577:
945:
tongue and jaw movements, depending on characteristics of the plant they are eating. Bite area decreases with the density of the plants but increases with their height. Bite area is determined by the sweep of the tongue; in one study observing 750-kilogram (1,650 lb) steers, bite area reached a maximum of approximately 170 cm (30 sq in). Bite depth increases with the height of the plants. By adjusting their behavior, cattle obtain heavier bites in swards that are tall and sparse compared with short, dense swards of equal mass/area. Cattle adjust other aspects of their grazing behavior in relation to the available food; foraging velocity decreases and intake rate increases in areas of abundant palatable forage. Cattle avoid grazing areas contaminated by the faeces of other cattle more strongly than they avoid areas contaminated by sheep, but they do not avoid pasture contaminated by rabbits.
1573:
2459:
2094:
2436:
589:
613:, meaning that they walk on two toes, the third and fourth digits. Like all bovid species, they can have horns, which are unbranched and are not shed annually. Coloration varies with breed; common colors are black, white, and red/brown, and some breeds are spotted or have mixed colors. Bulls are larger than cows of the same breed by up to a few hundred kilograms. British Hereford cows, for example, weigh 600â800 kg (1,300â1,800 lb), while the bulls weigh 1,000â1,200 kg (2,200â2,600 lb). Before 1790, beef cattle averaged only 160 kg (350 lb) net. Thereafter, weights climbed steadily. Cattle breeds vary widely in size; the tallest and heaviest is the
62:
1728:
759:
1460:
1744:
1616:
239:
1336:
1640:
1421:
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1593:
1768:
1689:. Dairy cattle are usually kept on specialized dairy farms designed for milk production. Most cows are milked twice per day, with milk processed at a dairy, which may be onsite at the farm or the milk may be shipped to a dairy plant for eventual sale of a dairy product. Lactation is induced in heifers and spayed cows by a combination of physical and psychological stimulation, by drugs, or by a combination of those methods. For mother cows to continue producing milk, they give birth to one calf per year. If the calf is male, it is generally slaughtered at a young age to produce
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1628:
2412:
1713:
2392:
1790:
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1861:
1849:
632:
823:
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1020:
105:
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1113:
cattle originated from Africa, Asia, North and South
America, Australia, and Europe. Some researchers have suggested that African taurine cattle are derived from a third independent domestication from the North African aurochs. Whether there have been two or three domestications, European, African, and Asian cattle share much of their genomes both through their species ancestry and through repeated migrations of livestock and genetic material between species, as shown in the diagram.
892:
1262:
1557:
1962:
13769:
954:
13781:
13805:
13793:
1035:. Cattle have some 22,000 genes, of which 80% are shared with humans; they have about 1000 genes that they share with dogs and rodents, but not with humans. Using this bovine "HapMap", researchers can track the differences between breeds that affect meat and milk yields. Early research focused on Hereford genetic sequences; a wider study mapped a further 4.2% of the cattle genome.
750:, like most ruminants. While feeding, cows swallow their food without chewing; it goes into the rumen for storage. Later, the food is regurgitated to the mouth, a mouthful at a time, where the cud is chewed by the molars, grinding down the coarse vegetation to small particles. The cud is then swallowed again and further digested by the micro-organisms in the cow's stomach.
2187:
1140:
966:, and sociability. There are many indicators of emotion in cattle. HolsteinâFriesian heifers that had made clear improvements in a learning experiment had higher heart rates, indicating an emotional reaction to their own learning. After separation from their mothers, Holstein calves react, indicating low mood. Similarly, after hot-iron
924:(non-aggressive, competitive) behaviors with no physical contact between opponents, reducing the risk of injury. Dominance status depends on age and sex, with older animals usually dominant to young ones and males dominant to females. Young bulls gain superior dominance status over adult cows when they reach about 2 years of age.
739:. The rumen is the largest compartment and it harbours the most important parts of the microbiome. The reticulum, the smallest compartment, is known as the "honeycomb". The omasum's main function is to absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed. The abomasum has a similar function to the human stomach.
3269:
911:
is primarily performed by subordinates and received by dominant animals. Mounting is a playful behavior shown by calves of both sexes and by bulls and sometimes by cows in estrus, however, this is not a dominance related behavior as has been found in other species. Dominance-associated aggressiveness
916:
used in mate selection. Horned cattle attempt to keep greater distances between themselves and have fewer physical interactions than hornless cattle, resulting in more stable social relationships. In calves, agonistic behavior becomes less frequent as space allowance increases, but not as group size
1487:
Historically, the cattle population of
Britain rose from 9.8 million in 1878 to 11.7 million in 1908, but beef consumption rose much faster. Britain became the "stud farm of the world" exporting livestock to countries where there were no indigenous cattle. In 1929 80% of the meat trade of the world
1112:
Although
European cattle are largely descended from the taurine lineage, gene flow from African cattle (partially of indicine origin) contributed substantial genomic components to both southern European cattle breeds and their New World descendants. A study on 134 breeds showed that modern taurine
830:
Cattle have a variety of cognitive abilities. They can memorize the locations of multiple food sources, and can retain memories for at least 48 days. Young cattle learn more quickly than adults, and calves are capable of discrimination learning, distinguishing familiar and unfamiliar animals, and
813:
heifers first give birth at 2 or 3 years of age, and the timing of birth is synchronized with increases in natural food quality. Average calving interval is 391 days, and calving mortality within the first year of life is 5%. Beef calves suckle an average of 5 times per day, spending some 46
944:
Cattle eat mixed diets, but prefer to eat approximately 70% clover and 30% grass. This preference has a diurnal pattern, with a stronger preference for clover in the morning, and the proportion of grass increasing towards the evening. When grazing, cattle vary several aspects of their bite, i.e.
877:
balance. Their hearing is better than that of horses, but worse at localising sounds than goats, and much worse than dogs or humans. They can distinguish between live and recorded human speech. Olfaction probably plays a large role in their social life, indicating social and reproductive status.
1823:
Cattle are not often kept solely for hides, and they are usually a by-product of beef production. Hides are used mainly for leather products such as shoes. In 2012, India was the world's largest producer of cattle hides. Cattle hides account for around 65% of the world's leather production.
847:
when scanning novel and familiar stimuli. They prefer to view novel stimuli with the left eye (using the right brain hemisphere), but the right eye for familiar stimuli. Individual cattle have also been observed to display different personality traits, such as fearfulness and sociability.
856:
Vision is the dominant sense; cattle obtain almost half of their information visually. Being prey animals, cattle evolved to look out for predators almost all around, with eyes that are on the sides of their head rather than the front. This gives them a field of view of 330°, but limits
617:, where a mature bull may be up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) at the shoulder, and may reach 1,280 kg (2,820 lb) in weight. The natural life of domestic cattle is some 25â30 years. Beef cattle go to slaughter at around 18 months, and dairy cows at about five years.
814:
minutes suckling. There is a diurnal rhythm in suckling, peaking at roughly 6am, 11:30am, and 7pm. Under natural conditions, calves stay with their mother until weaning at 8 to 11 months. Heifer and bull calves are equally attached to their mothers in the first few months of life.
2233:
Stocking density is the number of animals within a specified area. High stocking density can affect cattle health, welfare, productivity, and feeding behaviour. Densely-stocked cattle feed more rapidly and lie down sooner, increasing the risk of teat infection, mastitis, and
5106:
1283:
A group of taurine-type cattle exist in Africa; they either represent an independent domestication event or were the result of crossing taurines domesticated elsewhere with local aurochs, but they are genetically distinct; some authors name them as a separate subspecies,
1495:
at 379 million tonnes and humans at 373 million tonnes. In 2023, the countries with the most cattle were India with 307.5 million (32.6% of the total), Brazil with 194.4 million, and China with 101.5 million, out of a total of 942.6 million in the world.
986:
all increase. When visual contact is re-instated, vocalizations rapidly decline; heart rate decreases more rapidly if the returning cattle are familiar to the previously isolated individual. Mirrors have been used to reduce stress in isolated cattle.
831:
between humans, using faces and other cues. Calves prefer their own mother's vocalizations to those of an unfamiliar cow. Vocalizations provide information on the age, sex, dominance status and reproductive status of the caller, and may indicate
2411:
1701:
Dairy is a large industry worldwide. In 2023, the 27 European Union countries produced 143 million tons of cow's milk; the United States 104.1 million tons; and India 99.5 million tons. India further produces 94.4 million tons of
7797:"The case against the veal crate: An examination of the scientific evidence that led to the banning of the veal crate system in the EU and of the alternative group housed systems that are better for calves, farmers and consumers"
1815:. There are some 11 million draft oxen in sub-Saharan Africa, while in 1998 India had over 65 million oxen. At the start of the 21st century, about half the world's crop production depended on land preparation by draft animals.
961:
In cattle, temperament or behavioral disposition can affect productivity, overall health, and reproduction. Five underlying categories of temperament traits have been proposed: shynessâboldness, explorationâavoidance, activity,
1572:
1550:. Approximately 300 million cattle, including dairy animals, are slaughtered each year for food. About a quarter of the world's meat comes from cattle. World cattle meat production in 2021 was 72.3 million tons.
2062:
issue (to ensure meat and dairy products are safe to eat). These concerns are reflected in farming regulations. These rules can become political matters, as when it was proposed in the UK in 2011 that milk from
1093:, giving rise to the taurine line, and a second in the area that is now Pakistan, resulting in the indicine line. Modern mitochondrial DNA variation indicates the taurine line may have arisen from as few as 80
1697:
is the breed of dairy cow most common in the UK, Europe and the United States. It has been bred selectively to produce the highest yields of milk of any cow. The average in the UK is around 22 litres per day.
970:, calves react to the post-operative pain. The position of the ears has been used as an indicator of emotional state. Cattle can tell when other cattle are stressed by the chemicals in their urine. Cattle are
7548:
Archer, Steven R.; Andersen, Erik M.; Predick, Katharine I.; Schwinning, Susanne; Steidl, Robert J.; Woods, Steven R. (2017). "Woody Plant
Encroachment: Causes and Consequences". In Briske, David D. (ed.).
5394:
2458:
4034:
Boissy, A.; Terlouw, C.; Le
Neindre, P. (1998). "Presence of cues from stressed conspecifics increases reactivity to aversive events in cattle: evidence for the existence of alarm substances in urine".
2365:
is a 1938 animated short about a bull who prefers smelling flowers to fighting other bulls, or taking part in bullfights; in Sweden, the film is broadcast every year at
Christmas time. In literature,
4298:
Daniels, M.J.; Ball, N.; Hutchings, M.R.; Greig, A. (2001). "The grazing response of cattle to pasture contaminated with rabbit faeces and the implications for the transmission of paratuberculosis".
2041:
too are likely to increase in temperate zones as the climate warms, increasing the risk of tick-borne diseases. Both beef and milk production are likely to experience declines due to climate change.
1420:
7650:
1727:
6935:Ăaylı, Ali M.; Arslan, Bilge (7 February 2022). "Analysis of the Thermal Environment and Determination of Heat Stress Periods for Dairy Cattle Under Eastern Mediterranean Climate Conditions".
5717:
Pitt, Daniel; Sevane, Natalia; Nicolazzi, Ezequiel L.; MacHugh, David E.; Park, Stephen D. E.; Colli, Licia; Martinez, Rodrigo; Bruford, Michael W.; Orozco-terWengel, Pablo (January 2019).
7876:
6549:
2135:
in particular produce substantial amounts of wastewater and manure, which can cause environmental harms such as soil erosion, human and animal exposure to toxic chemicals, development of
6655:
2435:
4218:
Bailey, D.W.; Gross, J.E.; Laca, E.A.; Rittenhouse, L.R.; Coughenour, M.B.; Swift, D.M.; Sims, P.L. (1996). "Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns".
5308:
Pitt, Daniel; Sevane, Natalia; Nicolazzi, Ezequiel L.; MacHugh, David E.; Park, Stephen D. E.; Colli, Licia; Martinez, Rodrigo; Bruford, Michael W.; Orozco-terWengel, Pablo (2019).
6242:
2300:. Veneration of the cow is a symbol of Hindu community identity. Slaughter of cows (including oxen, bulls and calves) is forbidden by law in several states of the Indian Union. In
6825:
1272:
The aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last known individual died in
1556:
7584:
Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S.; Stookey, J. M.; Welford, R. (1 August 1997). "Behavior of cattle during hot-iron and freeze branding and the effects on subsequent handling ease".
878:
Cattle can tell when other animals are stressed by smelling the alarm chemicals in their urine. Cattle can be trained to recognise conspecific individuals using olfaction only.
5232:
2253:, most calves are separated from their mothers soon after birth and fed milk replacement in order to retain the cows' milk for human consumption. Animal welfare advocates are
1693:. Cows produce milk until three weeks before birth. Over the last fifty years, dairy farming has become more intensive to increase the yield of milk produced by each cow. The
1042:
as some production traits, and often, the two can be related. The heritability of temperament (response to isolation during handling) has been calculated as 0.36 and 0.46 for
3637:
Coulon, M.; Baudoin, C.; Abdi, H.; Heyman, Y.; Deputte, B.L. (2010). "Social behavior and kin discrimination in a mixed group of cloned and non cloned heifers (Bos taurus)".
1592:
576:
2296:
From early in civilisation, cattle have been used in barter; an advantage of using cattle as currency is that it allows the seller to set a fixed price. Cattle play a part
7375:
Bradford, Scott A.; Segal, Eran; Zheng, Wei; Wang, Qiquan; Hutchins, Stephen R. (2008). "Reuse of
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation Wastewater on Agricultural Lands".
6053:
4792:
7689:
4086:
1627:
869:, like most mammals. Cattle avoid bitter-tasting foods, selecting sweet foods for energy. Their sensitivity to sour-tasting foods helps them to maintain optimal ruminal
1440:
1359:. Raising cattle extensively in this manner allows the use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily
6782:
Donaldson, A. I.; Alexandersen, S.; Sorensen, J. H.; Mikkelsen, T. (May 2001). "Relative risks of the uncontrollable (airborne) spread of FMD by different species".
7448:
7350:
6866:
2710:
2391:
1276:, Poland, around 1627. Breeders have attempted to recreate a similar appearance to the aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, producing the
7925:
Tyler, J.W; Fox, L.K.; Parish, S.M.; Swain, J.; Johnson, D.J.; Grassechi, H.A. (1997). "Effect of feed availability on post-milking standing time in dairy cows".
7205:
5534:
4885:
2835:
4183:
Laca, E.A.; Ungar, E.D.; Seligman, N.; Demment, M.W. (1992). "Effects of sward height and bulk density on bite dimensions of cattle grazing homogeneous swards".
6571:
Muruvimi, F.; Ellis-Jones, J. (1999). "A farming systems approach to improving draft animal power in Sub-Saharan Africa". In
Starkey, P.; Kaumbutho, P. (eds.).
3487:
Coulon, M.; Baudoin, C.; Heyman, Y.; Deputte, B.L. (2011). "Cattle discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics by using only head visual cues".
7478:
1712:
6296:
4336:
7658:
1615:
4767:
4127:
Kondo, S.; Sekine, J.; Okubo, M.; Asahida, Y. (1989). "The effect of group size and space allowance on the agonistic and spacing behavior of cattle".
8488:
5907:
8138:
7337:
US EPA. 2012. Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gases emissions and sinks: 1990â2010. US Environmental
Protection Agency. EPA 430-R-12-001. Section 6.2.
3841:
7411:
1459:
477:(the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals such as chickensâthey were sold as part of the land). The word is a variant of
7872:
4686:
Piller, Carol A.K.; Stookey, Joseph M; Watts, Jon M. (1999). "Effects of mirror-image exposure on heart rate and movement of isolated heifers".
13754:
13409:
13372:
4156:
Rutter, S.M. (2006). "Diet preference for grass and legumes in free-ranging domestic sheep and cattle: current theory and future application".
6644:
6601:
Nicholson, Charles F.; Blake, Robert W.; Reid, Robin S.; Schelhas, John (2001). "Environmental
Impacts of Livestock in the Developing World".
7118:
Ranjitkar, Sailesh; Bu, Dengpan; Van Wijk, Mark; Ma, Ying; Ma, Lu; Zhao, Lianshen; Shi, Jianmin; Liu, Chousheng; Xu, Jianchu (2 April 2020).
6004:
1743:
1639:
3927:
Heffner, R.S.; Heffner, H.E. (1992). "Hearing in large mammals: sound-localization acuity in cattle (Bos taurus) and goats (Capra hircus)".
1304:
cattle are those that have been allowed to go wild. Populations exist in many parts of the world, sometimes on small islands. Some, such as
13105:
4437:
RĂ©ale, D.; Reader, S.M.; Sol, D.; McDougall, P.T.; Dingemanse, N.J. (2007). "Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution".
4263:
Forbes, T.D.A.; Hodgson, J. (1985). "The reaction of grazing sheep and cattle to the presence of dung from the same or the other species".
3182:
Reinhardt, C.; Reinhardt, A.; Reinhardt, V. (1986). "Social behaviour and reproductive performance in semi-wild Scottish Highland cattle".
1767:
6840:
6046:
4016:
Bouissou, M.F.; Boissy, A.; Le Niendre, P.; Vessier, I. (2001). "The Social Behaviour of Cattle 5.". In Keeling, L.; Gonyou, H. (eds.).
1965:
Most of the top 10 beef-producing countries are likely to see lower production with greater temperatures (left) and heat stress (right).
907:. This is maintained in several ways. Cattle often engage in mock fights where they test each other's strength in a non-aggressive way.
7286:
6832:
3532:
de Passille, A.M.; Rushen, J.; Ladewig, J.; Petherick, C. (1996). "Dairy calves' discrimination of people based on previous handling".
2867:"Diversity and functional analysis of rumen and fecal microbial communities associated with dietary changes in crossbreed dairy cattle"
2787:
6760:
5222:
3567:
Barfield, C.H.; Tang-Martinez, Z.; Trainer, J.M. (1994). "Domestic calves (Bos taurus) recognize their own mothers by auditory cues".
2865:
Kibegwa, Felix M.; Bett, Rawlynce C.; Gachuiri, Charles K.; Machuka, Eunice; Stomeo, Francesca; Mujibi, Fidalis D. (13 January 2023).
920:
Dominance relationships in semi-wild highland cattle are very firm, with few overt aggressive conflicts: most disputes are settled by
5666:
2088:
3717:
Robins, A.; Phillips, C. (2010). "Lateralised visual processing in domestic cattle herds responding to novel and familiar stimuli".
1201:
with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the
13722:
13666:
7970:"Management practices associated with conception rate and service rate of lactating Holstein cows in large, commercial dairy herds"
6441:
4916:
2676:
2477:
418:, which gave rise to zebu. There were over 940 million cattle in the world by 2022. Cattle are responsible for around 7% of global
8247:
7503:
Filazzola, Alessandro; et al. (2020). "The effects of livestock grazing on biodiversity are multi-trophic: a meta-analysis".
