523:
detecting natural commensals and triggering immune response when toxic microbes are present. Failure of homeostasis due to trauma, drugs and infectious microbes not only damages the gut but can lead to influx of damaging agents into the bloodstream. These mechanisms have relevance for multiple conditions affecting all areas of the world and socioeconomic groups such as ulcers, inflammation, and infectious diarrhea. There is currently much interest in the potential value of colostrum for the prevention and treatment of these conditions as it is derived from natural sources and can influence damaging factors through multiple pathways including nutritional support, immunological intervention (through its immunoglobulin and other anti-microbial factors) and growth/healing factor constituents. As pointed out by Kelly, inconsistency between results in some published studies may be due in part to variation in dose given and to the timing of the colostrum collection being tested (first milking versus pooled colostrum collected up to day 5 following calving).
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natural antimicrobials, antioxidants; and a range of immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM and IgE. It is well established that minimal levels of IgG are essential to prevent failure of passive transfer. The iron-binding glycoproteins lactoferrin and transferrin in bovine colostrum assist in attacking pathogens by impacting their cell membrane and making them more susceptible to the immune systems attack by neutrophils. Cytokines present in bovine colostrum enhance B and T cell maturation and increase endogenous antibody production. They also play a major role in regulation of epithelial cell growth and development, proliferation, and restitution. Transfer factors enhance the activity of T cells. Other growth and immune factors such as IGF-1, IGF-2, FGF, EGF, TGF, PDGF, etc.
436:
lactoferrin and transferrin in bovine colostrum assist in attacking pathogens by impacting their cell membrane and making them more susceptible to the immune systems attack by neutrophils. Cytokines present in bovine colostrum enhance B and T cell maturation and increase endogenous antibody production. They also play a major role in regulation of epithelial cell growth and development, proliferation, restitution. Transfer factors enhance the activity of T cells. Other growth and immune factors such as IGF-1, IGF-2, FGF, EGF, TGF, PDGF, etc. Colostrum contains glycomacropeptides which help to regulate appetite. Bovine colostrum boosts animal immunity, leading to stronger vaccine responses, improved gut health, and reduced illness from diarrhea and respiratory issues.
593:
in higher levels than in the population before treatment. Although some papers have been published stating that specific human pathogens were just as high as in hyperimmune colostrum, and natural colostrum nearly always had higher antibody titers than did the hyperimmune version. Clinical trials have shown that if the immunization is by surface antigens of the bacteria, the Bovine
Colostrum Powder can be used to make tablets capable of binding to the bacteria so that they are excreted in stools. This prevents the successful colonization of the gut, which would otherwise lead to bacteria releasing enterotoxigenic materials.
432:
animal is at risk of infection. Like humans, companion animal immune response changes with age where early life and later in life have similarities. That is, an immune bias whereby the animal has less of an ability to fend off infections and greater prevalence of allergy at both ends of the age spectrum. Stress also affects a companion animal's immune system including changes in environment, diet, etc. Maintaining gut microbial balance is key to maintaining a healthy immune system as well as mucosal integrity, similar to humans. Bovine colostrum has been demonstrated to benefit companion animal immunity and digestive health.
36:
20:
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367:
606:, CLN, transfer factor and PRP. They function as signal transducing molecules that have the unique effect of modulating the immune system, turning it up when the body comes under attack from pathogens or other disease agents, and damping it when the danger is eliminated or neutralized. At first thought to actually transfer immunity from one immune system to another, it now appears that PRPs simply stimulate cell-mediated immunity.
445:
457:
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Hyperimmune colostrum is natural bovine colostrum collected from a population of cows immunized repeatedly with a specific pathogen. The colostrum is collected within 24 hours of the cow giving birth. Antibodies towards the specific pathogens or antigens that were used in the immunization are present
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Bovine colostrum boosts immunity and gut health in all animals. Its rich bioactive components fight bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Early, high-quality colostrum is crucial for survival and healthy development. It repairs intestinal damage, improves nutrient absorption, and benefits human and
269:
While it has long been understood that the colostrum a mother produces is vital to a newborn's health in the first few days of life, research has shown that bovine (cow) colostrum and its components can continue to support important biological activities when given to more mature children and adults,
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Although bovine colostrum has been consumed by humans for centuries, only in recent decades have we seen an increase in randomized clinical trials to support assertions of health benefits. It is probable that little absorption of intact growth factors and antibodies into the bloodstream occurs, due
348:
The role of colostrum for newborn animals is to provide nutrition, and essential protection against infection while the immune and digestive systems are developing and maturing. Bovine colostrum provides macro- and micro-nutrients, as well as growth factors, cytokines, nucleosides, oligosaccharides,
326:
Early life nutrition: While colostrum and breast milk are a critical part of newborn nutrition, research has shown that colostrum has continued benefits in children over the age of one. As a component in early life nutrition, colostrum can help to support children's immune systems, soothe digestive
330:
Sports nutrition: Bovine colostrum contains several bioactives that help support sports nutrition, including immunoglobulins and growth factors. These bioactives combine to help maintain a healthy immune system during the stress during athletic training, while supporting cellular proliferation and
522:
The gut plays several important roles including acting as the main pathway for fluid, electrolyte and nutrient absorption while also acting as a barrier to toxic agents present in the gut lumen including acid, digestive enzymes and gut bacteria. It is also a major immunological defence mechanism,
344:
Colostrum is crucial for newborn farm animals. They receive no passive transfer of immunity via the placenta before birth, so any antibodies that they need have to be ingested (unless supplied by injection or other artificial means). The ingested antibodies are absorbed from the intestine of the
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survival in the newborn stage of life is largely dependent upon colostrum. Companion animal immune systems require several weeks to several months in order to fully develop. Maternal antibodies provide benefit for a relatively short period of time so a gap exists with immune sufficiency where an
518:
of the small intestine intact, where they can stimulate repair and inhibit microbes, working via local effects. This provides a probable mechanism explaining reductions in gut permeability after colostrum administration in some published studies, while another study found colostrum promising as
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levels may be associated with dementia in the very elderly, although causation has not been established. Malnutrition can cause low levels of IGF-1, as can obesity. Supplementation with colostrum, which is rich in IGF-1, can be a useful part of a weight reduction program. Although IGF-1 is not
526:
Some athletes have used colostrum in an attempt to improve their performance, decrease recovery time, and prevent sickness during peak performance levels. Supplementation with bovine colostrum, 20 grams per day (g/d), in combination with exercise training for eight weeks may increase bone-free
222:
Colostrum also contains a number of growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors I (IGF-1), and II, transforming growth factors alpha, beta 1 and beta 2, fibroblast growth factors, epidermal growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage-stimulating growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor,
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Playford, Raymond J.; Macdonald, Christopher E.; Calnan, Denis P.; Floyd, David N.; Podas, Theo; Johnson, Wendy; Wicks, Anthony C.; Bashir, O.; Marchbank, Tania (1 June 2001). "Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
2129:
Saad, Khaled; Abo-Elela, Mohamed Gamil M.; El-Baseer, Khaled A. Abd; Ahmed, Ahmed E.; Ahmad, Faisal-Alkhateeb; Tawfeek, Mostafa S. K.; El-Houfey, Amira A.; Aboul_Khair, Mohamed Diab; Abdel-Salam, Ahmad M.; Abo-elgheit, Amir; Qubaisy, Heba; Ali, Ahmed M.; Abdel-Mawgoud, Eman (September 2016).
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made his first oral vaccine against polio, the immunoglobulin he used came from bovine colostrum. When antibiotics began to appear, interest in colostrum waned, but, now that antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens have developed, interest is once again returning to natural alternatives to
435:
Bovine colostrum plays a role in increasing Ig levels, increasing lymphocyte proliferation stimulating activity and increasing phagocytosis activity. These are supported by other components of colostrum which further enhance the activity of the immune response. The iron binding glycoproteins
273:
Bovine colostrum and human colostrum are highly similar in their makeup, both containing many of the same antibodies, immune and growth factors, and other nutrients. Because they share so many of the same components, the way they work in the body is also highly similar. The benefit of bovine
335:
There is also research suggesting that a large proportion of colostrum is not fit for human consumption "due to tremendous bacterial loads". Salmonella was also detected in 15% of unpasteurised samples. Pasteurisation reduces the bioactive proteins many of the benefits rely upon, however.
