine 161: 135: 122:Compagnies franches de la marine 86: 81:Compagnies franches de la marine 31: 18:Compagnies Franches de la Marine 2235: 2210: 2190: 2155: 2142: 2129: 2116: 2053: 2024: 1995: 1982: 1950: 1937: 1924: 1899: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1818: 1451:Charles Deschamps de Boishébert 1298:Wars Foxes (1712-1714 and 1729) 1262:Shipping Cartagena (2 May 1697) 1217:Battle of Denain (24 July 1712) 1186:Major conflicts and commitments 601:The successor of de Seignelay, 554:Compagnies Franche de la Marine 348:Compagnies Ordinaires de la Mer 2388:History of the Canadian Forces 1805: 1755: 1742: 1729: 1680: 1206:Battle of Lagos (27 June 1693) 701: 442:secrétaire d'État de la Marine 420:. The regiment was designated 13: 1: 2616:1622 establishments in France 2299:A Military History of Canada. 1614: 1485:Canadian Forces Naval Reserve 1246: 1229:Seven Years' War (1756-1763) 794: 734:Accomplishments in New France 435:State Secretary of the Navy ( 317:Canadian Forces Naval Reserve 106:Compagnie ordinaire de la mer 2448:Non-Permanent Active Militia 2426:Canadian Expeditionary Force 2395:History of the Canadian Army 1365:Defense of Martinique (1761) 1274:Defense of Guadeloupe (1703) 1194: 1088: 1049:winter, the Canadian hooded 1028:, which was exchanged for a 846:ordered the creation of the 531:In 1683, three companies of 206:first French colonial Empire 7: 2419:Canadian military formation 1553: 1465:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville 1423:Jacques Testard de Montigny 1369: 1242:Battle of Belle-Isle (1761) 977: 749: 712:Musée national de la Marine 625:was not different from the 616: 412:The latter was reformed by 45:the scope of other articles 10: 2682: 2656:Military history of Canada 2646:History of the French Navy 2525:Carignan-Salières Regiment 1609:Colonial militia in Canada 1507: 1322:Siege of Louisbourg (1745) 971:Carignan-Salières regiment 676:Importance throughout time 422:Régiment Vaisseau-Provence 333: 326: 2661:Canadian ceremonial units 2548: 2509: 2475: 2455:Royal Flying Corps Canada 2418: 2387: 2354: 2313:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2292:The People of New France. 1945:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1645:The Canadian Encyclopedia 687:Battle of the Monongahela 470:Secretary of State of War 418:Régiment Vaisseau-Mazarin 220: 212: 200: 192: 184: 174: 156: 148: 130: 97: 85: 80: 2443:Permanent Active Militia 2377:Royal Canadian Air Force 2297:Morton, Desmond (1985). 2266:Chartrand, René (1997). 2259:Chartrand, René (1984). 1619: 1473:François Dupont Duvivier 1374:Third Intercolonial War 1233:Battle of Minorca (1756) 478:secretariat of La Guerre 472:. The four regiments of 447:Régiment Royal–La Marine 426:Régiment Royal-Vaisseaux 305:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm 2626:Naval history of Canada 2460:Naval Service of Canada 2431:Canadian Aviation Corps 2355:Current Canadian Forces 1883:Morton 1985, pp. 18-23. 1072:Duties and requirements 740:Compagnies de la Marine 657:of Spain and Portugal. 416:in 1664 and renamed as 2520:Military of New France 2510:Military formation in 2476:Military formation in 2122:Christopher J. Russ, 1739:. , 1971. 130. Print. 1604:Military of New France 1489:historical reenactment 1041: 987: 898: 890: 839: 814:Fortress of Louisbourg 715: 693:Territory of operation 592:Lieutenant de Vaisseau 548: 516: 494:Régiment de Vermandois 440: 407:Régiment des Vaisseaux 401:garrisoned at Toulon. 340:French colonial forces 260: 2651:History of New France 2478:British North America 2362:Canadian Armed Forces 2290:Greer, Allan (1997). 2283:Greer, Allan (1979). 2161:Christopher J. Russ, 2148:Christopher J. Russ. 2135:Christopher J. Russ, 2046:Christopher J. Russ, 2030:Christopher J. Russ, 2017:Christopher J. Russ, 2001:Christopher J. Russ, 1988:Christopher J. Russ, 1956:Christopher J. Russ. 1905:Christopher J. Russ, 1896:. , 1971.78-79 Print. 1892:Christopher J. Russ, 1824:Christopher J. Russ, 1815:. , 1971. 125. Print. 1811:Christopher J. Russ, 1794:. Canadien War Museum 1765:. , 1971. 73. Print. 1761:Christopher J. Russ, 1748:Christopher J. Russ, 1735:Christopher J. Russ, 1673:Russ, Christopher J. 1329:French and Indian War 1158:French and Indian War 1123:French and Indian War 1102:French and Indian War 1039: 985: 896: 888: 834: 709: 546: 466:Naval State Secretary 433:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 301:French and Indian War 239:(previously known as 114:Régiment de la marine 57:and help introduce a 2540:Troupes de la marine 2218:"Per Mare et Terras" 2139:, 1971. 119. Print. 2050:. , 1971. 51. Print. 1909:. , 1971. 78. Print. 1582:North America portal 1014:Troupes de la Marine 930:of Canada 1683-1755 915:Troupes de la Marine 852:Troupes de la Marine 848:Troupes de la Marine 836:Troupes de la marine 816:, and another 36 in 728:Troupes de la Marine 720:troupes de la Marine 669:troupes de la Marine 664:of the French Army. 633:in terms of being a 623:Troupes de la marine 607:Troupes de la marine 569:Troupes de la marine 537:Iroquois Confederacy 533:Troupes de la Marine 451:Régiment de l'Amiral 399:régiment des Galères 329:Troupes de la marine 241:Troupes de la marine 49:Troupes de la Marine 2372:Royal Canadian Navy 2152:, 1971. 