6327:
2121:. The FAO estimates that in 2015 around 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions were due to cattle, but this is uncertain. Reducing
8268:
Cows are considered holy by India's majority Hindu population and slaughtering them is already banned in most but not all states,
6836:
5893:
4782:
3602:
Watts, J.M.; Stookey, J.M. (2000). "Vocal behaviour in cattle: the animal's commentary on its biological processes and welfare".
3138:
Edwards, S.A.; Broom, D.M. (1982). "Behavioural interactions of dairy cows with their newborn calves and the effects of parity".
1028:
7681:
4643:
Boissy, A.; Le Neindre, P. (1997). "Behavioral, cardiac and cortisol responses to brief peer separation and reunion in cattle".
8662:
2239:
2132:
1956:
843:
calves from the same donor form subgroups, suggesting that kin discrimination may be a basis of grouping behaviour. Cattle use
6705:
4078:
2736:
8330:
8293:
8231:
8206:
8175:
7779:
7722:
7634:
7620:
7568:
6394:"Hormone Induced Lactation in the Bovine. I. Lactational Performance Following Injections of 17ÎČ-Estradiol and Progesterone1"
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3122:
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2076:
1407:
1340:
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does not correlate with rank position, but is closely related to rank distance between individuals. The horns of cattle are
13932:
7746:
2067:-infected cattle should be allowed to enter the food chain. Cattle disease attracted attention in the 1980s and 1990s when
7712:
6463:
3798:
Jacobs, G.H.; Deegan, J.F.; Neitz, J. (1998). "Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in cows, goats and sheep".
13624:
7444:
5816:
2702:
1391:
husbandry rests on behavioural techniques, whereas in Europe, cattle are controlled primarily by physical means, such as
7195:
6264:
5961:
4875:
3010:"Pre-Conception Energy Balance and Secondary Sex RatioâPartial Support for the Trivers-Willard Hypothesis in Dairy Cows"
2181:
13922:
13654:
7165:
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was products of what were originally English breeds. There were nearly 70 million cattle in the US by the early 1930s.
13889:
13809:
8633:
8515:
8463:
8364:
6196:
3248:"The effect of physical contact between dairy cows and calves during separation on their post-separation behavioural"
2503:
1380:
1120:
Cattle phylogeny and migrations involve two major species, at least two domestications, and migrations between these.
8088:
7071:
Nava, Santiago; Gamietea, Ignacio J.; Morel, Nicolas; Guglielmone, Alberto A.; Estrada-Pena, Agustin (6 July 2022).
5582:
5423:
13098:
7025:
4817:
Talenti, A.; Powell, J.; Hemmink, J. D.; Cook, E. A. J.; Wragg, D.; Jayaraman, S.; et al. (17 February 2022).
4688:
4491:
4129:
3252:
3184:
2122:
2068:
1922:
1491:
Cattle have the largest biomass of any animal species on Earth, at roughly 400 million tonnes, followed closely by
1191:
844:
7471:
6350:
3900:
Heffner, R.S.; Heffner, H.E. (1983). "Hearing in large mammals: Horses (Equus caballus) and cattle (Bos taurus)".
2983:
655:, a tough carbohydrate polymer which many animals cannot digest. They do this in symbiosis with micro-organisms â
13702:
13687:
13682:
13459:
6292:
5865:
229:
8558:
3112:
13749:
13744:
13692:
13439:
5628:
Takeda, Kumiko; et al. (April 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Nepalese domestic dwarf cattle Lulu".
5032:
4939:
4356:
2093:
357:
8142:
7073:"Assessment of habitat suitability for the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in temperate areas"
3855:
Bell, F.R.; Sly, J. (1983). "The olfactory detection of sodium and lithium salts by sodium deficient cattle".
3080:
Hopper, Richard M. (2014). "32. Artificial Insemination; 33. Pharmacological Intervention of Estrous Cycles".
379:
Taurine cattle are widely distributed across Europe and temperate areas of Asia, the Americas, and Australia.
13937:
13912:
13858:
13424:
13135:
9014:
6167:
2136:
1934:
1504:
Cattle are kept on farms to produce meat, milk, and leather, and sometimes to pull carts or farm implements.
626:
7024:
Goulson, Dave; Derwent, Lara C.; Hanley, Michael E.; Dunn, Derek W.; Abolins, Steven R. (5 September 2005).
4759:
1706:, making it (in 2023) the world's largest milk producer; its dairy industry employs some 80 million people.
13927:
13444:
13419:
9803:
2987:
8480:
7072:
5914:
5495:
2928:"Starch and Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen and Applications of Metagenomics on Ruminal Microorganisms"
1410:, meaning there are at least 700 mature dairy cows or at least 1000 other cattle stabled or confined in a
1046:
to handling. Rangeland assessments show that the heritability of aggressiveness in cattle is around 0.36.
13429:
13091:
5254:
Decker, J.E.; McKay, S.D.; Rolf, M.M.; Kim, J.; Molina AlcalĂĄ, A.; Sonstegard, T.S.; et al. (2014).
3962:
Lange, Annika; Bauer, Lisa; Futschik, Andreas; Waiblinger, Susanne; LĂŒrzel, Stephanie (15 October 2020).
2755:
2609:
2072:
1174:. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle. They were later reclassified as one species,
1052:
have been found for a range of production and behavioral characteristics for both dairy and beef cattle.
61:
7796:
6192:
4990:
Schmutz, S. M.; Stookey, J. M.; Winkelman-Sim, D. C.; Waltz, C. S.; Plante, Y.; Buchanan, F. C. (2001).
2284:, stating that rodeos are unnecessary and cause stress, injury, and death to the animals. In Spain, the
13469:
13404:
13231:
9083:
8655:
8356:
7418:
6735:
3765:
Adamczyk, K.; GĂłrecka-Bruzda, A.; Nowicki, J.; GumuĆka, M.; Molik, E.; Schwarz, T.; Klocek, C. (2015).
3140:
2672:
2508:
2117:, with each cow belching out 100kg a year. Additional methane is produced by anaerobic fermentation of
1258:
breed, the only taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak.
996:
791:
588:
435:
8380:
3412:
KovalÄik, K.; KovalÄik, M. (1986). "Learning ability and memory testing in cattle of different ages".
2285:
13206:
12060:
9005:
8996:
7026:"Predicting calyptrate fly populations from the weather, and probable consequences of climate change"
2638:
2576:
2441:
2362:
2265:
2126:
743:
5776:"Relationships between production and product traits in subpopulations of Bonsmara and Nguni cattle"
1917:
is caused by a bacterium; it causes disease in humans and in wild animals such as deer and badgers.
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13216:
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6355:
4378:
Brand, B.; Hadlich, F.; Brandt, B.; Schauer, N.; Graunke, K.L.; Langbein, J.; Schwerin, M. (2015).
3857:
3680:
3014:
2534:
2513:
2165:
2028:
1718:
681:
419:
6680:
5469:
3964:"Talking to Cows: Reactions to Different Auditory Stimuli During Gentle Human-Animal Interactions"
13644:
13367:
13362:
13253:
13221:
12496:
11889:
9785:
8926:
6018:
Lott, Dale F.; Hart, Benjamin L. (October 1979). "Applied ethology in a nomadic cattle culture".
5774:
Strydom, P.E.; Naude, R.T.; Smith, M.F.; Kotze, A.; Scholtz, M.M.; Van Wyk, J.B. (1 March 2001).
5578:
5419:
4100:
Knierim, U.; Irrgang, N.; Roth, B.A. (2015). "To be or not to be hornedâconsequences in cattle".
2643:
2581:
1335:
1305:
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403:
33:
13876:
12009:
9445:
8067:
4584:"Pain and pessimism: Dairy calves exhibit negative judgement bias following hot-iron disbudding"
1976:
in cattle, and for longer periods. Heat-stressed cattle may experience accelerated breakdown of
391:. These types, sometimes classified as separate species or subspecies, are further divided into
104:
13826:
13712:
13697:
13639:
13634:
13389:
13320:
13313:
13130:
13125:
9547:
9253:
9172:
8346:
8322:
7119:
6488:
5085:"Genetics of cattle temperament and its impact on livestock production and breeding â a review"
4300:
2706:
2371:
1918:
1073:
age. Archaeozoological and genetic data indicate that cattle were first domesticated from wild
644:
8350:
6645:"World Statistical Compendium for raw hides and skins, leather and leather footwear 1993-2012"
4729:
3211:
Odde, K. G.; Kiracofe, G.H.; Schalles, R.R. (1985). "Suckling behavior in range beef calves".
1996:
1881:(which can in turn transmit diseases caused by bacteria and protozoa), and diseases caused by
13871:
13528:
13308:
12697:
11727:
9952:
9181:
9065:
8648:
8481:"Nordic Quack â Sweden's bizarre tradition of watching Donald Duck cartoons on Christmas Eve"
8384:
6057:
4735:
3835:
2651:
2589:
2544:
2375:
describes the history, ceremony and traditions of Spanish bullfighting, while his 1926 novel
445:
392:
209:
8281:
8198:
5594:
5435:
4380:"Temperament type specific metabolite profiles of the prefrontal cortex and serum in cattle"
3246:
Johnsen, J.F.; Ellingsen, K.; GrĂžndahl, A.M.; BĂže, K.E.; Lidfors, L.; Mejdell, C.M. (2015).
2779:
1102:
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13004:
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12706:
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12268:
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11103:
9469:
9328:
9271:
9217:
8540:
8507:
7891:
7514:
7240:
7131:
7037:
6907:
6610:
6120:
5730:
5507:
5321:
5141:
5047:
4954:
4830:
4597:
4536:
4391:
4272:
4192:
3576:
3304:
2880:
2382:
2353:
region of Japan, thought to ward off illness. In the Jewish religion, cattle appear as the
2114:
1860:
1848:
1313:
1286:
1190:) cattle as subspecies. However, this taxonomy is contentious, and authorities such as the
1106:
963:
799:
758:
509:
494:
37:
7410:
Koelsch, Richard; Balvanz, Carol; George, John; Meyer, Dan; Nienaber, John; Tinker, Gene.
6410:
6393:
6369:
5866:"Feral cattle terrorize hikers and devour native plants in a California national monument"
5659:
5187:
Bollongino, R.; Burger, J.; Powell, A.; Mashkour, M.; Vigne, J.-D.; Thomas, M. G. (2012).
3457:
3440:
3032:
3009:
2926:
Hua, Dengke; Hendriks, Wouter H.; Xiong, Benhai; Pellikaan, Wilbert F. (3 November 2022).
2254:
2037:
blowflies increase in number with continued warming, spreading mastitis-causing bacteria.
917:
changes, whereas in adults, the number of agonistic encounters increases with group size.
238:
8:
13797:
13226:
12950:
12652:
12643:
12391:
12259:
12232:
12168:
11829:
11709:
11658:
9337:
9244:
8835:
6516:
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5539:
4880:
4787:
3652:
2402:
2207:
1914:
1838:
1372:
904:
771:
728:
485:
415:
82:
17:
7518:
7244:
7196:"Easing of farming regulations could allow milk from TB-infected cattle into food chain"
7135:
7041:
6911:
6614:
6539:
6433:
6124:
5734:
5566:
Groves, C. P. (1981). "Systematic relationships in the Bovini (Artiodactyla, Bovidae)".
5511:
5325:
5145:
5051:
4958:
4908:
4834:
4601:
4540:
4395:
4276:
4196:
3676:"Lateralization of behavior in dairy cows in response to conspecifics and novel persons"
3580:
3308:
2884:
2809:
2665:
2570:
1023:
Genomic analysis shows there are five main cattle sub-types, here labelled by continent.
13785:
13707:
13533:
13449:
13037:
13028:
12400:
12340:
12322:
12304:
12250:
12223:
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11838:
11820:
11754:
11447:
11173:
10650:
10641:
10360:
9794:
9262:
9074:
9056:
8935:
8621:â A visual textbook containing History/Origin, Phenotype & Statistics of 45 breeds.
8311:
8255:
8063:
8037:
8010:
7950:
7907:
7263:
7228:
7147:
7100:
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7001:
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6143:
6108:
5751:
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5309:
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4851:
4818:
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4522:
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4245:
4204:
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3990:
3963:
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3823:
3742:
3588:
3514:
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3157:
2956:
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2903:
2866:
2632:
2377:
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2215:
2199:
1898:
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1447:
1400:
1376:
1309:
921:
547:
388:
251:
99:
5885:
4701:
4656:
4582:
Neave, H.W.; Daros, R.R.; Costa, J.H.C.; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G.; Weary, D.M. (2013).
4048:
3675:
3615:
3289:
Lecorps, Benjamin; Weary, Daniel M.; von Keyserlingk, Marina A. G. (23 January 2018).
3153:
2097:
Beef has the highest greenhouse gas impact of any agricultural commodity, followed by
1081:) approximately 10,500 years ago. There were two major areas of domestication: one in
13780:
13377:
13350:
13298:
13268:
12670:
12661:
12349:
12277:
12205:
12036:
12018:
11871:
10821:
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10059:
9961:
9740:
9707:
9650:
9520:
9047:
8908:
8629:
8511:
8459:
8360:
8326:
8289:
8227:
8202:
8171:
8042:
7991:
7942:
7911:
7821:
7775:
7718:
7630:
7601:
7564:
7530:
7392:
7268:
7229:"Uncertainty in the Tail of the Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Epidemic in the UK"
7151:
7104:
7092:
7049:
7006:
6956:
6894:
Liu, Weihang; Zhou, Junxiong; Ma, Yuchi; Chen, Shuo; Luo, Yuchuan (3 February 2024).
6799:
6630:
6415:
6374:
6148:
6087:
6031:
5870:
5756:
5641:
5610:
5600:
5451:
5441:
5366:
5347:
5287:
5210:
5169:
5084:
5065:
5013:
4972:
4856:
4739:
4660:
4625:
4564:
4464:
4450:
4419:
4317:
4142:
4052:
3995:
3944:
3874:
3870:
3815:
3734:
3699:
3674:
Phillips, C.J.C.; Oevermans, H.; Syrett, K.L.; Jespersen, A.Y.; Pearce, G.P. (2015).
3656:
3619:
3549:
3506:
3462:
3425:
3365:
3330:
3247:
3228:
3197:
3118:
3091:
3087:
3060:
3037:
2961:
2932:
2908:
2759:
2238:. The stress and negative health impacts induced by high stocking density such as in
2169:
2054:
Cattle health is at once a veterinary issue (for animal welfare and productivity), a
1734:
1694:
1666:
1387:
care, as well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. Around the world,
539:
470:
7954:
6811:
5390:
4476:
4064:
3886:
3764:
3746:
3518:
3161:
1921:
is caused by a virus, affects a range of hoofed livestock and is highly contagious.
1789:
1633:
Beef (and buffalo meat) production has grown substantially over the recent 60 years.
13614:
13572:
13464:
13355:
13263:
13248:
13064:
12818:
12809:
12688:
12529:
12520:
12313:
11985:
11976:
11924:
11915:
11763:
11736:
11649:
11429:
11037:
10463:
10454:
10444:
10417:
10138:
10007:
9208:
9199:
9190:
8972:
8963:
8899:
8826:
8817:
8032:
8022:
7981:
7934:
7899:
7771:
Cow Talk: Understanding Dairy Cow Behaviour to Improve Their Welfare on Asian Farms
7593:
7554:
7522:
7384:
7258:
7248:
7139:
7084:
7057:
7045:
6996:
6988:
6944:
6915:
6791:
6713:
6618:
6405:
6364:
6138:
6128:
6027:
5787:
5746:
5738:
5697:
5637:
5515:
5378:
5337:
5329:
5277:
5267:
5200:
5159:
5149:
5096:
5055:
5003:
4962:
4846:
4838:
4697:
4672:
4652:
4615:
4605:
4554:
4544:
4521:
Daros, R.R.; Costa, J.H.; von Keyserlingk, M.A.; Hötzel, M.J.; Weary, D.M. (2014).
4507:
4503:
4454:
4446:
4409:
4399:
4352:
4348:
4309:
4280:
4235:
4227:
4200:
4169:
4165:
4138:
4109:
4044:
3985:
3975:
3936:
3909:
3866:
3827:
3807:
3778:
3726:
3689:
3648:
3611:
3584:
3541:
3498:
3489:
3452:
3421:
3392:
3361:
3320:
3312:
3265:
3261:
3220:
3193:
3149:
3027:
2951:
2941:
2898:
2888:
2732:
2426:
2366:
2219:
1330:
1158:, the European or "taurine" cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia);
975:
937:
858:
826:
Individual cattle differ in personality traits such as fearfulness and sociability.
767:
635:
Bacteria dominate rumen microbiome; composition can change substantially with diet.
531:
8192:
5838:
5256:"Worldwide patterns of ancestry, divergence, and admixture in domesticated cattle"
1343:, the cattle are not allowed to wander and graze, as food is brought to them in a
1116:
1001:
The average sleep time of a domestic cow is about 4 hours a day. Cattle do have a
794:; this allows farmers to choose from a wide range of bulls to breed their cattle.
13917:
13589:
13325:
12794:
12785:
12733:
12724:
12505:
11362:
11353:
10830:
10426:
9478:
9388:
9226:
9038:
8917:
8890:
8881:
8410:
8165:
7505:
7253:
5670:
5658:(in Dutch), Cis van Vuure, Wageningen University and Research Centrum: quoted by
5272:
5128:
McTavish, E.J.; Decker, J.E.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J.F.; Hillis, D.M. (2013).
4610:
4549:
4404:
4113:
3081:
2893:
2257:, stating that this breaks the natural bond between the mother and her calf. The
1906:
1750:
1563:
1492:
1251:
810:
13863:
7738:
7559:
5962:"Alaska Isle a Corral For Feral Cattle Herd; U.S. Wants to Trade Cows for Birds"
4731:
Anatomy and physiology for veterinary technicians and nurses a clinical approach
3940:
822:
631:
13545:
12994:
12932:
12562:
12553:
12078:
12027:
11948:
11939:
11880:
11718:
11420:
11242:
11233:
10788:
10755:
10737:
10225:
10035:
9910:
9749:
8737:
8709:
7143:
7088:
6948:
6920:
6895:
5688:
5130:"New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events"
4842:
3913:
3639:
3316:
2528:
2468:
2418:
2329:
2321:
2110:
2000:
1977:
1969:
1939:
1598:
1479:
1360:
1352:
1301:
1147:
1019:
1002:
913:
836:
697:
369:
365:
44:
8640:
8027:
7938:
6622:
5702:
5683:
5519:
5367:"On the origin of cattle: How aurochs became domestic and colonized the world"
5060:
5008:
4991:
4967:
3980:
3811:
3730:
3502:
2357:, the idol that the Israelites made when Moses was on Mount Sinai, and as the
2264:
Two sports involving cattle are thought to be cruel by animal welfare groups:
383:
are found mainly in India and tropical areas of Asia, America, and Australia.