3746:
Rasmussen, Michael Højby; Frystyk, Jan; Andersen, Teis; Breum, Leif; Christiansen, Jens
Sandahl; Hilsted, Jannik (March 1994). "The impact of obesity, fat distribution, and energy restriction on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3, insulin, and growth hormone".
519:
treatment for distal colitis. Evidence for the beneficial effect of colostrum on extra-gastrointestinal problems is less well developed, due in part to the limited number of randomised double-blind studies published, although a variety of possible uses have been suggested.
345:
neonate. The newborn animal must receive colostrum within 6 hours of being born for maximal absorption of colostral antibodies to occur. Recent studies indicate that colostrum should be fed to bovines within the first thirty minutes to maximize IgG absorption rates.
2076:
Cesarone, Maria
Rosaria; Belcaro, Gianni; Di Renzo, Andrea; Dugall, Mark; Cacchio, Marisa; Ruffini, Irma; Pellegrini, Luciano; Del Boccio, Gilberto; Fano, Filiberto; Ledda, Andrea; Bottari, Angelica; Ricci, Andrea; Stuard, Stefano; Vinciguerra, Giulia (April 2007).
580:. It is made with both cow and buffalo milk; in both cases it is the milk produced on the second day after giving birth which is considered best for making this pudding-like delicacy. Colostrum is in very high demand in these states, resulting in product
3782:
Mero, Antti; Kähkönen, Jonne; Nykänen, Tarja; Parviainen, Tapani; Jokinen, Ilmari; Takala, Timo; Nikula, Tuomo; Rasi, Simo; Leppäluoto, Juhani (1 August 2002). "IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training".
601:
These small immune signaling peptides (PRPs) were independently discovered in colostrum and other sources, such as blood plasma, in the United States, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Hence they appear under various names in the literature, including
2504:
Brinkworth, Grant D.; Buckley, Jonathan D.; Slavotinek, John P.; Kurmis, Andrew P. (1 January 2004). "Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young men".
2953:
McConnell, Michelle A.; Buchan, Glenn; Borissenko, Michail V.; Brooks, Heather J. L. (2001). "A comparison of IgG and IgG1 activity in an early milk concentrate from non-immunised cows and a milk from hyperimmunised animals".
2551:
Duff, Whitney R. D.; Chilibeck, Philip D.; Rooke, Julianne J.; Kaviani, Mojtaba; Krentz, Joel R.; Haines, Deborah M. (June 2014). "The Effect of Bovine
Colostrum Supplementation in Older Adults During Resistance Training".
3710:
Caregaro, L.; Favaro, A.; Santonastaso, P.; Alberino, F.; Di
Pascoli, L.; Nardi, M.; Favaro, S.; Gatta, A. (June 2001). "Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a nutritional marker in patients with eating disorders".
471:
Dairy cattle are naturally exposed to pathogens and produce immunoglobulins against them. These antibodies are present in the cow's bloodstream and in the colostrum. These immunoglobulins are specific to many human
3606:
Berk, L. S.; Nieman, D. C.; Youngberg, W. S.; Arabatzis, K.; Simpson-Westerberg, M.; Lee, J. W.; Tan, S. A.; Eby, W. C. (April 1990). "The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners".
3535:
Hofman, Zandrie; Smeets, Rolf; Verlaan, George; Lugt, Richard V. D.; Verstappen, Peter A. (December 2002). "The Effect of Bovine
Colostrum Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Elite Field Hockey Players".
2389:
Barakat, Sana Hosny; Meheissen, Marwa Ahmed; Omar, Omneya Magdy; Elbana, Doaa Ali (5 June 2019). "Bovine
Colostrum in the Treatment of Acute Diarrhea in Children: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial".
219:(PRP). A number of cytokines (small messenger peptides that control the functioning of the immune system) are found in colostrum as well, including interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, chemokines, and others.
2329:
Mehra, Rahul; Garhwal, Renu; Sangwan, Karnam; Guiné, Raquel P. F.; Lemos, Edite
Teixeira; Buttar, Harpal Singh; Visen, Pradeep Kumar Singh; Kumar, Naveen; Bhardwaj, Anuradha; Kumar, Harish (2022-02-04).
3076:
Playford, R. J.; Woodman, A. C.; Vesey, D.; Deprez, P. H.; Calam, J.; Watanapa, P.; Williamson, R. C. N.; Clark, P. (April 1993). "Effect of luminal growth factor preservation on intestinal growth".
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animal babies alike. In calves, colostrum helps develop their gut and prevents death. It reduces infections, antibiotic use, and diarrhea, leading to faster growth and higher profits for farmers.
1102:
Brock, J. H.; et al. (1975). "Bactericidal and hemolytic activity of complement in bovine colostrum and serum: effect of proteolytic enzymes and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA)".
3634:
Antonio, Jose; Sanders, Michael S.; Van
Gammeren, Darin (March 2001). "The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women".
97:
in the first few days of life. The bioactives found in colostrum are essential for a newborn's health, growth and vitality. Colostrum strengthens a baby's immune system and is filled with
2469:
Buckley, J. D.; Abbott, M. J.; Brinkworth, G. D.; Whyte, P. B. D. (June 2002). "Bovine colostrum supplementation during endurance running training improves recovery, but not performance".
2587:
Kotsis, Yiannis; Mikellidi, Anastasia; Aresti, Cleopatra; Persia, Eleni; Sotiropoulos, Aristomenis; Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B.; Antonopoulou, Smaragdi; Nomikos, Tzortzis (April 2018).
2589:"A low-dose, 6-week bovine colostrum supplementation maintains performance and attenuates inflammatory indices following a Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test in soccer players"
514:
to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the presence of casein and other buffering proteins does allow growth factors and other bioactive molecules to pass into the
2896:
Sawyer M, Willadsen CH, Osburn BI, McGuire TC (15 December 1977). "Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins from ewe to lamb and its influence on neonatal lamb mortality".
3916:
1034:
Paulík S, Slanina L, Polácek M (January 1985). "Lyzozým v kolostre a krvnom sére teliat a dojníc" [Lysozyme in the colostrum and blood of calves and dairy cows].
199:. These are some of the components of the adaptive immune system. Other immune components of colostrum include the major components of the innate immune system, such as
1311:
2332:"Insights into the Research Trends on Bovine Colostrum: Beneficial Health Perspectives with Special Reference to Manufacturing of Functional Foods and Feed Supplements"
2079:"Prevention of Influenza Episodes With Colostrum Compared With Vaccination in Healthy and High-Risk Cardiovascular Subjects: The Epidemiologic Study in San Valentino"
2427:"Bovine Colostrum Ameliorates Diarrhea in Infection with Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli, and E. coli Expressing Intimin and Hemolysin"
3982:"Randomized control trials using a tablet formulation of hyperimmune bovine colostrum to prevent diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in volunteers"
505:(which causes diarrhea in infants). Before the development of antibiotics, colostrum was the main source of immunoglobulins used to fight bacteria. In fact, when
3571:
Playford, Ray; et al. (March 2011). "The nutriceutical, bovine colostrum, truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletes".
1514:
Xiao X, Xiong A, Chen X, Mao X, Zhou X (March 2002). "Epidermal growth factor concentrations in human milk, cow's milk and cow's milk-based infant formulas".
3174:; Playford, Raymond J. (March 2011). "The nutriceutical bovine colostrum truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletes".
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defense as well as to the growth, development, and maturation of the neonate's gastrointestinal tract by providing key nutrients and bioactive factors.
