Color blindness - Knowledge

304: 573: 762: 524: 968: 589: 1927: 1196:) who can distinguish three primary colors). Dichromats usually know they have a color vision problem, and it can affect their daily lives. Dichromacy in humans includes protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia. Out of the male population, 2% have severe difficulties distinguishing between red, orange, yellow, and green (orange and yellow are different combinations of red and green light). Colors in this range, which appear very different to a normal viewer, appear to a dichromat to be the same or a similar color. The terms protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia come from Greek, and respectively mean "inability to see ( 1981:. Males have only one X chromosome (XY), and females have two (XX); Because the male only has one of each gene, if it is affected, the male will be color blind. Because a female has two alleles of each gene (one on each chromosome), if only one gene is affected, the dominant normal alleles will "override" the affected, recessive allele and the female will have normal color vision. However, if the female has two mutated alleles, she will still be color blind. This is why there is a disproportionate prevalence of color blindness, with ~8% of males exhibiting color blindness and ~0.5% of females. 1042: 2874:, and others) and specialized tests oriented specifically to the needs of aviation. If an applicant fails the standard tests, they will receive a restriction on their medical certificate that states: "Not valid for night flying or by color signal control". They may apply to the FAA to take a specialized test, administered by the FAA. Typically, this test is the "color vision light gun test". For this test an FAA inspector will meet the pilot at an airport with an operating control tower. The color 368: 613: 2862:

night flying and no flying by color signals—such a restriction effectively prevents a pilot from holding certain flying occupations, such as that of an airline pilot, although commercial pilot certification is still possible, and there are a few flying occupations that do not require night flight and thus are still available to those with restrictions due to color blindness (e.g., agricultural aviation). The government allows several types of tests, including medical standard tests (

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of OPN1SW that degrade the performance of the S-cones. The OPN1SW gene is almost invariant in the human population. Congenital tritan defects are often progressive, with nearly normal trichromatic vision in childhood (e.g. mild tritanomaly) progressing to dichromacy (tritanopia) as the S-cones slowly die. Tritanomaly and tritanopia are therefore different penetrance of the same disease, and some sources have argued that tritanomaly therefore be referred to as incomplete tritanopia.

352: 316: 9492: 328: 340: 1843: 1078: 9502: 8866: 2546: 2172: 64: 2209:, project small colored lights to a subject, who is required to identify the color of the lights. The colors are those of typical signal lights, i.e. red, green, and yellow, which also happen to be colors of confusion of red–green CVD. Lanterns do not diagnose color blindness, but they are occupational screening tests to ensure an applicant has sufficient color discrimination to be able to perform a job. 2903: 1290: 1323:. For a protanope, the brightness of red is much reduced compared to normal. This dimming can be so pronounced that reds may be confused with black or dark gray, and red traffic lights may appear to be extinguished. They may learn to distinguish reds from yellows primarily on the basis of their apparent brightness or lightness, not on any perceptible hue difference. 2356:(have no color tint). They improve on the other lens types by causing less distortion of colors and will essentially increase the saturation of some colors. They will only work on trichromats (anomalous or normal), and unlike the other types, do not have a significant effect on Dichromats. The glasses do not significantly increase one's ability on color blind tests. 2644:, a physiologist, investigated and concluded that the color blindness of the engineer (who had died) had caused the crash. Professor Holmgren then created the first test for color vision using multicolored skeins of wool to detect color blindness and thereby exclude the color blind from jobs in the transportation industry 1229:, but the color matches they make differ from normal trichromats. In order to match a given spectral yellow light, protanomalous observers need more red light in a red/green mixture than a normal observer, and deuteranomalous observers need more green. This difference can be measured by an instrument called an 2245:, which compares a mixture of red and green light in variable proportions to a fixed spectral yellow of variable luminosity. The subject must change the two variables until the colors appear to match. They are expensive and require expertise to administer, so they are generally only used in academic settings. 2807:

In April 2003, Romania removed color blindness from its list of disqualifying conditions for learner driver's licenses. It is now qualified as a condition that could potentially compromise driver safety, therefore a driver may have to be evaluated by an authorized ophthalmologist to determine if they

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CVD. Tritan CVD is related to the S-cone and includes tritanomaly (anomalous trichromacy) and tritanopia (dichromacy). Blue–yellow color blindness is much less common than red–green color blindness, and more often has acquired causes than genetic. Tritans have difficulty discerning between bluish and

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Anomalous trichromacy is the mildest type of color deficiency, but the severity ranges from almost dichromacy (strong) to almost normal trichromacy (mild). In fact, many mild anomalous trichromats have very little difficulty carrying out tasks that require normal color vision and some may not even be

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for medium-wavelength sensitive cone cells. Their neutral point is at a slightly longer wavelength, 498 nm, a more greenish hue of cyan. Deutans have the same hue discrimination problems as protans, but without the dimming of long wavelengths. Deuteranopic unilateral dichromats report that with

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Some tentative evidence finds that the color blind are better at penetrating certain color camouflages. Such findings may give an evolutionary reason for the high rate of red–green color blindness. There is also a study suggesting that people with some types of color blindness can distinguish colors

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True cases of tritanomaly, as distinct from partial or incomplete tritanopia, have never been satisfactorily documented. Although the separate existence of tritanopia and tritanomaly, with different modes of inheritance, has been postulated, it now seems more likely that tritanomaly does not exist,

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requires that pilots be tested for normal color vision as part of their medical clearance in order to obtain the required medical certificate, a prerequisite to obtaining a pilot's certification. If testing reveals color blindness, the applicant may be issued a license with restrictions, such as no

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Some applications can simulate color blindness by applying a filter to an image or screen that reduces the gamut of an image to that of a specific type of color blindness. While they do not directly help color blind people, they allow those with normal color vision to understand how the color blind

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which encodes the S-opsin protein and follows autosomal dominant inheritance. The cause of blue–yellow color blindness is not analogous to the cause of red–green color blindness, i.e. the peak sensitivity of the S-opsin does not shift to longer wavelengths. Rather, there are 6 known point mutations

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is caused by lack of functionality of L (red) and M (green) cones, and is therefore mediated by the same genes as red–green color blindness (on the X chromosome). Peak spectral sensitivities are in the blue region of the visible spectrum (near 440 nm). People with this condition generally show

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Cone monochromacy is the condition of having only a single class of cone. A cone monochromat can have good pattern vision at normal daylight levels, but will not be able to distinguish hues. Cone monochromacy is divided into classes defined by the single remaining cone class. However, red and green

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There are other several features of traffic lights available that help accommodate the color blind. British Rail signals use more easily identifiable colors: The red is blood red, the amber is yellow and the green is a bluish color. Most British road traffic lights are mounted vertically on a black

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Color blindness affects a large number of individuals, with protans and deutans being the most common types. In individuals with Northern European ancestry, as many as 8 percent of men and 0.4 percent of women experience congenital color deficiency. Interestingly, even Dalton's first paper already

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are a common means of simulating these light sources to determine not necessarily whether someone is color blind, but whether they can functionally distinguish these specific signal colors. Those who cannot pass this test are generally completely restricted from working on aircraft, ships or rail,

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will be shone at the pilot from the tower, and they must identify the color. If they pass they may be issued a waiver, which states that the color vision test is no longer required during medical examinations. They will then receive a new medical certificate with the restriction removed. This was

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to improve discrimination of some colors. However, it can make other colors more difficult to distinguish. A 1981 review of various studies to evaluate the effect of the X-chrom (one brand) contact lens concluded that, while the lens may allow the wearer to achieve a better score on certain color

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CVD. Protan CVD is related to the L-cone and includes protanomaly (anomalous trichromacy) and protanopia (dichromacy). Deutan CVD is related to the M-cone and includes deuteranomaly (anomalous trichromacy) and deuteranopia (dichromacy). The phenotype (visual experience) of deutans and protans is

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Color vision is important for occupations using telephone or computer networking cabling, as the individual wires inside the cables are color-coded using green, orange, brown, blue and white colors. Electronic wiring, transformers, resistors, and capacitors are color-coded as well, using black,

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Based on clinical appearance, color blindness may be described as total or partial. Total color blindness (monochromacy) is much less common than partial color blindness. Partial color blindness includes dichromacy and anomalous trichromacy, but is often clinically defined as mild, moderate or

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on runways, and the like. Some jurisdictions restrict the issuance of pilot credentials to persons with color blindness for this reason. Restrictions may be partial, allowing color-blind persons to obtain certification but with restrictions, or total, in which case color-blind persons are not

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is the test most often used to detect red–green deficiencies and most often recognized by the public. Some tests are clinical in nature, designed to be fast, simple, and effective at identifying broad categories of color blindness. Others focus on precision and are generally available only in

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can be difficult for the red–green color blindness. This difficulty includes distinguishing red/amber lights from sodium street lamps, distinguishing green lights (closer to cyan) from normal white lights, and distinguishing red from amber lights, especially when there are no positional clues

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A Brazilian court ruled that the color blind are protected by the Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities. At trial, it was decided that the carriers of color blindness have a right of access to wider knowledge, or the full

2557:...there is no reason to suppose a perfect resemblance in the disposition of the Optic Nerve in all Men, since there is an infinite variety in every thing in Nature, and chiefly in those that are Material, 'tis therefore very probable that all Men see not the same Colours in the same Objects. 535:

color tasks associated with selecting or preparing food. Selecting food for ripeness can be difficult; the green–yellow transition of bananas is particularly hard to identify. It can also be difficult to detect bruises, mold, or rot on some foods, to determine when meat is done by color, to

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and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, has established a more accurate assessment of color deficiencies in pilot applicants' red/green and yellow–blue color range which could lead to a 35% reduction in the number of prospective pilots who fail to meet the minimum medical threshold.

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for some severe conditions causing color blindness. Minor forms of color blindness do not significantly affect daily life and the color blind automatically develop adaptations and coping mechanisms to compensate for the deficiency. However, diagnosis may allow an individual, or their

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is the analysis of color in its use in fashion, to determine personal color combinations that are most aesthetically pleasing. Colors to combine can include clothing, accessories, makeup, hair color, skin color, eye color, etc. Color analysis involves many aesthetic and comparative

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genes, but the mapping of the human genome has shown there are many causative mutations that do not directly affect the opsins. Mutations capable of causing color blindness originate from at least 19 different chromosomes and 56 different genes (as shown online at the

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The main coping mechanism to overcome these challenges is to memorize the position of lights. The order of the common triplet traffic light is standardized as red–amber–green from top to bottom or left to right. Cases that deviate from this standard are rare. One such case is a

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The below table shows the cone complements for different types of human color vision, including those considered color blindness, normal color vision and 'superior' color vision. The cone complement contains the types of cones (or their opsins) expressed by an individual.

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The first indication of color blindness generally consists of a person using the wrong color for an object, such as when painting, or calling a color by the wrong name. The colors that are confused are very consistent among people with the same type of color blindness.

1409:. Unlike protans and deutans, the mutation for this color blindness is carried on chromosome 7. Therefore, it is not sex-linked (equally prevalent in both males and females). The OMIM gene code for this mutation is 304000 "Colorblindness, Partial Tritanomaly". 2758:

have discussed the difficulties when color clashes occur, and research undertaken by FIFA has shown that enjoyment and player progression can be hampered by issues distinguishing the difference between the pitch and training objects or field markings.