13906:
13739:
13604:
13562:
13508:
13330:
13151:
12619:
12601:
12487:
12424:
12415:
11474:
11209:
11182:
10953:
10863:
10854:
10839:
10704:
10668:
10623:
10560:
10551:
10068:
10026:
9919:
9885:
9875:
9776:
9758:
9421:
9370:
9280:
8844:
8442:
8431:
7903:
5971:
5792:
5775:
5590:
5431:
2301:
2157:
2118:
2055:
1894:
1674:
1660:
1579:
1539:
1527:
1250:, as well. The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious â for example,
1066:
1032:
1014:
971:
932:
832:
803:
779:
610:
474:
423:
285:
225:
8604:
7968:
Schefers, J.M.; Weigel, K.A.; Rawson, C.L.; Zwald, N.R.; Cook, N.B. (2010).
7169:
6586:
Phaniraja, K. L.; Panchasara, H. H. (2009). "Indian draught animals power".
6133:
5939:
5614:
5455:
5205:
5189:"Modern taurine cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders"
5188:
5154:
3224:
13942:
13659:
13518:
13493:
13335:
13293:
13238:
13196:
13013:
12982:
12872:
12544:
12358:
12286:
12159:
12102:
12093:
11811:
11745:
11507:
11465:
11380:
11191:
10911:
10902:
10764:
10695:
10584:
10575:
10317:
10086:
9767:
9722:
9689:
9460:
9352:
9319:
9235:
8046:
7995:
7892:"The behaviour and physiological consequences of overstocking dairy cattle"
7534:
7396:
7272:
7200:
7191:
7096:
7010:
6896:"Unequal impact of climate warming on meat yields of global cattle farming"
6803:
6152:
6047:
Bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers: an independent scientific review
5808:
5760:
5351:
5291:
5214:
5173:
5101:
5069:
5017:
4976:
4860:
4629:
4568:
4468:
4423:
4321:
4313:
4083:
Heat Detection and Timing of Insemination for Cattle (Penn State Extension)
3999:
3783:
3766:
3738:
3703:
3660:
3623:
3510:
3334:
3041:
2965:
2912:
2604:
2518:
2484:
2449:
2281:
2269:
2250:
2153:
2064:
1804:
1703:
1656:
1431:
1396:
1261:
1202:
1090:
1039:
687:
411:
384:
349:
341:
8111:
7986:
7969:
7946:
7605:
7597:
6795:
6419:
4664:
4056:
3948:
3878:
3819:
3694:
3553:
3466:
3397:
3380:
3232:
2258:
479:
13649:
13584:
13567:
13540:
13513:
13498:
13474:
13345:
13186:
13114:
12634:
12382:
11544:
11498:
11489:
11438:
11390:
11251:
11093:
10686:
10677:
10505:
10299:
10290:
10280:
10174:
10017:
9827:
9818:
9731:
9574:
9496:
9379:
9304:
9295:
8672:
7472:"CAFOs Uncovered: The Untold Costs of Confined Animal Feeding Operations"
7388:
6763:. Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs. 26 April 2015
6378:
6217:
4337:"Can ear postures reliably measure the positive emotional state of cows?"
3545:
2354:
2317:
2277:
2273:
2235:
2227:
2149:
2059:
2012:
1973:
1513:
1388:
1384:
1295:
1277:
1143:
1098:
1043:
874:
602:
337:
156:
6992:
5030:
4937:
4523:"Separation from the dam causes negative judgement bias in dairy calves"
4240:
2946:
2666:"Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives: Introduction"
1961:
891:
13849:
13340:
13288:
13283:
13166:
12241:
12141:
11966:
11558:
10980:
10962:
10713:
10408:
10393:
10384:
10351:
10128:
9934:
9851:
9842:
9617:
9608:
9487:
9412:
8953:
8774:
7846:
7822:"Using Prods and Persuaders Properly to Handle Cattle, Pigs, and Sheep"
5998:
NPDES Permit Writers' Manual for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
5382:
5033:"Genetics of behavioural adaptation of livestock to farming conditions"
5031:
Canario, L.; Mignon-Grasteau, S.; Dupont-Nivet, M.; Phocas, F. (2013).
4940:"Genetics of behavioural adaptation of livestock to farming conditions"
4938:
Canario, L.; Mignon-Grasteau, S.; Dupont-Nivet, M.; Phocas, F. (2013).
4249:
2358:
2288:
due to the stress and injuries incurred by the bulls during the event.
2203:
2033:
1874:
1601:, a popular small breed, here in Austria with a traditional cattle bell
1583:
1255:
1213:), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the
1198:
979:
866:
862:
713:
8531:
7526:
6781:
5742:
5494:
Gentry, Anthea; Clutton-Brock, Juliet; Groves, Colin P. (1 May 2004).
5365:
Ajmone-Marsan, Paolo; Garcia, J.F.; Lenstra, Johannes (January 2010).
5333:
4459:
4079:"Signs of Heat (Heat Detection and Timing of Insemination for Cattle)"
3381:"Cattle do remember locations of preferred food over extended periods"
953:
13550:
13278:
12941:
12862:
12715:
12586:
12577:
12051:
11625:
11616:
11601:
11592:
11456:
11028:
10812:
10746:
10632:
10147:
9943:
9632:
9556:
9436:
8987:
8872:
8862:
8756:
8747:
7873:"Taking advantage of natural behavior improves dairy cow performance"
7622:
Pain Management, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice
7351:"Livestock Don't Contribute 14.5% of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
5303:
5301:
4992:"A QTL study of cattle behavioral traits in embryo transfer families"
4377:
2752:
American Economic Growth and Standards of Living before the Civil War
2313:
2161:
2106:
2016:
2008:
1992:
1981:
1794:
1356:
1291:
1070:
967:
668:
652:
459:'principal sum of money, capital', itself derived in turn from Latin
296:
292:
116:
70:
13820:
12908:
8011:"Evaluation of the welfare of cattle housed in outdoor feedlot pens"
6045:
Krebs, J.R.; Anderson, T.; Clutton-Brock, W.T.; et al. (1997).
4231:
3349:
398:
Around 10,500 years ago, taurine cattle were domesticated from wild
13843:
13243:
12850:
12478:
12150:
11862:
11700:
11640:
11305:
11004:
10536:
10481:
10369:
10198:
9674:
9665:
9641:
9529:
9403:
9153:
9029:
8725:
8703:
8691:
8318:
7626:
7583:
6594:
4588:
4527:
3348:
Bailey, D.W.; Rittenhouse, L.R.; Hart, R.H.; Richards, R.W (1989).
2871:
2523:
2305:
2243:
2024:
1988:
1944:
1886:
1882:
1807:. Oxen can pull heavier loads and for a longer period of time than
1466:
983:
736:
664:
656:
640:
614:
520:
136:
5599:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637â722.
5496:"The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives"
5440:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637â722.
5298:
3001:
1406:
In the United States, many cattle are raised intensively, kept in
1242:
breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of
957:
Ear postures of cows indicate emotional state and overall welfare.
712:. If the animal's feed changes over time, the composition of this
13599:
13555:
13523:
13055:
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12751:
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10532:
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10077:
9994:
9900:
9163:
9113:
8808:
8614:
6349:
Pearson, R.E.; Fulton, L.A.; Thompson, P.D.; Smith, J.W. (1979).
5596:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
5437:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
3531:
2919:
2422:
2397:
2333:
2211:
2141:
1733:
The milking of cattle was once largely by hand. Demonstration at
1451:
1411:
1368:
1364:
1344:
1273:
1239:
1231:
1171:
1134:
1094:
1074:
908:
873:. They seek out salty foods by taste and smell to maintain their
840:
720:
702:
399:
368:
within Hinduism, and may not be killed. Small breeds such as the
345:
300:
289:
176:
166:
74:
4989:
3673:
2246:, auctions, and transport may be detrimental to cattle welfare.
503:
497:
13577:
13171:
13161:
12899:
12468:
12373:
12196:
12186:
11802:
11154:
11136:
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10243:
10165:
9698:
9511:
9361:
8697:
8685:
8590:
7547:
7368:
6575:. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. pp. 10â19.
4520:
4015:
3111:
Youngquist, Robert S.; Threlfall, Walter R. (10 October 2006).
2539:
2194:
production in individual crates has attracted welfare concerns.
2098:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1547:
1534:. Other body parts are used as food products, including blood,
1086:
1005:, but do not sleep standing up; they lie down to sleep deeply.
795:
732:
672:
660:
606:
407:
146:
126:
13083:
5568:
Zeitschrift fĂŒr Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung
5186:
4581:
43:"Taurus cattle" redirects here. For the breeding project, see
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9593:
9584:
8793:
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8313:
Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice
7120:"Will heat stress take its toll on milk production in China?"
5223:"DNA reveals that cows were almost impossible to domesticate"
3347:
2839:
2488:
2309:
2020:
1985:
1926:
1902:
1890:
1808:
1543:
1535:
1392:
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have become sufficiently distinct to be described as breeds.
1243:
1214:
1154:
Cattle were originally identified as three separate species:
787:
775:
724:
676:
648:
361:
8163:
7070:
6519:. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 1 June 2023
5127:
4819:"A cattle graph genome incorporating global breed diversity"
3961:
3566:
2308:
is symbolised as an ox. The second and longest surah of the
647:
is highly specialized for processing plant material such as
13485:
13273:
12069:
11399:
11287:
11269:
10926:
10779:
10183:
10050:
9866:
9140:
9101:
7553:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 25â84.
6603:
Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development
6464:"Major producers of cow milk worldwide in 2023, by country"
3288:
3245:
3181:
3055:
Frandson, Rowen D.; Wilke, W. Lee; Fails, Anna Dee (2013).
2350:
2320:
is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the
2223:
2191:
2038:
1930:
1910:
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1800:
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are the primary dairy breed, bred for high milk production.
1690:
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1517:
1427:
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1235:
1163:
896:
865:) to some 30° to 50°, compared to 140° in humans. They are
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too may be artificially induced to facilitate the process.
380:
353:
322:
314:
11537:
7412:"Applying Alternative Technologies to CAFOs: A Case Study"
6600:
6348:
6107:
Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (21 May 2018).
6044:
5716:
5364:
5307:
4217:
3486:
2864:
2182:
Cruelty to animals § Welfare concerns of farm animals
1566:
is a widespread beef breed, introduced in the 18th century
1246:, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus
1139:
422:. They were one of the first domesticated animals to have
12679:
11278:
11224:
10156:
9538:
8167:
A history of money: from ancient times to the present day
7967:
7714:
Improving Animal Welfare, 2 Edition: A Practical Approach
7651:"Welfare Implications of Dehorning and Disbudding Cattle"
5493:
5227:
4679:
4297:
2925:
2186:
1995:. Cattle can attempt to deal with higher temperatures by
1759:
1607:
1403:
and maintaining herd health to avoid concurrent disease.
1290:. The only pure African taurine breeds remaining are the
1227:
1223:
1218:
1130:
747:
373:
305:
186:
7889:
7023:
4816:
4439:
Biological Review of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
4182:
1621:
Beef is the third most commonly consumed meat worldwide.
10529:
8089:"EFSA: house calves in small groups to improve welfare"
7445:"The Economics of CAFOs & Sustainable Alternatives"
6977:"Impact of climate change on animal health and welfare"
6685:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
6243:"AskUSDA: What is the most consumed meat in the world?"
4436:
4126:
4033:
3636:
2004:
1784:
870:
594:
Anatomical model, showing the large 4-chambered stomach
11072:
8613:
Purdy, Herman R.; R. John Dawes; Robert Hough (2008).
8600:. London: The British Museum Press. 978-0-7141-5084-0.
7374:
7287:"Methane vs Carbon Dioxide: A Greenhouse Gas Showdown"
6391:
5773:
5082:
3767:"Perception of environment in farm animals â A review"
7409:
7117:
6017:
974:, and even short-term isolation causes psychological
746:
and re-chew their food in the process of chewing the
483:(a unit of personal property) and closely related to
299:. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily
7682:"Ear-Tagging Proposal May Mean Fewer Branded Cattle"
3210:
2568:
1197:
Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to
1069:, having been domesticated since at least the early
523:
512:
32:"Cow" and "Cows" redirect here. For other uses, see
8248:"India Supreme Court suspends cattle slaughter ban"
7924:
6585:
6570:
6392:Larry Smith, K.; Schanbacher, F. L. (1 June 1973).
6265:"Mapped: Global Livestock Distribution and Density"
4335:Proctor, Helen S.; Carder, Gemma (9 October 2014).
3110:
2630:
1984:. Cattle eat less when heat stressed, resulting in
1027:In 2009, the National Institutes of Health and the
835:in cows and competitive display in bulls. Cows can
8310:
6106:
5991:
5989:
5809:"Genetic characterization and West African cattle"
5767:
5253:
4685:
4099:
3054:
2631:
2569:
2361:, used for certain ritual purifications. In film,
2164:. A well documented consequence of overgrazing is
1450:to prevent it from suckling, usually to assist in
1298:and some varieties of the West African Shorthorn.
473:, especially livestock of any kind, as opposed to
448:
7890:Huzzey, J.; Keyserlingk, M.; Overton, T. (2012).
7227:Garske, Tini; Ghani, Azra C. (23 December 2010).
3797:
2156:of the grazed plants and of animals at different
2079:; 178 people in the UK had died from it by 2010.
1645:Production of beef worldwide, by country in 2021.
414:. A separate domestication event occurred in the
13904:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6086:. USA: University of Chicago Press. p. 26.
5806:
5414:
5412:
4642:
3411:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
2750:Gallman, Robert E.; Wallis, John Joseph (2007).
2417:A legend claims that monks carrying the body of
2400:the evangelist depicted with a bull in the 1493
2272:. Such groups oppose rodeo activities including
2023:buffering. These two pathologies can both cause
1873:Cattle are subject to pests including arthropod
809:Cows seek secluded areas for calving. Semi-wild
695:. Cellulolytic fungi include several species of
8670:
8091:. European Food Safety Authority. 29 March 2023
8081:
7768:Doyle, Rebecca; Moran, John (3 February 2015).
6826:"Bovine Spongiform Encephalopaphy: An Overview"
6113:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5986:
5719:"Domestication of cattle: Two or three events?"
5310:"Domestication of cattle: Two or three events?"
5083:Friedrich, J.; Brand, B.; Schwerin, M. (2015).
4812:
4810:
2316:("The Cow"); it mentions cows seven times. The
2168:in rangelands, which significantly reduces the
2113:, a powerful greenhouse gas, as a byproduct of
2011:. To deal with this, cattle are forced to shed
1773:World production of bovine milk (cow + buffalo)
839:images as familiar and unfamiliar individuals.
802:lasts several seconds and consists of a single
8190:
8062:
6342:
6245:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 17 July 2019
3926:
3899:
3716:
3438:
3284:
3282:
3114:Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology
2860:
2858:
2856:
2338:
2058:issue (to limit the spread of disease), and a
679:. Among the many bacteria that contribute are
13099:
8656:
8345:
8170:. University of Wales Press. pp. 42â44.
6963:
6893:
6867:"Common Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle"
6517:"India Largest Producer of Milk in the World"
6318:
6316:
6314:
6005:United States Environmental Protection Agency
5409:
4867:
4334:
4262:
4029:
4027:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3385:Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
3350:"Characteristics of spatial memory in cattle"
3168:
3048:
3007:
2984:"How Cows Eat Grass: Exploring Cow Digestion"
2749:
2044:
1351:Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to
303:and the most widespread species of the genus
27:Large, domesticated, cloven-hooved herbivores
8308:
7896:American Association of Bovine Practitioners
7220:
4807:
4727:
3840:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
3601:
3525:
3137:
3008:Roche, J.R.; Lee, J.M.; Berry, D.P. (2006).
2564:
2562:
2560:
978:. When heifers are isolated, vocalizations,
8157:
8112:"Animal rights group targets popular rodeo"
7794:
7226:
6934:
6889:
6887:
6753:
6324:"Compassion in World Farming: Dairy Cattle"
6168:"Ranking Of Countries With The Most Cattle"
6054:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
5123:
5121:
5119:
4766:. Manitoba Veterinary Medical Association.
4492:"Emotional reactions to learning in cattle"
3920:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3630:
3291:"Pessimism and fearfulness in dairy calves"
3279:
3239:
3059:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 449â451.
2977:
2975:
2853:
1925:is a neurodegenerative disease spread by a
1414:for "45 days or more in a 12-month period".
1367:. Many routine husbandry practices involve
948:
460:
454:
13106:
13092:
8745:
8663:
8649:
7767:
7469:
6833:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
6311:
6287:
6285:
6185:
4489:
4483:
4430:
4371:
4024:
4011:
4009:
3473:
3378:
3341:
3073:
2465:An evening at the hut of the cow-herdesses
2075:. BSE can cross into humans as the deadly
2003:concentrations at the price of increasing
1395:. Breeders use cattle husbandry to reduce
772:ratio of male to female offspring at birth
675:that split cellulose into its constituent
237:
60:
12980:
10452:
8215:
8036:
8026:
7985:
7870:
7558:
7502:
7262:
7252:
7000:
6919:
6573:Meeting the challenges of animal traction
6409:
6368:
6142:
6132:
5807:Meghen, C.; MacHugh, D.E.; Bradley, D.G.
5791:
5750:
5701:
5341:
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3989:
3979:
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3782:
3693:
3595:
3456:
3441:"Discrimination learning in dairy calves"
3396:
3324:
3117:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 940.
3031:
2955:
2945:
2902:
2892:
2703:"Color Patterns in Crossbred Beef Cattle"
2624:
2557:
2421:were led by a milk maid who had lost her
2089:Environmental impact of cattle production
1950:
1811:. Oxen are used worldwide, especially in
770:for a cow is about nine months long. The
329:, and castrated male cattle are known as
12861:
10251:
8559:"Cuthbert's Move to Durham: Two Stories"
8184:
8058:
8056:
7788:
7403:
6974:
6884:
5116:
4909:"BBC: Cow genome 'to transform farming'"
3753:
2972:
2185:
2092:
1960:
1909:is a disabling skin condition caused by
1788:
1483:Cattle headcounts by country, as of 2021
1478:
1334:
1260:
1138:
1115:
1105:in what is now southeastern Turkey, and
1018:
952:
931:
890:
821:
757:
630:
9152:
8723:
8603:Oklahoma State University (OSU). 2006.
8453:
8194:Money, Bank Credit, and Economic Cycles
8164:Glyn Davies; Julian Hodge Bank (2002).
8008:
7710:
7618:
6837:United States Department of Agriculture
6282:
5863:
5780:South African Journal of Animal Science
5532:
5220:
5112:from the original on 24 September 2015.
4780:
4774:
4006:
3893:
3854:
1265:N'dama cattle in a livestock market in
546:. In older English sources such as the
14:
13905:
8870:
8501:
8404:
8197:. Ludwig von Mises Institute. p.
7345:
7343:
7190:
6864:
6537:
5896:from the original on 23 February 2016.