1626:
Flidel-Rimon O, Roth P (November 1997). "Effects of milk-borne colony stimulating factor-1 on circulating growth factor levels in the newborn infant".
120:, as the gut plays an important part in both the digestive system and the immune system. Colostrum has evolved to care for highly sensitive mammalian
3043:
Buttar, Harpal S.; Bagwe, Siddhi M.; Bhullar, Sukhwinder K.; Kaur, Ginpreet (2017). "Health
Benefits of Bovine Colostrum in Children and Adults".
944:
793:
Stelwagen, K.; Carpenter, E.; Haigh, B.; Hodgkinson, A.; Wheeler, T. T. (1 April 2009). "Immune components of bovine colostrum and milk1".
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to protect the newborn against disease and infection, and immune and growth factors and other bioactives that help to activate a newborn's
539:
absorbed intact by the body, some studies suggest it stimulates the production of IGF-1 when taken as a supplement whereas others do not.
2180:
1131:"Cytokine-inducing activity of a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) from ovine colostrum and its active nonapeptide fragment analogs"
3826:
Wakabayashi, Hiroyuki; Matsumoto, Hiroshi; Hashimoto, Koichi; Teraguchi, Susumu; Takase, Mitsunori; Hayasawa, Hirotoshi (January 1999).
3337:
Playford, R. J.; Floyd, D. N.; Macdonald, C. E.; Calnan, D. P.; Adenekan, R. O.; Johnson, W.; Goodlad, R. A.; Marchbank, T. (May 1999).
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which is produced in large quantities at birth due to blood volume reduction from the infant's body, and which is often responsible for
81:
or other animals. Most species will begin to generate colostrum just prior to giving birth. Colostrum has an especially high amount of
3828:"Inhibition of Iron/Ascorbate-Induced Lipid Peroxidation by an N-Terminal Peptide of Bovine Lactoferrin and Its Acylated Derivatives"
1430:
Tokuyama Y, Tokuyama H (February 1993). "Purification and identification of TGF-beta 2-related growth factor from bovine colostrum".
3121:"Zinc carnosine works with bovine colostrum in truncating heavy exercise–induced increase in gut permeability in healthy volunteers"
232:
3931:
249:. In addition, colostrum also has a laxative effect, encouraging the baby's body to excrete stool, which helps eliminate excess
179:, and colostrum delivers its bioactives in a very concentrated low-volume form. Colostrum is known to contain immune cells (as
1475:"Identification and Partial Purification of a Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor Derived from Bovine Colostrum"
4242:
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Ulfman, Laurien H.; Leusen, Jeanette H. W.; Savelkoul, Huub F. J.; Warner, John O.; van Neerven, R. J. Joost (22 June 2018).
1130:
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Khan, Z.; Macdonald, C.; Wicks, A. C.; Holt, M. P.; Floyd, D.; Ghosh, S.; Wright, N. A.; Playford, R. J. (November 2002).
2425:
Huppertz, Hans-Iko; Rutkowski, Stefan; Busch, Dirk H.; Eisebit, Reinhard; Lissner, Reinhard; Karch, Helge (October 1999).
1798:
Goldblum, R. M.; Ahlstedt, S.; Carlsson, B.; Hanson, L. Å; Jodal, U.; Lidin-Janson, G.; Sohl-Åkerlund, A. (October 1975).
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Colostrum, which is produced for the first two to four days after childbirth, enhances immunity and is believed to have
4138:
Zimecki, Michal (2008). "A Proline-Rich Polypeptide from Ovine Colostrum: Colostrinin with Immunomodulatory Activity".
4725:
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and fat. Bovine colostrum can also be used for a range of conditions in humans, and can boost a neonate's immunity.
1163:
Hagiwara K, Kataoka S, Yamanaka H, Kirisawa R, Iwai H (October 2000). "Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum".
396:
920:
3263:"Use of the 'nutriceutical', bovine colostrum, for the treatment of distal colitis: results from an initial study"
2206:
Playford, R (June 2001). "Peptide therapy and the gastroenterologist: colostrum and milk-derived growth factors".
1934:
3956:
2677:"Effect of heat treatment on the antigen-binding activity of anti-peroxidase immunoglobulins in bovine colostrum"
104:
At birth, the surroundings of the newborn mammal change from the relatively sterile environment in the mother's
2816:"Receptor Mechanisms of the Neonatal Intestine and Their Relationship to Immunoglobulin Absorption and Disease"
392:
2857:"Development of Intestinal Immunoglobulin Absorption and Enzyme Activities in Neonatal Pigs Is Diet Dependent"
85:
compared to mature milk to give the newborn the best possible start to life. Specifically, colostrum contains
4038:
Lawrence, H. S. (1 August 1949). "The Cellular Transfer of Cutaneous Hypersensitivity to Tuberculin in Man".
3669:
Arai, Y.; Hirose, N.; Yamamura, K.; Shimizu, K.-i.; Takayama, M.; Ebihara, Y.; Osono, Y. (1 February 2001).
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A sweet cheese-like delicacy called 'Junnu' or 'Ginna' is made with colostrum in the south Indian states of
112:, to the microbe-rich environment outside, with irregular oral intake of complex milk nutrients through the
4794:
1587:"Unbound vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in breast, human milk, and newborn intestine"
561:
had a local delicacy called "Groosniuys", a pudding made with colostrum. In Finland, a baked cheese called
1346:
Okada M, Ohmura E, Kamiya Y, et al. (1991). "Transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha in human milk".
1274:
Xu RJ (1996). "Development of the newborn GI tract and its relation to colostrum/milk intake: a review".
303:: Colostrum is composed of bioactive compounds that support digestive health, including immunoglobulins,
1959:
695:
Sangild, P. T.; Thymann, T.; Schmidt, M.; Stoll, B.; Burrin, D. G.; Buddington, R. K. (1 October 2013).
3671:"Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Centenarians: Implications of IGF-1 as a Rapid Turnover Protein"
3119:
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388:
246:
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Sabin, A. B. (November 1950). "Antipoliomyelitic substance in milk of human beings and certain cows".
4235:
1862:
35:
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3466:"Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders"
2726:"Acceleration of the absorption of unchanged globulin in the new-born calf by factors in colostrum"
1546:"Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders"
377:
3310:
Uruakpa, F.; Ismond, M. A. H.; Akobundu, E. N. T. (2002). "Colostrum and its benefits: a review".
293:. These compounds have been shown to work together to support not only the immune system but also
2238:"Pedimune in recurrent respiratory infection and diarrhoea—The Indian experience—The PRIDE study"
674:
381:
308:
4179:
Levin, A. S.; Spitler, L. E.; Fudenberg, H. H. (1975). "Transfer factor I: methods of therapy".
2132:"Effects of bovine colostrum on recurrent respiratory tract infections and diarrhea in children"
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Reiter, Bruno (2008). "The Lactoperoxidase-Thiocyanate-Hydrogen Peroxide Antibacterium System".
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Otto, Wlodzimierz; Najnigier, Boguslaw; Stelmasiak, Teodor; Robins-Browne, Roy M. (July 2011).
1960:"Bovine Colostrum: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews"
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Maheshwari A, Christensen RD, Calhoun DA (November 2003). "ELR+ CXC chemokines in human milk".
482:
176:
113:
2638:"A Survey of Bacteriological Quality and the Occurrence of Salmonella in Raw Bovine Colostrum"
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Carver, J. D.; Barness, L. A. (June 1996). "Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract".
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so that the benefits of colostrum can extend well beyond the neonatal period of development.
2923:
Pakkanen R, Aalto J (1997). "Growth Factors and Antimicrobial Factors of Bovine Colostrum".
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Marchbank, Tania; Davison, Glen; Oakes, Jemma R.; Ghatei, Mohammad A.; Patterson, Michael;
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746:"Protection of the Neonate by the Innate Immune System of Developing Gut and of Human Milk"
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Rudloff HE, Schmalstieg FC, Mushtaha AA, Palkowetz KH, Liu SK, Goldman AS (January 1992).