780:, usually comparative but also sometimes connotative or denotative. However, these tasks are often problematic for the color blind when design of the color code has not followed best practices for accessibility. For example, one of the most ubiquitous 2579:, too, there are striking differences among individuals: and, indeed, I am inclined to suspect, that, in the greater number of instances, the supposed defects of sight in this respect ought to be ascribed rather to a defect in the power of conception. 1128:

In cerebral achromatopsia, a person cannot perceive colors even though the eyes are capable of distinguishing them. Some sources do not consider these to be true color blindness, because the failure is of perception, not of vision. They are forms of

2141:. The cones are not equally prevalent and not evenly distributed in the retina. When the number of one of these cone types is significantly reduced, this can also lead to or contribute to a color vision deficiency. This is one of the causes of 2707:

Color blindness may make it difficult or impossible for a person to engage in certain activities. Persons with color blindness may be legally or practically barred from occupations in which color perception is an essential part of the job

1822:: inherited or congenital/genetic color vision deficiencies are most commonly caused by mutations of the genes encoding opsin proteins. However, several other genes can also lead to less common and/or more severe forms of color blindness. 1139:

is the condition of possessing only a single channel for conveying information about color. Monochromats are unable to distinguish any colors and perceive only variations in brightness. Congenital monochromacy occurs in two primary forms:

2302:, there is currently no FDA approved treatment for any form of CVD, and otherwise no cure for CVD currently exists. Management of the condition by using lenses to alleviate symptoms or smartphone apps to aid with daily tasks is possible. 2632:

first discriminated between protans and deutans (then as class I + II). He was also the first to develop an objective test method, where subjects sorted colored sheets of paper, and was the first to describe a female colorblind subject.

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Using other signals that are parallel to the color coding, such as patterns, shapes, size or order. This not only helps the color blind, but also aids understanding by normally sighted people by providing them with multiple reinforcing

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Much terminology has existed and does exist for the classification of color blindness, but the typical classification for color blindness follows the von Kries classifications, which uses severity and affected cone for naming.

2603:, which described "Harris the Shoemaker" and several of his brothers with what would later be described as protanopia. There appear to be no earlier surviving historical mentions of color blindness, despite its prevalence. 2121:

An autopsy of his eye after his death in 1844 showed this to be definitively untrue, though other filters are possible. Actual physiological examples usually affect the blue–yellow opponent channel and are named

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A color blind person will have decreased (or no) color discrimination along the red–green axis, blue–yellow axis, or both. However, the vast majority of the color blind are only affected on their red–green axis.

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Tinted glasses (e.g. Pilestone/Colorlite glasses) apply a tint (e.g. magenta) to incoming light that can distort colors in a way that makes some color tasks easier to complete. These glasses can circumvent many

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In June 2020, India relaxed its ban on driver's licenses for the color blind to now only apply to those with strong CVD. While previously restricted, those who test as mild or moderate can now pass the medical

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is the "fourth type" of color blindness, and a type of blue–yellow color blindness. However, its existence is hypothetical and given the molecular basis of human color vision, it is unlikely this type could

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is a simplified version used specifically for screening for CVD. In either case, the subject is asked to arrange a set of colored caps or chips to form a gradual transition of color between two anchor caps.

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I was led to conjecture that one of the humours of my eye must be a transparent, but coloured, medium, so constituted as to absorb red and green rays principally... I suppose it must be the vitreous humor.

2199:) to the color blind but distinguishable to color normals. Pseudoisochromatic plates are used as screening tools because they are cheap, fast, and simple, but they do not provide precise diagnosis of CVD. 6412: 2348:

glasses) filter a narrow band of light that excites both the L and M cones (yellow–green wavelengths). When combined with an additional stopband in the short wavelength (blue) region, these lenses

6381: 2799:. Protans are further disadvantaged due to the darkened perception of reds, which can make it more difficult to quickly recognize brake lights. In response, some countries have refused to grant 5507:

Malebranch's search after truth, or, A treatise of the nature of the humane mind and of its management for avoiding error in the sciences : vol I: done out of French from the last edition

2732:...I consider that to above all others do we owe the present and future control of color-blindness on land and sea, by which life and property are safer, and the risks of travelling less. 1241:

There are two major types of color blindness: difficulty distinguishing between red and green, and difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow. These definitions are based on the

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aware that they have a color vision deficiency. The types of anomalous trichromacy include protanomaly, deuteranomaly and tritanomaly. It is approximately three times more common than

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Some applications will make images easier to interpret by the color blind by enhancing color contrast in natural images and/or information graphics. These methods are generally called

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can also lead to hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, which includes various color defects. Exposure to chemicals such as styrene or organic solvents can also lead to color vision defects.

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Although many aspects of aviation depend on color coding, only a few of them are critical enough to be interfered with by some milder types of color blindness. Some examples include

2652: 888:) when possible. Some denotative tasks can be converted to comparative tasks by depicting the actual color whenever the color name is mentioned; for example, colored typography in " 3838: 2274:

forms that do not have a strongly color deficient phenotype at a young age. However, it can also be used to sequence the L- and M-Opsins on the X-chromosome, since the most common

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Punnett squares for each combination of parents' color vision status giving probabilities of their offsprings' status; A superscript 'c' denotes a chromosome with an affected gene.

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vision tests, it did not correct color vision in the natural environment. A case history using the X-Chrom lens for a rod monochromat is reported and an X-Chrom manual is online.

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sometimes need to ask the referee for help distinguishing between the red and brown balls due to their color blindness. Both have played foul shots on notable occasions by

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was the first to use such a device in early 2004; the eyeborg allowed him to start painting in color by memorizing the sound corresponding to each color. In 2012, at a

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Betancur-Sánchez AM, Vásquez-Trespalacios EM, Sardi-Correa C (January 2017). "Impaired colour vision in workers exposed to organic solvents: A systematic review".

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can drive safely. As of May 2008, there is an ongoing campaign to remove the legal restrictions that prohibit color blind citizens from getting driver's licenses.

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see the world. Their use can help improve inclusive design by allowing designers to simulate their own images to ensure they are accessible to the color blind.

3989: 911:), using the most common shades of colors. For example, green and yellow are colors of confusion in red–green CVD, but it is not common to mix forest green ( 1828:: color blindness that is not present at birth, may be caused by chronic illness, accidents, medication, chemical exposure or simply normal aging processes. 4673: 6404: 864: 2648:. However, there is a claim that there is no firm evidence that color deficiency did cause the collision, or that it might have not been the sole cause. 1148:, where the retina contains no cone cells, so that in addition to the absence of color discrimination, vision in lights of normal intensity is difficult. 6331: 3345: 6377: 2316:

There are three kinds of lenses that an individual can wear that can increase their accuracy in some color related tasks (although none of these will "

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Confusion colors are pairs or groups of colors that will often be mistaken by the color blind. Confusion colors for red–green color blindness include:

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and HRR test, embed a figure in the plate as a number of spots surrounded by spots of a slightly different color. These colors must appear identical (

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Congenital blue–yellow color blindness is a much rarer form of color blindness including tritanopia/tritanomaly. These conditions are mediated by the

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of an individual with normal color vision (left), and a color blind (protanopic) retina. The center of the fovea holds very few blue-sensitive cones.

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Simple colored filters can also create mild color vision deficiencies. John Dalton's original hypothesis for his deuteranopia was actually that the

7926: 3956: 2871: 2030:. Progressive diseases often involve deterioration of the retina and other parts of the eye, so often progress from color blindness to more severe 629:, traffic lights are sometimes differentiated by shape in addition to color: square for red, diamond for yellow, and circle for green (see image). 429: 7323: 5272:

Simon-Liedtke JT, Farup I (February 2016). "Evaluating color vision deficiency daltonization methods using a behavioral visual-search method".

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Inability to distinguish color does not necessarily preclude the ability to become a celebrated artist. The 20th century expressionist painter

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quite similar. Common colors of confusion include red/brown/green/yellow as well as blue/purple. Both forms are almost always symptomatic of

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Sousa BR, Loureiro TM, Goulart PR, Cortes MI, Costa MF, Bonci DM, Baran LC, Hauzman E, Ventura DF, Miquilini L, Souza GS (21 October 2020).

2659:). Edridge-Green classified color vision based on how many distinct colors a subject could see in the spectrum. Normal subjects were termed 1921: 1339:

report that with only their protanopic eye open, they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and those longer than it as yellow.

1061:. Several scales are designed with special consideration for the color blind and are widespread in academia, including Cividis, Viridis and 729:

that people with normal color vision are not able to distinguish. In World War II, color blind observers were used to penetrate camouflage.

284:. The effect of color blindness on artistic ability is controversial, but a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind. 7995: 7921: 4585: 4475: 5941: 5191: 2879:

once a Statement of Demonstrated Ability (SODA), but the SODA was dropped, and converted to a simple waiver (letter) early in the 2000s.

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In the presence of chromatic noise, the color blind are more capable of seeing a luminous signal, as long as the chromatic noise appears

4200: 2827:. The stipulation on deutans was revoked in 1997 citing a lack of available test facilities, and the ban on protans was revoked in 2003. 9536: 5967: 4023: 625:

rectangle with a white border (forming a "sighting board"), so that drivers can more easily look for the position of the light. In the

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Australia instituted a tiered ban on the color blind from obtaining commercial driver's licenses in 1994. This included a ban for all

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also rely heavily on red–green–yellow colors. In both cases, these color combinations can be difficult for the red–green color blind.

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operating vehicles in response to color-coded signals). This occupational safety principle originates from the aftermath of the 1875

183:. The severity of color blindness ranges from mostly unnoticeable to full absence of color perception. Color blindness is usually an 3054: 2755: 776:

are useful tools for designers to convey information. The interpretation of this information requires users to perform a variety of

9269: 6796: 2695:, color vision deficiencies have not been found to constitute a disability that triggers protection from workplace discrimination. 2286:, but this is just a prediction of the phenotype, since color vision can be affected by countless non-genetic factors such as your 2149: 1935: 1271: 192: 31: 2230: 693:, on biographical, gene inheritance and other grounds has been identified as a person with protanopia. 19th century French artist 6935: 2830:

All color blind individuals are banned from obtaining a driver's license in China and since 2016 in Russia (2012 for dichromats).

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Maximizing the area of colors (e.g. increase size, thickness or boldness of colored element) makes the color easier to identify.

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Morgan MJ, Adam A, Mollon JD (June 1992). "Dichromats detect colour-camouflaged objects that are not detected by trichromats".

2618:. Genetic analysis of Dalton's preserved eyeball confirmed him as having deuteranopia in 1995, some 150 years after his death. 2553:

During the 17th and 18th century, several philosophers hypothesized that not all individuals perceived colors in the same way:

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Color blindness is typically an inherited genetic disorder. The most common forms of color blindness are associated with the

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devised an alternative theory of color vision and color blindness based on Newton's classification of 7 fundamental colors (

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Physical trauma can cause color blindness, either neurologically – brain trauma which produces swelling of the brain in the

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Zeltzer HI (July 1979). "Use of modified X-Chrom for relief of light dazzlement and color blindness of a rod monochromat".

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Birch J (2012). "Subjects with colour vision deficiency in the community: what do primary care physicians need to know?".