5845:from the original on 21 September 2015
5627:
5565:
5247:
4876:"Scientists Unravel Genome of the Cow"
4155:
3710:
3079:
3057:Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals
2240:concentrated animal feeding operations
2133:Concentrated animal feeding operations
1957:Effects of climate change on livestock
1854:Drooling due to foot-and-mouth disease
1665:Certain breeds of cattle, such as the
1408:concentrated animal feeding operations
1341:concentrated animal feeding operations
1194:treat these taxa as separate species.
1038:Behavioral traits of cattle can be as
886:
13825:
13824:
13087:
12979:
12848:
12847:
12453:
11536:
11071:
10528:
9990:
9136:
8722:
8644:
8491:from the original on 7 December 2011.
8478:
8456:The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons
8279:
8109:
8053:
7879:from the original on 2 December 2016.
7749:from the original on 13 December 2017
7679:
6540:"On Small Farms, Hoof Power Return s"
6081:
5819:from the original on 26 February 2019
5577:
5418:
4873:
4575:
4089:from the original on 5 November 2016.
3439:Schaeffer, R.G.; Sikes, J.D. (1971).
2739:from the original on 24 January 2015.
2286:Running of the bulls faces opposition
2198:Cattle husbandry practices including
2082:
1832:
1793:Oxen used in traditional ploughing â
1522:The meat of adult cattle is known as
554:often means livestock, as opposed to
13792:
10288:
7774:. Csiro Publishing. pp. 20â21.
7484:from the original on 26 January 2013
7463:
7311:
7208:from the original on 1 February 2014
6900:Communications Earth and Environment
6818:
6661:from the original on 28 January 2015
6504:FAO Code: 0951 - Raw milk of buffalo
6165:
5681:
5533:Mummolo, Jonathan (11 August 2007).
5397:from the original on 4 December 2017
4919:from the original on 17 October 2013
4906:
4728:Asprea, Lori; Sturtz, Robin (2012).
4020:. CABI Publishing. pp. 113â133.
3653:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.06.031
2713:from the original on 4 December 2023
2700:
2682:from the original on 17 January 2024
2652:participating institution membership
2590:participating institution membership
2175:
13804:
9137:
8282:"The Evangelists and their symbols"
8226:. London: Verso. pp. 20, 130.
8221:
8009:Grandin, Temple (1 December 2016).
7961:
7918:
7883:
7864:
7451:from the original on 10 August 2014
7340:
6975:Lacetera, Nicola (3 January 2019).
6109:"The biomass distribution on Earth"
5940:"Science â Chillingham Wild Cattle"
5221:Wilkins, Alasdair (28 March 2012).
4770:from the original on 15 April 2016.
2981:
2049:
927:
620:
24:
13655:Environmental impact of irrigation
12454:
9991:
8628:. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press.
8579:
8479:Stahl, Jeremy (22 December 2011).
8136:
6007:. February 2012. EPA 833-F-12-001.
5684:"The Breeding-Back of the Aurochs"
4795:from the original on 26 April 2016
4781:Collins, Nick (6 September 2013).
4285:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01735.x
4205:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02251.x
3589:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01045.x
3024:American Dairy Science Association
2602:
1933:, in contaminated meat. Among the
1673:, much of which is processed into
561:
309:. Mature female cattle are called
25:
13954:
8288:. Getty Publications. p. 8.
8139:"Passion for bulls in the street"
7692:from the original on 6 April 2017
7442:
6937:Journal of Biosystems Engineering
6411:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(73)85243-9
6370:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83526-2
6197:Food and Agriculture Organization
5970:. 23 October 2005. Archived from
5500:Journal of Archaeological Science
4888:from the original on 28 June 2011
4714:"40 Winks?" Jennifer S. Holland,
3929:Journal of Comparative Psychology
3458:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(71)85937-4
3275:from the original on 7 July 2017.
3033:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72282-2
2504:1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation
2077:variant CreutzfeldtâJakob disease
1943:flukes, affecting the rumen, and
1430:. Cattle are often restrained in
1065:Cattle have played a key role in
701:, while the protozoa include the
317:. Young female cattle are called
13803:
13791:
13779:
13768:
13767:
8551:
8524:
8495:
8472:
8458:. Checkmark Books. p. 153.
8447:
8436:
8425:
8398:
8373:
8339:
8302:
8273:
8240:
8130:
8103:
8002:
7839:
7814:
7761:
7731:
7711:Grandin, Temple (21 July 2015).
7704:
7680:Goode, Erica (25 January 2012).
7673:
7643:
7612:
7577:
7541:
7496:
7436:
7377:Journal of Environmental Quality
7331:
7305:
7279:
7184:
7158:
7111:
7064:
7050:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01078.x
7017:
6928:
6858:
6775:
6728:
6710:International Council of Tanners
6698:
6673:
6637:
6579:
6564:
6552:from the original on 22 May 2013
6531:
6509:
6481:
6456:
6444:from the original on 18 May 2015
6426:
6385:
6330:from the original on 18 May 2015
6299:from the original on 18 May 2015
6257:
5950:from the original on 9 May 2016.
5642:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00163.x
5235:from the original on 12 May 2012
4907:Gill, Victoria (23 April 2009).
4689:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
4496:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
4451:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00010.x
4341:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
4158:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
4130:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
3604:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
3414:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
3354:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
3253:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
3185:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
2514:British Cattle Health Initiative
2476:
2457:
2434:
2410:
2390:
2328:is represented as a bull in the
2069:bovine spongiform encephalopathy
1923:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
1866:Infected hoof of the same heifer
1859:
1847:
1778:
1766:
1742:
1726:
1711:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1591:
1571:
1555:
1458:
1439:
1419:
1192:American Society of Mammalogists
774:is approximately 52:48. A cow's
587:
575:
489:in the economic sense. The word
103:
13723:Agriculture and the environment
13460:British Agricultural Revolution
13113:
9015:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
8110:Smith, Michael (17 July 2008).
7629:Health Sciences. p. PT70.
6839:. December 2006. Archived from
6235:
6210:
6159:
6100:
6075:
6038:
6011:
5954:
5932:
5908:"ćŁäč泶ç(Bos Taurus)ăźæé·æČç·ăźäœæăšăăźçčćŸŽ"
5900:
5878:
5864:Sahagun, Louis (2 March 2018).
5857:
5831:
5800:
5710:
5675:
5648:
5621:
5559:
5526:
5487:
5462:
5358:
5193:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5024:
4983:
4931:
4900:
4752:
4721:
4708:
4636:
4514:
4328:
4291:
4256:
4211:
4176:
4149:
4120:
4093:
4071:
4018:Social Behavior in Farm Animals
3848:
3791:
3667:
3560:
3432:
3405:
3379:Ksiksi, T.; Laca, E.A. (2002).
3372:
3204:
3131:
3104:
2828:
2790:from the original on 3 May 2015
2073:broke out in the United Kingdom
1582:cattle on an extensive farm in
1426:A Hereford being inspected for
1109:in what is now northern Syria.
786:, the artificial deposition of
753:
13667:Climate change and agriculture
13440:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
9804:Central American red brocket (
8530:Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2023).
8254:. 11 July 2017. Archived from
8191:Huerta de Soto, JesĂșs (2006).
7077:Research in Veterinary Science
6434:"About calves reared for veal"
4874:Brown, David (23 April 2009).
4508:10.1016/j.applanim.2003.11.007
4353:10.1016/j.applanim.2014.09.015
4170:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.11.016
3266:10.1016/j.applanim.2015.03.002
2802:
2772:
2743:
2725:
2694:
2658:
2596:
2349:is a traditional toy from the
2230:have raised welfare concerns.
1097:tamed in the upper reaches of
566:
13:
1:
8015:Veterinary and Animal Science
7802:. Compassion in World Farming
7619:Coetzee, Hans (19 May 2013).
6761:"Diseases that affect cattle"
4702:10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00010-6
4657:10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00521-5
4490:Hagen, K.; Broom, D. (2004).
4049:10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00466-6
3616:10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00108-2
3154:10.1016/s0003-3472(82)80065-1
2982:Orr, Adam I. (28 June 2023).
2709:Extension. p. AFS-3173.
2701:Rolf, Megan (February 2017).
2551:
2291:
2137:antibiotic resistant bacteria
1474:
1434:when given medical attention.
627:Digestive system of ruminants
453:, itself from medieval Latin
13445:Arab Agricultural Revolution
10511:Large subfamily listed below
10499:Large subfamily listed below
10487:Large subfamily listed below
8141:(in Catalan). Archived from
7254:10.1371/journal.pone.0015626
6166:Cook, Rob (9 January 2024).
6032:10.1016/0304-3762(79)90102-0
6003:(Report). Washington, D.C.:
5839:"Definition of Feral cattle"
5273:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004254
4783:"Cow tipping myth dispelled"
4611:10.1371/journal.pone.0080556
4550:10.1371/journal.pone.0098429
4405:10.1371/journal.pone.0125044
4143:10.1016/0168-1591(89)90040-3
4114:10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.014
3871:10.1016/0031-9384(83)90193-2
3426:10.1016/0168-1591(86)90019-5
3366:10.1016/0168-1591(89)90101-9
3198:10.1016/0168-1591(86)90058-4
2988:Food and Drug Administration
2894:10.1371/journal.pone.0274371
1324:
1319:
1060:
1055:
1029:US Department of Agriculture
899:watch a fight between bulls.
817:
723:with four compartments; the
429:
393:over 1,000 recognized breeds
7:
13933:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
9006:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
8997:Indian spotted chevrotain (
8609:. Retrieved 5 January 2007.
8563:Durham Castle and Cathedral
8405:Madden, Thomas (May 1992).
7560:10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_2
6865:VanHoy, Grace (June 2023).
6538:Taylor, Tess (3 May 2011).
6438:Compassion in World Farming
5662:Bos primigenius primigenius
4718:Vol. 220, No. 1. July 2011.
4220:Journal of Range Management
3941:10.1037/0735-7036.106.2.107
2780:"Cattle increasing in size"
2756:University of Chicago Press
2610:Online Etymology Dictionary
2496:
2027:. Another specific risk is
1124:
1031:reported having mapped the
1008:
881:
845:visual/brain lateralisation
543:
535:
313:and mature male cattle are
10:
13959:
13405:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
8598:Cattle: History, Myth, Art
8357:Asian Educational Services
7355:The Breakthrough Institute
7144:10.1007/s10584-020-02688-4
7089:10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.020
7030:Journal of Applied Ecology
6949:10.1007/s42853-021-00126-6
6921:10.1038/s43247-024-01232-x
6740:NADIS Animal Health Skills
5656:De Oeros â Het spoor terug
4843:10.1038/s41467-022-28605-0
3914:10.1037/0735-7044.97.2.299
3317:10.1038/s41598-017-17214-3
2673:Princeton University Press
2509:Category:Individual cattle
2179:
2086:
2045:Impact of cattle husbandry
1972:is expected to exacerbate
1954:
1893:. Some viral diseases are
1836:
1782:
1654:
1511:
1499:
1328:
1128:
1012:
997:Sleep in non-human animals
994:
782:or teats. Farms often use
624:
524:
513:
436:List of cattle terminology
433:
42:
31:
13923:Mammals described in 1758
13833:
13764:
13755:Universities and colleges
13731:
13675:
13623:
13484:
13388:
13373:Universities and colleges
13185:
13178:
13144:
13121:
13054:
13026:
13002:
12993:
12989:
12975:
12942:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
12933:Domestic Bactrian camel (
12921:
12870:
12857:
12843:
12807:
12783:
12759:
12750:
12632:
12599:
12575:
12542:
12518:
12497:North Sulawesi babirusa (
12476:
12467:
12463:
12449:
12413:
12371:
12194:
12185:
12139:
12115:
12091:
12049:
11998:
11974:
11965:
11937:
11913:
11906:
11860:
11800:
11776:
11689:
11638:
11614:
11590:
11566:
11557:
11553:
11532:
11487:
11388:
11379:
11351:
11327:
11222:
11162:
11153:
11125:
11101:
11092:
11088:
11067:
11026:
11002:
10924:
10900:
10876:
10852:
10801:
10777:
10726:
10621:
10597:
10573:
10549:
10545:
10524:
10504:
10492:
10480:
10443:
10406:
10382:
10349:
10325:
10316:
10279:
10242:
10196:
10136:
10127:
10099:
10048:
10015:
10006:
10002:
9986:
9932:
9898:
9864:
9840:
9816:
9786:Amazonian brown brocket (
9720:
9687:
9663:
9630:
9606:
9582:
9573:
9509:
9458:
9434:
9401:
9350:
9317:
9293:
9161:
9148:
9132:
9119:Large family listed below
9112:
9107:Large family listed below
9100:
9084:Williamson's mouse-deer (
9027:
8985:
8961:
8952:
8861:
8806:
8782:
8773:
8736:
8732:
8718:
8680:
8028:10.1016/j.vas.2016.11.001
7939:10.1017/s0022029997002501
7927:Journal of Dairy Research
7586:Journal of Animal Science
7314:"Cows and Climate Change"
6736:"Ectoparasites of Cattle"
6706:"Introduction to Leather"
6623:10.1080/00139150109605120
6351:"Milking 3 Times per day"
5944:chillinghamwildcattle.com
5723:Evolutionary Applications
5703:10.1017/S0030605300035286
5520:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006
5371:Evolutionary Anthropology
5314:Evolutionary Applications
5061:10.1017/S1751731112001978
4968:10.1017/S1751731112001978
4645:Physiology & Behavior
3981:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579346
3858:Physiology & Behavior
3814:(inactive 10 July 2024).
3812:10.1017/s0952523898153154
3731:10.1080/13576500903049324
3534:Journal of Animal Science
3503:10.1007/s10071-010-0361-6
3213:Journal of Animal Science
2639:Oxford English Dictionary
2577:Oxford English Dictionary
2442:Dutch Golden Age painting
2339:
2255:critical of this practice
1999:; this rapidly decreases
1827:
851:
688:Ruminococcus flavefaciens
530:) 'a bovine animal', cf.
469:originally meant movable
257:
250:
245:
236:
215:
208:
100:Scientific classification
98:
89:
80:
68:
59:
54:
13740:Agriculturist profession
13217:Agricultural engineering
13202:Agricultural cooperative
11183:Domestic water buffalo (
9548:Central Asian red deer (
9173:Bornean yellow muntjac (
8502:Meyers, Jeffrey (1985).
8224:The myth of the holy cow
7974:Journal of Dairy Science
7904:10.21423/aabppro20123879
7739:"Restraint of Livestock"
6681:"EST: Hides & Skins"
6398:Journal of Dairy Science
6356:Journal of Dairy Science
5793:10.4314/sajas.v31i3.3801
5660:The Extinction Website:
5089:Archives Animal Breeding
4265:Grass and Forage Science
4185:Grass and Forage Science
3771:Annals of Animal Science
3681:Journal of Dairy Science
3445:Journal of Dairy Science
3015:Journal of Dairy Science
2733:"Hereford cattle weight"
2535:Cattle age determination
2446:Young Herdsman with Cows
2324:. The astrological sign
2166:woody plant encroachment
1947:in the small intestine.
1818:
1650:
990:
949:Temperament and emotions
682:Fibrobacter succinogenes
420:greenhouse gas emissions
321:, young male cattle are
13645:Agricultural wastewater
13368:Sustainable food system
13363:Sustainable agriculture
13254:Animal-free agriculture
13222:Agricultural technology
12061:Bates' pygmy antelope (
11848:Soemmerring's gazelle (
9953:Yucatan brown brocket (
9182:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
9066:Philippine mouse-deer (
8596:Johns, Catherine. 2011
8280:Zuffi, Stefano (2003).
6134:10.1073/pnas.1711842115
6084:Diet for a large planet
6020:Applied Animal Ethology
5474:www.mammaldiversity.org
5155:10.1073/pnas.1303367110
5009:10.1093/jhered/92.3.290
4037:Physiology and Behavior
3968:Frontiers in Psychology
3902:Behavioral Neuroscience
3225:10.2527/jas1985.612307x
2644:Oxford University Press
2582:Oxford University Press
2172:of the land over time.
2148:In many world regions,
1507:
1381:artificial insemination
1306:Amsterdam Island cattle
1050:Quantitative trait loci
784:artificial insemination
504:
498:
449:
387:are found primarily in
34:Cattle (disambiguation)
13745:Agricultural machinery
13703:History of agriculture
13688:Agriculture by country
13683:Agricultural machinery
13640:Agricultural pollution
13635:Agricultural expansion
13410:Austronesian expansion
13321:Mechanised agriculture
12771:White-lipped peccary (
12707:Philippine warty pig (
12332:Yellow-backed duiker (
12296:Black-fronted duiker (
12269:White-bellied duiker (
11890:Przewalski's gazelle (
11113:Four-horned antelope (
9911:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
9470:Visayan spotted deer (
9329:European fallow deer (
9272:Northern red muntjac (
9218:Southern red muntjac (
8504:Hemingway: A Biography
8454:Lenburg, Jeff (1999).
7470:Gurian-Sherman, Doug.
7166:"Cattle Disease Guide"
5654:Van Vuure, C.T. 2003.
5630:Animal Science Journal
5593:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
5470:"Explore the Database"
5434:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
5102:10.5194/aab-58-13-2015
4314:10.1053/tvjl.2000.0550
4301:The Veterinary Journal
3784:10.1515/aoas-2015-0031
2707:University of Oklahoma
2372:Death in the Afternoon
2259:welfare of veal calves
2195:
2152:by cattle has reduced
2102:
1980:by the liver, causing
1966:
1951:Role of climate change
1919:Foot-and-mouth disease
1803:are cattle trained as
1797:
1669:, are used to produce
1484:
1348:
1269:
1238:. Hybrids such as the
1151:
1121:
1024:
958:
941:
900:
827:
792:female's genital tract
763:
719:Cattle have one large
636:
461:
455:
261:Bos primigenius taurus
13872:Paleobiology Database
13750:Government ministries
13693:Agriculture companies
13529:Convertible husbandry
13207:Agricultural supplies
13157:Agricultural Engineer
12951:Wild Bactrian camel (
12653:Bornean bearded pig (
12644:Palawan bearded pig (
12233:White-legged duiker (
11659:Red-fronted gazelle (
9338:Persian fallow deer (
9254:Roosevelt's muntjac (
8927:Himalayan musk deer (
8836:Reticulated giraffe (
8591:Breeds of beef cattle
8536:: A Pilgrimage Novel"
8385:The Warburg Institute
8309:Diane Morgan (2010).
8286:Gospel Figures in Art
7987:10.3168/jds.2009-2015
7717:. CABI. p. 111.
7598:10.2527/1997.7582064x
7312:tdus (27 June 2019).
6871:MSD Veterinary Manual
6796:10.1136/vr.148.19.602
6082:Otter, Chris (2020).
5996:"2. AFOs and CAFOs".
5669:20 April 2009 at the
5206:10.1093/molbev/mss092
4823:Nature Communications
4736:Iowa State University
3695:10.3168/jds.2014-8648
3398:10.5713/ajas.2002.900
2545:List of cattle breeds
2249:To produce milk from
2190:Confining calves for
2189:
2180:Further information:
2096:
1964:
1837:Further information:
1792:
1783:Further information:
1512:Further information:
1482:
1338:
1329:Further information:
1264:
1142:
1119:
1101:near the villages of
1022:
1013:Further information:
995:Further information:
956:
935:
894:
825:
761:
716:changes in response.