8:
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Bertotto, A.; Castellucci, G.; Fabietti, G.; Scalise, F.; Vaccaro, R. (1 November 1990).
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McGrath, Brian A.; Fox, Patrick F.; McSweeney, Paul L. H.; Kelly, Alan L. (March 2016).
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Jensen, Annette R.; Elnif, Jan; Burrin, Douglas G.; Sangild, Per T. (1 December 2001).
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Zabłocka A, Janusz M, Rybka K, Wirkus-Romanowska I, Kupryszewski G, Lisowski J (2001).
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82:
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Baumgart, Daniel C.; Dignass, Axel U. (November 2002). "Intestinal barrier function".
3399:
3339:"Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage"
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properties. It is suggested infants fed with human colostrum have lower incidence of
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3247:
3105:
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Pallasch, Thomas J. (October 2003). "Antibiotic prophylaxis: problems in paradise".
2637:
2534:
2271:
2112:
2011:
1702:
1459:
779:
4708:
4434:
4143:
4124:
4102:
4083:"Isolation and characterization of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum"
4047:
4001:
3993:
3888:
3880:
3839:
3792:
3756:
3720:
3682:
3643:
3580:
3545:
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3395:
3358:
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3274:
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3203:
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3142:
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3085:
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3017:
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2514:
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2438:
2399:
2361:
2343:
2301:
2249:
2215:
2151:
2143:
2090:
2048:
2038:
1997:
1847:
1819:
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1754:
1674:
1635:
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1557:
1486:
1439:
1402:
1394:
1355:
1320:
1283:
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1211:
1172:
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1016:
979:
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802:
757:
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708:
646:
638:
478:
428:
300:
192:
98:
4215:
4142:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 606. pp. 241–250.
3464:
Playford, Raymond J.; Macdonald, Christopher E.; Johnson, Wendy S. (1 July 2000).
4655:
4412:
4402:
4367:
4357:
4305:
3997:
515:
290:
286:
208:
4147:
2147:
4730:
4387:
4362:
3171:
1252:
1070:
828:
Rathe, Mathias; Müller, Klaus; Sangild, Per Torp; Husby, Steffen (April 2014).
573:
528:
497:
320:
160:
4051:
3687:
3675:
The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
3670:
3505:
Kelly, G. S. (November 2003). "Bovine colostrums: a review of clinical uses".
2604:
2518:
2306:
2289:
2027:"Effects of Bovine Immunoglobulins on Immune Function, Allergy, and Infection"
2002:
1985:
1585:
Vuorela P, Andersson S, Carpén O, Ylikorkala O, Halmesmäki E (November 2000).
1443:
887:
642:
562:
307:, and oligosaccharides. These compounds work together to maintain and support
4789:
4763:
4748:
4696:
4645:
4439:
4377:
3584:
3187:
2873:
2856:
2702:
2565:
2357:
2095:
2078:
1831:
1768:
1686:
1603:
1586:
975:
304:
278:
90:
62:
3869:"Antioxidant protection by haemopexin of haem-stimulated lipid peroxidation"
3549:
3137:
3120:
2403:
2043:
4676:
4454:
4449:
4429:
4407:
4265:
4165:
4059:
4015:
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3724:
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3655:
3592:
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3518:
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3442:
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3288:
3239:
3195:
3156:
3029:
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2622:
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2526:
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2452:
2411:
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2315:
2263:
2219:
2165:
2104:
2062:
1799:
1694:
1612:
1571:
1527:
1260:
1184:
1146:
906:
855:
814:
771:
730:
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506:
4192:
4116:
3902:
3768:
3620:
3482:
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3407:
3097:
2841:
2800:
2710:
2653:
1839:
1776:
1647:
1562:
1545:
1500:
1451:
1416:
1367:
1332:
1295:
1225:
1047:
993:
960:"Lymphocytes bearing the T cell receptor gamma delta in human breast milk"
806:
712:
697:"Invited Review: The preterm pig as a model in pediatric gastroenterology"
19:
4630:
4459:
4424:
4397:
4392:
4372:
4295:
4280:
3354:
2909:
1309:
O'Dell SD, Day IN (July 1998). "Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II)".
1115:
1088:
603:
558:
547:
543:
200:
180:
148:
116:. This transition puts high demands on the gastrointestinal tract of the
74:
28:
4547:
1888:
1020:
871:"Production of Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption to Improve Health"
830:"Clinical applications of bovine colostrum therapy: a systematic review"
4660:
4640:
4635:
4610:
4572:
4500:
4464:
4352:
4322:
4312:
4270:
3844:
3827:
2348:
2254:
2237:
1678:
846:
829:
581:
490:
449:
184:
125:
94:
4081:
Janusz, Maria; Lisowski, Józef; Franěk, Frantisěk (15 December 1974).
3884:
3825:
3231:
3147:
2546:
2544:
2464:
2462:
1287:
4691:
4562:
4530:
4382:
4290:
4285:
3573:
American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
3176:
American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
1823:
1662:
1063:
Ciba Foundation Symposium 65 – Oxygen Free Radicals and Tissue Damage
577:
569:
551:
502:
473:
312:
274:
colostrum for human health has been studied in many areas including:
250:
223:
vascular endothelial growth factor, and colony-stimulating factor-1.
156:
24:
3979:
1128:
366:
4715:
4625:
4535:
4444:
4317:
2541:
2459:
2290:"Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum"
2179:
Watson, Ronald Ross; Collier, Robert J.; Preedy, Victor R. (2017).
1800:"Antibody-forming cells in human colostrum after oral immunisation"
1381:
Saito S, Yoshida M, Ichijo M, Ishizaka S, Tsujii T (October 1993).
1197:
440:
Bovine colostrum history of study and potential future applications
254:
204:
164:
152:
144:
121:
109:
86:
16:
Form of milk produced immediately following the delivery of newborn
3709:
1007:
Groves, M. L. (1960). "The isolation of a red protein from milk".
957:
565:
is traditionally made with either cow colostrum or reindeer milk.
444:
4720:
4703:
4520:
4419:
4347:
2503:
1101:
792:
258:
133:
117:
3538:
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
2554:
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
1584:
331:
restitution as well as protein synthesis and soft tissue repair.
69:
immediately following delivery of the newborn. It may be called
4594:
4505:
4495:
2952:
1345:
1162:
129:
105:
66:
39:
1797:
23:
On the left is breast milk of the human expressed on day 4 of
4681:
4557:
4552:
4510:
4490:
3781:
3745:
3118:
2424:
2075:
535:
137:
54:
31:
expressed on day 8. Colostrum gives the milk a yellowish hue
3605:
3336:
3216:
2895:
2468:
1312:
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
1238:
4584:
4567:
4525:
4515:
4332:
4275:
4251:
3169:
2775:"Absorption of Colostral Immunoglobulins in Newborn Calves"
2586:
2128:
2024:
456:
58:
3633:
3075:
2388:
1986:"Composition and properties of bovine colostrum: a review"
1889:"Khám phá 4 lợi ích tuyệt vời của sữa non cho trẻ sơ sinh"
1383:"Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in human milk"
1380:
694:
327:
upsets, and otherwise support children's digestive health.
4620:
3668:
2550:
196:
188:
78:
3463:
3423:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
2854:
2328:
1983:
1543:
264:
4220:
3534:
1717:"The Phases of Breast Milk | WIC Breastfeeding Support"
827:
3260:
3042:
2898:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1913:
869:
Kaplan, Merve; Arslan, Ayşenur; Duman, Hatice (2022).
4178:
3309:
3045:
Dairy in Human Health and Disease Across the Lifespan
2431:
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition
2182:
Dairy in Human Health and Disease across the Lifespan
625:
Ballard, Olivia; Morrow, Ardythe L. (February 2013).
356:
4080:
1472:
1033:
744:
Newburg, David S.; Walker, W. Allan (January 2007).