166. Print. 2126:, 1971. 128. Print. 2034:, 1971. 201. Print. 1828:, 1971. 125. Print. 875:Louisbourg Garrison 854:were dispatched by 788:Compagnies franches 464:, respectively the 225:Auprès de ma blonde 2666:Cardinal Richelieu 2595:History portal 2270:Osprey Publishing. 2204:2015-02-27 at the 2021:, 1971. 87. Print. 2005:, 1971. 85. Print. 1992:, 1971. 49. Print. 1752:, 1971. 79. Print. 1253:King William's War 1129:, about twenty at 1042: 988: 899: 891: 844:Cardinal Richelieu 840: 716: 549: 547:Marching in Canada 356:Régiment la Marine 344:Cardinal Richelieu 245:Troupes coloniales 216:Per mare et terras 55:discuss this issue 2603: 2602: 2584:Canada portal 2486:Provincial Marine 1960:, 1971. 44 Print. 1310:King George's War 395:Régiment des Îles 391:Régiment du Havre 253:French Royal Navy 249:Troupes de Marine 230: 229: 143:Kingdom of France 76: 75: 16:(Redirected from 2673: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2569: 2568: 2557: 2556: 2438:Canadian Militia 2343: 2336: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2254:Cited literature 2247: 2246: 2245:. 28 March 2017. 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2214: 2208: 2194: 2188: 2183: 2166: 2159: 2153: 2146: 2140: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2102: 2099: 2088: 2085: 2072: 2069: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2044: 2035: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2006: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1935: 1930:Rene Chartrand, 1928: 1922: 1919: 1910: 1903: 1897: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1844: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1783: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1708: 1691: 1684: 1678: 1671: 1648: 1641: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1461: 1447: 1433: 1419: 1283:Inter War Period 1268:Queen Anne's War 1116:conquest of 1760 1112:Seven Years' War 744:troupes de Terre 651:troupes de terre 627:troupes de terre 582:Three ordinances 414:Cardinal Mazarin 309:fall of Montreal 282:Seven Years' War 167: 165: 164: 141: 139: 138: 90: 78: 77: 71: 68: 62: 35: 34: 27: 21: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2544: 2505: 2471: 2414: 2383: 2350: 2347: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2206:Wayback Machine 2195: 2191: 2184: 2169: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2091: 2086: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2038: 2029: 2025: 2016: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874:Chartrand 1984. 1873: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1795: 1784: 1769: 1760: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1651: 1642: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1510: 1481: 1467: 1462: 1453: 1448: 1439: 1434: 1425: 1420: 1411: 1409:Notable members 1372: 1332: 1313: 1286: 1271: 1256: 1249: 1197: 1188: 1167:Edward Braddock 1104: 1091: 1074: 980: 966: 883: 881:Unit complement 797: 752: 736: 704: 695: 678: 662:troupe de terre 619: 584: 577:Troupe de Terre 573:Troupe de Terre 561:troupe de terre 346:of the hundred 336: 331: 325: 233: 162: 160: 136: 134: 93: 72: 66: 63: 61:to the article. 52: 47:, specifically 36: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2679: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2574: 2562: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2345: 2338: 2331: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2288: 2281: 2271: 2264: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2234: 2209: 2189: 2167: 2165:, 1971. Print. 2154: 2141: 2128: 2115: 2103: 2089: 2073: 2061: 2052: 2036: 2023: 2007: 1994: 1981: 1962: 1949: 1936: 1923: 1911: 1898: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1830: 1817: 1804: 1767: 1754: 1741: 1728: 1692: 1679: 1677:, 1971. Print. 1649: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1596:History portal 1585: 1571: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1227: 1226: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1196: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1133:, and more in 1127:Pays d'en Haut 1103: 1100: 1090: 1087: 1073: 1070: 979: 976: 965: 962: 961: 960: 959: 958: 952: 951: 950: 944: 943: 942: 936: 935: 934: 882: 879: 828:) and Acadia. 