3861:"Optimizing colormaps with consideration for color vision deficiency to enable accurate interpretation of scientific data" 2795:

Red–green color blindness can make it difficult to drive, primarily due to the inability to differentiate red–amber–green

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claims that the first well-circulated case study of color blindness was published in a 1777 letter from Joseph Huddart to

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Sharpe LT, Stockman A, Jägle H, Nathans J (1999). "Opsin genes, cone photopigments, color vision, and color blindness.".

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Participation, officiating and viewing sporting events can be impacted by color blindness. Professional football players

2526:...it is remarkable that, out of 25 pupils I once had, to whom I explained this subject, 2 were found to agree with me... 1909: 856:

to ensure the information carried by color is still sufficiently conveyed. At a minimum, the design should be tested for

1938:(Daltonism), which includes protanopia/protanomaly and deuteranopia/deuteranomaly. These conditions are mediated by the 938:

For denotative tasks, using colors that are classically associated with a color name. For example, use "firetruck" red (

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in marine and aviation settings employ red and green lights to signal the relative position of other ships or aircraft.

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Changes in skin color due to bruising, sunburn, rashes or even blushing are easily missed by the red–green color blind.

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only their deuteranopic eye open, they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and longer than it as yellow.

756: 4681: 3368: 7666: 7526: 4640:. Random House Reference (First ed.). New York, NY: Random House, for the American Medical Association. p. 3741:"Specificity of the chromatic noise influence on the luminance contrast discrimination to the color vision phenotype" 2850: 2175:

An Ishihara test image as seen by subjects with normal color vision and by those with a variety of color deficiencies

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of the partial color blindness. Clinically, it is more common to use a genotypical definition, which describes which

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Many mobile and computer applications have been developed to aid color blind individuals in completing color tasks:

1872: 9280: 7631: 5054:"New Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test norms of normal observers for each year of age 5–22 and for age decades 30–70" 2299: 1864: 239: 17: 3981: 1274:, so affects males disproportionately more than females. This form of color blindness is sometimes referred to as 9505: 9459: 8206: 7724: 7636: 3418:"Colour blindness does not preclude fame as an artist: celebrated Australian artist Clifton Pugh was a protanope" 2858: 2015: 1789: 469: 207:. Rarer genetic conditions causing color blindness include congenital blue–yellow color blindness (tritan type), 5629:

Hunt DM, Dulai KS, Bowmaker JK, Mollon JD (17 February 1995). "The chemistry of John Dalton's color blindness".

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community. However, the light has been criticized due to the potential hazard it poses for color blind drivers.

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Hunt D, Dulai K, Bowmaker J, Mollon J (17 February 1995). "The Chemistry of John Dalton's Color Blindness".

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These color charts show how different color blind people see compared to a person with normal color vision.

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The following sections describe specific color tasks with which the color blind typically have difficulty.

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to ensure there is sufficient brightness contrast between colors. However, this does not account for the

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Mollon JD, Cavonius LR (2012). "The Lagerlunda collision and the introduction of color vision testing".

5410:"Subjects with colour vision deficiency in the community: what do primary care physicians need to know?" 4156:

Moreland J, Kerr J (1979). "Optimization of a Rayleigh-type equation for the detection of tritanomaly".

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When possible (e.g. in simple video games or apps), allowing the user to choose their own colors is the

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in the retina, which mediate color vision. The most common form is caused by a genetic condition called

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as they could not discern Indigo. Subjects with superior color vision, who could discern indigo, were

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The main method for diagnosing a color vision deficiency is in testing the color vision directly. The

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apple, or to distinguish colors associated with artificial flavors (e.g. jelly beans, sports drinks).

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1 in 12 males (8%) and 1 in 200 females (0.5%). The condition is more prevalent in males, because the

9110: 9003: 8661: 8112: 8000: 7906: 7753: 7598: 7399: 7345: 2883: 2396:

was developed to allow the wearer to hear sounds representing different colors. Achromatopsic artist

2148:

Some people are also unable to distinct between blue and green, which appears to be a combination of

1775: 923:). Mistakes by the color blind increase drastically when uncommon shades are used, e.g. neon green ( 647: 9320: 9138: 8788: 8521: 7651: 7622: 7246: 7211: 6722: 6119: 4764:"Occupational styrene exposure and acquired dyschromatopsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 3952: 3497: 2887: 2721: 2717: 2641: 2637: 1853: 737: 588: 523: 2625:

studied color vision abnormalities in 1798 by asking two young subjects to match pairs of colors.

2053:

Color blindness may also present itself as a symptom of degenerative diseases of the eye, such as

1113:

since there is no ability to see color. Although the term may refer to acquired disorders such as

9372: 9325: 9315: 9310: 9305: 8122: 7876: 7676: 7196: 7189: 6782: 5862:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character

5353: 2725: 2724:

blamed on the color blindness of the engineer and created the first occupational screening test (

2206: 1857: 1279: 784:

color codes is the "red means bad and green means good" or similar systems, based on the classic

651: 351: 5751:

Vingrys AJ, Cole BL (1986). "Origins of colour vision standards within the transport industry".

1973:, and therefore affect males and females disproportionately. Because the color blind 'affected' 315: 9330: 8391: 8361: 8296: 8291: 8018: 7296: 7161: 6921: 4479: 2875: 2846: 2353: 1153: 1122: 1114: 995: 870:

Maximizing brightness (value) and saturation (chroma) of the colors to maximize color contrast.

208: 6762: 6686: 6277: 5937: 5188: 4641: 4442: 4368: 4362: 747:) that are discernible to the color blind but unreadable to people with typical color vision. 598: 238:. There is no cure for most causes of color blindness, however there is ongoing research into 9531: 9254: 9009: 8553: 8474: 8334: 8010: 6619:

Dalton J (1798). "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations".

6229: 6203: 5471: 4948:"Environment and culture shape both the colour lexicon and the genetics of colour perception" 4736: 4207: 511:– When colors look nice – or convey an emotional response – but do not carry explicit meaning 486:

Cole describes four color tasks, all of which are impeded to some degree by color blindness:

30:"Colorblind" redirects here. For the disorder that causes most forms of color blindness, see 8728: 7978: 5963: 5102: 4007: 2404:, Harbisson explained how he could now perceive colors outside the ability of human vision. 424:

These colors of confusion are defined quantitatively by straight confusion lines plotted in

392: 339: 327: 9227: 8910: 8898: 8107: 7693: 7688: 7646: 7461: 7377: 6835: 5638: 4959: 4904: 4121:

Deeb SS (2006). "Genetics of variation in human color vision and the retinal cone mosaic".

3882: 3752: 3671: 3617: 3561: 3390: 3118: 2279: 2058: 2019: 1065:. These comprise a light-to-dark scale superimposed on a yellow-to-blue scale, making them 826:

Using brightness contrast (different shades) in addition to color contrast (different hues)

617: 527:

Simulation of the normal (above) and dichromatic (below) perception of red and green apples

264:

Depending on the jurisdiction, the color blind are ineligible for certain careers, such as

6868: 3550:"Multidimensional scaling reveals a color dimension unique to 'color-deficient' observers" 3076: 1335:. A very few people have been found who have one normal eye and one protanopic eye. These 8: 9042: 8942: 8874: 8412: 8286: 8086: 7969: 7961: 7749: 7713: 7698: 7553: 7333: 7113: 6825: 6711: 3046: 2800: 2562: 2325: 2311: 2271: 2192: 2180: 2027: 244: 137: 72: 8042: 5642: 4963: 4908: 3886: 3756: 3675: 3621: 3565: 3122: 9357: 8763: 8671: 8565: 8023: 7773: 7681: 7605: 7558: 7370: 7306: 7291: 7151: 7100: 6282: 6185: 6093: 5893: 5885: 5776: 5764: 5725: 5708: 5662: 5591: 5533: 5078: 5053: 4988: 4947: 4928: 4872: 4847: 4788: 4763: 4614: 4418: 4393: 4338: 4313: 4294: 4181: 4062: 3905: 3872: 3860: 3773: 3740: 3689: 3641: 3587: 3447: 3327: 3258: 3233: 3154: 2824: 2196: 2093: 733: 702: 602: 445: 92: 6716: 5807: 5210:"Aeromedical implications of the X-chrom lens for improving color vision deficiencies" 5140: 3210: 1045:

Three sequential colormaps that have been designed to be accessible to the color blind

800:, and therefore should be avoided or supplemented with a parallel connotative system ( 9467: 9420: 9017: 8832: 8771: 8723: 8656: 8651: 8629: 8558: 8366: 8263: 8028: 7888: 7671: 7328: 7234: 6830: 6733: 6628: 6605: 6588: 6578: 6561: 6551: 6534: 6524: 6507: 6497: 6480: 6470: 6453: 6443: 6306: 6177: 6021: 5996: 5990: 5897: 5877: 5811: 5768: 5730: 5692:

Seebeck A (1837). "Über den bei mancher Personen vorkommenden Mangel an Farbensinn".

5654: 5599: 5583: 5477: 5448: 5390: 5338: 5221: 5171: 5144: 5083: 5034: 4993: 4975: 4920: 4877: 4828: 4793: 4742: 4645: 4634: 4618: 4604: 4514: 4423: 4372: 4343: 4286: 4173: 4169: 4138: 4103: 4054: 4013: 3910: 3819: 3814: 3778: 3633: 3579: 3439: 3434: 3417: 3263: 3214: 3146: 2997: 2989: 2596: 2334: 2242: 2166: 2137:

The opponent channels can also be affected by the prevalence of certain cones in the

2047: 2031: 1006: 664: 231: 132: 80: 6189: 5780: 4600: 4298: 4185: 4066: 3645: 3451: 3158: 2606:

The phenomenon only came to be scientifically studied in 1794, when English chemist

1041: 694: 605:, which is upside-down (green–amber–red top to bottom) due to the sentiments of its 371:

Confusion lines for the three types of dichromacy superimposed on CIEXYZ color space

9526: 9415: 9410: 9390: 9385: 9148: 8915: 8793: 8743: 8738: 8710: 8676: 8666: 8536: 8154: 8144: 7990: 7965: 7898: 7864: 7783: 7414: 7404: 7301: 7156: 7043: 7033: 6875: 6167: 5869: 5838: 5803: 5760: 5720: 5666: 5646: 5575: 5421: 5382: 5289: 5281: 5136: 5073: 5065: 5024: 4983: 4967: 4932: 4912: 4867: 4859: 4820: 4783: 4775: 4596: 4413: 4405: 4333: 4325: 4278: 4244: 4165: 4130: 4093: 4046: 3900: 3890: 3809: 3768: 3760: 3693: 3679: 3625: 3591: 3569: 3527: 3429: 3323: 3294: 3253: 3245: 3206: 3136: 3126: 2981: 2933: 2640:

in Sweden brought color blindness to the forefront. Following the crash, Professor

2622: 2600: 2282:

and peak wavelengths. A subject's color vision can therefore be classified through

1328: 1324: 945: 643: 505:– When identifying colors, for example by name, such as "where is the yellow ball?" 457: 6805: 6774: 5248:"A Scientist Accidentally Developed Sunglasses That Could Correct Color Blindness" 4723:

Description, user reviews, drug side effects, interactions–prescribing information

4050: 2076:

of prescription drug use. For example, red–green color blindness can be caused by

1926: 9445: 9435: 9430: 9395: 9297: 9133: 9080: 8970: 8903: 8718: 8634: 8185: 8149: 7768: 7593: 7580: 7514: 7471: 7389: 7201: 7133: 7053: 7038: 6727: 6654: 6067: 5360: 5195: 4409: 4329: 3895: 2908: 2283: 1294: 690: 187:

problem or variation in the functionality of one or more of the three classes of

5285: 4824: 4810: 3707: 2747:

brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, gray, white, silver, and gold.