339:
170:
3218:drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability".
2674:
2178:
1544:Playford RJ, Macdonald CE, Johnson WS (July 2000).
1473:Hironaka, T.; Ohishi, H.; Masaki, T. (March 1997).
2724:Balfour, W. E.; Comline, R. S. (1 February 1962).
1065:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. pp. 285–294.
323:and support a balanced gut in adults and children.
147:effect, encouraging the passing of a baby's first
3867:Gutteridge, J. M.; Smith, A. (15 December 1988).
1860:
1740:
868:
93:, jumpstart gut function, and seed a healthy gut
4761:
2948:
2946:
2231:
2229:
1625:
1513:
1429:
77:dialects, when referring to the first milk of a
3866:
3530:
3528:
3420:
2983:A.M.A. American Journal of Diseases of Children
2675:Dominguez, E.; Perez, M. D.; Calvo, M. (1997).
2288:Gopal, Pramod K.; Gill, H. S. (November 2000).
1741:Buescher, E. S.; McIlheran, S. M. (July 1988).
1539:
1537:
1158:
1156:
2723:
2283:
2281:
448:Solidified colostrum in a sweet stall, Salem,
4236:
3385:
2943:
2922:
2382:
2226:
1308:
1006:
743:
624:
467:. It is a sweet cheese made of cow colostrum.
4131:
4031:
3525:
1578:
1534:
1507:
1232:
1153:
1122:
596:
427:Much like in humans and production animals,
4172:
4074:
3832:Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
3609:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
3379:
2814:Staley, T. E.; Bush, L. J. (January 1985).
2278:
1935:"Sữa non - chìa khóa vàng cho hệ miễn dịch"
1743:"Antioxidant Properties of Human Colostrum"
1619:
1423:
1374:
1339:
1302:
1267:
1200:"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human milk"
1191:
1027:
395:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4243:
4229:
3470:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3267:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
3125:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2813:
2772:
2083:Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis
1054:
108:, with a constant nutrient supply via the
57:, of unknown origin) is the first form of
4106:
4005:
3892:
3843:
3686:
3481:
3362:
3278:
3146:
3136:
2872:
2831:
2790:
2773:Bush, L. J.; Staley, T. E. (April 1980).
2749:
2692:
2612:
2442:
2365:
2347:
2305:
2287:
2253:
2236:Patel, Kamlesh; Rana, Rajiv (July 2006).
2235:
2155:
2094:
2052:
2042:
2001:
1758:
1602:
1561:
1490:
1406:
1215:
1165:Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology
983:
896:
886:
845:
761:
720:
650:
415:Learn how and when to remove this message
124:and contributes significantly to initial
4037:
3986:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
3570:
3007:
2471:Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
2205:
1009:Journal of the American Chemical Society
587:
455:
443:
34:
18:
4137:
2124:
2122:
233:Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk
175:Newborns have very immature and small
4762:
2635:
2507:European Journal of Applied Physiology
2018:
1952:
1591:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1550:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1060:
667:
285:that support immune health, including
46:) next to spray-dried colostrum powder
4224:
4181:Birth Defects Original Article Series
3504:
2980:
1660:
1273:
913:
862:
554:, which binds free heme in the body.
265:Human consumption of bovine colostrum
2119:
1886:
1709:
1387:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
620:
618:
393:adding citations to reliable sources
360:
13:
3954:
3053:10.1016/B978-0-12-809868-4.00001-7
1399:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb06004.x
763:10.1203/01.pdr.0000250274.68571.18
631:Pediatric Clinics of North America
357:Colostrum use in companion animals
226:
14:
4806:
4726:Milk quotas in the United Kingdom
4202:
4040:Experimental Biology and Medicine
2833:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80812-2
2792:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82989-4
2694:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76290-8
1492:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75961-7
615:
340:Colostrum use in animal husbandry
171:Bioactive components in colostrum
4744:
4743:
4331:
3435:10.1097/00075197-200211000-00012
3280:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01354.x
2444:10.1097/00005176-199910000-00015
2242:The Indian Journal of Pediatrics
1861:Bệnh viện An Sinh (2018-12-03).
1760:10.1203/00006450-198807000-00005
1667:The Indian Journal of Pediatrics
1217:10.1203/00006450-199201000-00005
964:Archives of Disease in Childhood
510:antibiotics, namely, colostrum.
365:
315:, while its naturally occurring
4022:
3973:
3948:
3909:
3860:
3819:
3797:10.1152/japplphysiol.00002.2002
3775:
3739:
3703:
3662:
3627:
3599:
3564:
3498:
3457:
3414:
3330:
3303:
3254:
3210:
3163:
3112:
3069:
3036:
3010:Dental Clinics of North America
3001:
2974:
2916:
2889:
2848:
2807:
2766:
2717:
2668:
2642:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
2629:
2580:
2497:
2418:
2322:
2199:
2172:
2069:
1977:
1927:
1906:
1880:
1854:
1791:
1734:
1654:
1466:
1095:
1000:
951:
101:to protect it from infection.
4209:Maryland Cooperative Extension
2742:10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006844
2392:Journal of Tropical Pediatrics
1990:Dairy Science & Technology
937:
821:
786:
737:
688:
1:
3924:Manx Farming and Country Life
3785:Journal of Applied Physiology
3648:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00552-9
3400:10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30242-2
3324:10.1016/S0271-5317(02)00373-1
3022:10.1016/s0011-8532(03)00037-5
2968:10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00163-0
2937:10.1016/S0958-6946(97)00022-8
2664:– via Researchgate.net.
2593:European Journal of Nutrition
2483:10.1016/s1440-2440(02)80028-7
1721:wicbreastfeeding.fns.usda.gov
1663:"Health factors in colostrum"
1640:10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70105-7
1325:10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00048-X
1177:10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00213-0
609:
4140:Bioactive Components of Milk
4108:10.1016/0014-5793(74)80529-6
3998:10.3109/00365521.2011.574726
3761:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90099-x
3090:10.1016/0140-6736(93)93057-8
2294:British Journal of Nutrition
1360:10.1016/0024-3205(91)90452-H
1036:Veterinární medicína (Praha)
132:colostrum powder is rich in
73:, the traditional word from
7:
4148:10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_9
3507:Alternative Medicine Review
2956:Food Research International
2925:International Dairy Journal
2148:10.1097/MD.0000000000004560
1941:(in Vietnamese). 2019-05-16
1887:Tĩnh, Báo Hà (2023-10-30).
1863:"Những lợi ích của sữa non"
1661:Thapa, B. R. (2005-07-01).
281:: Colostrum is composed of
247:gastrointestinal infections
10:
4811:
3955:K., Bhumika (2017-05-18).
1253:10.1016/j.cyto.2003.07.002
1071:10.1002/9780470715413.ch16
230:
159:, a waste-product of dead
143:Colostrum also has a mild
4739:
4669:
4603:
4483:
4340:
4329:
4258:
4216:Usage of Bovine Colostrum
4052:10.3181/00379727-71-17242
2730:The Journal of Physiology
2605:10.1007/s00394-017-1401-7
2519:10.1007/s00421-003-0944-x
2307:10.1017/s0007114500002270
2003:10.1007/s13594-015-0258-x
1444:10.1017/S0022029900027382
1432:Journal of Dairy Research
1135:European Cytokine Network
888:10.3389/fphar.2021.796824
875:Frontiers in Pharmacology
795:Journal of Animal Science
701:Journal of Animal Science
643:10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002
597:Proline-rich polypeptides
531:in active men and women.
217:proline-rich polypeptides
4250:
3585:10.1152/ajpgi.00281.2010
3188:10.1152/ajpgi.00281.2010
2861:The Journal of Nutrition
2820:Journal of Dairy Science
2779:Journal of Dairy Science
2681:Journal of Dairy Science
2566:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0182
2096:10.1177/1076029606295957
1479:Journal of Dairy Science
976:10.1136/adc.65.11.1274-a
627:"Human Milk Composition"
3688:10.1093/gerona/56.2.m79
3550:10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.461
3388:Clinics in Perinatology
3138:10.3945/ajcn.116.134403
2044:10.3389/fnut.2018.00052
1516:Chinese Medical Journal
463:—a traditional dish of
297:in adults and children.