634:
625:Further information:
434:Further information:
424:a fully-mapped genome
13938:Cosmopolitan mammals
13913:Domesticated animals
13400:Neolithic Revolution
13259:Cellular agriculture
13212:Agricultural science
13038:Pygmy hippopotamus (
12698:Oliver's warty pig (
12323:Red-flanked duiker (
11728:Erlanger's gazelle (
11448:Harnessed bushbuck (
11174:Wild water buffalo (
10651:East Caucasian tur (
10642:West Caucasian tur (
9795:Little red brocket (
9263:Truong Son muntjac (
9075:Vietnam mouse-deer (
9057:Greater mouse-deer (
8936:Siberian musk deer (
8541:The Hemingway Review
8510:. pp. 118â119.
8145:on 11 September 2012
7795:McKenna, C. (2001).
7447:. Web.missouri.edu.
7389:10.2134/jeq2007.0393
5890:www.nodai-genome.org
4760:"Animal MythBusters"
3546:10.2527/1996.745969x
2383:running of the bulls
2298:in several religions
2127:limit climate change
2115:enteric fermentation
2019:, at the expense of
1991:, which can lead to
1935:intestinal parasites
1813:developing countries
1353:graze on the grasses
1314:Aleutian wild cattle
1287:Bos taurus africanus
1207:Bos taurus africanus
1178:, with the aurochs (
706:Eudiplodinium maggie
510:Common Indo-European
336:Cattle are commonly
246:Bovine distribution
38:Cow (disambiguation)
13928:Herbivorous mammals
12671:Celebes warty pig (
12662:Visayan warty pig (
12278:Red forest duiker (
12010:GĂŒnther's dik-dik (
11872:Mongolian gazelle (
11677:Heuglin's gazelle (
11668:Thomson's gazelle (
10822:Long-tailed goral (
10217:Mountain reedbuck (
10208:Southern reedbuck (
10060:East African oryx (
9962:White-tailed deer (
9741:Small red brocket (
9708:South Andean deer (
9651:Siberian roe deer (
9642:European roe deer (
9479:Philippine sambar (
9446:PĂšre David's deer (
9048:Lesser mouse-deer (
8909:Kashmir musk deer (
8413:on 21 February 2007
8352:Dictionary of Islam
8222:Jha, D. N. (2002).
7661:on 5 September 2015
7519:2020EcolL..23.1298F
7245:2010PLoSO...515626G
7172:on 28 November 2013
7136:2020ClCh..161..637R
7042:2005JApEc..42..795G
6912:2024ComEE...5...65L
6615:2001ESPSD..43b...7N
6125:2018PNAS..115.6506B
5967:The Washington Post
5735:2019EvApp..12..123P
5540:The Washington Post
5512:2004JArSc..31..645G
5326:2019EvApp..12..123P
5146:2013PNAS..110E1398M
5052:2013Anim....7..357C
4996:Journal of Heredity
4959:2013Anim....7..357C
4881:The Washington Post
4835:2022NatCo..13..910T
4788:The Daily Telegraph
4716:National Geographic
4602:2013PLoSO...880556N
4541:2014PLoSO...998429D
4396:2015PLoSO..1025044B
4277:1985GForS..40..177F
4197:1992GForS..47...91L
3581:1994Ethol..97..257B
3309:2018NatSR...8.1421L
3083:Bovine Reproduction
2947:10.3390/ani12213020
2885:2023PLoSO..1874371K
2816:. 29 September 2022
2642:(Online ed.).
2580:(Online ed.).
2429:where it was found.
2403:Nuremberg Chronicle
2261:is also a concern.
2139:and an increase in
1915:Bovine tuberculosis
1839:Veterinary medicine
1383:, vaccinations and
1355:of large tracts of
905:dominance hierarchy
887:Dominance hierarchy
710:Ostracodinium album
416:Indian subcontinent
83:Conservation status
13534:Rotational grazing
13450:Columbian exchange
12819:Collared peccary (
12689:Flores warty pig (
12530:Giant forest hog (
12392:Maxwell's duiker (
12314:Ruwenzori duiker (
12260:Jentink's duiker (
12169:Sharpe's grysbok (
11925:Tibetan antelope (
11830:Bright's gazelle (
11764:Goitered gazelle (
11737:Mountain gazelle (
11710:Cuvier's gazelle (
11650:Mongalla gazelle (
11038:Pyrenean chamois (
10464:Tibetan antelope (
10418:Black wildebeest (
9245:Reeves's muntjac (
9209:Sumatran muntjac (
9200:Gongshan muntjac (
8973:Water chevrotain (
8900:Alpine musk deer (
8827:Southern giraffe (
8818:Northern giraffe (
8534:The Sun Also Rises
8064:Vegetarian Society
7871:Grant, R. (2011).
7686:The New York Times
7424:on 17 October 2013
6545:The New York Times
6172:National Beef Wire
5974:on 20 October 2012
5383:10.1002/evan.20267
5140:(15): E1398â1406.
4738:Pre. p. 109.
3296:Scientific Reports
2836:"Cattle factsheet"
2385:and bullfighting.
2381:involves both the
2378:The Sun Also Rises
2363:Ferdinand the Bull
2196:
2103:
2083:On the environment
2071:(mad cow disease)
2031:. This worsens as
1997:panting more often
1967:
1899:bluetongue disease
1833:Pests and diseases
1798:
1485:
1465:Cattle feedlot in
1401:selective breeding
1399:susceptibility by
1377:medical operations
1349:
1310:Chillingham cattle
1270:
1166:; and the extinct
1164:Indicine or "zebu"
1152:
1122:
1025:
959:
942:
901:
828:
764:
762:A cow giving birth
693:Ruminococcus albus
637:
558:, which are wild.
548:King James Version
444:was borrowed from
389:sub-Saharan Africa
342:for dairy products
13900:
13899:
13827:Taxon identifiers
13818:
13817:
13378:Urban agriculture
13351:Rice-duck farming
13299:Intensive farming
13269:Extensive farming
13081:
13080:
13077:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13050:
13049:
12971:
12970:
12967:
12966:
12963:
12962:
12839:
12838:
12835:
12834:
12831:
12830:
12795:Chacoan peccary (
12746:
12745:
12734:Javan warty pig (
12725:Timor warty pig (
12532:H. meinertzhageni
12506:Togian babirusa (
12445:
12444:
12441:
12440:
12437:
12436:
12401:Walter's duiker (
12341:Abbott's duiker (
12305:Ogilby's duiker (
12251:Harvey's duiker (
12215:Brooke's duiker (
12181:
12180:
11961:
11960:
11902:
11901:
11839:Peter's gazelle (
11821:Grant's gazelle (
11755:Speke's gazelle (
11528:
11527:
11524:
11523:
11520:
11519:
11405:
11375:
11374:
11363:African buffalo (
11194:B. depressicornis
11149:
11148:
11063:
11062:
11059:
11058:
10831:Himalayan goral (
10653:C. cylindricornis
10520:
10519:
10516:
10515:
10476:
10475:
10439:
10438:
10427:Blue wildebeest (
10361:Common tsessebe (
10312:
10311:
10275:
10274:
10238:
10237:
10150:K. ellipsiprymnus
10123:
10122:
9982:
9981:
9978:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9922:P. mephistophiles
9878:P. mephistophiles
9569:
9568:
9265:M. truongsonensis
9227:Pu Hoat muntjac (
9128:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9096:
9095:
9039:Java mouse-deer (
8948:
8947:
8918:Black musk deer (
8891:Dwarf musk deer (
8882:Anhui musk deer (
8857:
8856:
8820:G. camelopardalis
8769:
8768:
8332:978-0-313-36025-1
8295:978-0-89236-727-6
8233:978-1-85984-676-6
8208:978-1-61016-388-0
8177:978-0-7083-1717-4
7781:978-1-4863-0162-1
7724:978-1-78064-467-7
7636:978-1-4557-7376-3
7570:978-3-319-46707-8
7551:Rangeland Systems
7527:10.1111/ele.13527
6993:10.1093/af/vfy030
6784:Veterinary Record
6363:(12): 1941â1950.
6269:Visual Capitalist
6119:(25): 6506â6511.
6093:978-0-226-69710-9
5886:"NGRC Bos taurus"
5871:Los Angeles Times
5743:10.1111/eva.12674
5682:Heck, H. (1951).
5606:978-0-8018-8221-0
5447:978-0-8018-8221-0
5334:10.1111/eva.12674
4745:978-1-118-40584-0
4359:on 3 October 2020
4102:Livestock Science
3124:978-1-4377-1340-4
3097:978-1-118-47085-5
3066:978-1-118-68601-0
2786:. February 2009.
2765:978-1-2812-2349-4
2675:. pp. 1â23.
2650:(Subscription or
2646:. September 2014.
2603:Harper, Douglas.
2588:(Subscription or
2584:. September 2014.
2304:, the Evangelist
2176:On animal welfare
2170:carrying capacity
2123:methane emissions
1895:spread by insects
1735:Cogges Manor Farm
1695:Holstein-Friesian
1667:Holstein-Friesian
1180:B. t. primigenius
1107:Dja'de el-Mughara
903:Cattle live in a
778:has two pairs of
601:Cattle are large
471:personal property
273:
272:
93:
16:(Redirected from
13950:
13893:
13892:
13880:
13879:
13867:
13866:
13854:
13853:
13852:
13822:
13821:
13807:
13806:
13795:
13794:
13783:
13771:
13770:
13615:Wildlife farming
13465:Green Revolution
13416:Ancient history
13356:Rice-fish system
13264:Contract farming
13249:Animal husbandry
13108:
13101:
13094:
13085:
13084:
13000:
12999:
12991:
12990:
12977:
12976:
12868:
12867:
12859:
12858:
12845:
12844:
12757:
12756:
12563:Common warthog (
12554:Desert warthog (
12474:
12473:
12465:
12464:
12451:
12450:
12350:Weyns's duiker (
12224:Peters' duiker (
12206:Aders's duiker (
12192:
12191:
12079:Royal antelope (
12037:Salt's dik-dik (
12028:Silver dik-dik (
12019:Kirk's dik-dik (
11972:
11971:
11949:Saiga antelope (
11911:
11910:
11850:N. soemmerringii
11719:Dorcas gazelle (
11564:
11563:
11555:
11554:
11548:
11534:
11533:
11421:Mountain nyala (
11404:
11403:
11395:
11386:
11385:
11341:P. nghetinhensis
11243:European bison (
11234:American bison (
11160:
11159:
11099:
11098:
11090:
11089:
11083:
11069:
11068:
10945:Domestic sheep (
10789:Himalayan tahr (
10756:Mainland serow (
10738:Japanese serow (
10547:
10546:
10540:
10526:
10525:
10450:
10449:
10323:
10322:
10286:
10285:
10249:
10248:
10226:Bohor reedbuck (
10134:
10133:
10113:A. nasomaculatus
10036:Sable antelope (
10013:
10012:
10004:
10003:
9997:
9988:
9987:
9750:Merida brocket (
9580:
9579:
9521:Thorold's deer (
9373:A. calamianensis
9256:M. rooseveltorum
9202:M. gongshanensis
9159:
9158:
9150:
9149:
9143:
9134:
9133:
8959:
8958:
8868:
8867:
8847:G. tippelskirchi
8780:
8779:
8743:
8742:
8734:
8733:
8720:
8719:
8665:
8658:
8651:
8642:
8641:
8626:The Complete Cow
8620:
8616:Breeds Of Cattle
8606:Breeds of Cattle
8574:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8555:
8549:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8451:
8445:
8440:
8434:
8429:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8409:. Archived from
8402:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8316:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8263:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8137:Antebi, Andres.
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8060:
8051:
8050:
8040:
8030:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7989:
7980:(4): 1459â1467.
7965:
7959:
7958:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7887:
7881:
7880:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7801:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7657:. Archived from
7647:
7641:
7640:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7592:(8): 2064â2072.
7581:
7575:
7574:
7562:
7545:
7539:
7538:
7513:(8): 1298â1309.
7500:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7483:
7476:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7423:
7417:. Archived from
7416:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7383:(S5): S97âS115.
7372:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7347:
7338:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7291:One Green Planet
7283:
7277:
7276:
7266:
7256:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7168:. Archived from
7162:
7156:
7155:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7004:
6981:Animal Frontiers
6972:
6961:
6960:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6891:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6845:
6830:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6716:on 4 August 2018
6712:. Archived from
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6660:
6649:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6588:Veterinary World
6583:
6577:
6576:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6499:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6413:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6372:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6320:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6289:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6146:
6136:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6062:
6056:. Archived from
6051:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6002:
5993:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5946:. 16 June 2015.
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5920:on 25 April 2016
5919:
5913:. Archived from
5912:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5754:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5679:
5673:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5575:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5543:. Archived from
5530:
5524:
5523:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5416:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5345:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5285:
5275:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5218:
5208:
5199:(9): 2101â2104.
5184:
5178:
5177:
5167:
5157:
5125:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5104:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5037:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5011:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4944:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4854:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4725:
4719:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4623:
4613:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4552:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4502:(3â4): 203â213.
4487:
4481:
4480:
4462:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4407:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4355:. Archived from
4332:
4326:
4325:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3762:
3751:
3750:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3688:(4): 2389â2400.
3671:
3665:
3664:
3647:(9): 1596â1603.
3634:
3628:
3627:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3490:Animal Cognition
3484:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3179:
3166:
3165:
3141:Animal Behaviour
3135:
3129:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2949:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2862:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2573:
2566:
2480:
2461:
2438:
2427:Durham Cathedral
2414:
2394:
2367:Ernest Hemingway
2348:
2342:
2341:
2050:On public health
1863:
1851:
1770:
1749:A modern rotary
1746:
1730:
1715:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1595:
1575:
1559:
1462:
1443:
1423:
1331:Animal husbandry
1186:), and taurine (
1083:central Anatolia
928:Grazing behavior
859:binocular vision
768:gestation period
645:digestive system
643:, meaning their
621:Digestive system
591:
579:
529:
528:
518:
517:
507:
501:
464:
458:
452:
404:central Anatolia
241:
221:
108:
107:
92:
64:
52:
51:
21:
13958:
13957:
13953:
13952:
13951:
13949:
13948:
13947:
13903:
13902:
13901:
13896:
13888:
13883:
13875:
13870:
13862:
13857:
13848:
13847:
13842:
13829:
13819:
13814:
13760:
13759:
13758:
13727:
13718:Poultry farming
13671:
13626:
13619:
13590:Poultry farming
13480:
13456:Modern history
13436:Post-classical
13384:
13383:
13382:
13326:Organic farming
13181:
13180:
13176:
13140:
13117:
13112:
13082:
13069:
13046:
13022:
12985:
12959:
12917:
12853:
12827:
12803:
12779:
12742:
12709:S. philippensis
12646:S. ahoenobarbus
12628:
12620:Red river hog (
12595:
12571:
12538:
12514:
12488:Buru babirusa (
12459:
12433:
12425:Common duiker (
12409:
12367:
12177:
12135:
12111:
12087:
12045:
11994:
11957:
11933:
11898:
11883:P. picticaudata
11856:
11796:
11772:
11766:G. subgutturosa
11685:
11634:
11610:
11586:
11549:
11538:
11516:
11483:
11475:Cape bushbuck (
11468:T. strepsiceros
11397:
11396:
11394:
11371:
11347:
11323:
11218:
11210:Mountain anoa (
11145:
11139:B. tragocamelus
11121:
11115:T. quadricornis
11084:
11073:
11055:
11022:
10998:
10954:Bighorn sheep (
10920:
10896:
10872:
10864:Mountain goat (
10848:
10840:Chinese goral (
10797:
10773:
10758:C. sumatraensis
10722:
10705:Siberian ibex (
10669:Domestic goat (
10617:
10593:
10569:
10561:Barbary sheep (
10541:
10530:
10512:
10500:
10488:
10472:
10435:
10402:
10378:
10345:
10308:
10271:
10234:
10192:
10119:
10095:
10069:Scimitar oryx (
10044:
10027:Roan antelope (
9998:
9992:
9970:
9928:
9920:Northern pudu (
9894:
9886:Southern pudu (
9876:Northern pudu (
9860:
9836:
9812:
9777:Pygmy brocket (
9759:Dwarf brocket (
9716:
9683:
9659:
9626:
9602:
9565:
9505:
9454:
9430:
9397:
9371:Calamian deer (
9346:
9340:D. mesopotamica
9313:
9289:
9283:M. vuquangensis
9281:Giant muntjac (
9191:Fea's muntjac (
9144:
9138:
9120:
9108:
9092:
9023:
8981:
8944:
8902:M. chrysogaster
8853:
8845:Masai giraffe (
8802:
8765:
8728:
8714:
8676:
8669:
8639:
8624:Rath, S. 1998.
8619:(2nd ed.).
8612:
8582:
8580:Further reading
8577:
8567:
8565:
8557:
8556:
8552:
8529:
8525:
8518:
8500:
8496:
8477:
8473:
8466:
8452:
8448:
8443:Numbers 19:1â22
8441:
8437:
8430:
8426:
8416:
8414:
8403:
8399:
8389:
8387:
8379:
8378:
8374:
8367:
8359:. p. 364.
8344:
8340:
8333:
8307:
8303:
8296:
8278:
8274:
8261:
8259:
8258:on 14 July 2017
8246:
8245:
8241:
8234:
8220:
8216:
8209:
8189:
8185:
8178:
8162:
8158:
8148:
8146:
8135:
8131:
8121:
8119:
8108:
8104:
8094:
8092:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8072:
8070:
8061:
8054:
8007:
8003:
7966:
7962:
7923:
7919:
7888:
7884:
7869:
7865:
7855:
7853:
7845:
7844:
7840:
7830:
7828:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7793:
7789:
7782:
7766:
7762:
7752:
7750:
7743:www.grandin.com
7737:
7736:
7732:
7725:
7709:
7705:
7695:
7693:
7678:
7674:
7664:
7662:
7649:
7648:
7644:
7637:
7617:
7613:
7582:
7578:
7571:
7546:
7542:
7506:Ecology Letters
7501:
7497:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7468:
7464:
7454:
7452:
7441:
7437:
7427:
7425:
7421:
7414:
7408:
7404:
7373:
7369:
7359:
7357:
7349:
7348:
7341:
7336:
7332:
7322:
7320:
7310:
7306:
7296:
7294:
7285:
7284:
7280:
7225:
7221:
7211:
7209:
7194:(17 May 2011).
7189:
7185:
7175:
7173:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7124:Climatic Change
7116:
7112:
7069:
7065:
7022:
7018:
6973:
6964:
6933:
6929:
6892:
6885:
6875:
6873:
6863:
6859:
6849:
6847:
6846:on 8 March 2008
6843:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6790:(19): 602â604.