1319:

for comparison)—that is, they cannot discriminate light of this wavelength from

761: 227:, or from medication toxicity. Color vision also naturally degrades in old age. 9495: 9440: 9425: 9405: 9400: 9183: 8997: 8992: 8820: 8798: 8733: 8605: 8570: 8543: 8451: 8303: 8248: 8091: 7859: 7788: 7570: 7540: 7486: 7440: 7311: 7184: 7118: 7108: 6647: 5529: 4971: 3839:"14 Avoiding the Use of Color Alone to Convey Meaning and Algorithms That Help" 3764: 3197:

Marmor MF, Lanthony P (March 2001). "The dilemma of color deficiency and art".

2796: 2751: 2629: 2584: 2401: 2397: 2287: 2138: 2131: 2100: 2011: 1390: 1381:

or short-wavelength sensitive cone cells. Tritans see short-wavelength colors (

1332: 1316: 1130: 865:

Color contrast improves as the angle the color subtends on the retina increases

769:, to ensure that no information is lost to the various forms of color blindness 744: 669: 626: 606: 273: 265: 6738: 6701: 5426: 5409: 4134: 3574: 3549: 3466: 2377:) of a color on screen or the color of an object by using the device's camera. 2046:– or retinally, either acute (e.g. from laser exposure) or chronic (e.g. from 701:

rather than painting after he was diagnosed as having a red–green deficiency.

576:

The lack of standard positional clues makes this light difficult to interpret.

367: 9520: 9380: 8965: 8851: 8776: 8753: 8693: 8617: 8600: 8506: 8371: 8226: 8166: 7883: 7831: 7778: 7708: 7617: 7504: 7481: 7409: 7318: 7123: 7028: 6895: 6890: 6863: 6817: 6809: 6592: 6457: 5881: 5587: 4979: 4505:[Color vision test for detection and evaluation of dyschromatopsia]. 4232: 3823: 3522:

Simonite T (5 December 2005). "Colour blindness may have hidden advantages".

2993: 2938: 2916: 2867: 2241:

are typically designed to detect red–green deficiencies and are based on the

2007: 1955: 1805: 1406: 1233:, where red and green lights are mixed by a subject to match a yellow light. 1189: 1166: 1145: 1118: 835:

different perceptions of brightness to different varieties of color blindness

612: 581: 235: 212: 85: 6913: 6565: 6538: 6511: 6484: 6332:"Do color blindmen a driver's license. Color blindmen allowed to drive cars" 6097: 5650: 5579: 5386: 4916: 4863: 3299: 3282: 2712:

mixing paint colors), or in which color perception is important for safety (

1950:. An 'affected' gene is either missing (as in Protanopia and Deuteranopia - 1311:

for long-wavelength sensitive cone cells. Protans have a neutral point at a

1173:(nearsightedness). Visual acuity usually falls to the 20/50 to 20/400 range. 878: 9215: 9178: 9171: 8977: 8960: 8952: 8893: 8885: 8748: 8592: 8236: 8064: 7445: 7360: 7268: 7146: 7141: 7086: 7081: 6885: 6850: 6840: 6632: 6181: 5873: 5842: 5815: 5734: 5603: 5394: 5087: 5069: 5038: 5029: 5012: 4997: 4881: 4832: 4797: 4502: 4461:, edited by Jacqueline L. Longe, 4th ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2018, pp. 890–892. 4427: 4347: 4290: 4142: 4107: 3914: 3782: 3629: 3583: 3443: 3267: 3218: 3150: 2922: 2370: 2341: 2237: 2081: 1994: 1947: 1785: 1230: 1136: 1104: 686: 541: 441: 418: 382: 281: 269: 204: 176: 98: 75:

plate. Viewers with normal color vision should clearly see the number "74".

5772: 5658: 5564:"The G. Palmer Story (Or, "What It's Like, Sometimes, To Be A Scientist")" 5449:"Extraordinary Facts relating to the Vision of Colours: With Observations" 5209: 5148: 4924: 4518: 4058: 3637: 3001: 2985: 2549:

An 1895 illustration of normal vision and various kinds of color blindness

1152:

cone monochromats have not been definitively described in the literature.

811:

Good practices to ensure design is accessible to the color blind include:

215:. Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the 9352: 9210: 8987: 8982: 8846: 8815: 8781: 8686: 8582: 8548: 8435: 8386: 8329: 8324: 8281: 8259: 8170: 8161: 8081: 8059: 7871: 7843: 7641: 7509: 7350: 7171: 7048: 7000: 6947: 6900: 6757: 5444: 5294: 5225: 5175: 4177: 4098: 4081: 3531: 3249: 3131: 3106: 2770: 2691:

In the United States, under federal anti-discrimination laws such as the

2607: 2374: 2254:

While genetic testing cannot directly evaluate a subject's color vision (

2073: 2006:

Several inherited diseases are known to cause color blindness, including

1970: 1226: 1193: 1162: 277: 220: 148: 5595: 5563: 4706: 2776: 2616:

Extraordinary Facts relating to the Vision of Colours: With Observations

2533:

Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations

2114:

Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations

2026:

or commence in childhood or adulthood. They can be static/stationary or

1368:

greenish hues. Tritans have a neutral point at 571 nm (yellowish).

493: – When multiple colors must be compared, such as with mixing paint 9362: 9205: 9033: 8937: 8925: 8681: 8644: 8639: 8622: 8356: 8319: 8243: 8231: 8175: 8136: 7957: 7847: 7206: 7071: 6880: 4779: 4282: 3141: 2127: 2085: 2077: 2023: 1951: 1222: 1183: 1058: 1049:

A common task for data visualization is to represent a color scale, or

988: 972: 908: 885: 801: 773: 481: 258: 254: 6669: 6257:"Discrimination against Romanians with genetic chromatic deficiencies" 6172: 6155: 5013:"Specifying colours for colour vision testing using computer graphics" 3342:"New documentary uncovers the Irish links to America's Tipperary Hill" 2545: 2258:), most congenital color vision deficiencies are well-correlated with 1815:

Color vision deficiencies can be classified as inherited or acquired.

1188:

Dichromats can match any color they see with some mixture of just two

1062: 1025:

than blue–yellow CVD, design should generally prioritize those users (

874: 9222: 9195: 9190: 8699: 8407: 8381: 8255: 8201: 8189: 8074: 8069: 8054: 8050: 7588: 7286: 7263: 7076: 7023: 7018: 6995: 6124: 5889: 5857: 3684: 3659: 2324:

A red-tint contact lens worn over the non-dominant eye will leverage

2267: 2255: 2171: 2123: 2066: 1904: 1801: 1797: 1796:. Mechanisms for color blindness are related to the functionality of 1246: 1242: 1158: 1066: 705:'s red–green color blindness did not stop him from becoming first an 499: – When colors are given an implicit meaning, such as red = stop 465: 188: 6278:"Mild to medium colour blind people can now obtain driver's license" 4503:"Test chromatique pour dépistage et étalonnage des dyschromatopsies" 4457:

Steefel, Lorraine T., and Timothy E. Moore, PhD. "Color Blindness."

1842: 975:

pieces must be carefully chosen to be accessible to the color blind.

9477: 9200: 8808: 8446: 8211: 7745: 7548: 7179: 6575:

Color science: concepts and methods, quantitative data and formulae

4738:

Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects: Clinical ocular toxicology e‑book

3877: 3712: 3107:"Do EnChroma glasses improve color vision for colorblind subjects?" 2345: 2263: 2259: 2062: 2054: 1393:) as greenish and drastically dimmed, some of these colors even as 1377:(< 0.01% of individuals): Lacking, or possessing anomalous 1117:, it typically refers to congenital color vision disorders, namely 1054: 706: 537: 249: 184: 124: 120: 116: 8865: 6405:"Colour-blindness research could clear more pilots to fly: UK CAA" 4762:

Choi AR, Braun JM, Papandonatos GD, Greenberg PB (November 2017).

2130:, and are most typically an effect of yellowing or removal of the 1077: 456:

of that type will see the chromaticities as metameric if they are

9249: 8531: 8273: 8216: 7758: 7565: 7496: 7466: 7456: 7063: 5912:"Full text of the decision of the court – in Portuguese language" 2760: 2656: 2393: 2278:

of these two genes are known and have even been related to exact

2213: 2043: 1974: 1809: 873:

Converting connotative tasks to comparative tasks by including a

698: 9472: 9075: 9065: 8466: 8376: 7278: 7255: 6975: 6696: 6681: 6621:

Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester

2820: 2816: 2275: 2089: 1990: 1966: 1962: 1943: 1939: 1386: 1378: 1350: 1308: 1170: 805: 425: 257:, but they do not grant the wearer "normal color vision". Some 5220:(3). Oklahoma City: Federal Aviation Administration: 249–255. 4761: 4734: 1289: 9100: 9095: 9085: 9055: 8526: 8497: 8348: 6042:"Football players shocked when experiencing Colour Blindness" 1793: 1784:

Color blindness is any deviation of color vision from normal

1398: 1394: 1320: 1250: 979:

A common task for designers is to select a subset of colors (

722: 224: 200: 180: 158:

Red–green: 8% males, 0.5% females (Northern European descent)

63: 2849:

of aircraft that have lost radio communication, color-coded

2610:

gave the first account of color blindness in a paper to the

2320:" color blindness or grant the wearer normal color vision): 9090: 9070: 9050: 8920: 8837: 7428: 6990: 6362: 5995:(4th ed.). Berkeley, California: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. 4945: 4037:

Weiss AH, Biersdorf WR (1989). "Blue cone monochromatism".

3946: 2919:– Ability to see colors, but inability to recognize colors. 1402: 1382: 1312: 983:

colormap) that are as mutually differentiable as possible (

4583: 4556: 4360: 3738: 3548:

Bosten J, Robinson J, Jordan G, Mollon J (December 2005).

3547: 3314:

Cole BL (1972). "The handicap of abnormal colour vision".

1984: 9166: 9060: 8825: 5673: 3283:"Multispectral analysis of color vision deficiency tests" 2886:'s Applied Vision Research Centre, sponsored by the UK's 1405:

respectively, and purple colors are perceived as various

955: 592:

The infamous inverted traffic light in Syracuse, New York

243:

parents/teachers, to actively accommodate the condition.

216: 5274:

Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation

1915: 5628: 4894: 4569:

but rather has been mistaken for incomplete tritanopia.

3369:"The Story Behind Syracuse's Upside-Down Traffic Light" 1069:

and perceptually uniform to all forms of color vision.

829:

To achieve good contrast, conventional wisdom suggests

6599: 5610: 5568:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

2925:– Ability to see colors, but inability to name colors. 1293:

Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the

554:

Evolution of color vision in primates § Skin Tone

5127:

Siegel IM (1981). "The X-Chrom lens. On seeing red".