4687:Fidel Castro and dairy
4651:Plastic milk container
3930:. 1991. Archived from
3725:10.1054/clnu.2001.0397
2874:10.1093/jn/131.12.3259
2636:Houser, B. A. (2008).
2220:10.1054/clnu.2001.0434
2031:Frontiers in Nutrition
1604:10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1196
921:"Colostrum harvesting"
483:Cryptosporidium parvum
468:
453:
155:. This clears excess
114:gastrointestinal tract
47:
32:
27:, and on the right is
2654:10.1089/fpd.2008.0141
2404:10.1093/tropej/fmz029
1628:Journal of Pediatrics
1104:Annales d'Immunologie
807:10.2527/jas.2008-1377
713:10.2527/jas.2013-6359
588:Hyperimmune colostrum
459:
447:
253:. This helps prevent
231:Further information:
38:
22:
3355:10.1136/gut.44.5.653
546:components, such as
389:improve this section
309:intestinal integrity
65:of humans and other
4795:Dietary supplements
4099:1974FEBSL..49..276J
3873:Biochemical Journal
3483:10.1093/ajcn/72.1.5
1816:1975Natur.257..797G
1563:10.1093/ajcn/72.1.5
1276:Reprod. Fertil. Dev
1021:10.1021/ja01498a029
945:"It's Only Natural"
542:Colostrum also has
313:nutrient absorption
283:bioactive compounds
237:Human milk immunity
83:bioactive compounds
3917:"Cooking and Food"
3845:10.1271/bbb.63.955
3713:Clinical Nutrition
3312:Nutrition Research
2349:10.3390/nu14030659
2255:10.1007/BF02759923
2208:Clinical Nutrition
2185:. Academic Press.
1747:Pediatric Research
1679:10.1007/BF02724182
1204:Pediatric Research
847:10.1111/nure.12089
750:Pediatric Research
469:
454:
295:respiratory health
151:, which is called
48:
33:
4757:
4756:
4616:Glass milk bottle
4157:978-0-387-74086-7
3885:10.1042/bj2560861
3273:(11): 1917–1922.
3232:10.1042/cs1000627
3084:(8849): 843–848.
3062:978-0-12-809868-4
3047:. pp. 3–20.
2867:(12): 3259–3265.
2687:(12): 3182–3187.
2192:978-0-12-809869-1
1939:suckhoedoisong.vn
1914:"Sữa non gerllac"
1810:(5529): 797–799.
1354:(12): 1151–1156.
1288:10.1071/RD9960035
1080:978-0-470-71541-3
1015:(13): 3345–3360.
970:(11): 1274–1275.
834:Nutrition Reviews
801:(suppl_13): 3–9.
707:(10): 4713–4729.
487:Shigella flexneri
465:Ukrainian cuisine
425:
424:
417:
243:anti-inflammatory
177:digestive systems
99:white blood cells
4802:
4747:
4746:
4335:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4222:
4221:
4197:
4196:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4110:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4035:
4029:
4028:TGA guidance BCP
4026:
4020:
4019:
4009:
3992:(7–8): 862–868.
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3936:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3282:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3220:Clinical Science
3214:
3208:
3207:
3182:(3): G477–G484.
3167:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3140:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2962:(2–3): 255–261.
2950:
2941:
2940:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2696:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2599:(3): 1181–1195.
2584:
2578:
2577:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2351:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2257:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1824:10.1038/257797a0
1795:
1789:
1788:
1762:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1004:
998:
997:
987:
955:
949:
948:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
925:
917:
911:
910:
900:
890:
866:
860:
859:
849:
825:
819:
818:
790:
784:
783:
765:
741:
735:
734:
724:
692:
686:
685:
683:
681:
671:
665:
664:
654:
622:
479:Escherichia coli
429:companion animal
420:
413:
409:
406:
400:
369:
361:
319:feed beneficial
301:Digestive health
291:oligosaccharides
61:produced by the
4810:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4770:Animal products
4760:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4735:
4665:
4656:Square milk jug
4599:
4479:
4336:
4327:
4254:
4249:
4205:
4200:
4177:
4173:
4158:
4136:
4132:
4079:
4075:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
3978:
3974:
3965:
3963:
3957:"The milky way"
3953:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3865:
3861:
3824:
3820:
3780:
3776:
3744:
3740:
3708:
3704:
3667:
3663:
3632:
3628:
3604:
3600:
3569:
3565:
3533:
3526:
3503:
3499:
3462:
3458:
3419:
3415:
3384:
3380:
3335:
3331:
3308:
3304:
3259:
3255:
3215:
3211:
3172:Moyer, Mary Pat
3168:
3164:
3117:
3113:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3041:
3037:
3006:
3002:
2979:
2975:
2951:
2944:
2921:
2917:
2894:
2890:
2853:
2849:
2812:
2808:
2771:
2767:
2722:
2718:
2673:
2669:
2634:
2630:
2585:
2581:
2549:
2542:
2502:
2498:
2467:
2460:
2423:
2419:
2387:
2383:
2327:
2323:
2286:
2279:
2234:
2227:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2127:
2120:
2074:
2070:
2023:
2019:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1916:(in Vietnamese)
1912:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1895:(in Vietnamese)
1885:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1869:(in Vietnamese)
1867:TUOI TRE ONLINE
1859:
1855:
1796:
1792:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1659:
1655:
1624:
1620:
1597:(5): 1196–201.
1583:
1579:
1542:
1535:
1512:
1508:
1471:
1467:
1428:
1424:
1379:
1375:
1344:
1340:
1307:
1303:
1272:
1268:
1237:
1233:
1196:
1192:
1171:(3–4): 183–90.
1161:
1154:
1127:
1123:
1100:
1096:
1081:
1059:
1055:
1032:
1028:
1005:
1001:
956:
952:
943:
942:
938:
928:
926:
923:
919:
918:
914:
867:
863:
826:
822:
791:
787:
742:
738:
693:
689:
679:
677:
673:
672:
668:
623:
616:
612:
599:
590:
442:
421:
410:
404:
401:
386:
370:
359:
342:
287:immunoglobulins
267:
239:
229:
227:Human colostrum
209:lactoperoxidase
173:
161:red blood cells
17:
12:
11:
5:
4808:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4731:World Milk Day
4728:
4723:
4718:
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4711:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
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4457:
4452:
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4405:
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4360:
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4337:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
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4233:
4225:
4219:
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4212:
4211:
4204:
4203:External links
4201:
4199:
4198:
4187:(1): 445–448.
4171:
4156:
4130:
4093:(2): 276–279.
4073:
4046:(4): 516–522.
4030:
4021:
3972:
3947:
3908:
3879:(3): 861–865.
3859:
3838:(5): 955–957.
3818:
3791:(2): 732–739.
3774:
3755:(3): 315–319.
3738:
3719:(3): 251–257.
3702:
3681:(2): M79–M82.
3661:
3642:(3): 243–247.
3626:
3615:(2): 207–212.
3598:
3579:(3): G477-84.
3563:
3544:(4): 461–469.
3524:
3513:(4): 378–394.
3497:
3456:
3429:(6): 685–694.
3413:
3394:(2): 265–285.
3378:
3349:(5): 653–658.
3329:
3318:(6): 755–767.
3302:
3253:
3226:(6): 627–633.
3209:
3162:
3131:(2): 526–536.
3111:
3068:
3061:
3035:
3016:(4): 665–679.
3000:
2973:
2942:
2931:(5): 285–297.
2915:
2904:(12): 1255–9.
2888:
2847:
2826:(1): 184–205.
2806:
2785:(4): 672–680.