6780:
6776:
6766:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6742:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6704:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6687:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6599:
6595:
6584:
6580:
6569:
6565:
6555:
6553:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6497:
6495:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6472:
6470:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6447:
6445:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6390:
6386:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6293:"UK Dairy Cows"
6291:
6290:
6283:
6273:
6271:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6226:
6224:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6201:
6199:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6176:
6174:
6164:
6160:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6064:
6063:on 22 July 2004
6060:
6049:
6043:
6039:
6016:
6012:
6000:
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5987:
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5884:
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5879:
5862:
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5836:
5832:
5822:
5820:
5805:
5801:
5772:
5768:
5715:
5711:
5680:
5676:
5671:Wayback Machine
5653:
5649:
5626:
5622:
5607:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5531:
5527:
5492:
5488:
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5468:
5467:
5463:
5448:
5417:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5363:
5359:
5306:
5299:
5266:(3): e1004254.
5252:
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5081:
5077:
5035:
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4779:
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4709:
4684:
4680:
4641:
4637:
4580:
4576:
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4515:
4488:
4484:
4435:
4431:
4390:(4): e0125044.
4376:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4333:
4329:
4296:
4292:
4261:
4257:
4232:10.2307/4002919
4216:
4212:
4181:
4177:
4154:
4150:
4125:
4121:
4098:
4094:
4077:
4076:
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4025:
4014:
4007:
3960:
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3921:
3898:
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3853:
3849:
3833:
3832:
3796:
3792:
3763:
3754:
3715:
3711:
3672:
3668:
3635:
3631:
3600:
3596:
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3561:
3530:
3526:
3485:
3474:
3437:
3433:
3410:
3406:
3377:
3373:
3346:
3342:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3244:
3240:
3209:
3205:
3180:
3169:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3053:
3049:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2980:
2973:
2924:
2920:
2879:(1): e0274371.
2863:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2814:The Cattle Site
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2758:. p. 248.
2748:
2744:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2499:
2492:
2481:
2472:
2462:
2453:
2439:
2430:
2415:
2406:
2395:
2336:
2294:
2184:
2178:
2145:contamination.
2111:produce methane
2091:
2085:
2052:
2047:
1959:
1953:
1907:Psoroptic mange
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1830:
1821:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1754:
1751:milking parlour
1747:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1719:Holstein cattle
1716:
1663:
1655:Main articles:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1634:
1631:
1622:
1619:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1520:
1510:
1502:
1493:Antarctic krill
1477:
1470:
1469:, United States
1463:
1454:
1444:
1435:
1424:
1363:, cleaning and
1333:
1327:
1322:
1252:genetic testing
1168:Bos primigenius
1137:
1127:
1079:Bos primigenius
1063:
1058:
1017:
1011:
999:
993:
951:
930:
889:
884:
861:(and therefore
854:
820:
811:Highland cattle
756:
667:â that possess
629:
623:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
592:
584:
583:
580:
569:
564:
562:Characteristics
438:
432:
402:progenitors in
358:farm implements
338:raised for meat
295:widely kept as
232:
223:
217:
204:
102:
94:
85:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13956:
13946:
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13940:
13935:
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13915:
13898:
13897:
13895:
13894:
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13868:
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13777:
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13695:
13690:
13685:
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13677:
13673:
13672:
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13669:
13664:
13663:
13662:
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13647:
13642:
13637:
13631:
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13617:
13612:
13607:
13602:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13581:
13580:
13570:
13565:
13560:
13559:
13558:
13548:
13546:Insect farming
13543:
13538:
13537:
13536:
13531:
13521:
13516:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13490:
13488:
13482:
13481:
13479:
13478:
13477:
13472:
13467:
13462:
13454:
13453:
13452:
13447:
13442:
13434:
13433:
13432:
13427:
13425:Ancient Greece
13422:
13414:
13413:
13412:
13407:
13402:
13394:
13392:
13386:
13385:
13381:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13359:
13358:
13353:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13318:
13317:
13316:
13311:
13306:
13296:
13291:
13286:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13266:
13261:
13256:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13235:
13234:
13229:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13193:
13192:
13191:
13189:
13183:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13175:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13148:
13146:
13142:
13141:
13139:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13122:
13119:
13118:
13111:
13110:
13103:
13096:
13088:
13079:
13078:
13075:
13074:
13071:
13070:
13068:
13067:
13060:
13058:
13052:
13051:
13048:
13047:
13045:
13044:
13040:C. liberiensis
13034:
13032:
13024:
13023:
13021:
13020:
13014:Hippopotamus (
13010:
13008:
12997:
12995:Hippopotamidae
12987:
12986:
12973:
12972:
12969:
12968:
12965:
12964:
12961:
12960:
12958:
12957:
12948:
12944:C. dromedarius
12939:
12929:
12927:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12915:
12906:
12897:
12888:
12878:
12876:
12865:
12855:
12854:
12841:
12840:
12837:
12836:
12833:
12832:
12829:
12828:
12826:
12825:
12815:
12813:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12801:
12791:
12789:
12781:
12780:
12778:
12777:
12767:
12765:
12754:
12748:
12747:
12744:
12743:
12741:
12740:
12731:
12727:S. timoriensis
12722:
12713:
12704:
12695:
12686:
12680:Domestic pig (
12677:
12668:
12659:
12650:
12640:
12638:
12630:
12629:
12627:
12626:
12617:
12607:
12605:
12597:
12596:
12594:
12593:
12583:
12581:
12573:
12572:
12570:
12569:
12560:
12556:P. aethiopicus
12550:
12548:
12540:
12539:
12537:
12536:
12526:
12524:
12516:
12515:
12513:
12512:
12508:B. togeanensis
12503:
12494:
12484:
12482:
12471:
12461:
12460:
12447:
12446:
12443:
12442:
12439:
12438:
12435:
12434:
12432:
12431:
12421:
12419:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12407:
12398:
12389:
12379:
12377:
12369:
12368:
12366:
12365:
12359:Zebra duiker (
12356:
12347:
12338:
12334:C. silvicultor
12329:
12320:
12311:
12302:
12293:
12287:Black duiker (
12284:
12275:
12271:C. leucogaster
12266:
12257:
12248:
12239:
12230:
12221:
12212:
12202:
12200:
12189:
12183:
12182:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12175:
12166:
12160:Cape grysbok (
12157:
12147:
12145:
12137:
12136:
12134:
12133:
12123:
12121:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12109:
12103:Klipspringer (
12099:
12097:
12089:
12088:
12086:
12085:
12076:
12067:
12057:
12055:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12043:
12034:
12030:M. piacentinii
12025:
12016:
12006:
12004:
11996:
11995:
11993:
11992:
11982:
11980:
11969:
11963:
11962:
11959:
11958:
11956:
11955:
11945:
11943:
11935:
11934:
11932:
11931:
11921:
11919:
11908:
11904:
11903:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11896:
11892:P. przewalskii
11887:
11878:
11868:
11866:
11858:
11857:
11855:
11854:
11845:
11836:
11827:
11818:
11812:Dama gazelle (
11808:
11806:
11798:
11797:
11795:
11794:
11784:
11782:
11774:
11773:
11771:
11770:
11761:
11752:
11746:Rhim gazelle (
11743:
11734:
11725:
11716:
11707:
11697:
11695:
11687:
11686:
11684:
11683:
11674:
11665:
11656:
11646:
11644:
11636:
11635:
11633:
11632:
11622:
11620:
11612:
11611:
11609:
11608:
11604:A. marsupialis
11598:
11596:
11588:
11587:
11585:
11584:
11574:
11572:
11561:
11551:
11550:
11530:
11529:
11526:
11525:
11522:
11521:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11514:
11508:Common eland (
11505:
11495:
11493:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11481:
11472:
11466:Greater kudu (
11463:
11454:
11445:
11436:
11427:
11418:
11408:
11406:
11383:
11377:
11376:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11369:
11359:
11357:
11349:
11348:
11346:
11345:
11335:
11333:
11325:
11324:
11322:
11321:
11312:
11303:
11294:
11285:
11279:Domestic yak (
11276:
11267:
11258:
11249:
11240:
11230:
11228:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11216:
11207:
11203:B. mindorensis
11198:
11192:Lowland anoa (
11189:
11180:
11170:
11168:
11157:
11151:
11150:
11147:
11146:
11144:
11143:
11133:
11131:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11119:
11109:
11107:
11096:
11086:
11085:
11065:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11057:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11044:
11034:
11032:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11020:
11010:
11008:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10996:
10987:
10978:
10969:
10960:
10951:
10942:
10932:
10930:
10922:
10921:
10919:
10918:
10912:Nilgiri tahr (
10908:
10906:
10898:
10897:
10895:
10894:
10884:
10882:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10870:
10860:
10858:
10850:
10849:
10847:
10846:
10837:
10828:
10819:
10809:
10807:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10795:
10785:
10783:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10771:
10765:Taiwan serow (
10762:
10753:
10744:
10734:
10732:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10720:
10711:
10702:
10696:Iberian ibex (
10693:
10684:
10675:
10666:
10657:
10648:
10639:
10629:
10627:
10619:
10618:
10616:
10615:
10605:
10603:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10591:
10585:Arabian tahr (
10581:
10579:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10567:
10557:
10555:
10543:
10542:
10522:
10521:
10518:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10502:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10490:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10478:
10477:
10474:
10473:
10471:
10470:
10460:
10458:
10447:
10441:
10440:
10437:
10436:
10434:
10433:
10424:
10414:
10412:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10400:
10390:
10388:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10376:
10367:
10357:
10355:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10343:
10333:
10331:
10320:
10314:
10313:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10306:
10296:
10294:
10283:
10277:
10276:
10273:
10272:
10270:
10269:
10259:
10257:
10246:
10240:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10232:
10223:
10219:R. fulvorufula
10214:
10204:
10202:
10194:
10193:
10191:
10190:
10181:
10172:
10163:
10154:
10144:
10142:
10131:
10125:
10124:
10121:
10120:
10118:
10117:
10107:
10105:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10093:
10087:Arabian oryx (
10084:
10075:
10066:
10056:
10054:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10042:
10033:
10023:
10021:
10010:
10000:
9999:
9984:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9976:
9975:
9972:
9971:
9969:
9968:
9964:O. virginianus
9959:
9950:
9940:
9938:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9917:
9907:
9905:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9892:
9883:
9872:
9870:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9858:
9848:
9846:
9838:
9837:
9835:
9834:
9830:O. bezoarticus
9824:
9822:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9810:
9801:
9792:
9783:
9774:
9770:M. gouazoubira
9768:Gray brocket (
9765:
9756:
9747:
9738:
9728:
9726:
9718:
9717:
9715:
9714:
9705:
9695:
9693:
9685:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9671:
9669:
9661:
9660:
9658:
9657:
9648:
9638:
9636:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9624:
9614:
9612:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9600:
9590:
9588:
9577:
9571:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9563:
9554:
9545:
9536:
9527:
9523:C. albirostris
9517:
9515:
9507:
9506:
9504:
9503:
9494:
9485:
9476:
9466:
9464:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9442:
9440:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9419:
9409:
9407:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9386:
9377:
9368:
9358:
9356:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9344:
9335:
9325:
9323:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9311:
9307:E. cephalophus
9301:
9299:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9287:
9278:
9269:
9260:
9251:
9242:
9236:Leaf muntjac (
9233:
9229:M. puhoatensis
9224:
9215:
9206:
9197:
9188:
9179:
9169:
9167:
9156:
9146:
9145:
9130:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9110:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9086:T. williamsoni
9081:
9072:
9063:
9054:
9045:
9035:
9033:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9021:
9012:
9003:
8993:
8991:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8969:
8967:
8956:
8950:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8938:M. moschiferus
8933:
8929:M. leucogaster
8924:
8915:
8906:
8897:
8893:M. berezovskii
8888:
8878:
8876:
8865:
8859:
8858:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8851:
8842:
8833:
8824:
8814:
8812:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8800:
8790:
8788:
8777:
8771:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8753:
8751:
8740:
8738:Antilocapridae
8730:
8729:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8710:Laurasiatheria
8706:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8668:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8645:
8638:
8637:
8622:
8610:
8601:
8594:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8550:
8523:
8516:
8494:
8471:
8464:
8446:
8435:
8432:Exodus 32:1â35
8424:
8397:
8372:
8365:
8338:
8331:
8301:
8294:
8272:
8239:
8232:
8214:
8207:
8183:
8176:
8156:
8129:
8102:
8080:
8052:
8001:
7960:
7933:(4): 617â620.
7917:
7882:
7863:
7838:
7813:
7787:
7780:
7760:
7730:
7723:
7703:
7672:
7642:
7635:
7611:
7576:
7569:
7540:
7495:
7462:
7435:
7402:
7367:
7339:
7330:
7304:
7278:
7239:(12): e15626.
7219:
7183:
7157:
7130:(4): 637â652.
7110:
7063:
7036:(5): 795â804.
7016:
6962:
6927:
6883:
6857:
6817:
6774:
6752:
6727:
6697:
6672:
6636:
6593:
6578:
6563:
6530:
6508:
6489:"Buffalo Milk"
6480:
6455:
6425:
6404:(6): 738â743.
6384:
6341:
6310:
6281:
6256:
6234:
6209:
6184:
6158:
6099:
6092:
6074:
6037:
6026:(4): 309â319.
6010:
5985:
5953:
5931:
5899:
5877:
5856:
5830:
5799:
5786:(3): 181â194.
5766:
5729:(1): 123â136.
5709:
5696:(3): 117â122.
5674:
5647:
5636:(2): 103â110.
5620:
5605:
5558:
5547:on 1 July 2017
5535:"Yattle What?"
5525:
5506:(5): 645â651.
5486:
5461:
5446:
5408:
5357:
5320:(1): 123â136.
5297:
5246:
5179:
5115:
5075:
5046:(3): 357â377.
5023:
5002:(3): 290â292.
4982:
4953:(3): 357â377.
4930:
4899:
4866:
4806:
4773:
4751:
4744:
4734:. Chichester:
4720:
4707:
4678:
4651:(5): 693â699.
4635:
4596:(12): e80556.
4574:
4513:
4482:
4445:(2): 291â318.
4429:
4370:
4327:
4308:(3): 306â313.
4290:
4271:(2): 177â182.
4255:
4226:(5): 386â400.
4210:
4175:
4148:
4137:(2): 127â135.
4119:
4092:
4070:
4043:(4): 489â495.
4023:
4005:
3954:
3935:(2): 107â113.
3919:
3908:(2): 299â309.
3892:
3865:(3): 307â312.
3847:
3806:(3): 581â584.
3790:
3777:(3): 565â589.
3752:
3725:(5): 514â534.
3709:
3666:
3640:Theriogenology
3629:
3594:
3575:(4): 257â264.
3559:
3540:(5): 969â974.
3524:
3497:(2): 279â290.
3472:
3451:(6): 893â896.
3431:
3404:
3391:(6): 900â904.
3371:
3360:(4): 331â340.
3340:
3278:
3238:
3219:(2): 307â309.
3203:
3192:(2): 125â136.
3167:
3148:(2): 525â535.