3471:

Art Encyclopedia. The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art

1780:

Congenital red–green color blindness § Mechanism

1286:

is still used to describe red–green color blindness.

721:

Deuteranomals are better at distinguishing shades of

6659: 4735:

Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW, Chambers WA (2014).

2898: 1977:

are recessive, color blindness specifically follows

1922:

Congenital red–green color blindness § Genetics

877:, even when the meaning is considered obvious (e.g. 472:

may not be isoluminant to a person with dichromacy.

230:

Diagnosis of color blindness is usually done with a

7977: 6804: 4394:"The genetics of normal and defective color vision" 4314:"The genetics of normal and defective color vision" 3947:Spring KR, Parry-Hill MJ, Fellers TJ, Davidson MW. 3234:"Vision, eye disease, and art: 2015 Keeler Lecture" 1282:, who had red–green dichromacy. In some languages, 1021:, and vice versa. However, since red–green is much 788:. However, this color coding will almost always be 195:(including protan and deutan types), which affects 27:

Decreased ability to see color or color differences

6491: 6060:"Billiard Index: Mark Williams MBE player profile" 5271: 4946:Josserand M, Meeussen E, Majid A, Dediu D (2021). 4633: 4459:The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health 2646:requiring color vision to interpret safety signals 2266:can be directly evaluated and used to predict the 2225:can be used as screening or diagnostic tools. The 1934:By far the most common form of color blindness is 736:to them. This is the effect behind most "reverse" 9119:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate 7922:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION) 4476:"Disease-causing Mutations and protein structure" 4361:Harrison G, Tanner J, Pilbeam D, Baker P (1988). 4039:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 3930:Zeitschrift für Psychologie Physiologie Sinnesorg 2854:permitted to obtain piloting credentials at all. 2373:) can identify the name (or coordinates within a 1812:and thereby convert light into chemical signals. 9518: 4813:Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 3607: 1349:(6% of males): Lacking, or possessing anomalous 1307:(2% of males): Lacking, or possessing anomalous 1018: 6378:"Aerospace Medical Dispositions – Color vision" 6307:"Some of us see the world in a different light" 5858:"Trichromic Vision and Anomalous Trichromatism" 4264: 4262: 2739:Color-blindness: Its Danger & Its Detection 2084:. Blue–yellow color blindness can be caused by 1397:. Yellow and orange are indistinguishable from 6572: 6442:. Washington, DC: Optical Society of America. 5793: 5335:Eculture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age. 5164:Journal of the American Optometric Association 5051: 4694:Description, Types of Color Vision Deficiency, 4036: 3798:"Diagnosis of Defective Colour Vision, 2nd Ed" 3196: 2882:Research published in 2009 carried out by the 2061:, and as part of the retinal damage caused by 1424: 1358: 1010: 468:. Also, colors that may be isoluminant to the 261:can use a device's camera to identify colors. 57:Color vision deficiency, impaired color vision 8482: 6943: 6929: 6790: 6437: 5855: 5453:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 5363:, Neil Harbisson at TED Global, 27 June 2012. 4552: 4550: 4123:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 3104: 3077:"Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness)" 2612:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 1969:genes are on the X chromosome, they are 1144:Rod monochromacy, frequently called complete 860:CVD, the most common kind of color blindness. 253:) may help the red–green color blind at some 7996:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia 6545: 5535:Elements of the philosophy of the human mind 4680:. Color Blindness, Color Vision Deficiency. 4631: 4593:Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology 4478:. UCL Biochemistry BSM Group. Archived from 4367:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4259: 4155: 3543: 3541: 3366: 2589:Elements of the philosophy of the human mind 1256: 1005:Unfortunately, the colors with the greatest 867:. This applies to all types of color vision. 7324:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy 6983: 5750: 5709:"The evolution of concepts of color vision" 5503: 5375:Journal of the Optical Society of America A 5214:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 4440: 3928:von Kries J (1897). "Ueber Farbensysteme". 2972:Gordon N (March 1998). "Colour blindness". 2069:deficiency may also cause color blindness. 1871:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 677:that can be difficult for the color blind. 531:Color blindness causes difficulty with the 437: 9501: 8489: 8475: 6936: 6922: 6797: 6783: 5787: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5439: 5437: 5407: 5198:. Artoptical.com. Retrieved on 2016-12-10. 4584:Rodriguez-Carmona M, Patterson EJ (2020). 4579: 4577: 4547: 4391: 4311: 3854: 3852: 3843:Best Practices in Accessible Online Design 3415: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 831:converting a (digital) design to grayscale 453: 62: 6402: 6230:"ORDIN 87 03/02/2003 – Portal Legislativ" 6204:"ORDIN 87 03/02/2003 – Portal Legislativ" 6171: 5724: 5425: 5293: 5077: 5028: 4987: 4871: 4787: 4417: 4337: 4097: 4079: 3927: 3904: 3894: 3876: 3813: 3772: 3683: 3603: 3601: 3573: 3538: 3489: 3433: 3298: 3257: 3140: 3130: 3100: 3098: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 1891:Learn how and when to remove this message 1315:-like wavelength around 492 nm (see 1236: 1192:(in contrast to those with normal sight ( 9270:International Commission on Illumination 6464: 6149: 6147: 5679: 5616: 5469: 4741:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 79. 4674:"NEI - Types of Color Vision Deficiency" 4500: 4385: 4354: 3521: 2544: 2212: 2170: 1925: 1288: 1215: 1076: 1040: 1002:actually accessible to the color blind. 966: 962: 760: 611: 587: 571: 522: 366: 6518: 6020:. Columbus, Ohio: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. 5828: 5746: 5744: 5691: 5550: 5528: 5434: 5161: 5094: 5052:Kinnear PR, Sahraie A (December 2002). 5010: 4852:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4768:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 4574: 4269:Wong B (June 2011). "Color blindness". 4001: 3999: 3849: 3379:from the original on 16 September 2014. 2337:, though this is typically not allowed. 2034:, up to and including total blindness. 2001: 1985:Genetics of blue–yellow color blindness 1958:(as in Protanomaly and Deuteranomaly). 428:, usually plotted on the corresponding 14: 9519: 9260:Color Association of the United States 6618: 6492:Rubin ML, Cassin B, Solomon S (1984). 5992:All in One A+ Certification Exam Guide 5988: 5443: 5126: 4560:Color vision: From genes to perception 4026:from the original on 27 December 2016. 3598: 3280: 3231: 3095: 3008: 2971: 2950: 2191:, a classification which includes the 1788:color vision (often as defined by the 1036: 697:became successful by concentrating on 536:distinguish some varietals, such as a 8470: 8433: 7829: 7232: 6961: 6917: 6778: 6600:Kuchenbecker J, Broschmann D (2014). 6577:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 6254: 6144: 6120:"Rueful Ebdon mistakes brown for red" 5829:McLaren K (1985). "Newton's indigo". 5753:Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 5561: 5372: 5207: 5100: 3976: 3974: 3858: 3795: 3477:from the original on 25 November 2010 3422:Clinical & Experimental Optometry 3416:Cole BL, Harris RW (September 2009). 2803:to individuals with color blindness: 2037: 1916:Genetics of red–green color blindness 1746: 1698: 1451: 1435: 1363:Blue–yellow color blindness includes 1014: 789: 401:Confusion colors for tritan include: 203:genes responsible are located on the 7804:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 6467:Colour blindness: causes and effects 6355: 6286:. Press Trust of India. 26 June 2020 6153: 6015: 5741: 5476:. Wayenborgh Publishing. p. 3. 5058:The British Journal of Ophthalmology 4845: 4839: 4268: 4120: 4005: 3996: 3836: 3313: 2834: 2699:enjoyment of their human condition. 2621:Influenced by Dalton, German writer 2392:In 2003, a cybernetic device called 2160: 1936:congenital red–green color blindness 1869:adding citations to reliable sources 1836: 1272:congenital red–green color blindness 1089: 991:should be as different as possible. 709:and later a character designer with 193:congenital red–green color blindness 32:Congenital red–green color blindness 7927:non-arteritic anterior (NAION) 7764:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 6496:. Gainesville, Fla: Triad Pub. Co. 6236:(in Romanian). Ministerul Justiției 6210:(in Romanian). Ministerul Justiției 6160:Clinical and Experimental Optometry 5706: 5201: 4671: 4632:Leikin JB, Lipsky MS, eds. (2003). 4237:"Severity of Colorblindness Varies" 4198: 3959:from the original on 27 August 2007 3949:"Human Vision and Color Perception" 3708:"Colour blindness not all it seems" 3495: 3348:from the original on 15 August 2017 3316:Clinical and Experimental Optometry 2929:List of people with color blindness 2790: 2298:Despite much recent improvement in 1910:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 1331:are indistinguishable from various 1261:Red–green color blindness includes 987:). For example, player pieces in a 765:Testing the colors of a web chart, 689:, three-time winner of Australia's 444:along a confusion line will appear 362: 24: 9124:Blue–green distinction in language 7799:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis 6430: 6358:"Answers for Pilots: Color vision" 5970:from the original on 16 April 2013 5944:from the original on 25 March 2012 5765:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb01155.x 5337:Springer (New York, 2009). p. 319 4707:"VIAGRA (SILDENAFIL CITRATE) DRUG" 4441:MacAdam DL, Judd DB, eds. (1979). 3971: 3344:. TheJournal.ie. 6 November 2016. 3328:10.1111/j.1444-0938.1972.tb06271.x 3069: 2840: 2645: 2249: 2080:, a drug used in the treatment of 785: 757:Color coding in data visualization 25: 9553: 9537:Visual disturbances and blindness 7527:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 6641: 5808:10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.10.003 5310:"Colour Blindness: Experience it" 4231: 3992:from the original on 29 May 2014. 3720:from the original on 23 June 2016 3660:"Colour-Blindness and Camouflage" 3057:from the original on 28 July 2016 2667:. The color blind were therefore 2614:, which was published in 1798 as 1946:genes, respectively, both on the 1800:, and often to the expression of 1072: 1053:colormap, often in the form of a 1022: 884:Avoiding denotative color tasks ( 846: 750: 561: 147:Adjustments to teaching methods, 9500: 9491: 9490: 9281:International Colour Association 8864: 8496: 7632:Central retinal artery occlusion 6415:from the original on 2 June 2009 6396: 6384:from the original on 12 May 2009 6370: 5831:Color Research & Application 5459:(1). England, Manchester: 28–45. 5245: 4684:from the original on 8 July 2014 4533:"Acquired colour vision defects" 4507:Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie 3815:10.1097/00006324-200207000-00005 3610:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 3498:"Dreams come true, Disney style" 3464: 3435:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2009.00384.x 2901: 2300:gene therapy for color blindness 2270:. This is especially useful for 1841: 1225:. Anomalous trichromats exhibit 781: 777: 674: 638: 632: 350: 338: 326: 314: 302: 7637:Branch retinal artery occlusion 7366:Terrien's marginal degeneration 6602:Plates for color vision testing 6349: 6324: 6298: 6270: 6248: 6222: 6196: 6132:from the original on 4 May 2012 6112: 6082: 6052: 6034: 6009: 5982: 5956: 5930: 5904: 5849: 5822: 5700: 5685: 5622: 5522: 5497: 5463: 5401: 5366: 5347: 5327: 5302: 5265: 5239: 5182: 5155: 5120: 5045: 5004: 4939: 4888: 4804: 4755: 4728: 4699: 4665: 4625: 4601:10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_277-3 4525: 4494: 4468: 4451: 4434: 4312:Neitz J, Neitz M (April 2011). 