2765:
2736:(2): 234–257.
2716:
2667:
2648:(6): 853–858.
2628:
2579:
2560:(3): 276–285.
2540:
2496:
2458:
2437:(4): 452–456.
2417:
2381:
2321:
2277:
2248:(7): 585–591.
2225:
2198:
2191:
2171:
2118:
2089:(2): 130–136.
2068:
2017:
1996:(2): 133–158.
1976:
1951:
1926:
1905:
1879:
1853:
1790:
1733:
1708:
1673:(7): 579–581.
1653:
1618:
1577:
1533:
1522:(3): 451–454.
1506:
1485:(3): 488–495.
1465:
1422:
1393:(1): 220–224.
1373:
1338:
1301:
1266:
1231:
1190:
1152:
1121:
1110:(4): 439–451.
1094:
1079:
1053:
1026:
999:
950:
936:
912:
861:
840:(4): 237–254.
820:
785:
736:
687:
666:
613:
611:
608:
598:
595:
589:
586:
574:Andhra Pradesh
529:lean body mass
498:Staphylococcus
441:
438:
423:
422:
373:
371:
364:
358:
355:
341:
338:
333:
332:
328:
324:
305:growth factors
298:
266:
263:
228:
225:
172:
169:
63:mammary glands
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4807:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Breastfeeding
4778:
4776:
4775:Biotechnology
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4750:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4697:Breastfeeding
4695:
4694:
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4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
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4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:Milk delivery
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
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4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4578:Crème fraîche
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
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4482:
4476:
4475:Ultrafiltered
4473:
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4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
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4025:
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3995:
3991:
3987:
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3962:
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3951:
3937:on 2010-02-15
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3333:
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3321:
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3313:
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3290:
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3272:
3268:
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3257:
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3237:
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3221:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3154:
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3139:
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3122:
3115:
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3103:
3099:
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3087:
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3023:
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3004:
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2300:(S1): 69–74.
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2256:
2251:
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2202:
2194:
2188:
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2183:
2175:
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2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:(37): e4560.
2141:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
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2050:
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1964:www.webmd.com
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1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1634:(5): 748–50.
1633:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:(1): 99–109.
1437:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:Life Sciences
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:(7): 767–71.
1318:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:(3): 91–102.
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:(in Slovak).
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
947:. 2017-06-09.
946:
940:
922:
916:
908:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
857:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
732:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
676:
670:
662:
658:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
619:
614:
607:
605:
594:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
537:
532:
530:
524:
520:
517:
511:
508:
504:
501:species, and
500:
499:
493:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
466:
462:
458:
451:
446:
437:
433:
430:
419:
416:
408:
398:
394:
390:
384:
383:
379:
374:This section
372:
368:
363:
362:
354:
350:
346:
337:
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Immune health
277:
276:
275:
271:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
238:
234:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:immunological
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
91:immune system
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
4300:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4139:
4133:
4090:
4087:FEBS Letters
4086:
4076:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4024:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3964:. Retrieved
3960:
3950:
3939:. Retrieved
3932:the original
3927:
3923:
3911:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3541:
3537:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3044:
3038:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2989:(5): 866–7.
2986:
2982:
2976:
2959:
2955:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2557:
2553:
2513:(1): 53–60.
2510:
2506:
2499:
2477:(2): 65–79.
2474:
2470:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2398:(1): 46–55.
2395:
2391:
2384:
2339:
2335:
2324:
2297:
2293:
2245:
2241:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2181:
2174:
2139:
2135:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2034:
2030:
2020:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:
1954:
1943:. Retrieved
1938:
1929:
1918:. Retrieved
1908:
1897:. Retrieved
1892:
1882:
1871:. Retrieved
1866:
1856:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1753:(1): 14–19.
1750:
1746:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1553:
1549:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1282:(1): 35–48.
1279:
1275:
1269:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1210:(1): 29–33.
1207:
1203:
1193:
1168:
1164:
1141:(3): 462–7.
1138:
1134:
1124:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1062:
1056:
1042:(1): 21–28.
1039:
1035:
1029:
1012:
1008:
1002:
967:
963:
953:
939:
927:. Retrieved
915:
878:
874:
864:
837:
833:
823:
798:
794:
788:
753:
749:
739:
704:
700:
690:
678:. Retrieved
669:
637:(1): 49–74.
634:
630:
600:
591:
582:adulteration
567:
556:
541:
533:
525:
521:
512:
507:Albert Sabin
495:
477:
476:, including
470:
460:
434:
426:
411:
402:
387:Please help
375:
351:
347:
343:
334:
321:gut bacteria
311:and improve
272:
268:
240:
221:
174:
142:
103:
70:
50:
49:
43:
4785:Breast milk
4631:Milk carton
4435:Pasteurized
3476:(1): 5–14.
2214:: 101–106.
1969:29 December
1893:Báo Hà Tĩnh
1726:29 December
1556:(1): 5–14.
929:29 December
680:29 December
675:"Beestings"
604:Colostrinin
563:Leipäjuusto
559:Isle of Man
548:lactoferrin
544:antioxidant
261:in babies.
201:lactoferrin
183:) and many
181:lymphocytes
136:and low in
75:Old English
42:colostrum (
29:breast milk
4764:Categories
4661:Tetra Brik
4641:Milk crate
4636:Milk churn
4611:Bag-in-box
4604:Containers
4573:Sour cream
4501:Buttermilk
4413:Watermelon
4403:Strawberry
4368:Evaporated
4358:Carbonated
3966:2021-04-21
3941:2017-08-03
3749:Metabolism
3148:2160/43902
3078:The Lancet
2342:(3): 659.
1945:2024-06-16
1920:2024-06-16
1899:2024-06-16
1873:2024-06-16
881:: 796824.
756:(1): 2–8.
610:References
491:Salmonella
450:Tamil Nadu
317:prebiotics
213:complement
185:antibodies
95:microbiome
87:antibodies
4692:Lactation
4563:Milkshake
4531:Ice cream
4388:Chocolate
4363:Condensed
4301:Colostrum
3961:The Hindu
3636:Nutrition
2703:0022-0302
2358:2072-6643
2336:Nutrients
1832:1476-4687
1769:1530-0447
1687:0973-7693
578:Telangana
570:Karnataka
552:hemopexin
503:rotavirus
474:pathogens
376:does not
259:allergies
251:bilirubin
157:bilirubin
71:beestings
51:Colostrum
44:beestings
25:lactation
4749:Category
4716:Milkmaid
4709:Pipeline
4626:Milk bag
4548:Filmjölk
4536:Ice milk
4484:Products
4440:Powdered
4378:Flavored
4166:18183932
4068:37728884
4060:18139800
4016:21526980
3854:10380640
3813:10568424
3805:12133885
3733:11407872
3697:11213280
3656:11312068
3593:21148400
3558:12500989
3519:14653766
3492:10871554
3443:12394645
3373:10205201
3297:30564496
3289:12390100
3248:24586050
3240:11352778
3196:21148400
3157:27357095
3106:30904879
3030:14664458
2995:14777169
2883:11739877
2760:16992118
2662:18991543
2623:28285432
2574:24281841
2535:35803322
2527:14504943
2491:12188088
2453:10512407
2412:31168590
2376:35277018
2316:11242449
2272:26464312
2264:16877852
2166:27631207
2136:Medicine
2113:22882696
2105:17456621
2063:29988421
2012:83925224
1703:24277138
1695:16077241
1613:11063449
1572:10871554
1528:11940387
1460:38562131
1261:14581003
1241:Cytokine
1185:11044552
1147:11566627
907:35046820
856:24571383
815:18952725
780:22878097
772:17211132
731:23942716
661:23178060
461:Molozyvo
405:May 2023
255:jaundice
205:lysozyme
187:such as
165:jaundice
153:meconium
145:laxative
122:neonates
110:placenta
4721:Milkman
4704:Milking
4677:Allergy
4543:Jewelry
4521:Custard
4455:Skimmed
4450:Scalded
4430:Organic
4420:Haymilk
4408:Vanilla
4306:Newborn
4266:Buffalo
4193:1080060
4125:2495375
4117:4442608
4095:Bibcode
4007:3154584
3903:3223958
3894:1135495
3769:7511202
3621:2355818
3451:2326543
3408:8780905
3364:1727496
3204:1829471
3098:8096559
2842:3884680
2801:6991559
2751:1359530
2711:9436097
2614:5861165
2367:8840100
2157:5402550
2054:6024018
1848:4148015
1840:1102990
1812:Bibcode
1785:2334728
1777:2842722
1648:9403658
1501:9098798
1452:8436667
1417:8403511
1408:1534356
1368:2002746
1333:9722981
1296:8713721
1226:1375729
1048:3918380
994:2147370
985:1792611
898:8762312
722:3984402
652:3586783
494:species
397:removed
382:sources
134:protein
118:neonate
67:mammals
4670:Topics
4595:Yogurt
4506:Cheese
4496:Butter
4460:Soured
4425:Malted
4398:Papaya
4393:Coffee
4373:Filled
4281:Donkey
4259:Source
4191:
4164:
4154:
4123:
4115:
4066:
4058:
4014:
4004:
3901:
3891:
3852:
3811:
3803:
3767:
3731:
3695:
3654:
3619:
3591:
3556:
3517:
3490:
3449:
3441:
3406:
3371:
3361:
3295:
3287:
3246:
3238:
3202:
3194:
3155:
3104:
3096:
3059:
3028:
2993:
2910:604324
2908:
2881:
2840:
2799:
2758:
2748:
2709:
2701:
2660:
2621:
2611:
2572:
2533:
2525:
2489:
2451:
2410:
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2364:
2356:
2314:
2270:
2262:
2189:
2164:
2154:
2111:
2103:
2061:
2051:
2037:: 52.