3130:
3123:
3103:
3096:
3072:
3065:
3047:
3000:
2971:
2918:
2852:
2827:
2801:
2771:
2764:
2742:
2724:
2693:
2657:
2623:
2595:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2529:Bulls and Cows
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2469:Knud Bergslien
2463:
2456:
2454:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2419:Saint Cuthbert
2416:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2389:
2330:Western zodiac
2322:Chinese zodiac
2293:
2290:
2177:
2174:
2158:trophic levels
2125:quickly helps
2087:Main article:
2084:
2081:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2007:, respiratory
2001:carbon dioxide
1978:adipose tissue
1970:Climate change
1955:Main article:
1952:
1949:
1940:Paramphistomum
1937:of cattle are
1929:, a misfolded
1865:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1675:dairy products
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1599:Aberdeen Angus
1597:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1526:, and that of
1509:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1446:A calf with a
1445:
1438:
1436:
1432:cattle crushes
1425:
1418:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1150:âcattle hybrid
1148:European bison
1126:
1123:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1010:
1007:
1003:stay apparatus
992:
989:
964:aggressiveness
950:
947:
929:
926:
914:honest signals
895:Spectators in
888:
885:
883:
880:
853:
850:
819:
816:
780:mammary glands
755:
752:
698:Neocallimastix
622:
619:
593:
586:
585:
581:
574:
573:
572:
571:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
550:of the Bible,
431:
428:
370:miniature Zebu
366:sacred animals
271:
270:
269:
268:
266:Bos longifrons
263:
255:
254:
248:
247:
243:
242:
234:
233:
224:
213:
212:
206:
205:
201:B. taurus
198:
196:
192:
191:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
96:
95:
90:
87:
86:
81:
78:
77:
73:cow wearing a
69:A brown Swiss
66:
65:
57:
56:
45:Taurus Project
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13955:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13910:
13908:
13891:
13886:
13882:
13878:
13873:
13869:
13865:
13860:
13856:
13851:
13845:
13841:
13840:
13838:
13836:
13832:
13828:
13823:
13812:
13811:
13802:
13800:
13799:
13790:
13788:
13787:
13782:
13778:
13776:
13775:
13766:
13763:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13734:
13730:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13713:Meat industry
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13698:Biotechnology
13696:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13680:
13678:
13674:
13668:
13665:
13661:
13658:
13657:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13632:
13630:
13628:
13625:Environmental
13622:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13605:Sheep farming
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13579:
13576:
13575:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13557:
13554:
13553:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13526:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13509:Dairy farming
13507:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13491:
13489:
13487:
13486:Farming Types
13483:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13457:
13455:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13437:
13435:
13431:
13428:
13426:
13423:
13421:
13420:Ancient Egypt
13418:
13417:
13415:
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:
13398:
13397:
13395:
13393:
13391:
13387:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13348:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13331:Paludiculture
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13301:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13233:
13232:Biotechnology
13230:
13228:
13225:
13224:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13200:
13198:
13195:
13194:
13190:
13188:
13184:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13152:Agriculturist
13150:
13149:
13147:
13143:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13123:
13120:
13116:
13109:
13104:
13102:
13097:
13095:
13090:
13089:
13086:
13066:
13062:
13061:
13059:
13057:
13053:
13043:
13041:
13036:
13035:
13033:
13031:
13030:
13025:
13019:
13017:
13012:
13011:
13009:
13007:
13006:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12992:
12988:
12984:
12978:
12974:
12956:
12954:
12949:
12947:
12945:
12940:
12938:
12936:
12935:C. bactrianus
12931:
12930:
12928:
12926:
12925:
12920:
12914:
12912:
12907:
12905:
12903:
12898:
12896:
12894:
12889:
12887:
12885:
12880:
12879:
12877:
12875:
12874:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12860:
12856:
12852:
12846:
12842:
12824:
12822:
12817:
12816:
12814:
12812:
12811:
12806:
12800:
12798:
12793:
12792:
12790:
12788:
12787:
12782:
12776:
12774:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12764:
12763:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12749:
12739:
12737:
12736:S. verrucosus
12732:
12730:
12728:
12723:
12721:
12719:
12714:
12712:
12710:
12705:
12703:
12701:
12696:
12694:
12692:
12687:
12685:
12683:
12682:S. domesticus
12678:
12676:
12674:
12673:S. celebensis
12669:
12667:
12665:
12660:
12658:
12656:
12651:
12649:
12647:
12642:
12641:
12639:
12637:
12636:
12631:
12625:
12623:
12618:
12616:
12614:
12609:
12608:
12606:
12604:
12603:
12602:Potamochoerus
12598:
12592:
12590:
12585:
12584:
12582:
12580:
12579:
12574:
12568:
12566:
12561:
12559:
12557:
12552:
12551:
12549:
12547:
12546:
12541:
12535:
12533:
12528:
12527:
12525:
12523:
12522:
12517:
12511:
12509:
12504:
12502:
12500:
12499:B. celebensis
12495:
12493:
12491:
12486:
12485:
12483:
12481:
12480:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12466:
12462:
12458:
12452:
12448:
12430:
12428:
12423:
12422:
12420:
12418:
12417:
12412:
12406:
12404:
12399:
12397:
12395:
12390:
12388:
12386:
12383:Blue duiker (
12381:
12380:
12378:
12376:
12375:
12370:
12364:
12362:
12357:
12355:
12353:
12348:
12346:
12344:
12339:
12337:
12335:
12330:
12328:
12326:
12321:
12319:
12317:
12312:
12310:
12308:
12303:
12301:
12299:
12298:C. nigrifrons
12294:
12292:
12290:
12285:
12283:
12281:
12280:C. natalensis
12276:
12274:
12272:
12267:
12265:
12263:
12258:
12256:
12254:
12249:
12247:
12245:
12240:
12238:
12236:
12231:
12229:
12227:
12226:C. callipygus
12222:
12220:
12218:
12213:
12211:
12209:
12204:
12203:
12201:
12199:
12198:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12184:
12174:
12172:
12167:
12165:
12163:
12158:
12156:
12154:
12153:R. campestris
12149:
12148:
12146:
12144:
12143:
12138:
12132:
12130:
12125:
12124:
12122:
12120:
12119:
12114:
12108:
12106:
12105:O. oreotragus
12101:
12100:
12098:
12096:
12095:
12090:
12084:
12082:
12077:
12075:
12073:
12068:
12066:
12064:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12054:
12053:
12048:
12042:
12040:
12035:
12033:
12031:
12026:
12024:
12022:
12017:
12015:
12013:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12003:
12002:
11997:
11991:
11989:
11984:
11983:
11981:
11979:
11978:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11964:
11954:
11952:
11947:
11946:
11944:
11942:
11941:
11936:
11930:
11928:
11923:
11922:
11920:
11918:
11917:
11912:
11909:
11905:
11895:
11893:
11888:
11886:
11884:
11879:
11877:
11875:
11870:
11869:
11867:
11865:
11864:
11859:
11853:
11851:
11846:
11844:
11842:
11837:
11835:
11833:
11828:
11826:
11824:
11819:
11817:
11815:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11805:
11804:
11799:
11793:
11791:
11786:
11785:
11783:
11781:
11780:
11775:
11769:
11767:
11762:
11760:
11758:
11753:
11751:
11749:
11748:G. leptoceros
11744:
11742:
11740:
11735:
11733:
11731:
11726:
11724:
11722:
11717:
11715:
11713:
11708:
11706:
11704:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11694:
11693:
11688:
11682:
11680:
11675:
11673:
11671:
11666:
11664:
11662:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11652:E. albonotata
11648:
11647:
11645:
11643:
11642:
11637:
11631:
11629:
11628:A. cervicapra
11624:
11623:
11621:
11619:
11618:
11613:
11607:
11605:
11600:
11599:
11597:
11595:
11594:
11589:
11583:
11581:
11576:
11575:
11573:
11571:
11570:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11556:
11552:
11546:
11542:
11535:
11531:
11513:
11511:
11506:
11504:
11502:
11499:Giant eland (
11497:
11496:
11494:
11492:
11491:
11486:
11480:
11478:
11477:T. sylvaticus
11473:
11471:
11469:
11464:
11462:
11460:
11455:
11453:
11451:
11446:
11444:
11442:
11439:Lesser kudu (
11437:
11435:
11433:
11428:
11426:
11424:
11419:
11417:
11415:
11410:
11409:
11407:
11401:
11393:
11392:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11378:
11368:
11366:
11361:
11360:
11358:
11356:
11355:
11350:
11344:
11342:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11332:
11331:
11326:
11320:
11318:
11313:
11311:
11309:
11304:
11302:
11300:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11277:
11275:
11273:
11268:
11266:
11264:
11259:
11257:
11255:
11254:B. domesticus
11252:Bali cattle (
11250:
11248:
11246:
11241:
11239:
11237:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11227:
11226:
11221:
11215:
11213:
11208:
11206:
11204:
11199:
11197:
11195:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11181:
11179:
11177:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11166:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11152:
11142:
11140:
11135:
11134:
11132:
11130:
11129:
11124:
11118:
11116:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11106:
11105:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11091:
11087:
11081:
11077:
11070:
11066:
11052:
11050:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11031:
11030:
11025:
11019:
11017:
11012:
11011:
11009:
11007:
11006:
11001:
10995:
10993:
10988:
10986:
10984:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10970:
10968:
10966:
10961:
10959:
10957:
10956:O. canadensis
10952:
10950:
10948:
10943:
10941:
10939:
10934:
10933:
10931:
10929:
10928:
10923:
10917:
10915:
10910:
10909:
10907:
10905:
10904:
10903:Nilgiritragus
10899:
10893:
10891:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10875:
10869:
10867:
10866:O. americanus
10862:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10856:
10851:
10845:
10843:
10838:
10836:
10834:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10820:
10818:
10816:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10800:
10794:
10792:
10791:H. jemlahicus
10787:
10786:
10784:
10782:
10781:
10776:
10770:
10768:
10763:
10761:
10759:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10745:
10743:
10741:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10725:
10719:
10717:
10712:
10710:
10708:
10703:
10701:
10699:
10694:
10692:
10690:
10687:Nubian ibex (
10685:
10683:
10681:
10678:Alpine ibex (
10676:
10674:
10672:
10667:
10665:
10663:
10658:
10656:
10654:
10649:
10647:
10645:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10631:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10625:
10620:
10614:
10612:
10607:
10606:
10604:
10602:
10601:
10596:
10590:
10588:
10583:
10582:
10580:
10578:
10577:
10572:
10566:
10564:
10559:
10558:
10556:
10554:
10553:
10548:
10544:
10538:
10534:
10527:
10523:
10509:
10507:
10503:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10485:
10483:
10479:
10469:
10467:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10457:
10456:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10445:Pantholopinae
10442:
10432:
10430:
10425:
10423:
10421:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10399:
10397:
10396:A. buselaphus
10392:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10386:
10381:
10375:
10373:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10354:
10353:
10348:
10342:
10340:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10315:
10305:
10303:
10300:Grey rhebok (
10298:
10297:
10295:
10293:
10292:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10278:
10268:
10266:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10255:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10244:Aepycerotinae
10241:
10231:
10229:
10224:
10222:
10220:
10215:
10213:
10211:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10200:
10195:
10189:
10187:
10182:
10180:
10178:
10175:Nile lechwe (
10173:
10171:
10169:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10155:
10153:
10151:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10141:
10140:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10126:
10116:
10114:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10104:
10103:
10098:
10092:
10090:
10085:
10083:
10081:
10076:
10074:
10072:
10067:
10065:
10063:
10058:
10057:
10055:
10053:
10052:
10047:
10041:
10039:
10034:
10032:
10030:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10020:
10019:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10008:Hippotraginae
10005:
10001:
9996:
9989:
9985:
9967:
9965:
9960:
9958:
9956:
9951:
9949:
9947:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9936:
9931:
9925:
9923:
9918:
9916:
9914:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9897:
9891:
9889:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9869:
9868:
9863:
9857:
9855:
9854:B. dichotomus
9850:
9849:
9847:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9833:
9831:
9828:Pampas deer (
9826:
9825:
9823:
9821:
9820:
9815:
9809:
9807:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9793:
9791:
9789:
9788:M. nemorivaga
9784:
9782:
9780:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9766:
9764:
9762:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9748:
9746:
9744:
9739:
9737:
9735:
9732:Red brocket (
9730:
9729:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9719:
9713:
9711:
9706:
9704:
9702:
9701:H. antisensis
9697:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9691:
9686:
9680:
9678:
9673:
9672:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9656:
9654:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9634:
9629:
9623:
9621:
9616:
9615:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9605:
9599:
9597:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9586:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9572:
9562:
9560:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9546:
9544:
9542:
9541:C. canadensis
9537:
9535:
9533:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9519:
9518:
9516:
9514:
9513:
9508:
9502:
9500:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9490:R. timorensis
9486:
9484:
9482:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9463:
9462:
9457:
9451:
9449:
9448:E. davidianus
9444:
9443:
9441:
9439:
9438:
9433:
9427:
9425:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9415:R. duvaucelii
9411:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9394:
9392:
9387:
9385:
9383:
9380:Bawean deer (
9378:
9376:
9374:
9369:
9367:
9365:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9354:
9349:
9343:
9341:
9336:
9334:
9332:
9327:
9326:
9324:
9322:
9321:
9316:
9310:
9308:
9305:Tufted deer (
9303:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9297:
9292:
9286:
9284:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9252:
9250:
9248:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9238:M. putaoensis
9234:
9232:
9230:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9184:M. crinifrons
9180:
9178:
9176:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9165:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9142:
9135:
9131:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9105:
9103:
9099:
9089:
9087:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9077:T. versicolor
9073:
9071:
9069:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9031:
9026:
9020:
9018:
9013:
9011:
9009:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8984:
8978:
8976:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8965:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8951:
8941:
8939:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8925:
8923:
8921:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8884:M. anhuiensis
8880:
8879:
8877:
8875:
8874:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8860:
8850:
8848:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8838:G. reticulata
8834:
8832:
8830:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8810:
8805:
8799:
8797:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8786:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8762:
8760:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8750:
8749:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8721:
8717:
8711:
8707:
8705:
8701:
8699:
8695:
8693:
8689:
8687:
8683:
8682:
8679:
8674:
8666:
8661:
8659:
8654:
8652:
8647:
8646:
8643:
8635:
8634:0-89658-375-9
8631:
8627:
8623:
8618:
8617:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8599:
8595:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8564:
8560:
8554:
8547:
8543:
8542:
8537:
8535:
8527:
8519:
8517:0-333-42126-4
8513:
8509:
8505:
8498:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8475:
8467:
8465:0-8160-3831-7
8461:
8457:
8450:
8444:
8439:
8433:
8428:
8412:
8408:
8401:
8386:
8382:
8376:
8368:
8366:9788120606722
8362:
8358:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8347:Thomas Hughes
8342:
8334:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8315:
8314:
8305:
8297:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8243:
8235:
8229:
8225:
8218:
8210:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8195:
8187:
8179:
8173:
8169:
8168:
8160:
8144:
8140:
8133:
8117:
8113:
8106:
8090:
8084:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8057:
8048:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8005:
7997:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7964:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7886:
7878:
7874:
7867:
7852:
7851:awionline.org
7848:
7842:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7798:
7791:
7783:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7764:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7734:
7726:
7720:
7716:
7715:
7707:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7646:
7638:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7580:
7572:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7552:
7544:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7499:
7480:
7473:
7466:
7450:
7446:
7443:Ikerd, John.
7439:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7371:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7344:
7334:
7319:
7315:
7308:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7223:
7207:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7193:
7192:Harvey, Fiona
7187:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7114:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7067:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7020:
7012:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6931:
6922:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6890:
6888:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6821:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6762:
6756:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6657:
6653:
6646:
6640:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6597:
6590:(2): 404â407.
6589:
6582:
6574:
6567:
6551:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6534:
6518:
6512:
6505:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6345:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6244:
6238:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5990:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5916:
5909:
5903:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5860:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5529:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4811:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4747:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4724:
4717:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4696:(2): 93â102.
4695:
4691:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4535:(5): e98429.
4534:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4191:(1): 91â102.
4190:
4186:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4028:
4019:
4012:
4010:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3800:Vis. Neurosci
3794:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
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3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3026:: 2119â2125.
3025:
3021:
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3016:
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2989:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2963:
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2953:
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2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
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2873:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2784:Beef Magazine
2781:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2678:
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2641:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2599:
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2572:
2565:
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2546:
2543:
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2527:
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2520:
2517:
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2479:
2474:
2471:, before 1858
2470:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2425:. They built
2424:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2369:'s 1932 book
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
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2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:Christian art
2299:
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2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2222:, the use of
2221:
2218:, restraint,
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:stored manure
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2056:public health
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1931:brain protein
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:is spread by
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1862:
1850:
1840:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:draft animals
1802:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1779:Draft animals
1769:
1764:
1762:data for 2021
1761:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1737:, Oxfordshire
1736:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1661:Dairy product
1658:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1610:data for 2021
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:Droughtmaster
1574:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:B. t. indicus
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:ĂayönĂŒ Tepesi
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:human history
1053:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1033:bovine genome
1030:
1021:
1016:
1015:Bovine genome
1006:
1004:
998:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
955:
946:
939:
934:
925:
923:
918:
915:
910:
906:
898:
893:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
824:
815:
812:
807:
805:
804:pelvic thrust
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
760:
751:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
699:
694:
690:
689:
684:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
633:
628:
618:
616:
612:
611:cloven hooves
608:
604:
590:
578:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
527:
522:
516:
511:
506:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
481:
476:
475:real property
472:
468:
463:
457:
451:
447:
443:
437:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
364:, cattle are
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:draft animals
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
291:
287:
284:) are large,
283:
282:
277:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
256:
253:
249:
244:
240:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
214:
211:
210:Binomial name
207:
203:
202:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
101:
97:
91:Domesticated
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
67:
63:
58:
53:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
13834:
13808:
13796:
13784:
13772:
13660:Overdrafting
13519:Goat farming
13503:
13430:Ancient Rome
13336:Permaculture
13294:Horticulture
13239:Agroforestry
13197:Agribusiness
13039:
13027:
13016:H. amphibius
13015:
13005:Hippopotamus
13003:
12983:Whippomorpha
12952:
12943:
12934:
12922:
12910:
12901:
12892:
12883:
12871:
12820:
12808:
12796:
12784:
12772:
12760:
12735:
12726:
12717:
12708:
12699:
12690:
12681:
12672:
12664:S. cebifrons
12663:
12654:
12645:
12633:
12621:
12612:
12600:
12588:
12576:
12565:P. africanus
12564:
12555:
12545:Phacochoerus
12543:
12531:
12519:
12507:
12498:
12490:B. babyrussa
12489:
12477:
12426:
12414:
12402:
12394:P. maxwellii
12393:
12385:P. monticola
12384:
12372:
12360:
12351:
12342:
12333:
12325:C. rufilatus
12324:
12315:
12306:
12297:
12288:
12279:
12270:
12261:
12252:
12243:
12242:Bay duiker (
12235:C. crusalbum
12234:
12225:
12216:
12207:
12195:
12187:Cephalophini
12170:
12162:R. melanotis
12161:
12152:
12140:
12128:
12116:
12104:
12092:
12080:
12072:N. moschatus
12071:
12062:
12050:
12038:
12029:
12020:
12012:M. guentheri
12011:
11999:
11988:D. megalotis
11987:
11975:
11950:
11938:
11927:P. hodgsonii
11926:
11914:
11891:
11882:
11874:P. gutturosa
11873:
11861:
11849:
11840:
11831:
11822:
11813:
11801:
11789:
11777:
11765:
11756:
11747:
11738:
11730:G. erlangeri
11729:
11720:
11711:
11703:G. bennettii
11702:
11690:
11678:
11670:E. thomsonii
11669:
11661:E. rufifrons
11660:
11651:
11639:
11627:
11615:
11603:
11591:
11579:
11567:
11509:
11501:T. derbianus
11500:
11488:
11476:
11467:
11458:
11449:
11440:
11432:T. eurycerus
11431:
11422:
11413:
11389:
11381:Tragelaphini
11364:
11352:
11340:
11328:
11316:
11314:
11307:
11299:B. javanicus
11298:
11289:
11281:B. grunniens
11280:
11271:
11263:B. frontalis
11262:
11253:
11244:
11235:
11223:
11211:
11202:
11193:
11184:
11175:
11163:
11138:
11126:
11114:
11102:
11049:R. rupicapra
11048:
11040:R. pyrenaica
11039:
11027:
11015:
11003:
10991:
10982:
10981:Snow sheep (
10973:
10964:
10963:Dall sheep (
10955:
10946:
10937:
10925:
10914:N. hylocrius
10913:
10901:
10890:O. moschatus
10889:
10877:
10865:
10853:
10841:
10832:
10823:
10814:
10802:
10790:
10778:
10766:
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10748:
10739:
10727:
10715:
10714:Walia ibex (
10706:
10698:C. pyrenaica
10697:
10688:
10679:
10670:
10662:C. falconeri
10661:
10652:
10643:
10634:
10622:
10611:B. taxicolor
10610:
10598:
10586:
10574:
10562:
10550:
10466:P. hodgsonii
10465:
10453:
10428:
10419:
10409:Connochaetes
10407:
10395:
10394:Hartebeest (
10383:
10371:
10362:
10350:
10338:
10326:
10318:Alcelaphinae
10302:P. capreolus
10301:
10289:
10264:
10252:
10227:
10218:
10210:R. arundinum
10209:
10197:
10185:
10177:K. megaceros
10176:
10167:
10158:
10149:
10137:
10112:
10100:
10088:
10079:
10070:
10061:
10049:
10037:
10028:
10016:
9963:
9954:
9945:
9933:
9921:
9912:
9899:
9887:
9877:
9865:
9853:
9852:Marsh deer (
9841:
9829:
9817:
9805:
9796:
9787:
9778:
9769:
9760:
9751:
9742:
9734:M. americana
9733:
9721:
9709:
9700:
9690:Hippocamelus
9688:
9676:
9664:
9652:
9644:C. capreolus
9643:
9631:
9619:
9618:Water deer (
9607:
9595:
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9549:
9540:
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9481:R. mariannus
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9422:Eld's deer (
9414:
9413:Barasingha (
9402:
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9339:
9330:
9318:
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9274:M. vaginalis
9273:
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9219:
9210:
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9183:
9175:M. atherodes
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9068:T. nigricans
9067:
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9040:
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8975:H. aquaticus
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8796:O. johnstoni
8795:
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8759:A. americana
8758:
8746:
8708:Superorder:
8702:Infraclass:
8673:Artiodactyla
8625:
8615:
8605:
8597:
8587:Cattle Today
8586:
8566:. Retrieved
8562:
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8415:. Retrieved
8411:the original
8400:
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7659:the original
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7419:the original
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5915:the original
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4213:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4164:(1): 17â35.
4161:
4157:
4151:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4082:
4073:
4040:
4036:
4017:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3836:cite journal
3803:
3799:
3793:
3774:
3770:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3685:
3679:
3669:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3610:(1): 15â33.