4305: 4225: 4201:"Accommodating Color Blindness" 4192: 4149: 4114: 4073: 4030: 3940: 3921: 3830: 3789: 3732: 3700: 3652: 3515: 3458: 3409: 3383: 3360: 3334: 2859:Federal Aviation Administration 2693:Americans with Disabilities Act 2653:Frederick William Edridge-Green 2407: 2227:Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test 1098: 599:traffic light in Tipperary Hill 449: 432:. The lines all intersect at a 9276:International Color Consortium 9265:International Colour Authority 8434: 7667:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy 7627:Central retinal vein occlusion 7356:Pellucid marginal degeneration 6648:"A Glossary of Color Science." 6573:Stiles WS, Wyszecki G (2000). 6550:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 6469:. Chester: Dalton Publishing. 6438:Kaiser PK, Boynton RM (1996). 6304: 6156:"Colour Blindness and Driving" 6096:. 15 July 2012. Archived from 5473:The History of Color Blindness 4586:"Photoreceptors, Color Vision" 4444:Contributions to color science 4009:A Dictionary of Hallucinations 3367:Zhang, Sarah (17 March 2014). 3307: 3274: 3225: 3190: 3165: 2702: 2671:(equivalent to dichromacy) or 1979:X-linked recessive inheritance 994:Classic advice suggests using 918: 899: 475: 175:) is the decreased ability to 13: 1: 9341:List of Crayola crayon colors 7720:Vitelliform macular dystrophy 7611:Posterior vitreous detachment 7477:Persistent pupillary membrane 6494:Dictionary of eye terminology 6411:. Reed Business Information. 5408:Chan X, Goh S, Tan N (2014). 5141:10.1016/S0039-6257(81)80001-X 4636:Complete Medical Encyclopedia 4051:10.3928/0191-3913-19890901-04 3211:10.1016/S0039-6257(00)00192-2 3047:"Facts About Color Blindness" 2944: 2522:arrived upon this 8% number: 2293: 1177: 1165:(light sensitivity), reduced 1109:Monochromacy is often called 912: 852:Viewing the design through a 716: 711:Walt Disney Animation Studios 547: 9542:X-linked recessive disorders 8207:Leber's congenital amaurosis 8118:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 7830: 7809:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease 7794:Persistent fetal vasculature 7725:Leber's congenital amaurosis 5414:Asia Pacific Family Medicine 4410:10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.002 4330:10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.002 4241:Medical College of Wisconsin 4170:10.1016/0042-6989(79)90209-8 3896:10.1371/journal.pone.0199239 3802:Optometry and Vision Science 2155: 2016:Leber's congenital amaurosis 949: 930: 924: 616:Horizontal traffic light in 567: 36:Color blind (disambiguation) 7: 9144:Traditional colors of Japan 8921:Achromatic colors (Neutral) 8804:Multi-primary color display 8578:Spectral power distribution 7006:Meibomian gland dysfunction 6546:Hilbert D, Byrne A (1997). 6403:Warburton S (29 May 2009). 6090:"Hawkins on Top Down Under" 5286:10.1016/j.jvcir.2015.12.014 4825:10.1016/j.oftal.2016.05.008 3982:"Types of Colour Blindness" 3473:. Oxford University Press. 3232:Marmor MF (February 2016). 2894: 2728:) against the color blind. 2575:In the power of conceiving 2229:is very sensitive, but the 2103:of his eye was discolored: 1832: 1425:Summary of cone complements 1359:Blue–yellow color blindness 1030: 1026: 998:, but several of these are 939: 857: 842: 838: 797: 793: 627:eastern provinces of Canada 10: 9558: 7730:Birdshot chorioretinopathy 7704:Central serous retinopathy 7522:Focal choroidal excavation 7395:Corneal neovascularization 7212:Subconjunctival hemorrhage 6962: 5011:Toufeeq A (October 2004). 4972:10.1038/s41598-021-98550-3 4082:"Colour vision deficiency" 3765:10.1038/s41598-020-74875-3 2857:In the United States, the 2838: 2788: 2784: 2540: 2309: 2164: 2152:and exposure to UV-light. 1919: 1792:) that produces a reduced 1773: 1446: 1441: 1181: 1102: 819:inclusive design practice. 754: 662: 658: 636: 565: 551: 479: 411:dark blue/violet and black 287: 29: 9486: 9458: 9371: 9296: 9289: 9240: 9159: 9109: 9041: 9032: 9004:Color realism (art style) 8951: 8884: 8873: 8862: 8762: 8709: 8662:Evolution of color vision 8591: 8514: 8505: 8442: 8429: 8400: 8347: 8312: 8272: 8197: 8184: 8135: 8113:Convergence insufficiency 8100: 8041: 8009: 7986: 7956: 7897: 7855: 7842: 7838: 7825: 7754:Primary juvenile glaucoma 7738: 7599:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 7579: 7539: 7495: 7436: 7427: 7277: 7254: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7228: 7170: 7132: 7099: 7062: 7014: 6974: 6970: 6957: 6948:Diseases of the human eye 6849: 6816: 6748: 6663: 6154:Cole B (September 2016). 5856:Edridge-Green FW (1913). 5427:10.1186/s12930-014-0010-3 5103:"Color vision deficiency" 4392:Neitz J, Neitz M (2011). 4135:10.1016/j.gde.2006.04.002 4080:Simunovic MP (May 2010). 3575:10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.031 3391:"What is Color Analysis?" 2884:City University of London 2819:, and a stipulation that 2686: 2683:(anomalous trichromacy). 2413:Rates of color blindness 2305: 2189:Pseudoisochromatic plates 2088:, an active component of 2072:Color blindness may be a 1776:Trichromatic color vision 1769: 1743: 1726: 1695: 1647: 1550: 1543: 1517: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1257:Red–green color blindness 954:) to represent the word " 738:Pseudoisochromatic plates 397:red, green, orange, brown 154: 143: 131: 112: 104: 91: 79: 70: 61: 53: 48: 9321:List of colors (compact) 9139:Color in Chinese culture 8789:Digital image processing 8522:Electromagnetic spectrum 7623:Ocular ischemic syndrome 6356:King KD (January 2012). 5538:(1 ed.). p. 80 4661:– via archive.org. 4537:colourblindawareness.org 4465:, Accessed 29 Dec. 2021. 3953:Florida State University 3105:Gómez-Robledo L (2018). 2888:Civil Aviation Authority 2722:Alarik Frithiof Holmgren 2642:Alarik Frithiof Holmgren 2369:Some applications (e.g. 436:, which varies with the 9326:List of colors by shade 8123:One and a half syndrome 7877:Foster Kennedy syndrome 6523:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 5796:Survey of Ophthalmology 5651:10.1126/science.7863342 5504:Malebranche N (1712) . 5387:10.1364/JOSAA.29.000313 5208:Welsh KW (April 1978). 5129:Survey of Ophthalmology 5107:Genetics Home Reference 4917:10.1126/science.7863342 4864:10.1136/oem.2005.022400 4848:"Solvent neurotoxicity" 4501:V I, Gastaud P (1996). 4012:. Springer. p. 4. 3300:10.5755/j01.ms.17.1.259 3199:Survey of Ophthalmology 2737:Benjamin Joy Jeffries, 2360: 2207:Farnsworth Lantern Test 1681:Blue cone monochromacy 1460: = anomalous 1019:blue–yellow color blind 585:available (see image). 518: 438:type of color blindness 414:violet and yellow-green 169:color vision deficiency 9331:List of color palettes 8362:Argyll Robertson pupil 7162:Periorbital cellulitis 6653:4 October 2015 at the 5874:10.1098/rspb.1913.0010 5843:10.1002/col.5080100411 5707:Lee BB (1 July 2008). 5314:Colour Blind Awareness 5070:10.1136/bjo.86.12.1408 5030:10.1038/sj.eye.6701378 3986:Colour Blind Awareness 3796:Hovis JK (July 2002). 3630:10.1098/rspb.1992.0074 3496:Lee Hw (15 May 2011). 3395:London Image Institute 2851:glide-path indications 2744: 2718:Lagerlunda train crash 2638:Lagerlunda train crash 2594: 2572: 2567:The search after truth 2550: 2538: 2354:neutral-density filter 2280:spectral sensitivities 2218: 2217:A Farnsworth D-15 test 2176: 2119: 1931: 1699:Total color blindness 1599:Anomalous trichromacy 1541:Anomalous trichromacy 1298: 1237:Based on affected cone 1154:Blue cone monochromacy 1123:blue cone monochromacy 1115:cerebral achromatopsia 1082: 1046: 976: 917:) with bright yellow ( 907:For denotative tasks ( 770: 680: 621: 593: 577: 528: 372: 209:blue cone monochromacy 34:. For other uses, see 9255:Color Marketing Group 9010:On Vision and Colours 8943:Tinctures in heraldry 8554:Structural coloration 8335:Scintillating scotoma 8001:Kearns–Sayre syndrome 7944:Toxic and nutritional 7917:posterior (PION) 7400:Kayser–Fleischer ring 5580:10.1093/jhmas/XI.1.66 4846:Dick F (March 2006). 2986:10.1038/sj.ph.1900446 2791:§ Traffic lights 2730: 2573: 2555: 2548: 2524: 2475:Anomalous trichromacy 2216: 2174: 2105: 1929: 1645:Anomalous trichromacy 1337:unilateral dichromats 1292: 1216:Anomalous trichromacy 1111:total color blindness 1080: 1044: 1011:red–green color blind 970: 963:Unordered Information 764: 648:Railway signal lights 615: 591: 575: 526: 454:Anomalous trichromats 370: 280:, and members of the 97:Decreased ability to 9336:List of color spaces 9228:Tint, shade and tone 9111:Cultural differences 8926:Polychromatic colors 8911:Complementary colors 8899:Monochromatic colors 8108:Conjugate gaze palsy 7979:Paralytic strabismus 7912:anterior (AION) 7694:Retinitis pigmentosa 7689:Macular degeneration 7462:Intermediate uveitis 7378:Keratoconjunctivitis 6836:Intraocular pressure 6604:. New York: Thieme. 6521:The science of color 4543:on 16 December 2014. 4099:10.1038/eye.2009.251 3532:10.1038/news051205-1 3250:10.1038/eye.2015.197 3132:10.1364/OE.26.028693 2841:§ Signal lights 2774: 2726:Holmgren's wool test 2059:macular degeneration 2020:retinitis pigmentosa 2002:Other genetic causes 1865:improve this section 1329:lavender, and purple 929:) with dark yellow ( 618:Halifax, Nova Scotia 430:chromaticity diagram 9316:List of colors: N–Z 9311:List of colors: G–M 9306:List of colors: A–F 8413:Childhood blindness 8392:Parinaud's syndrome 7962:Extraocular muscles 7750:Ocular hypertension 7714:Epiretinal membrane 7699:Retinal haemorrhage 7554:Congenital cataract 6519:Shevell SK (2003). 6465:McIntyre D (2002). 6128:. 13 October 2008. 5643:1995Sci...267..984H 5470:Lanthony P (2018). 5354:"I listen to color" 5333:Alfredo M. Ronchi: 4964:2021NatSR..1119095J 4909:1995Sci...267..984H 4447:. NBS. p. 584. 3887:2018PLoSO..1399239N 3845:. Pressbooks @ MSL. 3757:2020NatSR..1017897S 3716:. 6 December 2015. 3676:1940Natur.146Q.226. 3670:(3694): 226. 1940. 3622:1992RSPSB.248..291M 3566:2005CBio...15.R950B 3123:2018OExpr..2628693G 3117:(22): 28693–28703. 2847:color-gun signaling 2563:Nicolas Malebranche 2414: 2326:binocular disparity 2312:Color blind glasses 2193:Ishihara color test 2184:academic settings. 2181:Ishihara color test 1455: = normal 1161:("jiggling eyes"), 1037:Ordered Information 1015:colors of confusion 786:signal light colors 464:, meaning equal in 357:Monochromatic sight 245:Color blind glasses 138:Ishihara color test 73:Ishihara color test 9363:List of web colors 9358:List of RAL colors 8764:Color reproduction 8729:Lüscher color test 8566:Color of chemicals 7939:Leber's hereditary 7606:Retinal detachment 7559:Childhood cataract 7371:Post-LASIK ectasia 7152:Orbital cellulitis 7101:Lacrimal apparatus 6749:External resources 6440:Human color vision 6283:The Times of India 6100:on 17 October 2023 6094:World Snooker Tour 5694:Annalen der Physik 5359:2012-08-12 at the 5194:2015-04-12 at the 4952:Scientific Reports 4780:10.1002/ajim.22766 4713:. drug information 4283:10.1038/nmeth.1618 4247:on 5 February 2007 3745:Scientific Reports 2825:Farnsworth Lantern 2551: 2412: 2335:color vision tests 2219: 2177: 2094:Hydroxychloroquine 2038:Non-genetic causes 2032:visual impairments 1932: 1299: 1200:) with the first ( 1083: 1047: 977: 896: purple 771: 639:§ Occupations 622: 603:Syracuse, New York 594: 578: 529: 373: 321:Deuteranopic sight 179:or differences in 9514: 9513: 9454: 9453: 9236: 9235: 9028: 9027: 9018:Theory of Colours 8860: 8859: 8772:Color photography 8724:Color preferences 8667:Impossible colors 8657:Color vision test 8652:Color temperature 8630:Color calibration 8559:Animal coloration 8464: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8367:Marcus Gunn pupil 8343: 8342: 8264:Visual impairment 8131: 8130: 8037: 8036: 8024:Fourth-nerve (IV) 7952: 7951: 7889:Optic disc drusen 7821: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7535: 7534: 7423: 7422: 7329:Corneal dystrophy 7224: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7095: 7094: 6911: 6910: 6772: 6771: 6611:978-3-13-175481-3 6584:978-0-471-39918-6 6557:978-0-262-52231-1 6548:Readings on color 6530:978-0-444-51251-2 6503:978-0-937404-07-2 6476:978-0-9541886-0-3 6449:978-1-55752-461-4 6234:PORTAL LEGISLATIV 6208:PORTAL LEGISLATIV 6173:10.1111/cxo.12396 6027:978-0-02-802253-6 6018:Basic Electronics 6002:978-0-07-222274-6 5989:Meyers M (2002). 5682:, pp. 25–26. 5637:(5200): 984–988. 5562:Walls GL (1956). 5483:978-90-6299-903-3 5343:978-3-540-75273-8 5189:An X-Chrom manual 4903:(5200): 984–988. 4858:(3): 221–6, 179. 4748:978-0-323-31985-0 4651:978-0-8129-9100-0 4610:978-3-642-27851-8 4378:978-0-19-854144-8 4164:(12): 1369–1375. 4019:978-1-4419-1222-0 3859:Nuñez JR (2018). 3560:(23): R950–R952. 3287:Materials Science 3281:Fomins S (2011). 3083:. 18 October 2017 3053:. February 2015. 