2010:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1804:Nature
1783:
1775:
1767:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1646:
1611:
1570:
1526:
1499:
1458:
1450:
1415:
1405:
1366:
1331:
1294:
1259:
1224:
1183:
1145:
1116:813560
1114:
1089:225143
1087:
1077:
1046:
992:
982:
905:
895:
854:
813:
778:
770:
729:
719:
659:
649:
215:, and
195:, and
130:Bovine
106:uterus
53:(from
40:Bovine
4682:Dairy
4558:Kumis
4553:Kefir
4511:Cream
4491:Ayran
4465:Toned
4383:Anise
4353:Baked
4341:Types
4323:Sheep
4313:Moose
4296:Human
4291:Horse
4271:Camel
4121:S2CID
4064:S2CID
3935:(PDF)
3920:(PDF)
3809:S2CID
3447:S2CID
3293:S2CID
3244:S2CID
3200:S2CID
3102:S2CID
2531:S2CID
2268:S2CID
2109:S2CID
2008:S2CID
1844:S2CID
1781:S2CID
1699:S2CID
1456:S2CID
924:(PDF)
776:S2CID
536:IGF-1
516:lumen
149:stool
138:sugar
55:Latin
4790:Milk
4590:Ymer
4585:Whey
4568:Skyr
4526:Ghee
4516:Curd
4286:Goat
4252:Milk
4189:PMID
4162:PMID
4152:ISBN
4113:PMID
4056:PMID
4012:PMID
3899:PMID
3850:PMID
3801:PMID
3765:PMID
3729:PMID
3693:PMID
3652:PMID
3617:PMID
3589:PMID
3554:PMID
3515:PMID
3488:PMID
3439:PMID
3404:PMID
3369:PMID
3285:PMID
3236:PMID
3192:PMID
3153:PMID
3094:PMID
3057:ISBN
3026:PMID
2991:PMID
2906:PMID
2879:PMID
2838:PMID
2797:PMID
2756:PMID
2707:PMID
2699:ISSN
2658:PMID
2619:PMID
2570:PMID
2523:PMID
2487:PMID
2449:PMID
2408:PMID
2372:PMID
2354:ISSN
2312:PMID
2260:PMID
2187:ISBN
2162:PMID
2101:PMID
2059:PMID
1971:2022
1836:PMID
1828:ISSN
1773:PMID
1765:ISSN
1728:2022
1691:PMID
1683:ISSN
1644:PMID
1609:PMID
1568:PMID
1524:PMID
1497:PMID
1448:PMID
1413:PMID
1364:PMID
1329:PMID
1292:PMID
1257:PMID
1222:PMID
1181:PMID
1143:PMID
1112:PMID
1108:126C
1085:PMID
1075:ISBN
1044:PMID
990:PMID
931:2022
903:PMID
852:PMID
811:PMID
768:PMID
727:PMID
682:2022
657:PMID
576:and
557:The
550:and
534:Low
380:any
378:cite
289:and
257:and
235:and
59:milk
4621:Jug
4470:UHT
4445:Raw
4318:Pig
4276:Cow
4144:doi
4103:doi
4048:doi
4002:PMC
3994:doi
3889:PMC
3881:doi
3877:256
3840:doi
3793:doi
3757:doi
3721:doi
3683:doi
3644:doi
3581:doi
3577:300
3546:doi
3478:doi
3431:doi
3396:doi
3359:PMC
3351:doi
3343:Gut
3320:doi
3275:doi
3228:doi
3224:100
3184:doi
3180:300
3143:hdl
3133:doi
3129:104
3086:doi
3082:341
3049:doi
3018:doi
2964:doi
2933:doi
2902:171
2869:doi
2865:131
2828:doi
2787:doi
2746:PMC
2738:doi
2734:160
2689:doi
2650:doi
2609:PMC
2601:doi
2562:doi
2515:doi
2479:doi
2439:doi
2400:doi
2362:PMC
2344:doi
2302:doi
2250:doi
2216:doi
2152:PMC
2144:doi
2091:doi
2049:PMC
2039:doi
1998:doi
1820:doi
1808:257
1755:doi
1675:doi
1636:doi
1632:131
1599:doi
1558:doi
1520:115
1487:doi
1440:doi
1403:PMC
1395:doi
1356:doi
1321:doi
1284:doi
1249:doi
1212:doi
1173:doi
1067:doi
1017:doi
980:PMC
972:doi
893:PMC
883:doi
842:doi
803:doi
758:doi
717:PMC
709:doi
647:PMC
639:doi
391:by
197:IgM
193:IgG
191:,
189:IgA
79:cow
4766::
4348:A2
4185:11
4183:.
4160:.
4150:.
4119:.
4111:.
4101:.
4091:49
4089:.
4085:.
4062:.
4054:.
4044:71
4042:.
4010:.
4000:.
3990:46
3988:.
3984:.
3959:.
3926:.
3922:.
3897:.
3887:.
3875:.
3871:.
3848:.
3836:63
3834:.
3830:.
3807:.
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3789:93
3787:.
3763:.
3753:43
3751:.
3727:.
3717:20
3715:.
3691:.
3679:56
3677:.
3673:.
3650:.
3640:17
3638:.
3613:22
3611:.
3587:.
3575:.
3552:.
3542:12
3540:.
3527:^
3509:.
3486:.
3474:72
3472:.
3468:.
3445:.
3437:.
3425:.
3402:.
3392:23
3390:.
3367:.
3357:.
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3345:.
3341:.
3316:22
3314:.
3291:.
3283:.
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3269:.
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3242:.
3234:.
3222:.
3198:.
3190:.
3178:.
3151:.
3141:.
3127:.
3123:.
3100:.
3092:.
3080:.
3055:.
3024:.
3014:47
3012:.
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2985:.
2960:34
2958:.
2945:^
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2900:.
2877:.
2863:.
2859:.
2836:.
2824:68
2822:.
2818:.
2795:.
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2781:.
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2754:.
2744:.
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2644:.
2640:.
2617:.
2607:.
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2591:.
2568:.
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