799:When Governor 796: 793: 792: 791: 784: 781: 778: 774: 771: 763: 760: 751: 748: 735: 732: 703: 700: 694: 691: 677: 674: 618: 615: 583: 580: 424:in 1658, then 360:Lérins Islands 335: 332: 327:Main article: 324: 321: 231: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 202: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 179:Naval Infantry 176: 172: 171: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 132: 128: 127: 126: 125: 117: 109: 99: 95: 94: 91: 83: 82: 74: 73: 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2678: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2596: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2367:Canadian Army 2365: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2274:Eccles, W. J. 2272: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2244: 2238: 2224:on 2011-06-13 2223: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2193: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2164: 2158: 2151: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2125: 2119: 2110: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2056: 2049: 2043: 2041: 2033: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2004: 1998: 1991: 1985: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1959: 1953: 1946: 1940: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1916: 1908: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1808: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1764: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1738: 1732: 1718:on 2011-06-13 1717: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1689: 1683: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1586: 1583: 1572: 1569: 1568:France portal 1558: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1479:Re-enactments 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1317:Raid on Canso 1315: 1314: 1311: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1192: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1174:, as well as 1173: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1099: 1095: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1005: 1002: 997: 992: 984: 975: 972: 964:Officer Corps 956: 955: 953: 948: 947: 945: 940: 939: 937: 932: 931: 929: 925: 924: 923: 920: 916: 911: 909: 903: 895: 887: 878: 876: 871: 867: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 837: 833: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 802: 789: 785: 782: 779: 775: 773:Santo Domingo 772: 768: 764: 761: 759:infantrymen). 757: 756: 755: 747: 745: 741: 731: 729: 724: 721: 713: 708: 699: 690: 688: 682: 673: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:Line Infantry 632: 628: 624: 614: 610: 608: 604: 599: 595: 593: 589: 579: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565:line infantry 562: 557: 555: 545: 541: 538: 534: 529: 527: 522: 520: 519: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 443: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 409:(1638-1643). 408: 404: 400: 396: 393:(1636-1642), 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 369: 368:Bay of Biscay 366:, and in the 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 330: 320: 318: 313: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 274: 272: 268: 264: 263: 262:marine royale 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 232:Military unit 226: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 180: 177: 173: 170: 159: 155: 152:Marine Royale 151: 147: 144: 133: 129: 124: 123: 118: 116: 115: 110: 108: 107: 102: 101: 100: 96: 89: 84: 79: 70: 60: 59:summary style 56: 50: 46: 44: 40:This article 38: 29: 28: 19: 2564: 2552: 2496:British Army 2312: 2305: 2298: 2291: 2284: 2277: 2267: 2260: 2237: 2226:. 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After the 286: 275: 270: 236: 234: 120: 112: 104: 67:October 2020 64: 41: 2631:French Navy 2571:WikiProject 1176:Quebec City 1163:Ohio Valley 1151:New Orleans 1110:During the 1004:were worn. 996:justaucorps 702:Recruitment 645:on board a 631:French Army 498:French Army 208:until 1761. 201:Garrison/HQ 169:French Navy 119:1673-1761: 2636:New France 2610:Categories 2512:New France 2491:Royal Navy 2228:2009-06-27 1798:2009-06-27 1722:2009-06-26 1615:References 1501:Louisbourg 1487:created a 1247:In America 1172:Louisbourg 1131:Louisbourg 860:New France 795:New France 486:Revolution 403:Louis XIII 387:Martinique 383:Guadeloupe 375:New France 278:New France 149:Allegiance 43:duplicates 1195:In Europe 1156:When the 1135:Louisiana 1089:Deserters 1026:espontoon 856:Louis XIV 822:Placentia 818:Louisiana 810:fur trade 567:) of the 504:in 1791. 482:Louis XIV 474:la marine 431:In 1669, 428:in 1669. 289:fur trade 271:outre-mer 247:and then 2586:• 2559:Category 2202:Archived 1554:See also 1370:In India 1180:Montreal 1147:Montreal 1010:halberds 978:Uniforms 805:Iroquois 750:Colonies 672:itself. 617:Function 518:Vaisseau 502:de Ligne 468:and the 449:and the 379:Antilles 213:Motto(s) 1508:Gallery 1001:tricorn 629:of the 458:Colbert 362:, near 334:Genesis 131:Country 53:Please 1149:, and 1143:Quebec 1139:Acadia 919:Marine 908:France 513:French 509:France 437:French 364:Cannes 297:Seneca 293:Mohawk 267:France 257:French 196:10,000 166: 157:Branch 140: 111:1666: 103:1622: 98:Active 1847:2015. 1620:Notes 1051:capot 1030:fusil 563:as a 221:March 1483:The 1178:and 1137:and 777:men. 738:The 647:ship 639:land 621:The 460:and 385:and 338:The 295:and 235:The 193:Size 185:Role 175:Type 926:28 643:sea 641:or 637:on 276:In 2612:: 2170:^ 2106:^ 2092:^ 2076:^ 2064:^ 2039:^ 2010:^ 1965:^ 1914:^ 1833:^ 1790:. 1770:^ 1695:^ 1652:^ 1628:^ 1145:, 515:: 439:: 370:. 259:: 2342:e 2335:t 2328:v 2231:. 1978:. 1801:. 1725:. 838:. 824:( 714:. 255:( 69:) 65:( 51:. 20:)

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