2835:Piloting aircraft 2801:driver's licenses 2597:Gordon Lynn Walls 2519: 2518: 2262:. Therefore, the 2223:Arrangement tests 2167:Color vision test 2161:Color vision test 2048:ultraviolet light 1901: 1900: 1893: 1790:standard observer 1767: 1766: 1729:(carrier theory) 1090:Based on severity 665:Color of clothing 644:Navigation lights 470:standard observer 232:color vision test 162: 161: 133:Diagnostic method 43:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 9549: 9504: 9503: 9494: 9493: 9294: 9293: 9160:Color dimensions 9149:Human skin color 9039: 9038: 8916:Analogous colors 8882: 8881: 8868: 8794:Color management 8711:Color psychology 8677:Opponent process 8593:Color perception 8512: 8511: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8468: 8467: 8431: 8430: 8195: 8194: 8186:Vision disorders 8145:Refractive error 8087:Brown's syndrome 8043:Other strabismus 8029:Sixth-nerve (VI) 8019:Oculomotor (III) 7991:Ophthalmoparesis 7984: 7983: 7975: 7974: 7966:Binocular vision 7899:Optic neuropathy 7865:optic papillitis 7853: 7852: 7840: 7839: 7827: 7826: 7716:(Macular pucker) 7434: 7433: 7415:Band keratopathy 7252: 7251: 7243: 7242: 7230: 7229: 7157:Orbital lymphoma 7044:Blepharophimosis 7034:Blepharochalasis 6981: 6980: 6972: 6971: 6959: 6958: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6915: 6914: 6876:Opponent process 6799: 6792: 6785: 6776: 6775: 6661: 6660: 6636: 6615: 6596: 6569: 6542: 6515: 6488: 6461: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6175: 6151: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6066:. 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Archived from 5908: 5902: 5901: 5868:(586): 164–170. 5853: 5847: 5846: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5728: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5559: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5370: 5364: 5351: 5345: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5205: 5199: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5081: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4791: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4639: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4595:. pp. 1–7. 4590: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4539:. Archived from 4529: 4523: 4522: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4472: 4466: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4421: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4369:183–187, 287–290 4358: 4352: 4351: 4341: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4243:. Archived from 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4212: 4206:. Archived from 4205: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4006:Blom JD (2009). 4003: 3994: 3993: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3908: 3898: 3880: 3856: 3847: 3846: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3817: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3776: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3687: 3685:10.1038/146226a0 3656: 3650: 3649: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3577: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3467:"Charles Meryon" 3462: 3456: 3455: 3437: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3397:. 1 January 2022 3387: 3381: 3380: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3261: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3144: 3134: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3043: 3006: 3005: 2969: 2934:Motion blindness 2911: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2876:signal light gun 2781:the wrong ball. 2778: 2742: 2623:J. W. von Goethe 2601:Joseph Priestley 2592: 2570: 2536: 2415: 2411: 2117: 2057:and age-related 1896: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1845: 1837: 1433: 1432: 1119:rod monochromacy 953: 952: 943: 942: 934: 933: 928: 927: 922: 921: 916: 915: 903: 902: 897: 893: 879:red means danger 790:undifferentiable 363:Confusion colors 354: 345:Tritanopic sight 342: 333:Protanopic sight 330: 318: 306: 66: 46: 45: 21: 18:Colour blindness 9557: 9556: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9482: 9450: 9367: 9285: 9242: 9232: 9155: 9134:Blue in culture 9105: 9024: 8971:Secondary color 8947: 8904:black-and-white 8876: 8869: 8856: 8758: 8744:National colors 8739:Political color 8719:Color symbolism 8705: 8635:Color constancy 8613:Color blindness 8587: 8544:Spectral colors 8501: 8495: 8465: 8456: 8438: 8417: 8396: 8339: 8308: 8268: 8222:Color blindness 8188: 8180: 8127: 8101:Other binocular 8096: 8033: 8005: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7948: 7893: 7846: 7834: 7813: 7769:Ocular hypotony 7734: 7594:Chorioretinitis 7575: 7531: 7515:Chorioretinitis 7491: 7472:Rubeosis iridis 7450: 7419: 7390:Corneal opacity 7346:Corneal ectasia 7273: 7237: 7216: 7202:Pseudopterygium 7166: 7128: 7091: 7058: 7054:Ankyloblepharon 7010: 6966: 6953: 6952: 6942: 6912: 6907: 6859:Color blindness 6845: 6812: 6803: 6773: 6768: 6767: 6744: 6743: 6672: 6655:Wayback Machine 6644: 6639: 6612: 6585: 6558: 6531: 6504: 6477: 6450: 6433: 6431:Further reading 6428: 6418: 6416: 6401: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6303: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6213: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6152: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6016:Grob B (2001). 6014: 6010: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5918:on 14 July 2012 5910: 5909: 5905: 5854: 5850: 5827: 5823: 5792: 5788: 5749: 5742: 5705: 5701: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5560: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5468: 5464: 5442: 5435: 5406: 5402: 5371: 5367: 5361:Wayback Machine 5352: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5206: 5202: 5196:Wayback Machine 5187: 5183: 5160: 5156: 5125: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5099: 5095: 5064:(12): 1408–11. 5050: 5046: 5009: 5005: 4944: 4940: 4893: 4889: 4844: 4840: 4809: 4805: 4774:(11): 930–946. 4760: 4756: 4749: 4733: 4729: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4687: 4685: 4678:www.nei.nih.gov 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4630: 4626: 4611: 4588: 4582: 4575: 4566:. p. 351. 4563: 4555: 4548: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4513:(11): 679–688. 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4456: 4452: 4439: 4435: 4398:Vision Research 4390: 4386: 4379: 4359: 4355: 4318:Vision Research 4310: 4306: 4267: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4158:Vision Research 4154: 4150: 4119: 4115: 4078: 4074: 4035: 4031: 4020: 4004: 3997: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3945: 3941: 3926: 3922: 3871:(7): e0199239. 3857: 3850: 3835: 3831: 3794: 3790: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3616:(1323): 291–5. 3606: 3599: 3554:Current Biology 3546: 3539: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3502:The Korea Times 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3463: 3459: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3312: 3308: 3279: 3275: 3230: 3226: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3103: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3045: 3044: 3009: 2970: 2951: 2947: 2909:Medicine portal 2907: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2843: 2837: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2764:World Champions 2743: 2736: 2705: 2689: 2593: 2583: 2571: 2561: 2543: 2537: 2530: 2410: 2363: 2340:Glasses with a 2314: 2308: 2296: 2284:genetic testing 2252: 2250:Genetic testing 2231:Farnsworth D-15 2169: 2163: 2158: 2118: 2111: 2040: 2022:. These can be 2004: 1987: 1924: 1918: 1897: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1862: 1846: 1835: 1782: 1772: 1728: 1649: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1456: 1427: 1361: 1259: 1239: 1218: 1186: 1180: 1107: 1101: 1092: 1075: 1039: 996:Brewer palettes 965: 950: 940: 931: 925: 919: 913: 900: 895: 889: 759: 753: 745:Ishihara plates 719: 691:Archibald Prize 683: 667: 661: 641: 635: 570: 564: 556: 550: 521: 484: 478: 434:copunctal point 405:yellow and grey 388:blue and purple 365: 358: 355: 346: 343: 334: 331: 322: 319: 310: 307: 290: 274:police officers 266:aircraft pilots 223:, parts of the 165:Color blindness 49:Color blindness 44: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9555: 9545: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9508: 9498: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9302: 9300: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9246: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9130:Color history 9128: 9127: 9126: 9115: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9022: 9014: 9013:(Schopenhauer) 9006: 9001: 8998:Color analysis 8995: 8993:Color triangle 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8957: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8890: 8888: 8879: 8871: 8870: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8799:Color printing 8796: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8768: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8734:Kruithof curve 8731: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8696: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8684: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8606:Sonochromatism 8597: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8546: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8518: 8516: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8494: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8471: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8452:Onchocerciasis 8449: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8353: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8304:Quadrantanopia 8301: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8278: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8249:Oguchi disease 8241: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8164: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8141: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8092:Duane syndrome 8089: 8084: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8062: 8057: 8047: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8015: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7972: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7903: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7860:Optic neuritis 7856: 7850: 7836: 7835: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7789:Phthisis bulbi 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7672:Coats' disease 7669: 7664: 7662:of prematurity 7659: 7654: 7649: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7620: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7585: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7571:Ectopia lentis 7568: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7545: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7507: 7501: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7429:Vascular tunic 7425: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7312:Photokeratitis 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7283: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7239: 7238: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7185:Conjunctivitis 7182: 7176: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7138: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7119:Dacryocystitis 7116: 7111: 7109:Dacryoadenitis 7105: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6978: 6968: 6967: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6918: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6869:Köllner's rule 6866: 6855: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6802: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6730: 6719: 6704: 6689: 6673: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664:Classification 6658: 6657: 6643: 6642:External links 6640: 6638: 6637: 6616: 6610: 6597: 6583: 6570: 6556: 6543: 6529: 6516: 6502: 6489: 6475: 6462: 6448: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6395: 6369: 6348: 6323: 6297: 6269: 6247: 6221: 6195: 6166:(5): 484–487. 6143: 6111: 6081: 6070:on 8 July 2008 6064:Billiard Index 6051: 6033: 6026: 6008: 6001: 5981: 5955: 5929: 5903: 5848: 5837:(4): 225–229. 5821: 5786: 5740: 5719:(4): 209–224. 5699: 5684: 5672: 5621: 5609: 5549: 5521: 5496: 5482: 5462: 5433: 5400: 5381:(3): 313–320. 5365: 5346: 5326: 5301: 5264: 5238: 5200: 5181: 5154: 5119: 5101:Reference GH. 5093: 5044: 5023:(10): 1001–5. 5003: 4938: 4887: 4838: 4803: 4754: 4747: 4727: 4698: 4664: 4650: 4624: 4609: 4573: 4546: 4524: 4493: 4467: 4450: 4433: 4404:(7): 633–651. 