3607:
3603:
3597:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3494:
3488:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3420:(1): 27â29.
3417:
3413:
3407:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3300:
3294:
3257:
3251:
3241:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3189:
3183:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3113:
3106:
3082:
3075:
3056:
3050:
3019:
3013:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2940:(21): 3020.
2937:
2931:
2921:
2876:
2870:
2843:. Retrieved
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2813:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2783:
2774:
2751:
2745:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2660:
2637:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2608:
2598:
2575:
2571:"cattle, n."
2519:Bull-baiting
2485:coat of arms
2483:Bull in the
2464:
2450:Aelbert Cuyp
2445:
2401:
2376:
2370:
2344:
2295:
2282:steer roping
2270:bullfighting
2263:
2251:dairy cattle
2248:
2232:
2228:cattle prods
2226:crates, and
2220:tail docking
2216:nose ringing
2197:
2154:biodiversity
2147:
2140:
2131:
2104:
2065:tuberculosis
2053:
2032:
1968:
1938:
1872:
1822:
1799:
1704:buffalo milk
1700:
1664:
1657:Dairy cattle
1521:
1503:
1490:
1486:
1405:
1397:tuberculosis
1350:
1300:
1285:
1282:
1271:
1247:
1230:or yattle),
1217:
1210:
1206:
1203:sanga cattle
1196:
1188:B. t. taurus
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1111:
1091:Western Iran
1078:
1064:
1048:
1037:
1026:
1000:
960:
943:
940:bull grazing
919:
902:
855:
829:
808:
765:
754:Reproduction
741:
718:
709:
705:
696:
692:
686:
680:
638:
603:artiodactyls
600:
555:
551:
525:
514:
490:
484:
478:
466:
446:Anglo-Norman
441:
439:
412:Western Iran
397:
385:Sanga cattle
378:
372:are kept as
352:, they pull
335:
330:
326:
318:
310:
304:
286:domesticated
280:
279:
275:
274:
265:
260:
218:
216:
200:
199:
187:
157:Artiodactyla
49:
29:
13810:Wikiproject
13650:Overgrazing
13585:Pig farming
13568:Paddy field
13541:Hydroponics
13514:Fur farming
13499:Aquaculture
13494:Agrivoltaic
13475:Monoculture
13396:Prehistory
13346:Polyculture
13167:Farm worker
13145:Occupations
13115:Agriculture
12893:L. guanicoe
12752:Tayassuidae
12716:Wild boar (
12655:S. barbatus
12613:P. larvatus
12589:P. salvania
12587:Pygmy hog (
12521:Hylochoerus
12374:Philantomba
12262:C. jentinki
12244:C. dorsalis
12197:Cephalophus
12081:N. pygmaeus
12039:M. saltiana
11977:Dorcatragus
11951:S. tatarica
11841:N. petersii
11779:Litocranius
11679:E. tilonura
11626:Blackbuck (
11602:Springbok (
11545:Antilopinae
11543:(subfamily
11490:Taurotragus
11457:Sitatunga (
11450:T. scriptus
11441:T. imberbis
11398:(including
11391:Tragelaphus
11212:B. quarlesi
11094:Boselaphini
11078:(subfamily
10983:O. nivicola
10824:N. caudatus
10813:Red goral (
10804:Naemorhedus
10767:C. swinhoei
10747:Red serow (
10729:Capricornis
10707:C. sibirica
10644:C. caucasia
10635:C. aegagrus
10633:Wild goat (
10587:A. jayakari
10576:Arabitragus
10535:(subfamily
10506:Antilopinae
10429:C. taurinus
10372:D. pygargus
10265:A. melampus
10186:K. vardonii
10148:Waterbuck (
10089:O. leucoryx
10018:Hippotragus
9946:O. hemionus
9944:Mule deer (
9843:Blastocerus
9752:M. bricenii
9710:H. bisulcus
9677:R. tarandus
9653:C. pygargus
9575:Capreolinae
9557:Sika deer (
9499:R. unicolor
9488:Rusa deer (
9391:A. porcinus
9211:M. montanus
9008:M. kathygre
8757:Pronghorn (
8748:Antilocapra
8568:12 February
8390:12 February
8095:14 February
7826:grandin.com
6876:14 February
6767:14 February
6745:14 February
6609:(2): 7â17.
6523:14 February
6498:14 February
6473:14 February
6274:14 February
6222:www.fao.org
6202:14 February
6177:14 February
6067:4 September
5377:: 148â157.
4764:www.mvma.ca
3303:(1): 1421.
2993:13 February
2845:13 February
2633:"cow, n.1."
2355:golden calf
2278:calf roping
2274:bull riding
2236:embryo loss
2212:ear tagging
2150:overgrazing
2060:food safety
2013:bicarbonate
1974:heat stress
1586:, Australia
1578:Australian
1514:Beef cattle
1375:, loading,
1369:ear tagging
1211:Bos indicus
1160:Bos indicus
1099:Mesopotamia
1044:habituation
982:and plasma
875:electrolyte
867:dichromatic
744:regurgitate
639:Cattle are
567:Description
495:Anglo-Saxon
173:Subfamily:
13907:Categories
13676:Categories
13341:Plantation
13289:Free range
13284:Feed ratio
13029:Choeropsis
12911:L. vicugna
12797:C. wagneri
12700:S. oliveri
12691:S. heureni
12427:S. grimmia
12416:Sylvicapra
12403:P. walteri
12316:C. rubidis
12307:C. ogilbyi
12253:C. harveyi
12217:C. brookei
12171:R. sharpei
12151:Steenbok (
12142:Raphicerus
12094:Oreotragus
11967:Neotragini
11916:Pantholops
11832:N. notatus
11790:L. walleri
11739:G. gazella
11712:G. cuvieri
11701:Chinkara (
11593:Antidorcas
11580:A. clarkei
11569:Ammodorcas
11559:Antilopini
11459:T. spekeii
11423:T. buxtoni
11414:T. angasii
11306:Wild yak (
11290:B. indicus
11245:B. bonasus
11185:B. bubalis
11128:Boselaphus
11104:Tetracerus
10974:O. gmelini
10842:N. griseus
10815:N. baileyi
10780:Hemitragus
10749:C. rubidus
10740:C. crispus
10689:C. nubiana
10552:Ammotragus
10455:Pantholops
10385:Alcelaphus
10370:Bontebok (
10363:D. lunatus
10352:Damaliscus
10339:B. hunteri
10228:R. redunca
10129:Reduncinae
10080:O. gazella
10029:H. equinus
9955:O. pandora
9935:Odocoileus
9819:Ozotoceros
9675:Reindeer (
9620:H. inermis
9609:Hydropotes
9532:C. elaphus
9530:Red deer (
9472:R. alfredi
9389:Hog deer (
9247:M. reevesi
9220:M. muntjak
9050:T. kanchil
9017:M. meminna
8964:Hyemoschus
8954:Tragulidae
8911:M. cupreus
8829:G. giraffa
8775:Giraffidae
8726:Ruminantia
8548:(2): 25â55
8506:. London:
8321:. p.
8149:23 October
7488:15 October
7455:15 October
7428:16 January
7297:29 January
7212:4 December
7176:4 December
6249:5 December
6227:25 October
6052:(Report).
5574:: 264â278.
5426:Bos taurus
5401:3 December
5260:PLOS Genet
4923:15 October
4829:(1): 910.
4460:1874/25732
4363:27 October
3719:Laterality
2810:"Chianina"
2654:required.)
2592:required.)
2552:References
2359:red heifer
2292:In culture
2204:castration
2109:of cattle
2034:Calliphora
1885:including
1584:Queensland
1475:Population
1278:Heck breed
1256:Dwarf Lulu
1199:interbreed
1176:Bos taurus
1156:Bos taurus
1129:See also:
980:heart rate
972:gregarious
863:stereopsis
837:categorize
800:Copulation
714:microbiome
669:cellulases
344:, and for
281:Bos taurus
219:Bos taurus
13708:Livestock
13551:Livestock
13279:Farmhouse
12981:Suborder
12891:Guanaco (
12863:Camelidae
12849:Suborder
12821:D. tajacu
12810:Dicotyles
12786:Catagonus
12773:T. pecari
12718:S. scrofa
12622:P. porcus
12611:Bushpig (
12479:Babyrousa
12455:Suborder
12352:C. weynsi
12343:C. spadix
12208:C. adersi
12129:O. ourebi
12063:N. batesi
12052:Neotragus
12021:M. kirkii
11823:N. granti
11788:Gerenuk (
11757:G. spekei
11721:G. dorcas
11578:Dibatag (
11365:S. caffer
11330:Pseudoryx
11317:B. taurus
11297:Banteng (
11272:B. gaurus
11201:Tamaraw (
11047:Chamois (
11029:Rupicapra
11016:P. nayaur
10992:O. vignei
10972:Mouflon (
10671:C. hircus
10660:Markhor (
10563:A. lervia
10328:Beatragus
10254:Aepyceros
10078:Gemsbok (
10071:O. dammah
9913:P. carlae
9806:M. temama
9797:M. rufina
9761:M. chunyi
9743:M. bororo
9633:Capreolus
9559:C. nippon
9550:C. hanglu
9437:Elaphurus
9382:A. kuhlii
9296:Elaphodus
9164:Muntiacus
8999:M. indica
8988:Moschiola
8920:M. fuscus
8863:Moschidae
8724:Suborder
8684:Kingdom:
8508:Macmillan
8407:"Akabeko"
8349:(1995) .
8116:msnbc.com
8021:: 23â28.
7912:203405605
7898:: 92â97.
7152:214783104
7105:250252036
7083:: 10â21.
6957:246655199
6943:: 39â47.
6906:(1): 65.
6631:133316829
6218:"FAOSTAT"
5579:Grubb, P.
5479:21 August
5420:Grubb, P.
5095:: 13â21.
4347:: 20â27.
4108:: 29â37.
3260:: 11â19.
2605:"chattel"
2452:, 1655â60
2314:Al-Baqara
2312:is named
2208:dehorning
2162:ecosystem
2107:gut flora
2017:urination
2009:alkalosis
1993:laminitis
1982:lipidosis
1945:hookworms
1883:pathogens
1875:parasites
1795:Karnataka
1753:, Germany
1448:nose ring
1373:dehorning
1357:rangeland
1325:Practices
1320:Husbandry
1182:), zebu (
1071:neolithic
1061:Phylogeny
1056:Evolution
1040:heritable
968:dehorning
938:Charolais
922:agonistic
818:Cognition
729:reticulum
653:cellulose
641:ruminants
493:came via
440:The term
430:Etymology
297:livestock
293:ungulates
195:Species:
123:Kingdom:
117:Eukaryota
71:Fleckvieh
13864:34357823
13844:Wikidata
13774:Category
13600:Orchards
13573:Pastoral
13244:Agronomy
12953:C. ferus
12909:Vicuña (
12902:L. pacos
12900:Alpaca (
12884:L. glama
12851:Tylopoda
12361:C. zebra
12289:C. niger
11863:Procapra
11641:Eudorcas
11617:Antilope
11354:Syncerus
11315:Cattle (
11308:B. mutus
11236:B. bison
11176:B. arnee
11137:Nilgai (
11014:Bharal (
11005:Pseudois
10965:O. dalli
10947:O. aries
10938:O. ammon
10936:Argali (
10888:Muskox (
10855:Oreamnos
10833:N. goral
10716:C. walie
10600:Budorcas
10537:Caprinae
10482:Caprinae
10337:Hirola (
10281:Peleinae
10263:Impala (
10168:K. leche
10166:Lechwe (
10062:O. beisa
10038:H. niger
9699:Taruca (
9666:Rangifer
9596:A. alces
9497:Sambar (
9424:R. eldii
9404:Rucervus
9362:Chital (
9154:Cervinae
9141:Cervidae
9102:Cervidae
9030:Tragulus
8704:Eutheria
8698:Mammalia
8692:Chordata
8690:Phylum:
8686:Animalia
8589:. 2006.
8489:Archived
8381:"Taurus"
8319:ABC-CLIO
8252:BBC News
8068:"Cattle"
8047:32734021
7996:20338423
7955:41754001
7877:Archived
7847:"Cattle"
7806:19 April
7747:Archived
7690:Archived
7627:Elsevier
7535:32369874
7479:Archived
7449:Archived
7397:18765783
7360:25 March
7323:25 March
7318:UC Davis
7273:21203419
7233:PLOS ONE
7206:Archived
7097:35803002
7011:32002236
6812:12025498
6804:11386448
6720:8 August
6690:14 March
6656:Archived
6550:Archived
6468:Statista
6442:Archived
6328:Archived
6297:Archived
6193:"Cattle"
6153:29784790
5978:26 April
5948:Archived
5924:12 April
5894:Archived
5843:Archived
5817:Archived
5761:30622640
5667:Archived
5615:62265494
5581:(2005).
5551:10 March
5456:62265494
5422:(2005).
5395:Archived
5391:86035650
5352:30622640
5292:24675901
5233:Archived
5215:22422765
5174:23530234
5107:Archived
5070:23127553
5018:11447250
4977:23127553
4917:Archived
4913:BBC News
4892:23 April
4886:Archived
4861:35177600
4793:Archived
4768:Archived
4630:24324609
4589:PLOS One
4569:24848635
4528:PLOS One
4477:44753594
4469:17437562
4424:25927228
4384:PLOS ONE
4322:11352488
4087:Archived
4065:36904002
4000:33178082
3887:34619742
3747:13283847
3739:19629847
3704:25648820
3661:20708240
3624:10719186
3569:Ethology
3519:39755371
3511:21132446
3335:29362460
3270:Archived
3162:53145854
3042:16702278
2966:36359144
2913:36638091
2872:PLOS ONE
2820:26 March
2788:Archived
2737:Archived
2717:26 March
2711:Archived
2686:26 March
2677:Archived
2524:Bullocky
2497:See also
2306:St. Luke
2244:feedlots
2200:branding
2029:mastitis
2025:lameness
2015:through
1989:acidosis
1887:bacteria
1877:such as
1677:such as
1564:Hereford
1467:Colorado
1125:Taxonomy
1009:Genetics
984:cortisol
882:Behavior
737:abomasum
703:ciliates
665:protozoa
657:bacteria
651:rich in
615:Chianina
582:Skeleton
540:Sanskrit
521:genitive
508:), from
502:(plural
465:'head'.
456:capitale
327:bullocks
252:Synonyms
226:Linnaeus
163:Family:
147:Mammalia
137:Chordata
133:Phylum:
127:Animalia
113:Domain:
13798:Commons
13610:Terrace
13556:Pasture
13524:Grazing
13470:Organic
13390:History
13304:animals
13227:Digital
13187:General
13131:History
13126:Outline
13065:Cetacea
13056:Cetacea
12924:Camelus
12882:Llama (
12762:Tayassu
12578:Porcula
12127:Oribi (
12118:Ourebia
12001:Madoqua
11986:Beira (
11907:Saigini
11814:N. dama
11692:Gazella
11541:Bovidae
11539:Family
11510:T. oryx
11430:Bongo (
11412:Nyala (
11339:Saola (
11261:Gayal (
11165:Bubalus
11080:Bovinae
11076:Bovidae
11074:Family
10990:Urial (
10680:C. ibex
10609:Takin (
10533:Bovidae
10531:Family
10494:Bovinae
10420:C. gnou
10199:Redunca
10111:Addax (
9995:Bovidae
9993:Family
9901:Pudella
9888:P. pudu
9779:M. nana
9594:Moose (
9364:A. axis
9331:D. dama
9193:M. feae
9139:Family
9114:Bovidae
9059:T. napu
8873:Moschus
8809:Giraffa
8794:Okapi (
8696:Class:
8675:species
8671:Extant
8417:4 March
8262:7 March
8038:7386639
7947:9403771
7753:5 April
7696:5 April
7665:5 April
7606:9263052
7515:Bibcode
7264:3009744
7241:Bibcode
7132:Bibcode
7058:3892520
7038:Bibcode
7002:6951873
6908:Bibcode
6850:8 April
6611:Bibcode
6556:19 June
6420:4708130
6144:6016768
6121:Bibcode
5813:fao.org
5752:6304694
5731:Bibcode
5583:"Genus
5508:Bibcode
5343:6304694
5322:Bibcode
5283:3967955
5239:2 April
5165:3625352
5142:Bibcode
5048:Bibcode
4955:Bibcode
4852:8854726
4831:Bibcode
4673:8507049
4665:9145939
4621:3851165
4598:Bibcode
4560:4029834
4537:Bibcode
4415:4416037
4392:Bibcode
4273:Bibcode
4250:4002919
4193:Bibcode
4057:9523888
3991:7593841
3949:1600717
3879:6634998
3828:3719972
3820:9685209
3577:Bibcode
3554:8726728
3467:5141440
3326:5780456
3305:Bibcode
3233:4044428
2957:9653558
2933:Animals
2904:9838872
2881:Bibcode
2616:18 July
2491:, Italy
2423:dun cow
2398:St Luke
2345:red cow
2334:akabeko
2160:in the
2142:E. coli
1986:ruminal
1897:- i.e.
1891:viruses
1500:Economy
1452:weaning
1412:feedlot
1365:milking
1361:feeding
1345:feedlot
1274:Mazovia
1254:of the
1240:beefalo
1232:banteng
1172:aurochs
1135:Bovinae
1095:aurochs
1075:aurochs
909:Licking
790:in the
742:Cattle
721:stomach
673:enzymes
607:mammals
532:Persian
486:capital
480:chattel
400:aurochs
346:leather
319:heifers
301:Bovinae
183:Genus:
177:Bovinae
167:Bovidae
153:Order:
143:Class:
75:cowbell
55:Cattle
13918:Cattle
13877:104264
13835:Cattle
13786:Portal
13627:impact
13578:Bocage
13504:Cattle
13172:Herder
13162:Farmer
12469:Suidae
12070:Suni (
11803:Nanger
11288:Zebu (
11270:Gaur (
11155:Bovini
10879:Ovibos
10184:Puku (
10159:K. kob
9723:Mazama
9512:Cervus
8785:Okapia
8632:
8514:
8462:
8363:
8329:
8292:
8230:
8205:
8174:
8122:31 May
8073:31 May
8045:
8035:
7994:
7953:
7945:
7910:
7856:31 May
7831:31 May
7778:
7721:
7633:
7604:
7567:
7533:
7395:
7293:. 2015
7271:
7261:
7150:
7103:
7095:
7056:
7009:
6999:
6955:
6810:
6802:
6665:16 May
6629:
6493:Tridge
6418:
6379:541464
6377:
6151:
6141:
6090:
5759:
5749:
5613:
5603:
5454:
5444:
5389:
5350:
5340:
5290:
5280:
5213:
5172:
5162:
5068:
5040:Animal
5016:
4975:
4947:Animal
4859:
4849:
4799:18 May
4742:
4671:
4663:
4628:
4618:
4567:
4557:
4475:
4467:
4422:
4412:
4320:
4248:
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