4384: 4377: 4353: 4304: 4271:Nature Methods 4258: 4224: 4213:on 15 May 2008 4191: 4148: 4129:(3): 301–307. 4113: 4072: 4029: 4018: 3995: 3970: 3939: 3920: 3848: 3829: 3788: 3731: 3699: 3651: 3597: 3537: 3514: 3488: 3457: 3408: 3382: 3359: 3333: 3322:(8): 304–310. 3306: 3293:(1): 104–108. 3273: 3244:(2): 287–303. 3224: 3189: 3164: 3111:Optics Express 3094: 3068: 3007: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2912: 2896: 2893: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2823:must pass the 2813: 2809: 2797:traffic lights 2786: 2783: 2756:Fabio Carvalho 2752:Thomas Delaney 2734: 2704: 2701: 2688: 2685: 2630:August Seebeck 2585:Dugald Stewart 2581: 2559: 2542: 2539: 2528: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2409: 2406: 2402:TED Conference 2398:Neil Harbisson 2390: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2338: 2330: 2310:Main article: 2307: 2304: 2295: 2292: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2243:Rayleigh match 2234: 2211: 2210: 2205:, such as the 2200: 2165:Main article: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2139:retinal mosaic 2109: 2101:vitreous humor 2044:occipital lobe 2039: 2036: 2012:cone dystrophy 2003: 2000: 1986: 1983: 1920:Main article: 1917: 1914: 1899: 1898: 1849: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744:Tetrachromacy 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1707:Achromatopsia 1705: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1584:Deuteranomaly 1582: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1500:Normal vision 1498: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1411: 1410: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1341: 1340: 1333:shades of blue 1317:spectral color 1258: 1255: 1238: 1235: 1217: 1214: 1190:primary colors 1182:Main article: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1149: 1131:visual agnosia 1103:Main article: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1088: 1074: 1073:Classification 1071: 1038: 1035: 1023:more prevalent 964: 961: 960: 959: 936: 905: 882: 871: 868: 861: 850: 827: 824: 820: 752: 751:Digital design 749: 742:"hidden digit" 718: 715: 695:Charles Méryon 682: 679: 670:Color analysis 660: 657: 634: 631: 607:Irish American 582:traffic lights 580:The colors of 568:§ Driving 563: 562:Traffic lights 560: 552:Main article: 549: 546: 520: 517: 513: 512: 506: 500: 494: 480:Main article: 477: 474: 452:of that type. 442:Chromaticities 422: 421: 415: 412: 409: 408:blue and green 406: 399: 398: 395: 389: 386: 380: 364: 361: 360: 359: 356: 349: 347: 344: 337: 335: 332: 325: 323: 320: 313: 311: 308: 301: 289: 286: 234:, such as the 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 145: 141: 140: 135: 129: 128: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 95: 89: 88: 83: 77: 76: 71:Example of an 68: 67: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9554: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9507: 9499: 9497: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9457: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243:organizations 9239: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9184:Pastel colors 9182: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9031: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9007: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8966:Primary color 8964: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8950: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8933:Light-on-dark 8931: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8872: 8867: 8853: 8852:Color mapping 8850: 8848: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8777:Color balance 8775: 8774: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8754:Chromotherapy 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8697: 8695: 8694:Tetrachromacy 8692: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8618:Achromatopsia 8616: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8602: 8601:Chromesthesia 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8515:Color physics 8513: 8510: 8508: 8507:Color science 8504: 8499: 8492: 8487: 8485: 8480: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8469: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8432: 8428: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8372:Adie syndrome 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8227:Achromatopsia 8225: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8167:Anisometropia 8165: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7970:Accommodation 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7884:Optic atrophy 7882: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7784:Keratomycosis 7782: 7780: 7779:Globe rupture 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7709:Macular edema 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7618:Retinoschisis 7616: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7505:Choroideremia 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7482:Iridodialysis 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7410:Arcus senilis 7408: 7406: 7405:Haab's striae 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7319:Corneal ulcer 7317: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7297:acanthamoebic 7295: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7247:Fibrous tunic 7244: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7125: 7124:Xerophthalmia 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7029:Lagophthalmos 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6927: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6896:Tetrachromacy 6894: 6892: 6891:Pentachromacy 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864:Achromatopsia 6862: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6826:Accommodation 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6810:visual system 6807: 6800: 6795: 6793: 6788: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6414: 6410: 6409:Air transport 6406: 6399: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6352: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6273: 6258: 6255:Corlăţean T. 6251: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6148: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6115: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5802:(2): 178–94. 5801: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5759:(4): 369–75. 5758: 5754: 5747: 5745: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5713:Neurociencias 5710: 5703: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5680:Lanthony 2018 5676: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5619:, p. 14. 5618: 5617:Lanthony 2018 5613: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5509: 5508: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5296: 5295:11250/2461824 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5135:(5): 312–24. 5134: 5130: 5123: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4731: 4724: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4695: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4578: 4570: 4562: 4561: 4553: 4551: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4509:(in French). 4508: 4504: 4497: 4482:on 1 May 2005 4481: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4446: 4445: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4364:Human Biology 4357: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4324:(7): 633–51. 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4263: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4092:(5): 747–55. 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045:(5): 218–23. 4044: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4002: 4000: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3205:(5): 407–15. 3204: 3200: 3193: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3099: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974:Public Health 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2949: 2940: 2939:Tetrachromacy 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2917:Color agnosia 2915: 2914: 2910: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2812:requirements. 2810: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2782: 2779: 2772: 2768: 2767:Mark Williams 2765: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2740: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636:In 1875, the 2634: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2534: 2531:John Dalton, 2527: 2523: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2498:Deuteranomaly 2497: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2383: 2382:daltonization 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371:color pickers 2368: 2367: 2366: 2355: 2352:constitute a 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2238:Anomaloscopes 2235: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2173: 2168: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2112:John Dalton, 2108: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:achromatopsia 1999: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1956:chimeric gene 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1928: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1895: 1892: 1884: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1850:This section 1848: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808:that 'catch' 1807: 1806:photopigments 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1777: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1727:Tetrachromacy 1723: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1696:Monochromacy 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607:Deuteranopia 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1434: 1431: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1407:shades of red 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389:and spectral 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1254: 1253:is affected. 1252: 1248: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1213: 1211: 1208:), or third ( 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1172: 1168: 1167:visual acuity 1164: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1146:achromatopsia 1143: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1096: 1087: 1079: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1043: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 974: 969: 957: 947: 944:) instead of 937: 910: 906: 892: 887: 883: 880: 876: 872: 869: 866: 862: 859: 855: 854:CVD Simulator 851: 848: 844: 840: 837:, especially 836: 832: 828: 825: 821: 818: 814: 813: 812: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 768: 763: 758: 748: 746: 743: 739: 735: 730: 726: 724: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 678: 676: 671: 666: 656: 655:for example. 653: 652:Lantern Tests 649: 645: 640: 633:Signal lights 630: 628: 619: 614: 610: 608: 604: 600: 590: 586: 583: 574: 569: 559: 555: 545: 543: 539: 534: 525: 516: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 488: 487: 483: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 420: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 403: 402: 396: 394: 390: 387: 384: 381: 379:cyan and grey 378: 377: 376: 369: 353: 348: 341: 336: 329: 324: 317: 312: 305: 300: 299: 298: 294: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 270:train drivers 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 251: 246: 241: 237: 236:Ishihara test 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 213:achromatopsia 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 157: 153: 150: 146: 142: 139: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 96: 94: 90: 87: 86:Ophthalmology 84: 82: 78: 74: 69: 65: 60: 56: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9532:Color vision 9216:Fluorescence 9179:Colorfulness 9172:Dichromatism 9016: 9008: 8978:Chromaticity 8961:Color mixing 8953:Color theory 8886:Color scheme 8749:Chromophobia 8698: 8612: 8262: / 8258: / 8237:Monochromacy 8221: 8169: / 8065:Heterophoria 8053: / 7752: / 7748: / 7652:hypertensive 7625: / 7446:Ciliary body 7361:Keratoglobus 7269:Episcleritis 7147:Enophthalmos 7142:Exophthalmos 7087:Trichomegaly 7082:Distichiasis 6984:Inflammation 6886:Monochromacy 6858: 6851:Color vision 6841:Visual field 6756: 6732: 6721: 6706: 6691: 6676: 6624: 6620: 6601: 6574: 6547: 6520: 6493: 6466: 6439: 6417:. 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